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1
Hogan, P. A., and T. Futamase. "Some high‐frequency spherical gravity waves." Journal of Mathematical Physics 34, no. 1 (January 1993): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.530397.
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Hankinson, Mai C. N., M. J. Reeder, and T. P. Lane. "Gravity waves generated by convection during TWP-ICE: 2. High-frequency gravity waves." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 9 (May 13, 2014): 5257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020726.
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Zhou, Chunyan, Dajun Wang, Song Shen, and Jing Tang Xing. "Nonlinear low-frequency gravity waves in a water-filled cylindrical vessel subjected to high-frequency excitations." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2153 (May 8, 2013): 20120536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0536.
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In the experiments of a water storage cylindrical shell, excited by a horizontal external force of sufficient large amplitude and high frequency, it has been observed that gravity water waves of low frequencies may be generated. This paper intends to investigate this phenomenon in order to reveal its mechanism. Considering nonlinear fluid–structure interactions, we derive the governing equations and the numerical equations describing the dynamics of the system, using a variational principle. Following the developed generalized equations, a four-mode approximation model is proposed with which an experimental case example is studied. Numerical calculation and spectrum analysis demonstrate that an external excitation with sufficient large amplitude and high frequency can produce gravity water waves with lower frequencies. The excitation magnitude and frequencies required for onset of the gravity waves are found based on the model. Transitions between different gravity waves are also revealed through the numerical analysis. The findings developed by this method are validated by available experimental observations.
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Perez, Iael, and Dragani Walter. "Spectral variability in high frequency in sea level and atmospheric pressure on Buenos Aires Coast, Argentina." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 65, no. 1 (March 2017): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592017130506501.
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Abstract There are some observational evidences which support that atmospheric gravity waves constitute an efficient forcing for meteorological tsunamis (meteotsunamis) along the coast of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Meteotsunamis and atmospheric gravity waves, which propagate simultaneously on the sea surface and the atmosphere, respectively, are typical examples of non-stationary geophysical signals. The variability of meteotsunamis and atmospheric gravity waves recorded at Mar del Plata was investigated in this paper. Results obtained in this work reinforce the idea of a cause (atmospheric gravity waves) effect (meteotsunami) relationship, because wavelet spectra obtained from both signals resulted quite similar. However, several very short episodes of mod-erate/low activity of atmospheric gravity waves were detected without detecting meteotsunami activity. On the other hand, it was found that atmospheric gravity wave spectral energy can appear in the wavelets as a single or multiple burst as relatively long and irregular events or as regular wave packets. Results obtained in this paper provide original spectral data about atmospheric gravity waves along the coast of Buenos Aires. This information is useful to be included in realistic numerical models in order to investigate the genesis of this complex atmosphere-ocean interaction.
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Leena, P. P., M. Venkat Ratnam, B. V. Krishna Murthy, and S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao. "Detection of high frequency gravity waves using high resolution radiosonde observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 77 (March 2012): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2012.01.003.
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Wang, Xiujuan, Lingkun Ran, Yanbin Qi, Zhongbao Jiang, Tian Yun, and Baofeng Jiao. "Analysis of Gravity Wave Characteristics during a Hailstone Event in the Cold Vortex of Northeast China." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020412.
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Based on high-resolution pressure data collected by a microbarograph and Fourier transform (FFT) data processing, a detailed analysis of the frequency spectra characteristics of gravity waves during a hailstone event in the cold vortex of Northeast China (NECV) on 9 September 2021 is presented. The results show that the deep NECV served as the large-scale circulation background for the hailstone event. The development of hailstones was closely related to gravity waves. In different hail stages, the frequency spectra characteristics of gravity waves were obviously different. One and a half hours before hailfall, there were gravity wave precursors with periods of 50–180 min and corresponding amplitudes ranging from 30 to 60 Pa. During hailfall, the center amplitudes of the gravity waves were approximately 50 Pa and 60 Pa, with the corresponding period ranges expanding to 60–70 min and 160–240 min. Simultaneously, hailstones initiated shorter periods (26–34 min) of gravity waves, with the amplitudes increasing to approximately 12–18 Pa. The relationship between hailstones and gravity waves was positive. After hailfall, gravity waves weakened and dissipated rapidly. As shown by the reconstructed gravity waves, key periods of gravity wave precursors ranged from 50–180 min, which preceded hailstones by several hours. When convection developed, there was thunderstorm high pressure and an outflow boundary. The airflow converged and diverged downstream, resulting in the formation of gravity waves and finally triggering hailfall. Gravity wave predecessors are significant for hail warnings and artificial hail suppression.
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McCord, Michael T., and Earl W. Carey. "Acoustic Visualization of Nonlinear Internal Gravity Waves Using an Improved High Frequency Sonar System." Marine Technology Society Journal 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533206787353691.
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High frequency sonar systems have been used by the Naval Research Laboratory to study nonlinear internal gravity waves and define the fine structure of ocean temperature and salinity layers that are found in coastal waters, usually within 130 meters of the surface. Of particular interest is the fine structure of these waves, which are being investigated using high sensitivity sonar systems that provide 1 m horizontal resolution and less than 8 cm vertical resolution. This article describes the integration of commercial and custom-designed components, including a recently patented transmitter-receiver switch. The significance of this T-R switch is that it improves the sensitivity of short-range sonar systems, enables a more refined measurement of nonlinear internal gravity waves, and could have broad industry applications.
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Deng, Y., and A. J. Ridley. "Simulation of non-hydrostatic gravity wave propagation in the upper atmosphere." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 4 (April 24, 2014): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-443-2014.
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Abstract. The high-frequency and small horizontal scale gravity waves may be reflected and ducted in non-hydrostatic simulations, but usually propagate vertically in hydrostatic models. To examine gravity wave propagation, a preliminary study has been conducted with a global ionosphere–thermosphere model (GITM), which is a non-hydrostatic general circulation model for the upper atmosphere. GITM has been run regionally with a horizontal resolution of 0.2° long × 0.2° lat to resolve the gravity wave with wavelength of 250 km. A cosine wave oscillation with amplitude of 30 m s−1 has been applied to the zonal wind at the low boundary, and both high-frequency and low-frequency waves have been tested. In the high-frequency case, the gravity wave stays below 200 km, which indicates that the wave is reflected or ducted in propagation. The results are consistent with the theoretical analysis from the dispersion relationship when the wavelength is larger than the cutoff wavelength for the non-hydrostatic situation. However, the low-frequency wave propagates to the high altitudes during the whole simulation period, and the amplitude increases with height. This study shows that the non-hydrostatic model successfully reproduces the high-frequency gravity wave dissipation.
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Samson, J. C., R. A. Greenwald, J. M. Ruohoniemi, and K. B. Baker. "High-frequency radar observations of atmospheric gravity waves in the high-latitude ionosphere." Geophysical Research Letters 16, no. 8 (August 1989): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl016i008p00875.
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McKenzie, J. F. "On the unstable mode merging of gravity-inertial waves with Rossby waves." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 8 (August 19, 2011): 1377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1377-2011.
