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1
Dussol, Abïgaëlle, and Cédric Chavanne. "Estimation of the Wind Field with a Single High-Frequency Radar." Remote Sensing 16, no. 13 (June 21, 2024): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16132258.
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Over several decades, high-frequency (HF) radars have been employed for remotely measuring various ocean surface parameters, encompassing surface currents, waves, and winds. Wind direction and speed are usually estimated from both first-order and second-order Bragg-resonant scatter from two or more HF radars monitoring the same area of the ocean surface. This limits the observational domain to the common area where second-order scatter is available from at least two radars. Here, we propose to estimate wind direction and speed from the first-order scatter of a single HF radar, yielding the same spatial coverage as for surface radial currents. Wind direction is estimated using the ratio of the positive and negative first-order Bragg peaks intensity, with a new simple algorithm to remove the left/right directional ambiguity from a single HF radar. Wind speed is estimated from wind direction and de-tided surface radial currents using an artificial neural network which has been trained with in situ wind speed observations. Radar-derived wind estimations are compared with in situ observations in the Lower Saint-Lawrence Estuary (Quebec, Canada). The correlation coefficients between radar-estimated and in situ wind directions range from 0.84 to 0.95 for Wellen Radars (WERAs) and from 0.79 to 0.97 for Coastal Ocean Dynamics Applications Radars (CODARs), while the root mean square differences range from 8° to 12° for WERAs and from 10° to 19° for CODARs. Correlation coefficients between the radar-estimated and the in situ wind speeds range from 0.89 to 0.93 for WERAs and from 0.81 to 0.93 for CODARs, while the root mean square differences range from 1.3 m.s−1 to 2.3 m.s−1 for WERAs and from 1.6 m.s−1 to 3.9 m.s−1 for CODARs.
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Baranov, G., R. Gabruk, and I. Gorishna. "Features of Usіng Pulse-Doppler Radars for Determіnatіon Low-Altіtude Targets." Metrology and instruments, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(2)2019.62-66.
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In this paper, we analyzed the features of Doppler processing in radars. In ground based radars, the amount of clutter in the radar receiver depends heavily on the radar-to-target geometry. The amount clutter is considerably higher when the radar beam has to face toward the ground. Furthermore, radars employing high PRFs have to deal with an increased amount of clutter due to folding in range. Clutter introduces additional difficulties for airborne radars when detecting ground targets and other targets flying at low altitudes. This is illustrated in Fig. 10.5. Returns from ground clutter emanate from ranges equal to the radar altitude to those which exceed the slant range along the main-beam, with considerable clutter returns in the side-lobes and main-beam. The presence of such large amounts of clutter interferes with radar detection capabilities and makes it extremely difficult to detect targets in the look-down mode. This difficulty in detecting ground or low altitude targets has led to the development of pulse Doppler radars where other targets, kinematics such as Doppler effects are exploited to enhance detection. Pulse Doppler radars utilize high PRFs to increases the average transmitted power and rely on target's Doppler frequency for detection. The increase in the average transmitted power leads to an improved SNR which helps the detection process. However, using high PRFs compromise the radar's ability to detect long range target because of range ambiguities associated with high PRF applications.
Techniques such as using specialized Doppler filters to reject clutter are very effective and are often employed by pulse Doppler radars. Pulse Doppler radars can measure target Doppler frequency (or its range rate) fairly accurately and use the fact that ground clutter typically possesses limited Doppler shift when compared with moving targets to separate the two returns. Clutter filtering is used to remove both main-beam and altitude clutter returns, and fast moving target detection is done effectively by exploiting its Doppler frequency. In many modern pulse Doppler radars the limiting factor in detecting slow moving targets is not clutter but rather another source of noise referred to as phase noise generated from the receiver local oscillator instabilities.
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Roarty, Hugh J., Erick Rivera Lemus, Ethan Handel, Scott M. Glenn, Donald E. Barrick, and James Isaacson. "Performance Evaluation of SeaSonde High-Frequency Radar for Vessel Detection." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.3.2.
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AbstractHigh-frequency (HF) surface wave radar has been identified to be a gap-filling technology for Maritime Domain Awareness. Present SeaSonde HF radars have been designed to map surface currents but are able to track surface vessels in a dual-use mode. Rutgers and CODAR Ocean Sensors, Ltd., have collaborated on the development of vessel detection and tracking capabilities from compact HF radars, demonstrating that ships can be detected and tracked by multistatic HF radar in a multiship environment while simultaneously mapping ocean currents. Furthermore, the same vessel is seen simultaneously by the radar based on different processing parameters, mitigating the need to preselect a fixed set and thereby improving detection performance.
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Silva, Murilo Teixeira, Weimin Huang, and Eric W. Gill. "Bistatic High-Frequency Radar Cross-Section of the Ocean Surface with Arbitrary Wave Heights." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040667.
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The scattering theory developed in the past decades for high-frequency radio oceanography has been restricted to surfaces with small heights and small slopes. In the present work, the scattering theory for bistatic high-frequency radars is extended to ocean surfaces with arbitrary wave heights. Based on recent theoretical developments in the scattering theory for ocean surfaces with arbitrary heights for monostatic radars, the electric field equations for bistatic high-frequency radars in high sea states are developed. This results in an additional term related to the first-order electric field, which is only present when the small-height approximation is removed. Then, the radar cross-section for the additional term is derived and simulated, and its impact on the total radar cross-section at different radar configurations, dominant wave directions, and sea states is assessed. The proposed term is shown to impact the total radar cross-section at high sea states, dependent on radar configuration and dominant wave direction. The present work can contribute to the remote sensing of targets on the ocean surface, as well as the determination of the dominant wave direction of the ocean surface at high sea states.
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Kirincich, Anthony, Brian Emery, Libe Washburn, and Pierre Flament. "Improving Surface Current Resolution Using Direction Finding Algorithms for Multiantenna High-Frequency Radars." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 10 (October 2019): 1997–2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0029.1.
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AbstractWhile land-based high-frequency (HF) radars are the only instruments capable of resolving both the temporal and spatial variability of surface currents in the coastal ocean, recent high-resolution views suggest that the coastal ocean is more complex than presently deployed radar systems are able to reveal. This work uses a hybrid system, having elements of both phased arrays and direction finding radars, to improve the azimuthal resolution of HF radars. Data from two radars deployed along the U.S. East Coast and configured as 8-antenna grid arrays were used to evaluate potential direction finding and signal, or emitter, detection methods. Direction finding methods such as maximum likelihood estimation generally performed better than the well-known multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method given identical emitter detection methods. However, accurately estimating the number of emitters present in HF radar observations is a challenge. As MUSIC’s direction-of-arrival (DOA) function permits simple empirical tests that dramatically aid the detection process, MUSIC was found to be the superior method in this study. The 8-antenna arrays were able to provide more accurate estimates of MUSIC’s noise subspace than typical 3-antenna systems, eliminating the need for a series of empirical parameters to control MUSIC’s performance. Code developed for this research has been made available in an online repository.
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Greenwald, Raymond A. "History of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN)-I: pre-SuperDARN developments in high frequency radar technology for ionospheric research and selected scientific results." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 12, no. 1 (May 11, 2021): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-77-2021.
