Relevant bibliographies by topics / High-Density thin films

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'High-Density thin films'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "High-Density thin films"

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Xiaoting Fang, Xiaoting Fang, Shengfu Yuan Shengfu Yuan, Wenguang Liu Wenguang Liu, Baozhu Yan Baozhu Yan, and Bing Huang Bing Huang. "Absorption measurement of optical thin films under high power density with a Closed Cavity." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 3 (2015): 033101–33104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.033101.

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Fiorenza, Patrick, Raffaella Lo Nigro, Vito Raineri, Graziella Malandrino, Roberta G. Toro, and Maria R. Catalano. "High capacitance density by CaCu3Ti4O12 thin films." Journal of Applied Physics 108, no. 7 (October 2010): 074103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3488893.

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Banu, Nasrin, Surendra Singh, Saibal Basu, Anupam Roy, Hema C. P. Movva, V. Lauter, B. Satpati, and B. N. Dev. "High density nonmagnetic cobalt in thin films." Nanotechnology 29, no. 19 (March 15, 2018): 195703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aab0e9.

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Lodder, J. C. "Magnetic thin films for high-density recording." Thin Solid Films 281-282 (August 1996): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(96)08679-8.

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Wang, Yong, Xin Zhou, Minren Lin, and Q. M. Zhang. "High-energy density in aromatic polyurea thin films." Applied Physics Letters 94, no. 20 (May 18, 2009): 202905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3142388.

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Byeon, S. C., Y. Ding, and C. Alexander. "High moment FeTiN thin films for high density recording heads." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 36, no. 5 (2000): 2502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.908487.

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Yu, Shihui, Chunmei Zhang, Muying Wu, Helei Dong, and Lingxia Li. "Ultra-high energy density thin-film capacitors with high power density using BaSn0.15Ti0.85O3/Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 heterostructure thin films." Journal of Power Sources 412 (February 2019): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.12.012.

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Yan, S. L., Y. Y. Xie, J. Z. Wu, T. Aytug, A. A. Gapud, B. W. Kang, L. Fang, et al. "High critical current density in epitaxial HgBa2CaCu2OX thin films." Applied Physics Letters 73, no. 20 (November 16, 1998): 2989–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122653.

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Ye, M., M. Mehbod, and R. Deltour. "High critical current density in epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7 thin films." Physica B: Condensed Matter 204, no. 1-4 (January 1995): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(94)00264-v.

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Wen, Fei, Zhuo Xu, Weimin Xia, Hongjun Ye, Xiaoyong Wei, and Zhicheng Zhang. "High-Energy-Density Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) Thin Films." Journal of Electronic Materials 42, no. 12 (October 8, 2013): 3489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-013-2764-z.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "High-Density thin films"

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Modi, Mitul B. "Fracture in stress engineered, high density, thin film interconnects." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16336.

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Song, Yoon-Jong. "Ferroelectric Thin Films for High Density Non-volatile Memories." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30675.