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Abstract. We recapitulate the results of the combined theory of gravity-inertial-Rossby waves in a rotating, stratified atmosphere. The system is shown to exhibit a "local" (JWKB) instability whenever the phase speed of the low-frequency-long wavelength westward propagating Rossby wave exceeds the phase speed ("Kelvin" speed) of the high frequency-short wavelength gravity-inertial wave. This condition ensures that mode merging, leading to instability, takes place in some intermediate band of frequencies and wave numbers. The contention that such an instability is "spurious" is not convincing. The energy source of the instability resides in the background enthalpy which can be released by the action of the gravitational buoyancy force, through the combined wave modes.
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Wang, Shuguang, and Fuqing Zhang. "Sensitivity of Mesoscale Gravity Waves to the Baroclinicity of Jet-Front Systems." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 670–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3314.1.
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Abstract This study investigates the sensitivity of mesoscale gravity waves to the baroclinicity of the background jet-front systems by simulating different life cycles of baroclinic waves with a high-resolution mesoscale model. Four simulations are made starting from two-dimensional baroclinic jets having different static stability and wind shear in order to obtain baroclinic waves with significantly different growth rates. In all experiments, vertically propagating mesoscale gravity waves are simulated in the exit region of upper-tropospheric jet streaks. A two-dimensional spectral analysis demonstrates that these gravity waves have multiple components with different wave characteristics. The short-scale wave components that are preserved by a high-pass filter with a cutoff wavelength of 200 km have horizontal wavelengths of 85–161 km and intrinsic frequencies of 3–11 times the Coriolis parameter. The medium-scale waves that are preserved by a bandpass filter (with 200- and 600-km cutoff wavelengths) have horizontal wavelengths of 250–350 km and intrinsic frequencies less than 3 times the Coriolis parameter. The intrinsic frequencies of these gravity waves tend to increase with the growth rate of the baroclinic waves; gravity waves with similar frequency are found in the experiments with similar average baroclinic wave growth rate but with significantly different initial tropospheric static stability and tropopause geometry. The residuals of the nonlinear balance equation are used to assess the flow imbalance. In all experiments, the developing background baroclinic waves evolve from an initially balanced state to the strongly unbalanced state especially near the exit region of upper-level jet fronts before mature mesoscale gravity waves are generated. It is found that the growth rate of flow imbalance also correlates well to the growth rate of baroclinic waves and thus correlates to the frequency of gravity waves.
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LEE, CUNBIAO, HUAIWU PENG, HUIJING YUAN, JIEZHI WU, MINGDE ZHOU, and FAZLE HUSSAIN. "Experimental studies of surface waves inside a cylindrical container." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 677 (May 9, 2011): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.43.
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We experimentally investigate the dynamics of surface waves excited by oscillations from a cylindrical sidewall. Particle-imaging-velocimetry measurements with fluorescent particles were used to determine the flow patterns near the sidewall of the cylindrical fluid container and to identify the locations of the evolving air–water interfaces. The high-frequency wall oscillations created four jets that originate at the cylindrical sidewall. Four vortex streets shed from the jets propagate from the sidewall to the centre of the container and subsequently excite a low-frequency gravity wave. The interaction between this gravitational surface wave and the high-frequency capillary waves was found to be responsible for creating droplet splash at the water surface. This phenomenon was first described as ‘Long-Xi’ or ‘dragon wash’ in ancient China. The physical processes for generating the droplet ejection, including the circular capillary waves, azimuthal waves, streaming jets and low-frequency gravity waves, are described in this paper.
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Lopez, Alejandro, and Katherine Freese. "First test of high frequency Gravity Waves from inflation using Advanced LIGO." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2015, no. 01 (January 28, 2015): 037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/01/037.
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Huang, K. M., A. Z. Liu, S. D. Zhang, F. Yi, and Z. Li. "Spectral energy transfer of atmospheric gravity waves through sum and difference nonlinear interactions." Annales Geophysicae 30, no. 2 (February 3, 2012): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-303-2012.
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Abstract. Nonlinear interactions of gravity waves are studied with a two-dimensional, fully nonlinear model. The energy exchanges among resonant and near-resonant triads are examined in order to understand the spectral energy transfer through interactions. The results show that in both resonant and near-resonant interactions, the energy exchange between two high frequency waves is strong, but the energy transfer from large to small vertical scale waves is rather weak. This suggests that the energy cascade toward large vertical wavenumbers through nonlinear interaction is inefficient, which is different from the rapid turbulence cascade. Because of considerable energy exchange, nonlinear interactions can effectively spread high frequency spectrum, and play a significant role in limiting wave amplitude growth and transferring energy into higher altitudes. In resonant interaction, the interacting waves obey the resonant matching conditions, and resonant excitation is reversible, while near-resonant excitation is not so. Although near-resonant interaction shows the complexity of match relation, numerical experiments show an interesting result that when sum and difference near-resonant interactions occur between high and low frequency waves, the wave vectors tend to approximately match in horizontal direction, and the frequency of the excited waves is also close to the matching value.
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Ryazanov, D. A., M. I. Providukhina, I. N. Sibgatullin, and E. V. Ermanyuk. "Biharmonic Attractors of Internal Gravity Waves." Fluid Dynamics 56, no. 3 (May 2021): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0015462821030046.
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Abstract— The hydrodynamic system that admits the development of internal wave attractors under biharmonic forcing is investigated. It is shown that in the case of low amplitude of external forcing the wave pattern consists of two attractors that interact between themselves only slightly: the total energy of the system is equal to the sum of energies of the components with high accuracy. In the nonlinear case the attractors interact in the more complex way which leads to the development of a cascade of triad interactions generating a rich set of time scales. In the case of closely adjacent frequencies of the components of a biharmonic perturbation, the nonlinear “beating” regime develops, namely, the mean energy of the system of coupled attractors performs oscillations at a large time scale that corresponds to the beating period. It is found that the high-frequency energy fluctuations corresponding to the same mean energy can differ by an order of magnitude depending on whether the envelope of the mean value increases or decreases.
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Zhong, Wei, Da-Lin Zhang, and Han-Cheng Lu. "A Theory for Mixed Vortex Rossby–Gravity Waves in Tropical Cyclones." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 3366–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3060.1.
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Abstract Vortex–Rossby waves (VRWs) and inertial gravity waves (IGWs) have been proposed to explain the propagation of spiral rainbands and the development of dynamical instability in tropical cyclones (TCs). In this study, a theory for mixed vortex–Rossby–inertia–gravity waves (VRIGWs), together with VRWs and IGWs, is developed by including both rotational and divergent flows in a shallow-water equations model. A cloud-resolving TC simulation is used to help simplify the radial structure equation for linearized perturbations and then transform it to a Bessel equation with constant coefficients. A cubic frequency equation describing the three groups of allowable (radially discrete) waves is eventually obtained. It is shown that low-frequency VRWs and high-frequency IGWs may coexist, but with separable dispersion characteristics, in the eye and outer regions of TCs, whereas mixed VRIGWs with inseparable dispersion and wave instability properties tend to occur in the eyewall. The mixed-wave instability, with shorter waves growing faster than longer waves, appears to explain the generation of polygonal eyewalls and multiple vortices with intense rotation and divergence in TCs. Results show that high-frequency IGWs would propagate at half their typical speeds in the inner regions with more radial “standing” structures. Moreover, all the propagating waves appear in the forms of spiral bands with different intensities as their radial widths shrink in time, suggesting that some spiral rainbands in TCs may result from the radial differential displacements of azimuthally propagating perturbations.
