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Journal articles on the topic 'High Energy Astrophysics; Cosmic Rays'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Protheroe, R. J., and R. W. Clay. "Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 21, no. 1 (2004): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as03047.

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AbstractCosmic rays with energies above 1018 eV are currently of considerable interest in astrophysics and are to be further studied in a number of projects which are either currently under construction or the subject of well-developed proposals. This paper aims to discuss some of the physics of such particles in terms of current knowledge and information from particle astrophysics at other energies.

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2

NG, JOHNNY S. T., and PISIN CHEN. "PROSPECTS OF HIGH ENERGY LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 03n04 (February 10, 2007): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207042082.

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Ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) have been observed but their sources and production mechanisms are yet to be understood. We envision a laboratory astrophysics program that will contribute to the understanding of cosmic accelerators with efforts to: 1) test and calibrate UHECR observational techniques, and 2) elucidate the underlying physics of cosmic acceleration through laboratory experiments and computer simulations. Innovative experiments belonging to the first category have already been done at the SLAC FFTB. Results on air fluorescence yields from the FLASH experiment are reviewed. Proposed future accelerator facilities can provided unprecedented high-energy-densities in a regime relevant to cosmic acceleration studies and accessible in a terrestrial environment for the first time. We review recent simulation studies of non-linear plasma dynamics that could give rise to cosmic acceleration, and discuss prospects for experimental investigation of the underlying mechanisms.

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3

Clay, Roger W., Benjamin J. Whelan, and Philip G. Edwards. "Centaurus A at Ultra-High Energies." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 27, no. 4 (2010): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as09077.

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AbstractWe review the importance of Centaurus A in high-energy astrophysics as a nearby object with many of the properties expected of a major source of very high-energy cosmic rays and gamma rays. We examine observational techniques and the results so far obtained in the energy range from 200 GeV to above 100 EeV and attempt to fit those data to expectations of Centaurus Aas an astrophysical source from very high to ultra-high energies.

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4

WESTERHOFF, STEFAN. "ULTRA–HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 08n09 (April 10, 2006): 1950–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06032897.

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One of the most striking astrophysical phenomena today is the existence of cosmic ray particles with energies in excess of 1020 eV. While their presence has been confirmed by a number of experiments, it is not clear where and how these particles are accelerated to these energies and how they travel astronomical distances without substantial energy loss. We are entering an exciting new era in cosmic ray physics, with instruments now producing data of unprecedented quality and quantity to tackle the many open questions. This paper reviews the current experimental status of cosmic ray physics and summarizes recent results on the energy spectrum and arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

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5

Palladino, Andrea, Maurizio Spurio, and Francesco Vissani. "Neutrino Telescopes and High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos." Universe 6, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6020030.

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In this review paper, we present the main aspects of high-energy cosmic neutrino astrophysics. We begin by describing the generic expectations for cosmic neutrinos, including the effects of propagation from their sources to the detectors. Then we introduce the operating principles of current neutrino telescopes, and examine the main features (topologies) of the observable events. After a discussion of the main background processes, due to the concomitant presence of secondary particles produced in the terrestrial atmosphere by cosmic rays, we summarize the current status of the observations with astrophysical relevance that have been greatly contributed by IceCube detector. Then, we examine various interpretations of these findings, trying to assess the best candidate sources of cosmic neutrinos. We conclude with a brief perspective on how the field could evolve within a few years.

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6

STANEV, TODOR. "ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS: ORIGIN AND PROPAGATION." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 18 (June 14, 2010): 1467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310033530.

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We introduce the highest energy cosmic rays and briefly review the powerful astrophysical objects where they could be accelerated. We then introduce the interactions of different cosmic ray particles with the photon fields of the Universe and the formation of the cosmic ray spectra observed at Earth. The last topic is the production of secondary gamma rays and neutrinos in the interactions of the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays.

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7

Blandford, R. D. "The Phenomena of High Energy Astrophysics." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 214 (2003): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900194124.