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Abstract. Part I of this history describes the motivations for developing radars in the high frequency (HF) band to study plasma density irregularities in the F region of the auroral zone and polar cap ionospheres. French and Swedish scientists were the first to use HF frequencies to study the Doppler velocities of HF radar backscatter from F-region plasma density irregularities over northern Sweden. These observations encouraged the author of this paper to pursue similar measurements over northeastern Alaska, and this eventually led to the construction of a large HF-phased-array radar at Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. This radar utilized frequencies from 8–20 MHz and could be electronically steered over 16 beam directions, covering a 52∘ azimuth sector. Subsequently, similar radars were constructed at Schefferville, Quebec, and Halley Station, Antarctica. Observations with these radars showed that F-region backscatter often exhibited Doppler velocities that were significantly above and below the ion-acoustic velocity. This distinguished HF Doppler measurements from prior measurements of E-region irregularities that were obtained with radars operating at very high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF). Results obtained with these early HF radars are also presented. They include comparisons of Doppler velocities observed with HF radars and incoherent scatter radars, comparisons of plasma convection patterns observed simultaneously in conjugate hemispheres, and the response of these patterns to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field, transient velocity enhancements in the dayside cusp, preferred frequencies for geomagnetic pulsations, and observations of medium-scale atmospheric gravity waves with HF radars.
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Wang, Li, Xiongbin Wu, and Weihua Ai. "A Scheme for Credibility of Surface Currents Derived From High Frequency Radars." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2718, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2718/1/012009.
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Abstract Large amount of real-time ocean currents measured by HF radar have been included into the ocean observation database in many countries and regions, in support of applications for various marine activities such as marine research, Oil spill detection, tsunami warning, search and rescue. However, due to the performance of inversion algorithms and radar antennas, and other reasons, there are differences in the credibility of ocean current results at different times and locations, which brings on difficulties to applications of ocean currents. This letter proposes a method for developing a credibility model of ocean current results, mainly for all-digital multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) HF radar. By comparing the model with field experimental results, it is confirmed that the method is feasible. It will be very beneficial for radar users to select and use ocean current results, greatly reducing the work of verification of newly installed radars, and will be an innovation in the application technology of over-the-horizon marine radars.
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Choi, Mun Gak, Dong Sik Woo, Hyun Chul Choi, and Kang Wook Kim. "High-Accuracy AM-FM Radar with an Active Reflector." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8589469.
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An amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated (AM-FM) radar with an active reflector to produce high-accuracy distance measurements is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The proposed radar consists of an AM-FM base module and an active reflector. The combination of AM and FM modulations resolves ambiguity of the absolute distance in typical AM radars, while improving range accuracy in typical FM radars with narrow bandwidth. Also, the active reflector, which translates the frequency of the received signal, resolves the problem of phase detection interference due to the direct Tx-to-Rx leakage in AM radars. In this paper, the operating principle, experimental tests, and analysis are presented. The implemented AM-FM radar operates in X-band (Tx: 10.5 GHz, Rx: 8.5 GHz) with the 620 MHz bandwidth. The measured range accuracy of less than ±10 mm at a distance of 70 m is obtained.
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Leinonen, Jussi, Matthew D. Lebsock, Simone Tanelli, Ousmane O. Sy, Brenda Dolan, Randy J. Chase, Joseph A. Finlon, Annakaisa von Lerber, and Dmitri Moisseev. "Retrieval of snowflake microphysical properties from multifrequency radar observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2018): 5471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5471-2018.
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Abstract. We have developed an algorithm that retrieves the size, number concentration and density of falling snow from multifrequency radar observations. This work builds on previous studies that have indicated that three-frequency radars can provide information on snow density, potentially improving the accuracy of snow parameter estimates. The algorithm is based on a Bayesian framework, using lookup tables mapping the measurement space to the state space, which allows fast and robust retrieval. In the forward model, we calculate the radar reflectivities using recently published snow scattering databases. We demonstrate the algorithm using multifrequency airborne radar observations from the OLYMPEX–RADEX field campaign, comparing the retrieval results to hydrometeor identification using ground-based polarimetric radar and also to collocated in situ observations made using another aircraft. Using these data, we examine how the availability of multiple frequencies affects the retrieval accuracy, and we test the sensitivity of the algorithm to the prior assumptions. The results suggest that multifrequency radars are substantially better than single-frequency radars at retrieving snow microphysical properties. Meanwhile, triple-frequency radars can retrieve wider ranges of snow density than dual-frequency radars and better locate regions of high-density snow such as graupel, although these benefits are relatively modest compared to the difference in retrieval performance between dual- and single-frequency radars. We also examine the sensitivity of the retrieval results to the fixed a priori assumptions in the algorithm, showing that the multifrequency method can reliably retrieve snowflake size, while the retrieved number concentration and density are affected significantly by the assumptions.
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Zhu, Langfeng, Tianyi Lu, Fan Yang, Chunlei Wei, and Jun Wei. "Performance Assessment of a High-Frequency Radar Network for Detecting Surface Currents in the Pearl River Estuary." Remote Sensing 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16010198.
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The performance of a high-frequency (HF) radar network situated within the Pearl River Estuary from 17 July to 13 August 2022 is described via a comparison with seven acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs). The radar network consists of six OSMAR-S100 compact HF radars, with a transmitting frequency of 13–16 MHz and a direction-finding technique. Both the radial currents and vector velocities showed good agreement with the ADCP results (coefficient of determination r2: 0.42–0.78; RMS difference of radials: 11–21.6 cm s−1; bearing offset Δθ: −4.8°–16.1°; complex correlation coefficient γ: 0.62–0.96; and phase angle α: −24.3°–17.8°). For these radars, the Δθ values are not constant but vary with azimuthal angles. The relative positions between the HF radar and ADCPs, as well as factors such as the presence of island terrain obstructing the signal, significantly influence the errors. The results of spectral analysis also demonstrate a high level of consistency and the capability of HF radar to capture diurnal and semidiurnal tidal frequencies. The tidal characteristics and the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) results measured by the HF radars also resemble the ADCPs and align with the characteristics of the estuarine current field.
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Caffa, Mattia, Francesco Biletta, and Riccardo Maggiora. "Binary-Phase vs. Frequency Modulated Radar Measured Performances for Automotive Applications." Sensors 23, no. 11 (June 1, 2023): 5271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115271.
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Radars have been widely deployed in cars in recent years, for advanced driving assistance systems. The most popular and studied modulated waveform for automotive radar is the frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW), due to FMCW radar technology’s ease of implementation and low power consumption. However, FMCW radars have several limitations, such as low interference resilience, range-Doppler coupling, limited maximum velocity with time-division multiplexing (TDM), and high-range sidelobes that reduce high-contrast resolution (HCR). These issues can be tackled by adopting other modulated waveforms. The most interesting modulated waveform for automotive radar, which has been the focus of research in recent years, is the phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW): this modulated waveform has a better HCR, allows large maximum velocity, permits interference mitigation, thanks to codes orthogonality, and eases integration of communication and sensing. Despite the growing interest in PMCW technology, and while simulations have been extensively performed to analyze and compare its performance to FMCW, there are still only limited real-world measured data available for automotive applications. In this paper, the realization of a 1 Tx/1 Rx binary PMCW radar, assembled with connectorized modules and an FPGA, is presented. Its captured data were compared to the captured data of an off-the-shelf system-on-chip (SoC) FMCW radar. The radar processing firmware of both radars were fully developed and optimized for the tests. The measured performances in real-world conditions showed that PMCW radars manifest better behavior than FMCW radars, regarding the above-mentioned issues. Our analysis demonstrates that PMCW radars can be successfully adopted by future automotive radars.