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Wu, Yiyun, Qiong Tang, Zhou Chen, Yi Liu, and Chen Zhou. "Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of High-Frequency Gravity Waves at Mohe and Wuhan." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (July 6, 2022): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071069.
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Using the meteor radar data at the Mohe (53.5° N, 122.3° E) and Wuhan (30.5° N, 114.2° E) regions over China, this paper conducts a study on the diurnal and seasonal variation of high-frequency (within 2 h) gravity waves (GWs) activity in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere (MLT). On the basis of the composite day analysis and Hocking’s technique, the variance and momentum flux of the high-frequency GWs are derived from the radial velocities of individual meteor trails. Spectral results demonstrate that the high-frequency GWs activity shows 12 and 24 h periodicity, which may be due to the tidal modulation on the high-frequency GWs. The spectra of the variance and momentum flux also show 6 and 8 h periodicity. In addition to the diurnal variation, the high-frequency GWs activity shows the annual and semiannual oscillations. Additionally, the quasi-4-month oscillation is found at Mohe.
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Achatz, Ulrich. "Modal and Nonmodal Perturbations of Monochromatic High-Frequency Gravity Waves: Primary Nonlinear Dynamics." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 6 (June 2007): 1977–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3940.1.
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The primary nonlinear dynamics of high-frequency gravity waves (HGWs) perturbed by their most prominent normal modes (NMs) or singular vectors (SVs) in a rotating Boussinesq fluid have been studied by direct numerical simulations (DNSs), with wave scales and values of viscosity and diffusivity characteristic for the upper mesosphere. The DNS is 2.5D in that it has only two spatial dimensions, defined by the direction of propagation of the HGW and the direction of propagation of the perturbation in the plane orthogonal to the HGW phase direction, but describes a fully 3D velocity field. Many results of the more comprehensive fully 3D simulations in the literature are reproduced. So it is found that statically unstable HGWs are subject to wave breaking ending in a wave amplitude with respect to the overturning threshold near 0.3. It is shown that this is a result of a perturbation of the HGW by its leading transverse NM. For statically stable HGWs, a parallel NM has the strongest effect, quite in line with previous results on the predominantly 2D instability of such HGWs. This parallel mode is, however, not the leading NM but a larger-scale pattern, seemingly driven by resonant wave–wave interactions, leading eventually to energy transfer from the HGW into another gravity wave with steeper phase propagation. SVs turn out to be less effective in triggering HGW decay but they can produce turbulence of a strength that is (as that from the NMs) within the range of measured values, however with a more pronounced spatial confinement.
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Bowman, Dominic M., Siemen Burssens, May G. Pedersen, Cole Johnston, Conny Aerts, Bram Buysschaert, Mathias Michielsen, et al. "Low-frequency gravity waves in blue supergiants revealed by high-precision space photometry." Nature Astronomy 3, no. 8 (May 6, 2019): 760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0768-1.
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Karjadi, Entin A., Mohsen Badiey, and James T. Kirby. "Impact of surface gravity waves on high‐frequency acoustic propagation in shallow water." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 127, no. 3 (March 2010): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3383959.
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Jensen, Eric J., Rei Ueyama, Leonhard Pfister, Theopaul V. Bui, M. Joan Alexander, Aurélien Podglajen, Albert Hertzog, et al. "High-frequency gravity waves and homogeneous ice nucleation in tropical tropopause layer cirrus." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 12 (June 25, 2016): 6629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069426.
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Chavanne, Cédric. "Do High-Frequency Radars Measure the Wave-Induced Stokes Drift?" Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 5 (May 2018): 1023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0099.1.
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ABSTRACTHigh-frequency (HF) radars remotely measure ocean near-surface currents based on the Doppler shift of electromagnetic waves backscattered by surface gravity waves with half the electromagnetic wavelength, called Bragg waves. Since their phase velocity is affected not only by wave–current interactions with vertically sheared mean Eulerian currents but also by wave–wave interactions with all the other waves present at the sea surface, HF radars should measure a quantity related to the Stokes drift in addition to mean Eulerian currents. However, the literature is inconsistent—both theoretically and experimentally—on the specific expression and even on the existence of the Stokes drift contribution to the HF radar measurements. Three different expressions that have been proposed in the literature are reviewed and discussed in light of the relevant published experimental results: 1) the weighted depth-averaged Stokes drift, 2) the filtered surface Stokes drift, and 3) half of the surface Stokes drift. Effective measurement depths for these three expressions are derived for the Phillips wave spectrum. Recent experimental results tend to discard the second expression but are not inconsistent with the first and third expressions. The latter is physically appealing, since it is a quasi-Eulerian quantity that would be measured by a current meter at a fixed horizontal position but allowed to follow the free surface moving vertically up and down with the passage of the waves. A definitive answer will require further experimental investigations.
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Alexander, M. J., and J. R. Holton. "On the spectrum of vertically propagating gravity waves generated by a transient heat source." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 4, no. 1 (February 12, 2004): 1063–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-4-1063-2004.
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Abstract. It is commonly believed that cumulus convection preferentially generates gravity waves with tropospheric vertical wavelengths approximately twice the depth of the convective heating. Individual cumulonimbus, however, act as short term transient heat sources (duration 10 to 30 min). Gravity waves generated by such sources have broad frequency spectra and a wide range of vertical scales. The high-frequency components tend to have vertical wavelengths much greater than twice the depth of the heating. Such waves have large vertical group velocities, and are only observed for a short duration and at short horizontal distances from the convective source. At longer times and longer distances from the source the dominant wave components have short vertical wavelengths and much slower group velocities, and thus are more likely to be observed even though their contribution to the momentum flux in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere may be less than that of the high frequency waves. These properties of convectively generated waves are illustrated by a linear numerical model for the wave response to a specified transient heat source. The wave characteristics are documented through Fourier and Wavelet analysis, and implications for observing systems are discussed.
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Alexander, M. J., and J. R. Holton. "On the spectrum of vertically propagating gravity waves generated by a transient heat source." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, no. 4 (June 23, 2004): 923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-923-2004.
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Abstract. It is commonly believed that cumulus convection preferentially generates gravity waves with tropospheric vertical wavelengths approximately twice the depth of the convective heating. Individual cumulonimbus, however, act as short term transient heat sources (duration 10 to 30min). Gravity waves generated by such sources have broad frequency spectra and a wide range of vertical scales. The high-frequency components tend to have vertical wavelengths much greater than twice the depth of the heating. Such waves have large vertical group velocities, and are only observed for a short duration and at short horizontal distances from the convective source. At longer times and longer distances from the source the dominant wave components have short vertical wavelengths and much slower group velocities, and thus are more likely to be observed even though their contribution to the momentum flux in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere may be less than that of the high frequency waves. These properties of convectively generated waves are illustrated by a linear numerical model for the wave response to a specified transient heat source. The wave characteristics are documented through Fourier and Wavelet analysis, and implications for observing systems are discussed.
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CORDA, C., S. A. ALI, and C. CAFARO. "INTERFEROMETER RESPONSE TO SCALAR GRAVITATIONAL WAVES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 19, no. 13 (November 2010): 2095–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271810018219.