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A brief summary of some highlights in the study of high energy astrophysical sources over the past decade is presented. It is argued that the great progress that has been made derives largely from the application of new technology to observation throughout all of the electromagnetic and other spectra and that, on this basis, the next decade should be even more exciting. However, it is imperative to observe cosmic sources throughout these spectra in order to obtain a full understanding of their properties. In addition, it is necessary to learn the universal laws that govern the macroscopic and the microscopic behavior of cosmic plasma over a great range of physical conditions by combining observations of different classes of source. These two injunctions are illustrated by discussions of cosmology, hot gas, supernova remnants and explosions, neutron stars, black holes and ultrarelativistic outflows. New interpreations of the acceleration of Galactic cosmic rays, the cooling of hot gas in rich clusters and the nature of ultrarelativistic outflows are outlined. The new frontiers of VHE γ-ray astronomy, low frequency radio astronomy, neutrino astronomy, UHE cosmic ray physics and gravitational wave astronomy are especially promising.

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8

Okuda, Haruyuki, Guenther Hasinger, Ganesan Srinivasan, Monique D. Arnaud, Sidney A. Bludman, João Braga, Noah Brosch, et al. "DIVISION XI: SPACE & HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, T26B (December 2007): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308024125.

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Division XI connects astronomers using space techniques or particle detectors for an extremely large range of investigations, from in-situ studies of bodies in the solar system to orbiting observatories studying the Universe in wavelenghts ranging from radio waves to γ-rays, to underground detectors for cosmic neutrino radiation.

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9

Hasinger, Günther, Christine Jones, Haruyuki Okuda, João Braga, Noah Brosch, Thijs de Graauw, Leonid I. Gurvits, et al. "DIVISION XI: SPACE & HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, T27A (December 2008): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308025830.

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Division XI connects astronomers using space techniques or particle detectors for an extremely large range of investigations, from in-situ studies of bodies in the solar system to orbiting observatories studying the Universe in wavelengths ranging from radio waves to γ-rays, to underground detectors for cosmic neutrino radiation.

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10

DE RÚJULA, A. "A UNIFIED MODEL OF HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICAL PHENOMENA." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6562–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05029617.

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I outline a unified model of high-energy astrophysics, in which the gamma background radiation, cluster "cooling flows", gamma-ray bursts, X-ray flashes and cosmic-ray electrons and nuclei of all energies — share a common origin. The mechanism underlying these phenomena is the emission of relativistic "cannonballs" by ordinary supernovae, analogous to the observed ejection of plasmoids by quasars and microquasars. I concentrate on Cosmic Rays: the longest-lasting conundrum in astrophysics. The distribution of Cosmic Rays in the Galaxy, their total "luminosity", the broken power-law spectra with their observed slopes, the position of the knee(s) and ankle(s), and the alleged variations of composition with energy are all explained in terms of simple and "standard" physics. The model is only lacking a satisfactory theoretical understanding of the "cannon" that emits the cannonballs in catastrophic episodes of accretion onto a compact object.

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11

SOKOLSKY, PIERRE. "ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 13n16 (May 30, 2004): 959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304014240.

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We describe the current status of the High Resolution Fly's Eye detector. Recent results indicate that the UHE cosmic ray spectrum exhibits significant structure near 1019 eV. A few events are seen beyond 1020 eV in contradiction to the AGASA ground array claim of no cut-off. The composition of the cosmic rays is found to change from a predominantly heavy to a predominantly light mixture between and 1017 and 1018 eV. No evidence for anisotropy, on either small scales or large scales is found, in contradiction to AGASA. Systematic errors and absolute energy scale issues are now being carefully considered to see how to partially resolve this discrepancy. A new experiment(FLASH) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) to measure the Nitrogen fluorescence efficiency more precisely is described.

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12

BERTOU, XAVIER, MURAT BORATAV, and ANTOINE LETESSIER-SELVON. "PHYSICS OF EXTREMELY HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, no. 15 (June 20, 2000): 2181–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00000902.

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Over the last third of the century, a few tens of events, detected by ground-based cosmic ray detectors, have opened a new window in the field of high-energy astrophysics. These events have macroscopic energies — exceeding 5×1019 eV —, unobserved sources — if supposed to be in our vicinity —, an unknown chemical composition and a production and transport mechanism yet to be explained. With a flux as low as one particle per century per square kilometer, only dedicated detectors with huge apertures can bring in the high-quality and statistically significant data needed to answer those questions. In this article, we review the present status of the field both from an experimental and theoretical point of view. Special attention is given to the next generation of detectors devoted to the thorough exploration of the highest energy ranges.

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13

Fichtel, C. E., and J. Linsley. "High-energy and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays." Astrophysical Journal 300 (January 1986): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/163825.