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Leinonen, Jussi, Dmitri Moisseev, Matti Leskinen, and Walter A. Petersen. "A Climatology of Disdrometer Measurements of Rainfall in Finland over Five Years with Implications for Global Radar Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 2 (February 2012): 392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-056.1.
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AbstractTo improve the understanding of high-latitude rain microphysics and its implications for the remote sensing of rainfall by ground-based and spaceborne radars, raindrop size measurements have been analyzed that were collected over five years with a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer located in Järvenpää, Finland. The analysis shows that the regional climate is characterized by light rain and small drop size with narrow size distributions and that the mutual relations of drop size distribution parameters differ from those reported at lower latitudes. Radar parameters computed from the distributions demonstrate that the high latitudes are a challenging target for weather radar observations, particularly those employing polarimetric and dual-frequency techniques. Nevertheless, the findings imply that polarimetric ground radars can produce reliable “ground truth” estimates for space observations and identify dual-frequency radars utilizing a W-band channel as promising tools for observing rainfall in the high-latitude climate.
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Ilcev, Dimov Stojce. "Introduction to Coastal HF Maritime Surveillance Radars." Polish Maritime Research 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2019-0056.
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Abstract This paper presents the main technical characteristics and working performances of coastal maritime surveillance radars, such as low-power High-Frequency Surface Wave Radars (HFSWR) and Over the Horizon Radars (OTHR). These radars have demonstrated to be a cost-effective long-range early-warning sensor for ship detection and tracking in coastal waters, sea channels and passages. In this work, multi-target tracking and data fusion techniques are applied to live-recorded data from a network of oceanographic HFSWR stations installed in Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN), Wellen Radar (WERA) in Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean Sea), CODAR Ocean Sebsorsin and in the German Bight (North Sea). The coastal Imaging Sciences Research (ISR) HFSWR system, Multi-static ISR HF Radar, Ship Classification using Multi-Frequency HF Radar, Coastal HF radar surveillance of pirate boats and Different projects of coastal HF radars for vessels detecting are described. Ship reports from the Automatic Identification System (AIS), recorded from both coastal and satellite Land Earth Stations (LES) are exploited as ground truth information and a methodology is applied to classify the fused tracks and to estimate system performances. Experimental results for all above solutions are presented and discussed, together with an outline for future integration and infrastructures.
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Lipa, Barrick, and Whelan. "A Quality Control Method for Broad-Beam HF Radar Current Velocity Measurements." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7040112.
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This paper describes a method to provide quality control for radial velocity maps derived from radar echo voltage cross spectra measured by broad-beam high frequency radars. The method involves the comparison of voltage cross spectra measured at Doppler frequencies in the Bragg region with values predicted from basic equations defining the complex voltage cross spectra in terms of the measured antenna patterns and the radar cross section. Poor agreement at a given Doppler frequency indicates contamination of the spectra, usually due to interference; velocity results from that Doppler frequency are then eliminated. Examples are given of its application to broad-beam radars operating at four sites.
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Yaghoubi Aliabad, Pourya, Hossein Soleimani, and Mohammad Soleimani. "Reducing the Sidelobes in Doppler-Range Beam Pattern and Controlling the Frequency Channel in SIAR." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2023 (August 24, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3451354.
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Synthetic impulse and aperture radar (SIAR) is a multi-input multi-output orthogonal multicarrier frequency radar, kind of frequency diverse array (FDA). This radar has omnidirectional emission in the transmitter and each receiver or receiving array can form a beam. The 4D matched filter of this radar’s circular arrays can reveal the range, elevation angle, azimuth angle, and Doppler. The existence of a high sidelobe in the range-Doppler is one of the significant challenges of this radar, and pulse-to-pulse frequency code non-agile (PPFCNA) and pulse-to-pulse frequency code agile (PPFCA) are often used to reduce it. Weighting is one of the available methods for reducing sidelobes in array radars, but weighting in the matched filter is more effective in SIAR radars due to their ability to transmit signals with different and orthogonal frequencies. This paper proposes the use of amplitude weighting in the submatched filter, which is made possible by increasing the degree of freedom in the SIAR process. In this method, each receiver’s signal is independently processed and weighted with a submatched filter. Then, a synthetic pulse is formed by combining the data from multiple channels. The output of the simulation with weighting in the matched filter for the PPFCNA indicates an 8.7908 dB reduction in sidelobes, while the output for the PPFCA indicates a 3.3779 dB reduction in sidelobes.
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Hao Zhou and Biyang Wen. "Radio frequency interference suppression in small-aperture high-frequency radars." IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 9, no. 4 (July 2012): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2011.2181817.
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Kirincich, Anthony. "Toward Real-Time, Remote Observations of the Coastal Wind Resource Using High-Frequency Radar." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.4.22.
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AbstractThere is now a large installed base of high-frequency (HF) coastal ocean radars in the United States able to measure surface currents on an operational basis. However, these instruments also have the potential to provide estimates of the spatially variable surface wind field over distances ranging from 10 to 200 km offshore. This study investigates the ability of direction-finding HF radars to recover spatial maps of wind speed and direction from the dominant first-order region radar returns using empirical models. Observations of radar backscatter from the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory HF radar system were compared to wind observations from an offshore tower, finding significant correlations between wind speed and the backscatter power for a range of angles between the wind and radar loop directions. Models for the directional spreading of wind waves were analyzed in comparison to data-based results, finding potentially significant differences between the model and data-based spreading relationships. Using empirical fits, radar-based estimates of wind speed and direction at the location of the in situ wind sensor had error rates of 2 m/s and 60°, which decreased with hourly averaging. Attempts to extrapolate the results to the larger domain illustrated that spatially dependent transfer functions for wind speed and direction appear possible for large coastal ocean domains based on a small number of temporary, or potentially mobile, in situ wind sensors.
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Chen, Bo, Yi Liu, Jian Feng, Yuqiang Zhang, Yufeng Zhou, Chen Zhou, and Zhengyu Zhao. "High-Resolution Observation of Ionospheric E-Layer Irregularities Using Multi-Frequency Range Imaging Technology." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010285.
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E-region field-aligned irregularities (FAIs) are a hot topic in space research, since electromagnetic signal propagation through ionospheric irregularities can undergo sporadic enhancements and fading known as ionospheric scintillation, which could severely affect communication, navigation, and radar systems. However, the range resolution of very-high-frequency (VHF) radars, which is widely used to observe E-region FAIs, is limited due to its bandwidth. As a technology that is widely used in atmosphere radars to improve the range resolution of pulsed radars by transmitting multiple frequencies, this paper employed the multifrequency radar imaging (RIM) technique in a Wuhan VHF radar. The results showed that the range resolution of E-region FAIs greatly improved when compared with the results in traditional single-frequency mode, and that finer structures of E-region FAIs can be obtained. Specifically, the imaging results in multifrequency mode show that E-region FAIs demonstrate an overall descending trend at night, and it could be related to the tides or gravity waves due to their downward phase velocities or even driven by downwind shear. In addition, typical quasi-periodic (QP) echoes with a time period of around 10 min could be clearly seen using the RIM technique, and the features of the echoes suggest that they could be modulated by gravity waves. Furthermore, the RIM technique can be used to obtain the fine structure of irregularities within a short time period, and the hierarchical structure of E-region FAIs can be easily found. Therefore, the multifrequency imaging RIM technique is suitable for observing E-region FAIs and their evolution, as well as for identifying the different layers of E-region FAIs. Combined with the RIM technique, a VHF radar provides an effective and promising way to observe the structure of E-region FAIs in more detail to study the physical mechanism behind the formation and evolution of ionospheric E-region irregularities.