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It was recently suggested that the magnetic component of gravitational waves (GWs) is relevant in the evaluation of frequency response functions of gravitational interferometers. In this paper we extend the analysis to the magnetic component of the scalar mode of GWs which arises from scalar–tensor gravity theory. In the low frequency approximation, the response function of ground-based interferometers is calculated. The angular dependence of the electric and magnetic contributions on the response function is discussed. Finally, for an arbitrary frequency range, the proper distance between two test masses is calculated and its usefulness in the high frequency limit for space-based interferometers is briefly considered.
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Alexander, M. Joan, David A. Ortland, Alison W. Grimsdell, and Ji-Eun Kim. "Sensitivity of Gravity Wave Fluxes to Interannual Variations in Tropical Convection and Zonal Wind." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 9 (August 15, 2017): 2701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0044.1.
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Abstract Using an idealized model framework with high-frequency tropical latent heating variability derived from global satellite observations of precipitation and clouds, the authors examine the properties and effects of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere, contrasting conditions in an El Niño year and a La Niña year. The model generates a broad spectrum of tropical waves including planetary-scale waves through mesoscale gravity waves. The authors compare modeled monthly mean regional variations in wind and temperature with reanalyses and validate the modeled gravity waves using satellite- and balloon-based estimates of gravity wave momentum flux. Some interesting changes in the gravity spectrum of momentum flux are found in the model, which are discussed in terms of the interannual variations in clouds, precipitation, and large-scale winds. While regional variations in clouds, precipitation, and winds are dramatic, the mean gravity wave zonal momentum fluxes entering the stratosphere differ by only 11%. The modeled intermittency in gravity wave momentum flux is shown to be very realistic compared to observations, and the largest-amplitude waves are related to significant gravity wave drag forces in the lowermost stratosphere. This strong intermittency is generally absent or weak in climate models because of deficiencies in parameterizations of gravity wave intermittency. These results suggest a way forward to improve model representations of the lowermost stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation winds and teleconnections.
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Chagnon, Jeffrey M. "Gravity Waves, Dynamical Resistance, and Forcing Efficiency." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 2039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3244.1.
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Abstract The effect of the dynamical response associated with high-frequency gravity waves on the total energy generated by imposed heating is examined in a 2D linear compressible model. The work performed by waves against a sustained forcing is defined as the dynamical resistance. The dynamical resistance is minimized and forcing efficiency maximized for basic-state and forcing configurations that yield a wave response whose phase varies minimally relative to the forcing. When generated against a forcing-relative background flow, waves that have a deep vertical scale relative to the forcing depth impose less resistance than waves of a shallow vertical scale. The efficiency of an ensemble of forcing elements is shown to differ significantly from that corresponding to an isolated forcing. If the forcing elements are all of the same sign (e.g., are all warmings), then the efficiency increases with decreasing separation between elements.
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Sato, Kaoru, Satoshi Tateno, Shingo Watanabe, and Yoshio Kawatani. "Gravity Wave Characteristics in the Southern Hemisphere Revealed by a High-Resolution Middle-Atmosphere General Circulation Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 4 (March 30, 2012): 1378–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0101.1.
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Abstract Gravity wave characteristics in the middle- to high-latitude Southern Hemisphere are analyzed using simulation data over 3 yr from a high-resolution middle-atmosphere general circulation model without using any gravity wave parameterizations. Gravity waves have large amplitudes in winter and are mainly distributed in the region surrounding the polar vortex in the middle and upper stratosphere, while the gravity wave energy is generally weak in summer. The wave energy distribution in winter is not zonally uniform, but it is large leeward of the southern Andes and Antarctic Peninsula. Linear theory in the three-dimensional framework indicates that orographic gravity waves are advected leeward significantly by the mean wind component perpendicular to the wavenumber vector. Results of ray-tracing and cross-correlation analyses are consistent with this theoretical expectation. The leeward energy propagation extends to several thousand kilometers, which explains part of the gravity wave distribution around the polar vortex in winter. This result indicates that orographic gravity waves can affect the mean winds at horizontal locations that are far distant from the source mountains. Another interesting feature is a significant downward energy flux in winter, which is observed in the lower stratosphere to the south of the southern Andes. The frequency of the downward energy flux is positively correlated with the gravity wave energy over the southern Andes. Partial reflection from a rapid increase in static stability around 10 hPa and/or gravity wave generation through nonlinear processes are possible mechanisms to explain the downward energy flux.
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Golyak, I. S., A. N. Morozov, A. L. Nazolin, S. E. Tabalin, A. A. Esakov, and I. V. Fomin. "Information-Measuring Complex to Detect High Frequency Gravitational Waves." Radio Engineering, no. 2 (August 22, 2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36027/rdeng.0221.0000190.
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The gravitational waves predicted by the general theory of relativity and detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) have typical frequencies in the range of 30 ... 300 Hz. Current theories of gravity predict the existence of high-frequency gravitational waves with frequencies of 10 ... 100 MHz, including those of cosmological origin, induced by quantum fluctuations of the scalar field at the stage of cosmological inflation in the early Universe.Multi-beam optical resonators, in particular the Fabry-Perot interferometers, can be used to detect high-frequency gravitational waves. When using multi-beam optical resonators, it is possible to use the phenomenon of low-frequency optical resonance, which allows us to have a selective response to the gravitational wave effect. The gravitational-optical resonance in a multi-beam interferometer occurs if the condition is fulfilled that an integer number of half-waves of gravitational radiation is along the length of the resonator.The use of a multi-beam interferometer to detect high-frequency gravitational waves does not require the creation of a complex system for decoupling mirrors used for gravitational antennas operating in the low-frequency part of the spectrum. This is due to the fact that the frequency of mechanical vibrations of the interferometer mirrors is significantly less than the frequency of the gravitational wave.The paper considers possible optical schemes of a high-frequency gravitational antenna: based on the traditional Michelson interferometer, in the arms of which two Fabry-Perot interferometers are available, and on the basis of the Mach-Zehnder optical scheme, where Fabry-Perot interferometers can be made in the form of two perpendicular arms, with reflecting mirrors at the bend of the beam. The advantage of the second scheme is that three photo-detectors, one being main and two others being auxiliary, can be used, and there is a possibility to detect radiation transmitted by Fabry-Perot interferometers.To prove that detection of high-frequency gravitational waves is possible, a potential sensitivity of the high-frequency gravitational antenna has been estimated in the paper.
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Kshevetskii, Sergey P., Yuliya A. Kurdyaeva, and Nikolai M. Gavrilov. "Spectra of Acoustic-Gravity Waves in the Atmosphere with a Quasi-Isothermal Upper Layer." Atmosphere 12, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070818.