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14

Grillo, Aurelio F. "THE MASS COMPOSITION OF ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." Acta Polytechnica 53, A (December 18, 2013): 698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2013.53.0698.

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The status of the Mass Composition measurements of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays is presented, with emphasis on the results from the Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Possible consequences of the present measurements are discussed, both on the particle physics and astrophysics aspects.

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15

BLASI, PASQUALE. "ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05029605.

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The origin of the cosmic rays at energies in excess of 1020 eV is puzzling the scientific community for several decades now. The mystery adds to the general problem of understanding the nature of the bulk of cosmic rays, that are usually assumed to be accelerated within the Milky Way. Here we summarize the main elements of the observations and propose some possible avenues to interpret these data. The upcoming experiments for the detection of ultra high energy cosmic rays are expected to find the answers to many of our current open problems, and in particular to lead to the identification of the sources.

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16

XU, RENXIN. "ASTRO-QUARK MATTER: A CHALLENGE FACING ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 17n20 (June 28, 2008): 1629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230802803x.

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Quark matter both in terrestrial experiment and in astrophysics is briefly reviewed. Astrophysical quark matter could appear in the early Universe, in compact stars, and as cosmic rays. Emphasis is put on quark star as the nature of pulsars. Possible astrophysical implications of experiment-discovered sQGP are also concisely discussed.

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17

Tkachev, I. I. "The Puzzle of the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, supp01 (February 2003): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03016604.

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In early years the cosmic ray studies were ahead of the accelerator research, starting from the discovery of positrons, through muons, to that of pions and strange particles. Today we are facing the situation that the puzzling saga of cosmic rays of the highest energies may again unfold in the discovery of new physics, now beyond the Standard Model; or it may bring to life an "extreme" astrophysics. After a short review of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin puzzle, I discuss different models which were suggested for its resolution. Are there any hints pointing to the correct model? I argue that the small-scale clustering of arrival directions of cosmic rays gives a clue, and BL Lacs are probable sources of the observed events.

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18

Clery, D. "HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS: Hot on the Trail of Cosmic Rays." Science 306, no. 5698 (November 5, 2004): 956b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.306.5698.956b.

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19

JONES, T. W. "ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS AND CLUSTERS." Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society 37, no. 5 (December 1, 2004): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5303/jkas.2004.37.5.421.

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20

Krymsky, G. F., P. A. Krivoshapkin, V. P. Mamrukova, and S. K. Gerasimova. "Anisotropy of high-energy cosmic rays." Astronomy Letters 36, no. 8 (August 2010): 596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063773710080086.

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21

BIERMANN, P. L., J. K. BECKER, L. CARAMETE, L. GERGELY, I. C. MARIŞ, A. MELI, V. DE SOUZA, and T. STANEV. "ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: SOURCES FOR ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 18, no. 10 (October 2009): 1577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271809015369.

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Ultra high energy cosmic ray events presently show a spectrum, which we interpret here as galactic cosmic rays due to a starburst, in the radio galaxy Cen A which is pushed up in energy by the shock of a relativistic jet. The knee feature and the particles with energy immediately higher in galactic cosmic rays then turn into the bulk of ultra high energy cosmic rays. This entails that all ultra high energy cosmic rays are heavy nuclei. This picture is viable if the majority of the observed ultra high energy events come from the radio galaxy Cen A, and are scattered by intergalactic magnetic fields across much of the sky.

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22

Okuda, Haruyuki, Gunther Hasinger, M. D. Arnaud, S. Bludman, J. Braga, N. Brosch, L. Gurvits, et al. "Commission 44: Space & High Energy Astrophysics." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 1, T26A (December 2005): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921306004777.

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Division XI was born by merging Commission 44 “Space and High Energy Astrophysics” and Commission 48 “High Energy Astrophysics” by the decision at the IAU General Assembly in The Hague (1994). As the naming of space astronomy is technique oriented, i.e. astronomy from space, it covers quite a wide range of astronomy, almost all branches of astronomy are included by the progress of space observations. Historically, it started from high energy astronomy, UV, X, and gamma rays astronomy, somewhat including cosmic ray physics. However, in these days, space observations have expanded to low energy astronomy, such as optical, infrared, submillimeter and even radio waves(Space VLBI).