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Lakshmi, K. Jansi, and K. Surya Narayana Reddy. "Implementation of High Speed Self Switching Frequency Agile RADAR." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v3.i1.pp11-17.
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<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong><a href="mailto:suryak1986@yahoo.com"></a></strong></p></div><strong> </strong>The radar has to resist diversified jamming; High Speed self-adaptive frequency agility is an important and effective function for radars to resist jamming. The procedure to achieve this function are described, and the function is realized with FPGA using Hardware description Language, the validity is proved by on- line sampling and simulation. The High speed self-adaptive frequency agility module can analyze the type of jamming to select transmitting frequency to avoid the frequencies which have interference, under frequency diversity and fixed frequency, respectively. The general application on a searching radar shows that the module has good real-time and anti- jamming capacity.
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Johnston, Paul E., James R. Jordan, Allen B. White, David A. Carter, David M. Costa, and Thomas E. Ayers. "The NOAA FM-CW Snow-Level Radar." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 2 (February 2017): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0063.1.
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AbstractA vertically pointing radar for monitoring radar brightband height (BBH) has been developed. This new radar utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) techniques to provide high-resolution data at a fraction of the cost of comparable pulsed radars. This S-band radar provides details of the vertical structure of precipitating clouds, with full Doppler information. Details of the radar design are presented along with observations from one storm. Results from a calibration using these storm data show the radar meets the design goals. Eleven of these radars have been deployed and provide BBH data in near–real time.
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Lukin, Konstantin, Pavlo Vyplavin, Oleg Zemlyaniy, Volodymyr Palamarchuk, and Sergii Lukin. "High Resolution Noise Radar without Fast ADC." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10177-012-0019-1.
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High Resolution Noise Radar without Fast ADCConventional digital signal processing scheme in noise radars has certain limitations related to combination of high resolution and high dynamic range. The bandwidth of radar signal defines range resolution of any radar: the wider the spectrum the better the resolution. In noise radar with conventional processing the sounding and reference signals are to be digitized at intermediate frequency band and to be processed digitally. The power spectrum bandwidth of noise signal which can be digitized with ADC depends on its sampling rate. In currently available ADCs the faster is sampling rate the smaller is its depth (number of bits). Depth of the ADC determines relation between the smallest and highest observable signals and thus limits its dynamic range. Actually this is the main bottleneck of high resolution Noise Radars: conventional processing does not enable getting high range resolution and high dynamic range at the same time. In the paper we discuss ways to go around this drawback by changing signal processing ideology in noise radar. We present results of our consideration and design of two types of high resolution Noise Radar which uses slow ADCs: noise radar with digital generation of sounding signal and analog evaluation of cross-correlation and stepped frequency noise radar. We describe main ideas of these radar schemes and results of experimental tests of the approaches.
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Chavanne, Cédric. "Do High-Frequency Radars Measure the Wave-Induced Stokes Drift?" Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 5 (May 2018): 1023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0099.1.
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ABSTRACTHigh-frequency (HF) radars remotely measure ocean near-surface currents based on the Doppler shift of electromagnetic waves backscattered by surface gravity waves with half the electromagnetic wavelength, called Bragg waves. Since their phase velocity is affected not only by wave–current interactions with vertically sheared mean Eulerian currents but also by wave–wave interactions with all the other waves present at the sea surface, HF radars should measure a quantity related to the Stokes drift in addition to mean Eulerian currents. However, the literature is inconsistent—both theoretically and experimentally—on the specific expression and even on the existence of the Stokes drift contribution to the HF radar measurements. Three different expressions that have been proposed in the literature are reviewed and discussed in light of the relevant published experimental results: 1) the weighted depth-averaged Stokes drift, 2) the filtered surface Stokes drift, and 3) half of the surface Stokes drift. Effective measurement depths for these three expressions are derived for the Phillips wave spectrum. Recent experimental results tend to discard the second expression but are not inconsistent with the first and third expressions. The latter is physically appealing, since it is a quasi-Eulerian quantity that would be measured by a current meter at a fixed horizontal position but allowed to follow the free surface moving vertically up and down with the passage of the waves. A definitive answer will require further experimental investigations.
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Bhutani, Akanksha, Sören Marahrens, Michael Gehringer, Benjamin Göttel, Mario Pauli, and Thomas Zwick. "The Role of Millimeter-Waves in the Distance Measurement Accuracy of an FMCW Radar Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 3938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183938.
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High-accuracy, short-range distance measurement is required in a variety of industrial applications e.g., positioning of robots in a fully automated production process, level measurement of liquids in small containers. An FMCW radar sensor is suitable for this purpose, since many of these applications involve harsh environments. Due to the progress in the field of semiconductor technology, FMCW radar sensors operating in different millimeter-wave frequency bands are available today. An important question in this context, which has not been investigated so far is how does a millimeter-wave frequency band influence the sensor accuracy, when thousands of distance measurements are performed with a sensor. This topic has been dealt with for the first time in this paper. The method used for analyzing the FMCW radar signal combines a frequency- and phase-estimation algorithm. The frequency-estimation algorithm based on the fast Fourier transform and the chirp-z transform provides a coarse estimate of the target distance. Subsequently, the phase-estimation algorithm based on a cross-correlation function provides a fine estimate of the target distance. The novel aspects of this paper are as follows. First, the estimation theory concept of Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) has been used to compare the accuracy of two millimeter-wave FMCW radars operating at 60 GHz and 122 GHz. In this comparison, the measurement parameters (e.g., bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio) as well as the signal-processing algorithm used for both the radars are the same, thus ensuring an unbiased comparison of the FMCW radars, solely based on the choice of millimeter-wave frequency band. Second, the improvement in distance measurement accuracy obtained after each step of the combined frequency- and phase-estimation algorithm has been experimentally demonstrated for both the radars. A total of 5100 short-range distance measurements are made using the 60 GHz and 122 GHz FMCW radar. The measurement results are analyzed at various stages of the frequency- and phase-estimation algorithm and the measurement error is calculated using a nanometer-precision linear motor. At every stage, the mean error values measured with the 60 GHz and 122 GHz FMCW radars are compared. The final accuracy achieved using both radars is of the order of a few micrometers. The measured standard deviation values of the 60 GHz and 122 GHz FMCW radar have been compared against the CRLB. As predicted by the CRLB, this paper experimentally validates for the first time that the 122 GHz FMCW radar provides a higher repeatability of micrometer-accuracy distance measurements than the 60 GHz FMCW radar.
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Gurgel, K. W., H. H. Essen, and S. P. Kingsley. "High-frequency radars: physical limitations and recent developments." Coastal Engineering 37, no. 3-4 (August 1999): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3839(99)00026-5.
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Berry, Paul, Ngoc Hung Nguyen, and Hai-Tan Tran. "Compressive Sensing-Based Bandwidth Stitching for Multichannel Microwave Radars." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030665.
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The problem of obtaining high range resolution (HRR) profiles for non-cooperative target recognition by coherently combining data from narrowband radars was investigated using sparse reconstruction techniques. If the radars concerned operate within different frequency bands, then this process increases the overall effective bandwidth and consequently enhances resolution. The case of unknown range offsets occurring between the radars’ range profiles due to incorrect temporal and spatial synchronisation between the radars was considered, and the use of both pruned orthogonal matching pursuit and refined l 1 -norm regularisation solvers was explored to estimate the offsets between the radars’ channels so as to attain the necessary coherence for combining their data. The proposed techniques were demonstrated and compared using simulated radar data.