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In this paper, we study, in theoretical terms, the structure of the spectrum of acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) in the nonisothermal atmosphere having asymptotically constant temperature at high altitudes. A mathematical problem of wave propagation from arbitrary initial perturbations in the half-infinite nonisothermal atmosphere is formulated and analyzed for a system of linearized hydrodynamic equations for small-amplitude waves. Besides initial and lower boundary conditions at the ground, wave energy conservation requirements are applied. In this paper, we show that this mathematical problem belongs to the class of wave problems having self-adjoint evolution operators, which ensures the correctness and existence of solutions for a wide range of atmospheric temperature stratifications. A general solution of the problem can be built in the form of basic eigenfunction expansions of the evolution operator. The paper shows that wave frequencies considered as eigenvalues of the self-adjoint evolution operator are real and form two global branches corresponding to high- and low-frequency AGW modes. These two branches are separated since the Brunt–Vaisala frequency is smaller than the acoustic cutoff frequency at the upper boundary of the model. Wave modes belonging to the low-frequency global spectral branch have properties of internal gravity waves (IGWs) at all altitudes. Wave modes of the high-frequency spectral branch at different altitudes may have properties of IGWs or acoustic waves depending on local stratification. The results of simulations using a high-resolution nonlinear numerical model confirm possible changes of AGW properties at different altitudes in the nonisothermal atmosphere.
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Raghukumar, Kaustubha, Lindsay Hogan, Christopher Zappa, Frank Spada, and Grace Chang. "Optical detection of ensonified capillary-gravity waves using polarimetric imaging." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018177.
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The optical detection of surface capillary-gravity waves induced by underwater sound has many potential applications that range from the detection of sound-generating underwater objects to airborne bathymetric surveys. While multiple lab-based efforts have measured acoustically generated surface capillary-gravity waves, we report on a recent field-based measurement using polarimetric imaging. A controlled acoustic source was placed 10 m below a lake surface and emitted sound in the 500 Hz to 10000Hz frequency range. The lake surface was imaged using a polarimetric camera mounted 7 m above the lake surface. Measurable short-lived surface capillary-gravity waves (∼3 mm wavelength) were observed in the polarimetric camera images during ensonification of the lake surface. Changes were observed in both the omnidirectional and directional wave spectra. In the omni-directional wavenumber spectrum, enhanced capillary wave activity at high wavenumbers was observed for acoustic source frequencies in the 2–5 kHz range. Additionally, ensonification was observed to result in the amplitude and wavenumber modulation (enhancement/diminution) of existing wind-generated surface gravity-capillary waves. In the directional spectra, while ambient gravity-capillary waves showed a spreading function with stronger downwind versus upwind propagation, the acoustically generated gravity-capillary waves showed minimal impact on the directionality of the wave spectra.
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Fritts, David C., Ling Wang, Joe Werne, Tom Lund, and Kam Wan. "Gravity Wave Instability Dynamics at High Reynolds Numbers. Part I: Wave Field Evolution at Large Amplitudes and High Frequencies." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1126–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2726.1.
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Abstract Direct numerical simulations are employed to examine gravity wave instability dynamics at a high intrinsic frequency, wave amplitudes both above and below nominal convective instability, and a Reynolds number sufficiently high to allow a fully developed turbulence spectrum. Assumptions include no mean shear, uniform stratification, and a monochromatic gravity wave to isolate fluxes due to gravity wave and turbulence structures from those arising from environmental shears or varying wave amplitudes. The results reveal strong wave breaking for both wave amplitudes, severe primary wave amplitude reductions within ∼1 or 2 wave periods, an extended turbulence inertial range, significant excitation of additional wave motions exhibiting upward and downward propagation, and a net positive vertical potential temperature flux due to the primary wave motion, with secondary waves and turbulence contributing variable and negative potential temperature fluxes, respectively. Turbulence maximizes within ∼1 buoyancy period of the onset of breaking, arises almost entirely owing to shear production, and decays rapidly following primary wave amplitude decay. Secondary waves are excited by wave–wave interactions and the turbulence dynamics accompanying wave breaking; they typically have lower frequencies and smaller momentum fluxes than the primary wave following breaking.
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Huang, C. M., S. D. Zhang, F. Yi, K. M. Huang, Y. H. Zhang, Q. Gan, and Y. Gong. "Frequency variations of gravity waves interacting with a time-varying tide." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 10 (October 18, 2013): 1731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1731-2013.
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Abstract. Using a nonlinear, 2-D time-dependent numerical model, we simulate the propagation of gravity waves (GWs) in a time-varying tide. Our simulations show that when a GW packet propagates in a time-varying tidal-wind environment, not only its intrinsic frequency but also its ground-based frequency would change significantly. The tidal horizontal-wind acceleration dominates the GW frequency variation. Positive (negative) accelerations induce frequency increases (decreases) with time. More interestingly, tidal-wind acceleration near the critical layers always causes the GW frequency to increase, which may partially explain the observations that high-frequency GW components are more dominant in the middle and upper atmosphere than in the lower atmosphere. The combination of the increased ground-based frequency of propagating GWs in a time-varying tidal-wind field and the transient nature of the critical layer induced by a time-varying tidal zonal wind creates favorable conditions for GWs to penetrate their originally expected critical layers. Consequently, GWs have an impact on the background atmosphere at much higher altitudes than expected, which indicates that the dynamical effects of tidal–GW interactions are more complicated than usually taken into account by GW parameterizations in global models.
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Kamli, Emna, Cédric Chavanne, and Dany Dumont. "Experimental Assessment of the Performance of High-Frequency CODAR and WERA Radars to Measure Ocean Currents in Partially Ice-Covered Waters." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 3 (March 2016): 539–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0143.1.
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AbstractHigh-frequency radars (HFRs) measure ocean surface currents remotely through the Bragg scattering of radio waves by surface gravity waves with wavelengths shorter than 50 m. HFR range is affected by sea ice, which dampens surface gravity waves and limits wind fetch for adjacent open waters. HFR range sensitivity to sea ice concentration was empirically determined for two types of HFR—Coastal Ocean Dynamics Applications Radar (CODAR) and Wellen Radar (WERA)—installed on the shores of the lower St. Lawrence estuary, Canada, during winter 2013. One CODAR was operating at 13.5 MHz on the southern shore, and one WERA was operating at 16.15 MHz on the northern shore. Ranges were determined using a signal-to-noise ratio threshold of 6 dB for first-order Bragg scattering measured by the receive antenna elements. Ranges were normalized for expected ranges in ice-free conditions, using empirical relationships determined during summer 2013 between the range and surface gravity wave energy at the Bragg frequencies. Normalized ranges Γ decrease approximately linearly with increasing sea ice concentration C (averaged over the ice-free observational domain) with a slope close to −1 for both HFR types, that is, Γ = 1 − C. However, for a given sea ice concentration, range can vary significantly depending on the sea ice spatial distribution.
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Moss, Andrew C., Corwin J. Wright, Robin N. Davis, and Nicholas J. Mitchell. "Gravity-wave momentum fluxes in the mesosphere over Ascension Island (8° S, 14° W) and the anomalous zonal winds of the semi-annual oscillation in 2002." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 2 (March 3, 2016): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-323-2016.