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Ferroelectric random access memories (FRAM) are considered as future memories due to high speed, low cost, low power, excellent radiation hardness, nonvolatility, and good compatibility with the existing integrated circuit (IC) technology. The non-volatile FRAM devices are divided into two categories, based on reading technique: destructive readout (DRO) FRAM and non-destructive readout (NDRO) FRAM. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is recently considered as one of the most promising materials for DRO FRAM devices due to its excellent ferroelectric properties. There are remarkable advances in the applications of PZT thin films, but the direct integration into high density CMOS devices is restricted by high processing temperatures. Hence, it is desirable to lower processing temperature and develop novel high temperature electrode-barrier layers for achieving high density DRO FRAM devices. The NDRO FRAM devices have been developed mainly using metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor (MFS) and metal-ferroelectric-metal-insulator-semiconductor (MFMIS) structure. This devices use the remanent polarization of ferroelectric films to control the surface conductivity of a silicon substrate. The problem of the NDRO FRAM is that the actual electric field applied to ferroelectric films is very small compared to the external electric field, because of the large depolarization field in the MFS structure and the high capacitance ratio of ferroelectric capacitor and SiO2 capacitor in series in the MFMIS structure. Since the typical ferroelectric films show very high dielectric constant over 400, it is desired to develop ferroelectric films with low dielectric constant and low coercive electric field. This research is primarily focused on developing low temperature processing and high temperature electrode-barrier layers for DRO FRAM application, and exploiting novel ferroelectric materials for NDRO FRAM application. The low temperature processing was achieved by a novel sol-gel processing, which takes advantage of in-situ electrode template layer, rapid heating-treatment without pyrolysis step, and molecularly modified precursors. The PZT films with various composition were also investigated as a function of Ti content. In order to study the integration issues for these PZT films, a substrate was constructed as Pt/TiN/TiSi2/poly-Si, which represents a scheme of capacitor in high density DRO FRAM devices. The ferroelectric films were incorporated into the substrate, and their ferroelectric properties were investigated as a function of annealing temperature. Excellent ferroelectric properties were observed for the thin films processed at a low temperature of 500 °C as contacting between top Pt and bottom polysilicon. The other approach we have taken to overcome the integration problems in high density DRO FRAM devices is to develop high temperature electrode barrier layers. In this research, Pt/IrO2/Ir hybrid layers were prepared on poly-Si substrate as high temperature electrode-barriers. The PZT films fabricated on the Pt/IrO2/Ir/poly-Si substrates exhibited good ferroelectric properties and outstanding fatigue properties after high temperature processing. It was observed from Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) profiles that the hybrid oxide electrode minimized fatigue problem by reducing the oxygen vacancies entrapment at the electrode/ferroelectric interfaces. This results indicated that Pt/IrO2/Ir high temperature electrode-barrier layers promise to solve major problems of PZT integration into high density DRO memory devices. For the NDRO FRAM devices, Sr2Nb2O7 and La2Ti2O7 thin films were prepared on Pt-coated silicon, Si(100), and Pt/IrO2/SiO2/Si substrates by metalorganic deposition (MOD) technique. The Sr2Nb2O7 and La2Ti2O7 thin films showed the dielectric constant values of 48 and 46, respectively. However, no ferroelectricity was observed at room temperature, which might be attributed to extremely small grains. Extensive studies on preparation and properties of Sr2(Ta1-xNbx)O7 (STN) both in bulk and thin film form were carried out as a function of composition. The STN films exhibited small dielectric constant of around 46, irrespective of the composition.
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Balu, Venkatasubramani. "Barium strontium titanate thin film capacitors for high-density memories /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Wan, Jun. "Iron-platinum granular films for ultra-high density recording." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 178 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1674099591&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Sharpe, Alton Russell. "Functional validation of a novel technique for assembling high density polyimide cochlear implants." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45741.

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It has been hypothesized that increasing the number of active sites on a cochlear implant electrode array will enable the recipient to distinguish a higher number of pitch precepts, thus creating a more natural sound. While DSP processing strategies for cochlear implants have evolved significantly to address this, technology for the actual electrode array has remained relatively constant and limits the number of physical electrodes possible. Previous work introduced the concept of using Thin-Film Array (TFA) technology to allow for much higher site densities, although the original devices proved unreliable during surgical insertion tests. This work presents a new method of combining polyimide-based TFA's with supporting silicone insertion platforms to create assembled electrode arrays that are a more viable option for surgical insertion. The electrical and mechanical properties of these assemblies are investigated with physical deformation tests and finite element analysis in COMSOL to quantify how they will perform upon insertion into the cochlea, and the preliminary results of a surgical insertion study into human cadaveric temporal bones will be discussed.
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Lemenager, Maxime. "Atomic Layer Deposition of thin dielectric films for high density and high reliability integrated capacitors." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI085.