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He, Shuqin, Hao Zhou, Yingwei Tian, and Wei Shen. "Ionospheric Clutter Suppression with an Auxiliary Crossed-Loop Antenna in a High-Frequency Radar for Sea Surface Remote Sensing." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2021): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111165.
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Ionospheric clutter is one of the main problems for high-frequency surface wave radars (HFSWRs), as it severely interferes with sea surface state monitoring and target detection. Although a number of methods exist for ionospheric clutter suppression, most are suitable for radars with a large-sized array and are inefficient for small-aperture radars. In this study, we added an auxiliary crossed-loop antenna to the original compact radar antenna, and used an adaptive filter to suppress the ionospheric clutter. The experimental results of the HFSWRs data indicated that the suppression factor of the ionospheric clutter was up to 20 dB. Therefore, the Bragg peaks that were originally submerged by the ionospheric clutters could be recovered, and the gaps in the current maps can, to a large extent, be filled. For an oceanographic radar, the purpose of suppressing ionospheric clutter is to extract an accurate current speed; the radial current fields that were generated by our method showed an acceptable agreement with those generated by GlobCurrent data. This result supports the notion that the ionospheric suppression technique does not compromise the estimation of radial currents. The proposed method is particularly efficient for a compact HFSWRs, and can also be easily used in other types of antennas.
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Lengfeld, Katharina, Marco Clemens, Claire Merker, Hans Münster, and Felix Ament. "A Simple Method for Attenuation Correction in Local X-Band Radar Measurements Using C-Band Radar Data." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 11 (November 2016): 2315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0091.1.
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AbstractThis paper presents a novel, simple method to correct reflectivity measurements of weather radars that operate in attenuation-influenced frequency bands using observations from less attenuated radar systems. In recent years radar systems operating in the X-band frequency range have been developed to provide precipitation fields for areas of special interest in high temporal (≤1 min) and spatial (≤250 m) resolution in complement to nationwide radar networks. However, X-band radars are highly influenced by attenuation. C- and S-band radars typically have coarser resolution (250 m–1 km and 5 min) but are less affected by attenuation.Correcting for attenuation effects in simple (non-Doppler) single-polarized X-band radars remains challenging and is often dependent on restriction parameters, for example, those derived from mountain returns. Therefore, these algorithms are applicable only in limited areas. The method proposed here uses measurements from C-band radars and hence can be applied in all regions covered by nationwide C- (or S-) band radar networks. First, a single scan of X-band radar measurements is used exemplary to identify advantages and disadvantages of the novel algorithm compared to a standard single radar algorithm. The performance of the correction algorithms in different types of precipitation is examined in nine case studies. The proposed method provides very promising results for each type of precipitation. Additionally, it is evaluated in a 5-month comparison with Micro Rain Radar (MRR) observations. The bias between uncorrected X-band radar and MRR data is nearly eliminated by the attenuation correction algorithm, and the RMSE is reduced by 20% while the correlation of ~0.9 between both systems remains nearly constant.
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Panteleev, Gleb, Max Yaremchuk, Jacob Stroh, Pamela Posey, David Hebert, and Dmitri A. Nechaev. "Optimization of the High-Frequency Radar Sites in the Bering Strait Region." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 2 (February 2015): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00071.1.
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AbstractMonitoring surface currents by coastal high-frequency radars (HFRs) is a cost-effective observational technique with good prospects for further development. An important issue in improving the efficiency of HFR systems is the optimization of radar positions on the coastline. Besides being constrained by environmental and logistic factors, such optimization has to account for prior knowledge of local circulation and the target quantities (such as transports through certain key sections) with respect to which the radar positions are to be optimized.In the proposed methodology, prior information of the regional circulation is specified by the solution of the 4D variational assimilation problem, where the available climatological data in the Bering Strait (BS) region are synthesized with dynamical constraints of a numerical model. The optimal HFR placement problem is solved by maximizing the reduction of a posteriori error in the mass, heat, and salt (MHS) transports through the target sections in the region. It is shown that the MHS transports into the Arctic and their redistribution within the Chukchi Sea are best monitored by placing HFRs at Cape Prince of Wales and on Little Diomede Island. Another equally efficient configuration involves placement of the second radar at Sinuk (western Alaska) in place of Diomede. Computations show that 1) optimization of the HFR deployment yields a significant (1.3–3 times) reduction of the transport errors compared to nonoptimal positioning of the radars and 2) error reduction provided by two HFRs is an order of magnitude better than the one obtained from three moorings permanently maintained in the region for the last 5 yr. This result shows a significant advantage of BS monitoring by HFRs compared to the more traditional technique of in situ moored observations. The obtained results are validated by an extensive set of observing system simulation experiments.
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Vasiliev, Ivan, Sergey Saliy, Rollan Altynbekov, Gulshat Rysbayeva, and Vladimir Echin. "Issue of VHF Continuous Emission Radars Coordinate Measurement Discrepancy." Journal of Physical Science 34, no. 3 (December 6, 2023): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2023.34.3.3.
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The research delves into the significance of continuous emission radars of very high frequency (VHF) range in detecting small unmanned aircraft and marine targets for navigation safety. Recognising the need for improved radars and reduced coordinate measurement errors, the study aims to analyse discrepancies in azimuth and range determination in radars with fixed-phased antenna arrays. By developing effective tools with low computational complexity for target azimuth determination, the research seeks to enhance radar performance. Employing analytical, classification, functional, and statistical methods, the study comprehensively examines the peculiarities and differences of radars. It meticulously analyses coordinate measurement errors and investigates their causes. The impact of these discrepancies on radar performance and their relevance in various applications, particularly maritime navigation, is carefully evaluated. The findings emphasise the critical role of continuous emission radars in ensuring shipping safety and economic efficiency. The recommendations derived from the study offer valuable insights for improving radar effectiveness, addressing operational limitations, and enhancing overall functionality. By tackling coordinate measurement errors and providing accurate azimuth determination tools, this research contributes to advancing continuous emission radar technology and its practical applications. Through its findings and recommendations, the study aims to optimise radar performance, enhance navigation safety, and improve economic efficiency in diverse sectors.
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Lombardo, F., F. Napolitano, F. Russo, G. Scialanga, L. Baldini, and E. Gorgucci. "Rainfall estimation and ground clutter rejection with dual polarization weather radar." Advances in Geosciences 7 (February 16, 2006): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-7-127-2006.
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Abstract. Conventional radars, used for atmospheric remote sensing, usually operate at a single polarization and frequency to estimate storm parameters such as rainfallrate and water content. Because of the high variability of the drop size distribution conventional radars do not succeed in obtaining detailed information because they just use horizontal reflectivity. The potentiality of the dual-polarized weather radar is investigated, in order to reject the ground-clutter, using differential reflectivity. In this light, a radar meteorology campaign was conducted over the city of Rome (Italy), collecting measurements by the polarimetric Doppler radar Polar 55C and by a raingauge network. The goodness of the results is tested by comparison of radar rainfall estimates with raingauges rainfall measurements.
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Ogawa, T., S. Nozawa, M. Tsutsumi, N. F. Arnold, N. Nishitani, N. Sato, and A. S. Yukimatu. "Arctic and Antarctic polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with oblique incidence HF radars: analysis using simultaneous MF and VHF radar data." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 12 (December 22, 2004): 4049–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-4049-2004.