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Abstract. Anomalously strong westward winds during the first phase of the equatorial mesospheric semi-annual oscillation (MSAO) have been attributed to unusual filtering conditions producing exceptional gravity-wave fluxes. We test this hypothesis using meteor-radar measurements made over Ascension Island (8° S, 14° W). An anomalous wind event in 2002 of −85.5 ms−1 occurred simultaneously with the momentum fluxes of high-frequency gravity waves reaching the largest observed westward values of −29 m2 s−2 and strong westward wind accelerations of −510 ms−1 day−1. However, despite this strong wave forcing during the event, no unusual filtering conditions or significant increases in wave-excitation proxies were observed. Further, although strong westward wave-induced accelerations were also observed during the 2006 MSAO first phase, there was no corresponding simultaneous response in westward wind. We thus suggest that strong westward fluxes/accelerations of high-frequency gravity waves are not always sufficient to produce anomalous first-phase westward MSAO winds and other forcing may be significant.
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Strube, Cornelia, Peter Preusse, Manfred Ern, and Martin Riese. "Propagation paths and source distributions of resolved gravity waves in ECMWF-IFS analysis fields around the southern polar night jet." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 24 (December 22, 2021): 18641–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18641-2021.
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Abstract. In the southern winter polar stratosphere, the distribution of gravity wave momentum flux in many state-of-the-art climate simulations is inconsistent with long-time satellite and superpressure balloon observations around 60∘ S. Recent studies hint that a lateral shift between prominent gravity wave sources in the tropospheric mid-latitudes and the location where gravity wave activity is present in the stratosphere causes at least part of the discrepancy. This lateral shift cannot be represented by the column-based gravity wave drag parameterisations used in most general circulation models. However, recent high-resolution analysis and re-analysis products of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecast System (ECMWF-IFS) show good agreement with the observations and allow for a detailed investigation of resolved gravity waves, their sources, and propagation paths. In this paper, we identify resolved gravity waves in the ECMWF-IFS analyses for a case of high gravity wave activity in the lower stratosphere using small-volume sinusoidal fits to characterise these gravity waves. The 3D wave vector together with perturbation amplitudes, wave frequency, and a fully described background atmosphere are then used to initialise the Gravity Wave Regional or Global Ray Tracer (GROGRAT) gravity wave ray tracer and follow the gravity waves backwards from the stratosphere. Finally, we check for the indication of source processes on the path of each ray and, thus, quantitatively attribute gravity waves to sources that are represented within the model. We find that stratospheric gravity waves are indeed subject to far (>1000 km) lateral displacement from their sources, which already take place at low altitudes (<20 km). Various source processes can be linked to waves within stratospheric gravity wave (GW) patterns, such as the orography equatorward of 50∘ S and non-orographic sources above the Southern Ocean. These findings may explain why superpressure balloons observe enhanced gravity wave momentum fluxes in the lower stratosphere over the Southern Ocean despite an apparent lack of sources at this latitude. Our results also support the need to improve gravity wave parameterisations to account for meridional propagation.
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D’Asaro, Eric A., Ren-Chieh Lien, and Frank Henyey. "High-Frequency Internal Waves on the Oregon Continental Shelf." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1956–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3096.1.
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Abstract Measurements of vertical velocity by isopycnal-following, neutrally buoyant floats deployed on the Oregon shelf during the summers of 2000 and 2001 were used to characterize internal gravity waves on the shelf using measurements of vertical velocity. The average spectrum of Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB)-scaled vertical kinetic energy has the level predicted by the Garrett–Munk model (GM79), plus a narrow M2 tidal peak and a broad high-frequency peak extending from about 0.1N to N and rising a decade above GM79. The high-frequency peak varies in energy coherently with time across its entire bandwidth. Its energy is independent of the tidal energy. The energy in the “continuum” region between the peaks is weakly correlated with the level of the high-frequency peak energy and is independent of the tidal peak energy. The vertical velocity is not Gaussian but is highly intermittent, with a calculated kurtosis of 19. The vertical kinetic energy varies geographically. Low energy is found offshore and nearshore. The highest energy is found near a small seamount. High energy is found over the rough topography of Heceta Bank and near the shelf break. The highest energy occurs as packets of high-frequency waves, often occurring on the sharp downward phase of the M2 internal tide and called “tidal solibores.” A few isolated waves with high energy are also found. Of the 1-h periods with the highest vertical kinetic energy, 31% are tidal solibores, 8% are isolated waves, and the remainder of the periods appear unorganized. The two most energetic tidal solibores were examined in detail. As compared with the steady, propagating, two-dimensional, inviscid, internal-wave solutions to the equations of motion with no background shear [i.e., the Dubreil–Jacotin–Long (DJL) equation], all but the most energetic observed waveforms are too narrow for their height to be solitary waves. Despite the large near-N peak in vertical kinetic energy, the M2 internal tide contributes over 80% of the energy, ignoring near-inertial waves. The tidal solibores make a very small contribution, 0.5%, to the overall internal-wave energy.
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SAHOO, B. K. "SPECTRA OF RELIC GRAVITONS AND BRANS–DICKE THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 20, no. 02 (January 20, 2005): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732305015501.
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The spectra of relic gravitational waves produced as a result of cosmological expansion of the inflationary models are derived in Brans–Dicke (BD) theory of gravity. The time dependence of the very early Hubble parameter and matter energy density are derived from frequency-dependent spectrum of relic gravitational waves. Also it is found that Brans–Dicke scalar field contributes to the energy density of relic gravitons.
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Pan, Yulin, Brian K. Arbic, Arin D. Nelson, Dimitris Menemenlis, W. R. Peltier, Wentao Xu, and Ye Li. "Numerical Investigation of Mechanisms Underlying Oceanic Internal Gravity Wave Power-Law Spectra." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 2713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0039.1.
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AbstractWe consider the power-law spectra of internal gravity waves in a rotating and stratified ocean. Field measurements have shown considerable variability of spectral slopes compared to the high-wavenumber, high-frequency portion of the Garrett–Munk (GM) spectrum. Theoretical explanations have been developed through wave turbulence theory (WTT), where different power-law solutions of the kinetic equation can be found depending on the mechanisms underlying the nonlinear interactions. Mathematically, these are reflected by the convergence properties of the so-called collision integral (CL) at low- and high-frequency limits. In this work, we study the mechanisms in the formation of the power-law spectra of internal gravity waves, utilizing numerical data from the high-resolution modeling of internal waves (HRMIW) in a region northwest of Hawaii. The model captures the power-law spectra in broad ranges of space and time scales, with scalings ω−2.05±0.2 in frequency and m−2.58±0.4 in vertical wavenumber. The latter clearly deviates from the GM76 spectrum but is closer to a family of induced-diffusion-dominated solutions predicted by WTT. Our analysis of nonlinear interactions is performed directly on these model outputs, which is fundamentally different from previous work assuming a GM76 spectrum. By applying a bicoherence analysis and evaluations of modal energy transfer, we show that the CL is dominated by nonlocal interactions between modes in the power-law range and low-frequency inertial motions. We further identify induced diffusion and the near-resonances at its spectral vicinity as dominating the formation of power-law spectrum.
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Jia, Mingjiao, Jinlong Yuan, Chong Wang, Haiyun Xia, Yunbin Wu, Lijie Zhao, Tianwen Wei, et al. "Long-lived high-frequency gravity waves in the atmospheric boundary layer: observations and simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 15431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15431-2019.