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Le stockage d’énergie dans les systèmes embarqués fait toujours l’objet d’importants efforts de R&D car il nécessite une constante diminution du volume occupé par les composants électroniques. Il apparaît que la taille des composants discrets que sont les condensateurs est un des freins à la miniaturisation des dispositifs finaux. Bien que des technologies, principalement basées sur la gravure profonde du silicium à l’échelle micrométrique, aient permis des avancées considérables, elles se montrent dorénavant limitées en termes de densité d’intégration. De ce fait, Murata IPS a développé une nouvelle technologie 3D à l’échelle nanométrique permettant une plus forte surface développée. L’utilisation d’une telle matrice requiert une méthode de dépôt de l’empilement MIM telle que l’ALD, adaptée aux structures à fort rapport d’aspect. Le but de cette thèse est ainsi l’intégration de la structure MIM dans la nouvelle matrice 3D dans le respect des contraintes inhérentes à l’industrie de manière à donner lieu à la cinquième génération des technologies PICS™. Le premier challenge résidait dans la conformalité des dépôts que nous nous sommes efforcés d’obtenir avec un équipement de production. Cela a permis de démontrer une densité de capacité supérieure à 1µF/mm² en utilisant un film diélectrique d’alumine de 10nm. Il s’avère également que l’intégration des électrodes TiN joue un rôle important sur la structure 3D. En effet, les contraintes ont dû être réduites pour assurer la tenue mécanique de la structure, notamment en jouant sur le pulse NH3. Les interfaces métal-diélectriques ont également fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie où l’influence de l’oxydation du TiN pendant le dépôt diélectrique a pu être mise en évidence et caractérisée électriquement. Cette étude a amené à l’intégration d’un matériau supplémentaire jouant le rôle de barrière aux interfaces, produisant des condensateurs avec une durée de vie supérieure à 10ans dans les conditions d’utilisation visées
Energy storage in embedded systems is still the subject of major R&D efforts as it requires a constant decrease in the volume of electronic components. It appears that the size of the discrete components, such as capacitors, is one of the brakes to the miniaturization of the final devices. Although technologies mainly based on silicon deep etching at the micrometric scale have made considerable progresses, they are now limited in terms of integration density. As a result, Murata IPS is developing a new 3D technology enabling a higher developed surface area. The use of such a matrix requires a MIM stack deposition technique such as ALD which is adapted to high aspect ratios. The aim of this thesis has been thus to integrate the MIM structure into the new 3D matrix while respecting the constraints inherent to the industry in order to give rise to the fifth generation of PICS™ technologies. The first challenge has been the achievement of sufficient step coverage of the films with an industrial equipment. A capacitance density greater than 1µF/mm² using a 10nm alumina film has been demonstrated. It also turns out that the TiN electrodes integration plays an important role on the 3D structure. Indeed, the mechanical stress had to be reduced to ensure the mechanical robustness of the structure, in particular by playing on the NH3 pulse. The metal-dielectric interfaces have also been the subject of an in-depth study where the influence of TiN oxidation during dielectric deposition has been shown and electrically characterized. This study has then led to the integration of an additional barrier material at the interfaces, producing capacitors with a 10-year lifetime under the intended voltage and temperature conditions
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Zhang, Yun. "MR playback characteristics and thermal stability of thin film media in high-density magnetic recording systems /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9917958.

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Kumar, Manish. "High density and high reliability thin film embedded capacitors on organic and silicon substrates." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26655.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Tummala Rao; Committee Member: Pulugurtha Raj; Committee Member: Wong C P. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Hetel, Iulian Nicolae. "Quantum Critical Behavior In The Superfluid Density Of High-Temperature Superconducting Thin Films." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1204918571.

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Reck, James Nicholas. "Thin film techniques for the fabrication of nano-scale high energy density capacitors." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Reck_09007dcc805c0c2a.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed March 18, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "High-Density thin films"

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Pedrazzini, Mauro. Investigation of high current density arc plasmas for diamond deposition. Lausanne: Ecole polytechnique federale de Lausanne, 1996.

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Advanced Technologies for Next Generation Integrated Circuits. Institution of Engineering & Technology, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "High-Density thin films"

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Lodder, J. C. "Preparation, Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Co-Cr Thin Films." In High Density Digital Recording, 161–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1636-7_6.

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Dev, B. N., and Nasrin Banu. "High-Density Non-magnetic Cobalt in Cobalt Thin Films." In Recent Advances in Thin Films, 103–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6116-0_5.

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Silva, Thomas J. "Measurement of Dynamic Properties in Thin-Films." In The Physics of Ultra-High-Density Magnetic Recording, 110–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56657-8_4.