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23

Palladino, Andrea, Arjen van Vliet, Walter Winter, and Anna Franckowiak. "Can astrophysical neutrinos trace the origin of the detected ultra-high energy cosmic rays?" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 3 (April 15, 2020): 4255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1003.

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ABSTRACT Since astrophysical neutrinos are produced in the interactions of cosmic rays, identifying the origin of cosmic rays using directional correlations with neutrinos is one of the most interesting possibilities of the field. For that purpose, especially the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) are promising, as they are deflected less by extragalactic and Galactic magnetic fields than cosmic rays at lower energies. However, photo-hadronic interactions of the UHECRs limit their horizon, while neutrinos do not interact over cosmological distances. We study the possibility to search for anisotropies by investigating neutrino-UHECR correlations from the theoretical perspective, taking into account the UHECR horizon, magnetic-field deflections, and the cosmological source evolution. Under the assumption that the neutrinos and UHECRs all come from the same source class, we demonstrate that the non-observation of neutrino multiplets strongly constrains the possibility to find neutrino-UHECR correlations.

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24

HÖRANDEL, JÖRG R., NIKOLAI N. KALMYKOV, and ALEKSEI V. TIMOKHIN. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE PROPAGATION OF SUPER-HIGH ENERGETIC COSMIC RAYS IN THE GALAXY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6825–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0503020x.

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The origin of the knee in the energy spectrum of cosmic rays is one of the central questions of high-energy astrophysics. One possible explanation is the energy dependent leakage of nuclei from the Galaxy due to their propagation. The latter is investigated in a combined method using numerical calculations of trajectories and the diffusion approximation. The life time of cosmic rays in the Galaxy and the corresponding pathlength are presented. The resulting energy spectra as observed at Earth are discussed and compared to experimental data.

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25

BLASI, PASQUALE. "ON THE ORIGIN OF VERY HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." Modern Physics Letters A 20, no. 40 (December 28, 2005): 3055–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732305019213.

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We discuss the most recent developments in our understanding of the acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays up to the highest energies. In particular we specialize our discussion to three issues: (a) developments in the theory of particle acceleration at shock waves; (b) the transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays; (c) implications of up-to-date observations for the origin of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs).

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26

Learned, John G., and Karl Mannheim. "High-Energy Neutrino Astrophysics." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50, no. 1 (December 2000): 679–749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.50.1.679.

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▪ Abstract High-energy (>100 MeV) neutrino astrophysics enters an era of opportunity and discovery as the sensitivity of detectors approaches astrophysically relevant flux levels. We review the major challenges for this emerging field, among which the nature of dark matter, the origin of cosmic rays, and the physics of extreme objects such as active galactic nuclei, gamma-ray bursts, pulsars, and supernova remnants are of prime importance. Variable sources at cosmological distances allow the probing of neutrino propagation properties over baselines up to about 20 orders of magnitude larger than those probed by terrestrial long-baseline experiments. We review the possible astrophysical sources of high-energy neutrinos, which also act as an irreducible background to searches for phenomena at the electroweak and grand-unified-theory symmetry-breaking scales related to possible supersymmetric dark matter and topological defects. Neutrino astronomy also has the potential to discover previously unimagined high-energy sources invisible in other channels and provides the only means for direct observations of the early universe prior to the era of decoupling of photons and matter. We conclude with a discussion of experimental approaches and a short report on present projects and prospects. We look forward to the day when it will be possible to see the universe through a new window in the light of what may be its most numerous particle, the elusive neutrino.

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27

Tanidis, Konstantinos, Federico R. Urban, and Stefano Camera. "Constraining ultra-high-energy cosmic ray composition through cross-correlations." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/12/003.

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Abstract The chemical composition of the highest end of the ultra-high-energy cosmic ray spectrum is very hard to measure experimentally, and to this day it remains mostly unknown. Since the trajectories of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays are deflected in the magnetic field of the Galaxy by an angle that depends on their atomic number Z, it could be possible to indirectly measure Z by quantifying the amount of such magnetic deflections. In this paper we show that, using the angular harmonic cross-correlation between ultra-high-energy cosmic rays and galaxies, we could effectively distinguish different atomic numbers with current data. As an example, we show how, if Z = 1, the cross-correlation can exclude a 39% fraction of Fe56 nuclei at 2σ for rays above 100 EeV.