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Abstract. A long-lived gravity wave (GW) in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is analysed during a field experiment in Anqing, China (30∘37′ N, 116∘58′ E). Persistent GWs with periods ranging from 10 to 30 min over 10 h in the ABL within a 2 km height are detected by a coherent Doppler lidar from 4 to 5 September 2018. The amplitudes of the vertical wind due to these GWs are approximately 0.15–0.2 m s−1. The lifetimes of these GWs are longer than 20 wave cycles. There is no apparent phase progression with altitude. The vertical and zonal perturbations in the GWs are 90∘ out of phase, with vertical perturbations generally leading to zonal ones. Based on experiments and simplified two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations, a reasonable generation mechanism of this persistent wave is proposed. A westerly low-level jet of ∼5 m s−1 exists at an altitude of 1–2 km in the ABL. The wind shear around the low-level jet leads to wave generation under the condition of light horizontal wind. Furthermore, a combination of thermal and Doppler ducts occurs in the ABL. Thus, the ducted wave motions are trapped in the ABL and have long lifetimes.
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Karjadi, Entin A., Mohsen Badiey, James T. Kirby, and Cihan Bayindir. "The Effects of Surface Gravity Waves on High-Frequency Acoustic Propagation in Shallow Water." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 37, no. 1 (January 2012): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2011.2168670.
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Kadri, Usama. "Triad resonance between a surface-gravity wave and two high frequency hydro-acoustic waves." European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids 55 (January 2016): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2015.09.008.
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Shibuya, Ryosuke, and Kaoru Sato. "A study of the dynamical characteristics of inertia–gravity waves in the Antarctic mesosphere combining the PANSY radar and a non-hydrostatic general circulation model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 5 (March 18, 2019): 3395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3395-2019.
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Abstract. This study aims to examine the dynamical characteristics of gravity waves with relatively low frequency in the Antarctic mesosphere via the first long-term simulation using a high-top high-resolution non-hydrostatic general circulation model (NICAM). Successive runs lasting 7 days are performed using initial conditions from the MERRA reanalysis data with an overlap of 2 days between consecutive runs in the period from April to August in 2016. The data for the analyses were compiled from the last 5 days of each run. The simulated wind fields were closely compared to the MERRA reanalysis data and to the observational data collected by a complete PANSY (Program of the Antarctic Syowa MST/IS radar) radar system installed at Syowa Station (39.6∘ E, 69.0∘ S). It is shown that the NICAM mesospheric wind fields are realistic, even though the amplitudes of the wind disturbances appear to be larger than those from the radar observations. The power spectrum of the meridional wind fluctuations at a height of 70 km has an isolated and broad peak at frequencies slightly lower than the inertial frequency, f, for latitudes from 30 to 75∘ S, while another isolated peak is observed at frequencies of approximately 2π∕8 h at latitudes from 78 to 90∘ S. The spectrum of the vertical fluxes of the zonal momentum also has an isolated peak at frequencies slightly lower than f at latitudes from 30 to 75∘ S at a height of 70 km. It is shown that these isolated peaks are primarily composed of gravity waves with horizontal wavelengths of more than 1000 km. The latitude–height structure of the momentum fluxes indicates that the isolated peaks at frequencies slightly lower than f originate from two branches of gravity wave propagation paths. It is thought that one branch originates from 75∘ S due to topographic gravity waves generated over the Antarctic Peninsula and its coast, while more than 80 % of the other branch originates from 45∘ S and includes contributions by non-orographic gravity waves. The existence of isolated peaks in the high-latitude region in the mesosphere is likely explained by the poleward propagation of quasi-inertia–gravity waves and by the accumulation of wave energies near the inertial frequency at each latitude.
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Zhang, S. D., C. M. Huang, K. M. Huang, F. Yi, Y. H. Zhang, Y. Gong, and Q. Gan. "Spatial and seasonal variability of medium- and high-frequency gravity waves in the lower atmosphere revealed by US radiosonde data." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 9 (September 12, 2014): 1129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1129-2014.
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Abstract. We extended the broad spectral method proposed by Zhang et al. (2013) for the extraction of medium- and high-frequency gravity waves (MHGWs). This method was applied to 11 years (1998–2008) of radiosonde data from 92 stations in the Northern Hemisphere to investigate latitudinal, continuous vertical and seasonal variability of MHGW parameters in the lower atmosphere (2–25 km). The latitudinal and vertical distributions of the wave energy density and horizontal momentum fluxes as well as their seasonal variations exhibit considerable consistency with those of inertial gravity waves. Despite the consistency, the MHGWs have much larger energy density, horizontal momentum fluxes and wave force, indicating the more important role of MHGWs in energy and momentum transportation and acceleration of the background. For the observed MHGWs, the vertical wavelengths are usually larger than 8 km; the horizontal wavelengths peak in the middle troposphere at middle–high latitudes. These characteristics are obviously different from inertial gravity waves. The energy density and horizontal momentum fluxes have similar latitude-dependent seasonality: both of them are dominated by a semiannual variation at low latitudes and an annual variation at middle latitudes; however at high latitudes, they often exhibit more than two peaks per year in the troposphere. Compared with the inertial GWs, the derived intrinsic frequencies are more sensitive to the spatiotemporal variation of the buoyancy frequency, and at all latitudinal regions they are higher in summer. The wavelengths have a weaker seasonal variation; an evident annual cycle can be observed only at middle latitudes.
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DYSTHE, KRISTIAN B., KARSTEN TRULSEN, HARALD E. KROGSTAD, and HERVÉ SOCQUET-JUGLARD. "Evolution of a narrow-band spectrum of random surface gravity waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 478 (March 10, 2003): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112002002616.
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Numerical simulations of the evolution of gravity wave spectra of fairly narrow bandwidth have been performed both for two and three dimensions. Simulations using the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation approximately verify the stability criteria of Alber (1978) in the two-dimensional but not in the three-dimensional case. Using a modified NLS equation (Trulsen et al. 2000) the spectra ‘relax’ towards a quasi-stationary state on a timescale (ε2ω0)−1. In this state the low-frequency face is steepened and the spectral peak is downshifted. The three-dimensional simulations show a power-law behaviour ω−4 on the high-frequency side of the (angularly integrated) spectrum.
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Trier, Stanley B., and Robert D. Sharman. "Trapped Gravity Waves and Their Association with Turbulence in a Large Thunderstorm Anvil during PECAN." Monthly Weather Review 146, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 3031–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0152.1.
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Abstract Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-14 (GOES-14) 1-km visible satellite data with 1-min frequency revealed horizontally propagating internal gravity waves emanating from tropopause-penetrating deep convection on 3–4 June 2015 during the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field experiment. These waves had horizontal wavelengths of ~6–8 km and approximate ground-relative phase speeds of 35 m s−1. PECAN radiosonde data are used to document the environment supporting the horizontally propagating gravity waves within the 200-km-long downstream thunderstorm anvil. Comparisons among soundings within the anvil core, at the downstream anvil edge, and outside of the anvil, together with supporting high-resolution numerical simulations, establish the importance of the storm-induced upper-tropospheric/lower-stratospheric (UTLS) outflow in providing conditions allowing vertical trapping of internal gravity waves over large horizontal distances within the mesoscale anvil. Turbulence was reported by commercial aviation in proximity to the gravity waves near the downstream anvil edge. The simulations suggest that the strongest turbulence was consistent with a mesoscale destabilization of the outer portion of the downstream anvil at elevations immediately below the outflow jet, where differential temperature advection owing to the strong associated vertical shear reduces static stability. The simulated gravity waves are trapped at this elevation and extend for several kilometers below. Local minima of moist gradient Richardson number occur immediately above the simulated warm gravity wave temperature perturbations at anvil base, suggesting a possible role these waves could play in establishing precise locations for the onset of turbulence.