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Christodoulides, J. A., Y. Zhang, G. C. Hadjipanayis, I. Panagiotopoulos, and D. Niarchos. "CoPt and FePt Thin Films for High Density Recording Media." In Nanostructured Films and Coatings, 171–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4052-2_14.

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Ling, Jin Kiong, and Rajan Jose. "Metal Oxide Composite Cathode Material for High Energy Density Batteries." In Chemically Deposited Nanocrystalline Metal Oxide Thin Films, 509–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68462-4_20.

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Shin, Hyunjung. "Application of Ferroelectric Domains in Nanometer Scale for High- Density Storage Devices." In Nanoscale Phenomena in Ferroelectric Thin Films, 263–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9044-0_11.

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Lodder, J. C., M. A. M. Haast, and L. Abelmann. "Patterned Magnetic Thin Films for Ultra High Density Recording." In Magnetic Storage Systems Beyond 2000, 117–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0624-8_6.

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Shefteľ, E. N., and O. A. Bannykh. "Films of Soft-Magnetic Fe-Based Nanocrystalline Alloys for High-Density Magnetic Storage Application." In Nanostructured Thin Films and Nanodispersion Strengthened Coatings, 221–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2222-0_22.

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Posadowski, W. M. "Discharge Density Increase for High Rate Magnetron Sputtering." In Multicomponent and Multilayered Thin Films for Advanced Microtechnologies: Techniques, Fundamentals and Devices, 109–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1727-2_5.

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Ambriz-Vargas, F., R. Thomas, and A. Ruediger. "Ferroelectric (Hf, Zr)O2 Thin Films for High-Density Nonvolatile Memories." In Frontiers in Materials Processing, Applications, Research and Technology, 123–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4819-7_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "High-Density thin films"

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Guangbin Dou, Robert Wright, Andrew Holmes, Eric Yeatman, Paul Kirby, and Qi Zhang. "Solder transfer of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films." In High Density Packaging (ICEPT-HDP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icept.2010.5582475.

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Curtis, Kevin, Allen Pu, and Demetri Psaltis. "High Density Holographic Storage in Thin Films." In Optical Data Storage. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ods.1994.tua4.

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Volume holographic architectures in the form of rotating disks [1] or stationary volumes [2] have been demonstrated for data storage. Recently, thin film materials have been developed that are inexpensive, easy to manufacture, can be applied to large glass substrates, and have relativily large dynamic range. An example of such a material is DuPont’s HRF-150 photopolymer [3,4]. A holographic storage system’s density is limited by two parameters – the system’s bandwidth (either temporal or spatial frequency) and the material’s dynamic range. Because of their relativily large dynamic range and limited thickness, the storage density of thin films is limited primarily by the required system bandwidth. This paper describes a method of multiplexing holograms that alleviates the bandwidth limited density problem, and therefore, significantly increases the storage density of thin films.
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Pu, Allen, Kevin R. Curtis, and Demetri Psaltis. "High-density holographic storage in thin films." In Optical Data Storage '94, edited by David K. Campbell, Martin Chen, and Koichi Ogawa. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.190167.

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Li, Bin, Chunqing Wang, Weiwei Wu, Wei Zhang, and Ying Zhong. "Effect of LaNiO3 electrode on crystallization of BaTiO3 thin films for capacitors prepared by solgel technique." In High Density Packaging (ICEPT-HDP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icept.2011.6066852.

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Lindsay, G. A., J. D. Stenger-Smith, R. A. Henry, R. A. Nissan, L. H. Merwin, A. P. Chafin, R. Y. Yee, and W. N. Herman. "High-Temperature Sierrulate Nonlinear Optical Polymers." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wa.4.