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28

Aloisio, Roberto. "Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: Origin, Composition and Spectrum." EPJ Web of Conferences 209 (2019): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920901018.

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The physics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays will be reviewed, discussing the latest experimental results and theoretical models aiming at explaining the observations in terms of spectra, mass composition and possible sources. It will be also discussed the emission of secondary particles such as neutrinos and gamma rays produced by the interaction of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays with astrophysical photon backgrounds. The content of the present proceeding paper is mainly based on the review papers [1, 2].

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29

Eichmann, B., J. P. Rachen, L. Merten, A. van Vliet, and J. Becker Tjus. "Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from radio galaxies." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2018, no. 02 (February 19, 2018): 036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2018/02/036.

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30

Meissner, Krzysztof A., and Hermann Nicolai. "Superheavy gravitinos and ultra-high energy cosmic rays." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2019, no. 09 (September 20, 2019): 041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/09/041.

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31

Lipoglavšek, M., T. Vidmar, A. Likar, U. Mikac, and M. Vencelj. "High-energy cosmic rays from uniformly distributed sources." Astroparticle Physics 19, no. 5 (August 2003): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-6505(03)00102-6.

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32

Aloisio, R., and D. Boncioli. "Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: Anisotropies and spectrum." Astroparticle Physics 35, no. 3 (October 2011): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2011.05.006.

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33

Khan, E., S. Goriely, D. Allard, E. Parizot, T. Suomijärvi, A. J. Koning, S. Hilaire, and M. C. Duijvestijn. "Photodisintegration of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays revisited." Astroparticle Physics 23, no. 2 (March 2005): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.12.007.

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34

Alvarez-Muñiz, J., P. Brogueira, R. Conceição, J. Dias de Deus, M. C. Espírito Santo, and M. Pimenta. "Percolation and high energy cosmic rays above 1017eV." Astroparticle Physics 27, no. 4 (April 2007): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2006.11.006.

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35

TOMOZAWA, YUKIO. "HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS, GAMMA RAYS AND NEUTRINOS FROM AGN." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 24 (August 10, 2008): 1991–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308027278.

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The author reviews a model for the emission of high energy cosmic rays, gamma-rays and neutrinos from AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei) that he has proposed since 1985. Further discussion of the knee energy phenomenon of the cosmic ray energy spectrum requires the existence of a heavy particle with mass in the knee energy range. A possible method of detecting such a particle in the Pierre Auger Project is suggested. Also presented is a relation between the spectra of neutrinos and gamma-rays emitted from AGN. This relation can be tested by high energy neutrino detectors such as ICECUBE, the Mediterranean Sea Detector and possibly by the Pierre Auger Project.

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36

Axford, W. I. "The origins of high-energy cosmic rays." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 90 (February 1994): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/191928.

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37

Arjomand, H., S. J. Fatemi, and R. Clay. "Intercluster magnetic fields and ultra high energy cosmic rays." Serbian Astronomical Journal, no. 181 (2010): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/saj1081039a.

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Cosmic rays travel at speeds essentially indistinguishable from the speed of light. However, whilst travelling through magnetic fields, both regular and turbulent, they are delayed behind the light since they are usually charged particles and their paths are not straight lines. Those delays can be so long that they are an impediment to correctly identifying sources, which may be variable in time. The magnitude of such delays will be discussed and compared to the characteristic time variation of possible cosmic ray sources.

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38

LEVINSON, AMIR. "HIGH-ENERGY ASPECTS OF ASTROPHYSICAL JETS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 30 (December 10, 2006): 6015–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06035063.

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Various aspects of the high-energy emission from relativistic jets associated with compact astrophysical systems are reviewed. The main leptonic and hadronic processes responsible for the production of high-energy γ-rays, very-high-energy neutrinos and ultra-high energy cosmic rays are discussed. Relations between the γγ pair production and photomeson production opacities are derived, and their consequences for the relative emission of γ-rays and neutrinos are examined. The scaling of the size and location of the various emission zones and other quantities with black hole mass and dimensionless luminosity is elucidated. The results are applied to individual classes of objects, including blazars, microquasars and gamma-ray bursts. It is concluded that if baryons are present in the jet at sufficient quantities, then under optimal conditions most systems exhibiting relativistic jets may be detectable by upcoming neutrino telescopes. An exception is the class of TeV blazars, for which γ-ray observations imply neutrino yields well below detection limit.