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Abstract. Polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSEs) have been well studied using vertical incidence VHF radars at northern high-latitudes. In this paper, two PMSE events detected with the oblique incidence SuperDARN HF radars at Hankasalmi, Finland (62.3° N) and Syowa Station, Antarctica (69.0° S), are analyzed, together with simultaneous VHF and medium-frequency (MF) radar data. Altitude resolutions of the HF radars in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere are too poor to know exact PMSE altitudes. However, a comparison of Doppler velocity from the HF radar and neutral wind velocity from the MF radar shows that PMSEs at the HF band appeared at altitudes within 80-90km, which are consistent with those from previous vertical incidence HF-VHF radar results. The HF-VHF PMSE occurrences exhibit a semidiurnal behavior, as observed by other researchers. It is found that in one event, PMSEs occurred when westward semidiurnal winds with large amplitude at 85-88km altitudes attained a maximum. When the HF-VHF PMSEs were observed at distances beyond 180km from MF radar sites, the MF radars detected no appreciable signatures of echo enhancement. Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; thermospheric dynamics; waves and tides)
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Shay, Lynn K., Harvey E. Seim, Dana Savidge, Richard Styles, and Robert H. Weisberg. "High Frequency Radar Observing Systems in SEACOOS: 2002-2007 Lessons Learned." Marine Technology Society Journal 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533208786842435.
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From 2002-2007, the Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEACOOS) deployed high frequency (HF) radars to overlook several venues stretching from the West Florida Shelf to the North Carolina Shelf. Based on extensive deliberations within SEACOOS, we decided to assess the two differing types of coastal ocean current radars within the southeast that were on the commercial market. The long-range SeaSondes (SS) were deployed to sense surface currents at hourly intervals and a 6 km resolution along the West Florida Shelf and the North Carolina Shelf. The medium and long-range Wellen Radars (WERA) were deployed along the Florida Straits and along the South Atlantic Bight with spatial resolutions of 1.2 to 3 km sampling at time scales of minutes. A common theme in these deployments was to sense the Loop Current, Florida Current and the Gulf Stream, which transport heat poleward as part of the gyre circulation.Several lessons were learned as part of these deployments, such as the need to protect against lightening strikes and the challenge of providing robust communication links between the remote sites and a central hub to make the data available in near real-time. Since states in the southeast and surrounding the Gulf of Mexico are prone to the passage of hurricanes, surface current and wave measurements during hurricanes are invaluable for improving storm surge and inundation models that are now being coupled to surface waves. In addition, significant wave heights (and directional surface wave spectra) are critical in the model assessment. Data quality and accuracy of the surface current and wave fields remain a central issue to search and rescue and safe maritime operations and to understanding the limitations of these radar systems. As more phased array systems (i.e., WERAs) are deployed for surface current and wave measurements, more attention needs to be placed on the interoperability between the two types of systems to insure the highest quality data possible is available to meet applied and operational goals. To insure the highest quality data possible, a full-time technician and a half-time IT specialist are needed for each installation as well as access to spares to keep these systems running consistently and to make quality observations available in near real-time.
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Wang, Wen-Qin. "Detecting and Mitigating Wind Turbine Clutter for Airspace Radar Systems." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/385182.
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It is well recognized that a wind turbine has a large radar cross-section (RCS) and, due to the movement of the blades, the wind turbine will generate a Doppler frequency shift. This scattering behavior may cause severe interferences on existing radar systems including static ground-based radars and spaceborne or airborne radars. To resolve this problem, efficient techniques or algorithms should be developed to mitigate the effects of wind farms on radars. Herein, one transponder-based mitigation technique is presented. The transponder is not a new concept, which has been proposed for calibrating high-resolution imaging radars. It modulates the radar signal in a manner that the retransmitted signals can be separated from the scene echoes. As wind farms often occupy only a small area, mitigation processing in the whole radar operation will be redundant and cost inefficient. Hence, this paper uses a transponder to determine whether the radar is impacted by the wind farms. If so, the effects of wind farms are then mitigated with subsequent Kalman filtering or plot target extraction algorithms. Taking airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and pulse Doppler radar as the examples, this paper provides the corresponding system configuration and processing algorithms. The effectiveness of the mitigation technique is validated by numerical simulation results.
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Statscewich, Hank, Hugh Roarty, Michael Smith, Ed Page, Scott Glenn, and Tom Weingartner. "Enhancing Arctic Maritime Domain Awareness Through an Off-Grid Multi-sensor Instrument Platform." Marine Technology Society Journal 48, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.5.1.
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AbstractSurface current mapping high-frequency radars were installed along the northwest corner of Alaska during the open water periods of 2011‐2013. A combination of wind and solar renewable energy inputs supplied electricity to a single radar site operating at Point Barrow, Alaska, via an off-grid remote power module (RPM). The radar at Point Barrow was able to simultaneously collect measurements of ocean surface currents, measure the position and velocity of passing vessels, and provide meteorological data in real time. This paper provides a summary of the performance of the power module from 2011 to 2013 and vessel detection results from 2013 with corresponding Automated Identification System (AIS) data. The RPM provided infrastructure to meteorological stations, high-frequency radars, and AIS in a resilient and robust manner and serves as an example of how the multi-use capability of integrated sensor modules can provide enhanced maritime domain awareness and persistent surveillance capabilities in remote Arctic environments.
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Levy, Chagai, Monika Pinchas, and Yosef Pinhasi. "Coherent Integration Loss Due to Nonstationary Phase Noise in High-Resolution Millimeter-Wave Radars." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091755.
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Phase noise refers to the instability of an oscillator, which is the cause of instantaneous phase and frequency deviations in the carrier wave. This unavoidable instability adversely affects the performance of range–velocity radar systems, including synthetic aperture radars (SARs) and ground-moving target indicator (GMTI) radars. Phase noise effects should be considered in high-resolution radar designs, operating in millimeter wavelengths and terahertz frequencies, due to their role in radar capability during the reliable identification of target location and velocity. In general, phase noise is a random process consisting of nonstationary terms. It has been shown that in order to optimize the coherent detection of stealthy, fast-moving targets with a low radar cross-section (RCS), it is required to evaluate the integration gain and to determine the incoherent noise effects for resolving target location and velocity. Here, we present an analytical expression for the coherent integration loss when a nonstationary phase noise is considered. A Wigner distribution was employed to derive the time–frequency expression for the coherent loss when nonstationary conditions were considered. Up to now, no analytical expressions have been developed for coherent integration loss when dealing with real nonstationary phase noise mathematical models. The proposed expression will help radar systems estimate the nonstationary integration loss and adjust the decision threshold value in order to maximize the probability of detection. The effect of nonstationary phase noise is demonstrated for studying coherent integration loss of high-resolution radar operating in the W-band. The investigation indicates that major degradation in the time-frequency coherent integration due to short-term, nonstationary phase noise instabilities arises for targets moving at low velocities and increases with range. Opposed to the conventional model, which assumes stationarity, a significant difference of up to 25 dB is revealed in the integration loss for radars operating in the millimeter wave regime. Moreover, for supersonic moving targets, the loss peaks at intermediate distances and then reduces as the target moves away.
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Zhou, H., B. Wen, Z. Ma, and S. Wu. "Range/Doppler ambiguity elimination in high-frequency chirp radars." IEE Proceedings - Radar, Sonar and Navigation 153, no. 6 (2006): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-rsn:20050115.
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Flores-Vidal, X., P. Flament, R. Durazo, C. Chavanne, and K. W. Gurgel. "High-Frequency Radars: Beamforming Calibrations Using Ships as Reflectors*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 638–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00105.1.