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Second-order nonlinear optical polymers (NLOPs) are excellent thin film active optical waveguiding materials.1 Integration of NLOP films on silicon to form low cost photonic devices, using current manufacturing lines, requires optical stability to at least 250°C for several minutes, and more preferably to 350°C. One approach has been to dissolve stable chromophores in high temperature polyimides.2 However, the addition of chromophores (20 to 30 percent) considerably lowers the glass transition temperature, and diffusion of the fugitive chromophores will cause long term stability problems. A second approach has been to crosslink a chromophore-polymer matrix.3 This approach can lead to unacceptably large optical losses due to scattering from density fluctuations trapped in the matrix during the crosslinking process. A third approach is the synthesis of amorphous mainchain thermoplastic NLOPs that have a high glass transition temperature (Tg) and a high chromophore concentration.4
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Jen, Alex K.-Y., K. Y. Wong, K. Drost, V. Pushkara Rao, B. Caldwell, and R. M. Mininni. "Thermally Stable Poled Polymers: Highly Efficient Heteroaromatic Chromophores in High Temperature Polymers." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.fb.3.

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There has been considerable interest in developing processible, thermally stable second order nonlinear optical thin films using the poled polymer method. Thermoplastic guest-host polymers or copolymers have demonstrated the feasibility of getting higher electro-optic coefficients than that of lithium niobate. However, these polymers generally have low glass transition temperatures so that the poled polymers suffer from the thermal re-orientation of chromophores within the polymer host. This strongly limited the use of these polymers for practical applications. Polyimides have been reported in recent years as the promising host for the nonlinear optical chromophores due to their high glass transition temperatures and compatibility with semiconductor processing technologies. However, to use polyimides as the host, the guest chromophores must be able to sustain the stringent chemical environment during the high temperature processing of polyimides. The conventionally used nonlinear optical chromophores generally decomposed during the process. Furthermore, since the loading density of chromophores in a guest-host form is lower than that of a side-chain copolymer system, the resultant bulk nonlinear optical properties are generally smaller. Thus, for guest-host polyimides, chromophores with higher βμ values are reguired to maintain or exceed the demonstrated bulk nonlinear optical properties in copolymer systems.
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Wang, Yang, Donghong Gu, and Fuxi Gan. "Application of subphthalocyanine thin films in high-density optical recording." In Optical Storage (ISOS 2002), edited by Fuxi Gan and Zuoyi Li. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.510077.

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Wang, Yang, Donghong Gu, Yiqun Wu, and Fuxi Gan. "Metal-TCNQ photochromic thin films for high-density optical storage." In Optical Storage (ISOS 2002), edited by Fuxi Gan and Zuoyi Li. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.510125.

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Brower, Shane C., and L. Michael Hayden. "Activation volumes associated with chromophore motion in corona poled guest-host polymers." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.fb.5.

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Non-linear optical (NLO) polymers have recently been the subject of considerable interest for applications in various electro-optic and photonic devices, including optical switches, light modulators, optical interconnects, and high density optical data storage devices.1,2 This interest is partly a result of their excellent optical properties: large optical non-linearity, low dielectric constants, and high transparency over a wide range of wavelengths.2,3,4,5 In addition, NLO polymers have the advantages of low cost and ease of processibility into thin films.4,5 However, the use of NLO polymers in commercial applications will require a material with a stable second order NLO susceptibility.
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Kagami, Manabu, Kazuo Hasegawa, and Hiroshi Ito. "Fabrication of Out-of-Plane Branching Mirrors on Polymer Channel Waveguide." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.22.

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Noncrystalline polymers are suitable as a low cost and high-power optical waveguide material because they have little optical damage. Optical waveguides with large core and high-A (LCHD) are effective for a high-power application, because of low power density and easy assembly. High optical power is necessary for driving an optical amplifier1 or optical devices with nonlinear optical effects or light-to-heat conversion.2 To couple these devices utilizing the waveguide, out-of-plane branching mirrors are useful (Fig. 1). These mirrors are also applicable to the coupling of optical fiber or OEIC chips3 with the optical waveguide. A channel waveguide and the mirror are usually fabricated by different mask processes.4 These complicated processes require precise mask alignment procedure. In this report, we propose a process of simultaneously fabricating out-of-plane branching mirrors and polymer channel waveguides from a slab structure by reactive ion etching (RIE).
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Reports on the topic "High-Density thin films"

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Kiefner and Duffy. L51509 Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal and Inclined Pipes at Large Pipe Size and High Gas Density. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010275.