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Hoitink, A. J. F., H. C. Peters, and M. Schroevers. "Field Verification of ADCP Surface Gravity Wave Elevation Spectra." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 912–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech2000.1.
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Abstract Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) can measure orbital velocities induced by surface gravity waves, yet the ADCP estimates of these velocities are subject to a relatively high noise level. The present paper introduces a linear filtration technique to significantly reduce the influence of noise and turbulence from energy spectra of combined orbital velocity measurements. Data were collected in 13-m-deep water with a 1.2-MHz ADCP sampling in mode 12, where a collocated wave buoy was used for verification. The surface elevation spectra derived from the filtrated and nonfiltrated measurements were compared with corresponding wave buoy spectra. In the frequency range between 0.12 and 0.5 Hz, ADCP- and wave-buoy-derived spectral estimates matched very well, even without applying the filtration technique. At frequencies below 0.12 Hz, the ADCP-derived surface elevation spectra are biased, caused by a depth-varying excess of spectral energy density in the measured orbital velocities, peaking at middepth. Internal waves may provide an explanation for the energy excess, as the experiment was conducted in the region of influence of the Rhine freshwater plume. Alternatively, infragravity waves may be the cause of the depth variation of low-frequency spectral energy density.
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Wang, Yuan, Lifeng Zhang, Jun Peng, and Jiping Guan. "Mesoscale Gravity Waves in the Mei-Yu Front System." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 587–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0012.1.
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Abstract High-resolution cloud-permitting simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are performed to study the generation, structure, and characteristics of mesoscale gravity waves in an idealized mei-yu front system. Two classes of waves are generated successively during the control simulation. The first class of waves, which is typical of vertically propagating waves excited by the front itself, appears as the front develops before the generation of the prefrontal moist convection and has a coherent fanlike pattern from the troposphere to the lower stratosphere. The second class of waves, which is much stronger than the fanlike waves, appears accompanied by the generation of the moist convection. It is nearly vertically trapped in the troposphere, while it propagates vertically upstream and downstream in the lower stratosphere. The source function analysis is introduced to demonstrate that the mechanical oscillator mechanism plays a dominant role in the generation of convective gravity waves in the lower stratosphere. The vertical motion induced by the deep convection develops upward in the troposphere, overshoots the level of neutral buoyancy (LNB), and impinges on the tropopause. The net buoyancy forces the air parcels to oscillate about the LNB, thus initiating gravity waves in the lower stratosphere. Further spectral analysis shows that the upstream waves have more abundant wavenumber–frequency and phase speed space distributions than the downstream waves. And the former amplify with height while the latter weaken in general under the effect of background northerly wind. The power spectral densities of downstream waves concentrate on faster phase speed than those of upstream waves.
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Dimmock, A. P., Yu V. Khotyaintsev, A. Lalti, E. Yordanova, N. J. T. Edberg, K. Steinvall, D. B. Graham, et al. "Analysis of multiscale structures at the quasi-perpendicular Venus bow shock." Astronomy & Astrophysics 660 (April 2022): A64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140954.
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Context. Solar Orbiter is a European Space Agency mission with a suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments to investigate the physical processes across the inner heliosphere. During the mission, the spacecraft is expected to perform multiple Venus gravity assist maneuvers while providing measurements of the Venusian plasma environment. The first of these occurred on 27 December 2020, in which the spacecraft measured the regions such as the distant and near Venus magnetotail, magnetosheath, and bow shock. Aims. This study aims to investigate the outbound Venus bow shock crossing measured by Solar Orbiter during the first flyby. We study the complex features of the bow shock traversal in which multiple large amplitude magnetic field and density structures were observed as well as higher frequency waves. Our aim is to understand the physical mechanisms responsible for these high amplitude structures, characterize the higher frequency waves, determine the source of the waves, and put these results into context with terrestrial bow shock observations. Methods. High cadence magnetic field, electric field, and electron density measurements were employed to characterize the properties of the large amplitude structures and identify the relevant physical process. Minimum variance analysis, theoretical shock descriptions, coherency analysis, and singular value decomposition were used to study the properties of the higher frequency waves to compare and identify the wave mode. Results. The non-planar features of the bow shock are consistent with shock rippling and/or large amplitude whistler waves. Higher frequency waves are identified as whistler-mode waves, but their properties across the shock imply they may be generated by electron beams and temperature anisotropies. Conclusions. The Venus bow shock at a moderately high Mach number (∼5) in the quasi-perpendicular regime exhibits complex features similar to the Earth’s bow shock at comparable Mach numbers. The study highlights the need to be able to distinguish between large amplitude waves and spatial structures such as shock rippling. The simultaneous high frequency observations also demonstrate the complex nature of energy dissipation at the shock and the important question of understanding cross-scale coupling in these complex regions. These observations will be important to interpreting future planetary missions and additional gravity assist maneuvers.
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Kohma, M., and K. Sato. "The effects of atmospheric waves on the amounts of polar stratospheric clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2011): 16967–7012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-16967-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A quantitative analysis on the relationship between atmospheric waves and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the 2008 austral winter and the 2007/2008 boreal winter is made using CALIPSO, COSMIC and Aura MLS observation data and reanalysis data. A longitude-time section of the frequency of PSC occurrence in the Southern Hemisphere indicates that PSC frequency is not regionally uniform and that high PSC frequency regions propagate eastward at different speeds from the background zonal wind. These features suggest a significant influence of atmospheric waves on PSC behavior. Next, three temperature thresholds for PSC existence are calculated using HNO3 and H2O mixing ratios. Among the three, the TSTS (a threshold for super cooled ternary solution)-based estimates of PSC frequency accord best with the observations in terms of the amount, spatial and temporal variation, in particular for the latitude range of 55° S–70° S in the Southern Hemisphere and for 55° N–85° N in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, the effects of planetary waves, synoptic-scale waves and gravity waves on PSC areal extent are separately examined using the TSTS-based PSC estimates. The latitude range of 55° S–70° S is analyzed because the TSTS-based estimates are not consistent with observations at higher latitudes (< 75° S) above 18 km, and PSCs in lower latitudes are more important to the ozone depletion because of the earlier arrival of solar radiation in spring. It is shown that nearly 100 % of PSCs between 55° S and 70° S at altitudes of 16–24 km are formed by temperature modulation, which is influenced by planetary waves during winter. Although the effects of synoptic-scale waves on PSCs are limited, around an altitude of 12 km more than 60 % of the total PSC areal extent is formed by synoptic-scale waves. The effects of gravity waves on PSC areal extent are not large in the latitude range of 55° S–70° S. However, at higher latitudes, gravity waves act to increase PSC areal extent at an altitude of 15 km by about 30 % in September. Similar analyses are performed for the Northern Hemisphere. It is shown that almost all PSCs observed in the Northern Hemisphere are attributable to low temperature anomalies associated with planetary waves.