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Abstract Linear array antennas and beamforming techniques offer some advantages compared to direction finding using squared arrays. The azimuthal resolution depends on the number of antenna elements and their spacing. Assuming an ideal beam pattern and no amplitude taper across the aperture, 16 antennas in a linear array spaced at half the electromagnetic wavelength theoretically provide a beam resolution of 3.5° normal to the array, and up to twice that when the beam is steered within an azimuthal range of 60° from the direction normal to the array. However, miscalibrated phases among antenna elements, cables, and receivers (e.g., caused by service activities without recalibration) can cause errors in the beam-steering direction and distortions of the beam pattern, resulting in unreliable ocean surface current and wave estimations. The present work uses opportunistic ship echoes randomly received by oceanographic high-frequency radars to correct an unusual case of severe phase differences between receiver channels, leading to a dramatic improvement of the surface current patterns. The method proposed allows for simplified calibrations of phases to account for hardware-related changes without the need to conduct the regular calibration procedure and can be applied during postprocessing of datasets acquired with insufficient calibration.
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Maresca, Salvatore, Paolo Braca, Jochen Horstmann, and Raffaele Grasso. "Maritime Surveillance Using Multiple High-Frequency Surface-Wave Radars." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 52, no. 8 (August 2014): 5056–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2013.2286741.
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Burrell, Angeline G., Timothy K. Yeoman, Stephen E. Milan, and Mark Lester. "Phase calibration of interferometer arrays at high-frequency radars." Radio Science 51, no. 9 (September 2016): 1445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016rs006089.
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Bhutani, Akanksha, Sören Marahrens, Marius Kretschmann, Serdal Ayhan, Steffen Scherr, Benjamin Göttel, Mario Pauli, and Thomas Zwick. "Applications of radar measurement technology using 24 GHz, 61 GHz, 80 GHz and 122 GHz FMCW radar sensors." tm - Technisches Messen 89, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0034.
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Abstract This paper presents a review of radar applications in high-accuracy distance measurement of a target. The radars included in this review are frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in four different millimeter-wave frequency bands, namely 24 GHz, 61 GHz, 80 GHz and 122 GHz. The radar sensors are used to measure the distance of standard and complex targets in a short range of a few meters, thus indicating that the choice of target and the medium used for radar signal propagation also play a key role in determining the distance measurement accuracy of an FMCW radar. The standard target is a trihedral corner reflector in a laboratory-based free space measurement setup and the complex targets include a piston in an oil-filled hydraulic cylinder and a planar positioning stage used in micromachining. In each of these measurement scenarios, a distance measurement accuracy in micrometer range is achieved due to the use of a sophisticated signal processing algorithm that is based on a combined frequency and phase estimation method. The paper is concluded with a technical comparison of the accuracy achieved by the FMCW radars reviewed in this article with other related works.
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Дудуш, А. С., І. І. Сачук, Сальман Оваід, and А. К. Бідун. "Science & technology trends in cognitive radar concept." Системи обробки інформації, no. 3(166) (September 24, 2021): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30748/soi.2021.166.02.
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Currently, human operators provide cognition in a radar system. However, advances in the “digitization” of radar front-ends, including digital arbitrary waveform generators (AWG) and advanced high performance embedded computing (HPEC) make it possible to vary all key radar parameters (power, pulse length, number of pulses, pulse repetition frequency (PRF), modulation, frequency, polarization) on a pulse-by-pulse basis within ns or ms and over a wide operating range. This timescale is much faster than the decision-making ability of a human operator. The cognitive-inspired techniques in radar, that are intensively developing last years, mimic elements of human cognition and the use of external knowledge to use the available system resources in an optimal way for the current goal and environment. Radar systems based on the perception-action cycle of cognition that senses the environment, learns relevant information from it about the target and the background and then adapts the radar to optimally satisfy the needs of the mission according to a desired goal are called cognitive radars. In the article, recent ideas and applications of cognitive radars were analyzed.
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Kaeppler, Stephen R., Ethan S. Miller, Daniel Cole, and Teresa Updyke. "On the use of high-frequency surface wave oceanographic research radars as bistatic single-frequency oblique ionospheric sounders." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 15 (August 10, 2022): 4531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4531-2022.
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Abstract. We demonstrate that bistatic reception of high-frequency oceanographic radars can be used as single-frequency oblique ionospheric sounders. We develop methods that are agnostic of the software-defined radio system to estimate the group range from the bistatic observations. The group range observations are used to estimate the virtual height and equivalent vertical frequency at the midpoint of the oblique propagation path. Uncertainty estimates of the virtual height and equivalent vertical frequency are presented. We apply this analysis to observations collected from two experiments run at two locations in different years, but utilizing similar software-defined radio data collection systems. In the first experiment, 10 d of data were collected in March 2016 at a site located in Maryland, USA, while the second experiment collected 20 d of data in October 2020 at a site located in South Carolina, USA. In both experiments, three Coastal Oceanographic Dynamics and Applications Radars (CODARs) located along the Virginia and North Carolina coast of the US were bistatically observed at 4.53718 MHz. The virtual height and equivalent virtual frequency were estimated in both experiments and compared with contemporaneous observations from a vertical incident digisonde–ionosonde at Wallops Island, VA, USA. We find good agreement between the oblique CODAR-derived and WP937 digisonde virtual heights. Variations in the virtual height from the CODAR observations and the digisonde are found to be nearly in phase with each other. We conclude from this investigation that observations of oceanographic radar can be used as single-frequency oblique incidence sounders. We discuss applications with respect to investigations of traveling ionospheric disturbances, studies of day-to-day ionospheric variability, and using these observations in data assimilation.
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Rudys, Saulius, Andrius Laučys, Dainius Udris, Raimondas Pomarnacki, and Domantas Bručas. "Functionality Investigation of the UAV Arranged FMCW Solid-State Marine Radar." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080887.
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Some models of marine radars are light-weight enough and thus are attractive for potential applications when arranged on UAVs. Elevating a marine radar to high altitudes provides a much wider field of view, however, this could lead to a higher radio interference level. The practical estimation of the radio interferences affecting the solid-state FMCW marine radar at altitudes up to 120 m was the main objective of this contribution. A rotary-wing octocopter UAV was developed and built for the experiments. Two different kinds of interferences were observed at higher altitudes. Ray-like interferences were caused by signals, which are received by the radar’s antenna. Circle-like interferences appear due to the low frequency interfering signal directly penetrating the detector due to insufficient receiver screening.
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Alattabi, Zaid R., Douglas Cahl, and George Voulgaris. "Swell and Wind Wave Inversion Using a Single Very High Frequency (VHF) Radar." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 6 (June 2019): 987–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0166.1.
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AbstractA hybrid, empirical radar wave inversion technique that treats swell and wind waves separately is presented and evaluated using a single 48-MHz radar unit and in situ wave measurements. This hybrid approach greatly reduces errors in radar wave inversion during swell seas. Our analysis suggests that, prior to the inversion, the second-order spectrum should be normalized using Barrick’s weighting function because this process removes harmonic and corner reflection peaks from the inversion and improves the results. In addition, the resulting calibration constants for the wind wave component are not wave-frequency dependent and are similar in magnitude to those found in previous studies using different operating-frequency radars. This result suggests radar frequency independence, although additional experimental verification is required. The swell component of the model presented here ignores the effect of swell’s propagation direction on the radar signal. Although this approach has several limitations and may only be useful near the coast (where swell propagates close to perpendicular to the coastline), the resulting wave inversion is accurate even when swell is propagating close to perpendicular to the radar beam direction. RMS differences relative to in situ wave height measurements range from 0.16 to 0.25 m as the radar beam angle increases from 22° to 56°.