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Knowledge of flow regime, holdup and pressure drop is needed in order to design gas and oil pipelines confidently and to minimize construction and operating costs. Previous public studies of two-phase flow in inclined pipes have used small diameter pipes two inches in diameter or less, and have primarily used air and water as the working fluids at low pressure (near one atmosphere). Present design methods are based upon the results of these experiments. In most advanced analyses available today, the flow regime transition is governed by a Froude number, the balance between inertial and buoyancy forces. The primary objective of the work has been to obtain experimental data to challenge the present two-phase flow analysis methods for large pipe size, high gas density, and pipe inclination. Present analysis and design methods for two-phase flow in pipelines are based on correlations of data from small pipes of order 2-inches diameter or less, for air-water flows at pressures near one atmosphere. To achieve this objective, Creare performed experiments in an existing test facility with a special test section assembled for this project. Pipe diameter and gas density are closer to prototypical oil and gas pipeline conditions than previous experiments reported in the literature. The key experimental results include flow regime observations, pressure drops, and holdup measurements. The instrumentation in the test facility allows detailed characteristics of the flow such as slug velocity, slug frequency, liquid film velocity, and slug length to be measured in the slug flow regime.
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2

Ningthoujam, J., J. K. Clark, T. R. Carter, and H. A. J. Russell. Investigating borehole-density, sonic, and neutron logs for mapping regional porosity variation in the Silurian Lockport Group and Salina Group A-1 Carbonate Unit, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332336.

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The Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Library (OGSRL) is a repository for data from wells licenced under the Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Act for Ontario. It has approximately 50,000 porosity and permeability drill core analyses on bedrock cores. It also has in analogue format, geophysical logs (e.g., gamma ray, gamma-gamma density, neutron, sonic) from approximately 20,000 wells. A significant challenge for geotechnical and hydrogeological studies of the region is the accessibility of digital data on porosity and permeability. Recent work completed on approximately 12,000 core analyses for the Silurian Lockport Group and Salina Group A-1 Carbonate Unit are geographically concentrated within productive oil and gas pools. An opportunity therefore exists to expand the bedrock porosity characterization for southern Ontario by using geophysical logs collected in open-hole bedrock wells that are more geographically dispersed. As part of this study, hard copy files of analog geophysical logs are converted to digital data (LAS format), followed by quality assessment and quality control (QAQC) to obtain meaningful results. From the digitized geophysical data, density, neutron, and sonic logs are selected to mathematically derive porosity values that are then compared with the corresponding measured core porosity values for the same depth interval to determine the reliability of the respective log types. In this study, a strong positive correlation (R²=0.589) is observed between porosity computed from a density log (density log porosity) and the corresponding core porosity. Conversely, sonic log porosity and neutron porosity show weak (R2 = 0.1738) and very weak (R2 = 0.0574) positive correlation with the corresponding core porosity data. This finding can be attributed to different factors (e.g., the condition of the borehole walls and fluids, the type and limitations of the technology at different points in time, knowledge of formation variability for calculations), and as such requires more investigation. The density log measures the bulk density of the formation (solid and fluid phases), and as such the derived porosity values indicate total porosity i.e., interparticle (primary) pore spaces, and vugs and fractures (secondary) pore spaces. The sonic log measures the interval transit time of a compressional soundwave travelling through the formation. High quality first arrival waveforms usually correspond to a route in the borehole wall free of fractures and vugs, which ultimately result in the derived porosity reflecting only primary porosity. As molds, vugs and fractures contribute significantly to the total porosity of the Lockport Group and Salina A-1 Carbonate strata, sonic porosity may not reflect true bulk formation porosity. The neutron porosity log measures the hydrogen index in a formation as a proxy for porosity, however, the current limitations of neutron logging tool fail to account for formation-related complexities including: the gas effect, the chloride effect and the shale effect that can lead to over- or underestimation of formation porosity. As a result, the density log appears to be the most reliable geophysical log in the OGSRL archives for total porosity estimation in the Lockport Group and Salina A-1 Carbonate Unit. Nonetheless, sonic porosity can be combined with density porosity to determine secondary porosity, whereas a combination of density and neutron porosity logs can be used to identify gas-bearing zones.
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3

McCurdy, M. W., J. M. Rice, H E Campbell, and R. C. Paulen. Regional lake sediment geochemical data from east-central Labrador (NTS 013-I, 013-J, 013-K 013-N, and 013-O): reanalysis data and QA/QC evaluation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331526.