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39

STECKER, F. W. "HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS TESTS OF LORENTZ INVARIANCE VIOLATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 14 (June 10, 2005): 3139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05025966.

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Observations of the multi-TeV spectra of the Mkn 501 and other nearby BL Lac objects exhibit the high energy cutoffs predicted to be the result of intergalactic annihilation interactions, primarily with IR photons having a flux level as determined by various astronomical observations. After correcting for such intergalactic absorption, these spectra can be explained within the framework of synchrotron self-Compton emission models. Stecker and Glashow have shown that the existence of this annihilation via electron-positron pair production puts strong constraints on Lorentz invariance violaition. Such constraints have important implications for some quantum gravity and large extra dimension models. A much smaller amount of Lorentz invariance violation has potential implications for understanding the spectra of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays.

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40

Fukushima, Masaki. "The Highest Energy Cosmic Rays, A Review and Prospects." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 214 (2003): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090019480x.

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The existence of extremely high energy cosmic rays (EHECRs) with energy above 1020eV have been reported by several air shower experiments. The sources of these cosmic rays were considered to be extra-galactic. Relevant high energy astrophysical sources were searched in the arrival direction of these cosmic rays but no appropriate candidates were found. The origin of EHECRs stays unexplained. We review the present status of EHECR studies and introduce several new experiments aiming to unveil its mysterious origin.

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Ferrigno, Carlo, Pasquale Blasi, and Daniel De Marco. "High energy gamma ray counterparts of astrophysical sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays." Astroparticle Physics 23, no. 2 (March 2005): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.013.

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WEILER, THOMAS J. "COSMIC NEUTRINO PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 06 (March 10, 2005): 1168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05024055.

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Over the next decade or two, neutrino telescopes will map out the neutrino sky, analogous to the way the electromagnetic sky has been mapped for centuries. Like light and unlike cosmic-rays, the neutrinos will point back to their sources. Unlike light, the neutrinos are not attenuated at high energies and so will allow us to see farther into space, and deeper into sources. We illustrate with specific examples the promise which neutrino astronomy at energies from a TeV to a ZeV holds to study astrophysics and particle physics.

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RAZZAQUE, SOEBUR, PETER MÉSZÁROS, and ELI WAXMAN. "DETECTING GAMMA-RAY BURSTS WITH ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINOS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 14 (June 10, 2005): 3099–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0502584x.

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Gamma-ray bursts are candidate sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos. While cosmic rays are scattered in the intervening magnetic field, neutrinos point back to their sources being charge neutral and make neutrino astronomy possible. Detection of ultrahigh energy neutrinos by future experiments such as ANITA, ANTARES, Ice-Cube and RICE can provide useful information such as particle acceleration, radiation mechanism and magnetic field about the sources and their progenitors. Detection of ultrahigh energy neutrinos which point back to their sources may establish gamma-ray bursts as the sources of GZK cosmic rays.

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Clery, D. "HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS: Telescopes Break New Ground in Quest for Cosmic Rays." Science 305, no. 5689 (September 3, 2004): 1393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5689.1393.

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Nagano, M. "Astrophysics of extremely high energy cosmic rays: observational status and new projects." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 52, no. 3 (February 1997): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(96)00850-x.

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Eichmann, B. "High Energy Cosmic Rays from Fanaroff-Riley radio galaxies." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2019, no. 05 (May 8, 2019): 009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/05/009.

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OLINTO, ANGELA V. "ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS AND THE MAGNETIZED UNIVERSE." Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society 37, no. 5 (December 1, 2004): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5303/jkas.2004.37.5.413.

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Evans, N. W., F. Ferrer, and S. Sarkar. "The anisotropy of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays." Astroparticle Physics 17, no. 3 (June 2002): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-6505(01)00153-0.

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Whiteson, Daniel, Michael Mulhearn, Chase Shimmin, Kyle Cranmer, Kyle Brodie, and Dustin Burns. "Searching for ultra-high energy cosmic rays with smartphones." Astroparticle Physics 79 (June 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2016.02.002.

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Berezinsky, V., and A. Z. Gazizov. "Diffusion of Cosmic Rays in the Expanding Universe. II. Energy Spectra of Ultra–High Energy Cosmic Rays." Astrophysical Journal 669, no. 2 (November 10, 2007): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/520498.

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