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Shirasawa, K., N. Ebuchi, M. Leppäranta, and T. Takatsuka. "Ice-edge detection from Japanese C-band radar and high-frequency radar coastal stations." Annals of Glaciology 54, no. 62 (2013): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013aog62a007.
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AbstractA C-band sea-ice radar (SIR) network system was operated to monitor the sea-ice conditions off the Okhotsk Sea coast of northern Hokkaido, Japan, from 1969 to 2004. The system was based on three radar stations, which were capable of continuously monitoring the sea surface as far as 60 km offshore along a 250 km long coastal section. In 2004 the SIR system was closed down and a sea surface monitoring programme was commenced using high-frequency (HF) radar; this system provides information on surface currents in open-water conditions, while areas with ‘no signal’ can be identified as sea ice. The present study compares HF radar data with SIR data to evaluate their feasibility for sea-ice remote sensing. The period of overlapping data was 1.5 months. The results show that HF radar information can be utilized for ice-edge mapping although it cannot fully compensate for the loss of the SIR system. In particular, HF radar does not provide ice concentration, ice roughness and geometrical structures or ice kinematics. The probability of ice-edge detection by HF radar was 0.9 and the correlation of the ice-edge distance between the radars was 0.7.
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Sabaria, Sabaria, and Syahfrizal Tahcfulloh. "Range and Velocity Resolution of Linear- Frequency-Modulated Signals on Subarray-Mimo Radar." Jurnal ELTIKOM 7, no. 2 (February 2, 2024): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.31961/eltikom.v7i2.940.
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The most important radar system performance is determining the range-velocity of the detected target. This performance is obtained from processing an ambiguity-function (AF) between signals from target reflections and radar radiation signals. Selection of the appropriate waveform transmitted by the radar is a key factor in supporting high resolution radar performance in the AF. There are many waveforms that have been studied in radar systems, especially for multi-antenna radars, i.e., subarray-MIMO (SMIMO) radar which can form phased array (PA) and MIMO radars simultaneously, in the form of linear-frequency-modulated (LFM) signals. In this paper, we examine the use of LFM waveforms combined with SMIMO radar to produce plots of three-dimensional AF as a function of time delay and Doppler shift. The results of the comparison with the Hadamard signal determine the effectiveness of the observed AF performance on parameters such as magnitude, range-velocity resolution, peak sidelobe level ratio, and integrated sidelobe ratio by taking into account the factors of the number of Tx antennas on the PA radar and the number of Tx subarrays on the MIMO radar. The evaluation results of the SMIMO radar configuration (M = 6) with the number of Tx-Rx antenna elements the being 8 provide the best mainlobe magnitude, sidelobe magnitude, range resolution, velocity resolution, PSLR, and ISLR of AF LFM signals compared to conventional radars are 235.2dB, 7.54dB, 37.5m, 75km/s, 29.89dB, and 29.8dB, respectively. Meanwhile, the LFM signal is far superior to the Hadamard signal which has PSLR and ISLR 1.16dB and -3.36dB, respectively.
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Zhu, Langfeng, Fan Yang, Yufan Yang, Zhaomin Xiong, and Jun Wei. "Designing Theoretical Shipborne ADCP Survey Trajectories for High-Frequency Radar Based on a Machine Learning Neural Network." Applied Sciences 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2023): 7208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13127208.
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A machine learning neural network-based design for shipborne ADCP navigation is proposed to improve the quality of high-frequency radar measurements. In traditional inversion algorithms for HF radars, sea surface velocity is directly extracted from electromagnetic echoes without constraints from oceanographic processes. Hence, we incorporated oceanographic information from observational data into seabed radar inversion results via an LSTM neural network model to enhance data accuracy. Through a series of numerical simulation experiments, we showed improved data accuracy and feasibility by incorporating both fixed-point and navigation observational data. The results indicate a significant reduction in (related) errors. This study has implications for guiding future navigation observations.
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Jin, Lijie, Biyang Wen, and Hao Zhou. "A New Method of Wave Mapping with HF Radar." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4135404.
Full textAbstract:
Study of wave height inversion with High-Frequency Surface Wave Radars (HFSWRs) has been going on for more than 40 years. Various wave inversion methods have been proposed, and HFSWRs have achieved great success in local wave measurements. However, the method of wave mapping is still under development, especially for the broad-beam HF radars. Existing methods of wave mapping are based on narrow-beam radar with beamforming. This paper introduces a way of wave height inversion, using the ratio of the second-harmonic peak (SHP) to the Bragg peak (RSB). A new wave mapping method is proposed, which can be used in both narrow and broad-beam radars, according to the way of wave inversion based on the RSB. In addition, radar wave measurements at the buoy position are compared with thein situbuoy, which show a good agreement. At last, the results of wave mapping on the two-hour timescale are given.
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Cosoli, Simone, Andrea Mazzoldi, and Miroslav Gačić. "Validation of Surface Current Measurements in the Northern Adriatic Sea from High-Frequency Radars." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 908–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecho680.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The performances of a shore-based high-frequency (HF) radar network deployed along the coast of the Venice lagoon (northern Adriatic Sea) are discussed based on a comparison with a single bottom-mounted ADCP deployed in the shallow-water area offshore of the lagoon for a 40-day period in August–September 2005. The analyses, carried out using currents representative of the first meter for the HF radars and 2.5 m for the ADCP, gave rms differences of radial currents in the range of 8.7–14.7 cm s−1 (correlation 0.37– 0.82) for the ideal pattern and 8.4–20.5 cm s−1 (correlation 0.14–0.84) for the measured pattern. Good correlation was found between surface current vectors and moored data (scalar correlation up to R = 0.83, vector correlation ρ = 0.78, veering angle 6°). Comparison metrics were improved for the low-passed currents. Angular offsets ranged between +6° and +11°. Differences depended primarily on the geophysical variability within the water column. Bearing offsets also contributed because they lead to comparisons with radial velocities at erroneous angular sectors. Radar performances were severely affected by strong northeasterly wind pulses in their early stages. An increased broadband noise, spread over the entire Doppler spectrum across all ranges to the antennas, masked the Bragg peaks and determined the loss in radar coverage, introducing gross underestimations of both radial velocities and total currents.
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Thomas, R. M., and D. J. Netherway. "Observations of Meteors using an over-the-horizon Radar." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 8, no. 1 (1989): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000022992.
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AbstractWhen metre wavelength radars were first operated in the 1940s, echoes were obtained which could be attributed to backscatter from ionised trains produced by the ablation of meteroids in the upper atmosphere at altitudes near 100 km. Modern over-the-horizon skywave radars operating in the HF (High Frequency) band employ digital techniques for both radar control and signal processing and are aided by frequency management subsystems for the selection of appropriate frequencies for meteor detection based on real-time monitoring of the HF signal environment.This paper describes the results of using such a radar for meteor observations. We report the detection of the Eta Aquarid meteor shower and demonstrate that a large increase in the echo rate due to sporadic meteors is obtained as frequencies are reduced below 15 MHz and the underdense echo ceiling rises in altitude. Finally, we present preliminary observations of highly Doppler shifted echoes which travel at meteoric velocities and which we identify as meteor ‘head echoes’.