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This report presents the geochemical data, quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) results of the reanalysis of lake sediment samples collected from east-central Labrador (NTS 013-I, 013-J, 013-K, 013- N, and 013-O). The original lake surveys were conducted in 1977, 1978, 1983, 1987 and 1992, and the reanalysis was initiated in 2022. Original survey results are presented in Geological Survey of Canada open files 513, 558, 997, 1636, 1637, 2645, 2646, 2648, and 2650. Lake sediments from 3 736 archived site samples were re-analyzed, covering an approximate area of 44 000 km2, with an average density of 1 sample per 18 km2. Samples were measured for 65 elements via modified aqua-regia - ICP-MS. To ensure high quality geochemical data, the data were evaluated for accuracy, precision, and fitness-forpurpose. QA/QC results have identified several elements to be monitored carefully for future analyses.
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4

Light. L51504 Investigation of Real-Time Radiographic Methods for Use in Pipeline Weld Inspection. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010599.

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Conventional radiography has been the accepted nondestructive examination (NDT) method used for many years to either "accept" or "reject" a field weld in the pipeline industry. The cost of conventional radiography, however, increasingly has become a major concern in the cost effectiveness of laying new pipelines. The contributing factors to the high cost of conventional radiography are the costs of film and of the chemicals and manpower used to develop the film. Over the last few years, a newer approach to performing radiographic testing has been perfected. Called "real-time radiography," it uses radiographic sources with an optical imaging system. It has been developed now to the point that the sensitivity, contrast, and resolution of these imaging systems can be used to detect variations in material density equivalent to defects of interest in pipeline welds. The first objective of Phase 1 was to investigate existing real-time radiographic systems and system components in terms of their application to inspection of field-produced girth welds in steel pipelines. The second objective was to recommend a real-time system (either existing as a whole unit or comprised of several key subsystems) to be used for a field demonstration during Phase 2 of the program. The incentive, or goal, for this two-phase program is to introduce real-time radiography to the pipeline industry as a faster and overall more cost effective alternative NDE method compared to conventional film radiography. In addition, real-time radiography would provide a means to interpret the condition of a weld soon after completion while the welding team is still in the near vicinity of the inspected weld. This would permit immediate repair, if necessary, which would greatly reduce cost.
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5

Poverenov, Elena, Tara McHugh, and Victor Rodov. Waste to Worth: Active antimicrobial and health-beneficial food coating from byproducts of mushroom industry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600015.bard.

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Background. In this proposal we suggest developing a common solution for three seemingly unrelated acute problems: (1) improving sustainability of fast-growing mushroom industry producing worldwide millions of tons of underutilized leftovers; (2) alleviating the epidemic of vitamin D deficiency adversely affecting the public health in both countries and in other regions; (3) reducing spoilage of perishable fruit and vegetable products leading to food wastage. Based on our previous experience we propose utilizing appropriately processed mushroom byproducts as a source of two valuable bioactive materials: antimicrobial and wholesome polysaccharide chitosan and health-strengthening nutrient ergocalciferol⁽ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2⁾. ᴬᵈᵈⁱᵗⁱᵒⁿᵃˡ ᵇᵉⁿᵉᶠⁱᵗ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉˢᵉ ᵐᵃᵗᵉʳⁱᵃˡˢ ⁱˢ ᵗʰᵉⁱʳ ᵒʳⁱᵍⁱⁿ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ⁿᵒⁿ⁻ᵃⁿⁱᵐᵃˡ ᶠᵒᵒᵈ⁻ᵍʳᵃᵈᵉ source. We proposed using chitosan and vitamin D as ingredients in active edible coatings on two model foods: highly perishable fresh-cut melon and less perishable health bars. Objectives and work program. The general aim of the project is improving storability, safety and health value of foods by developing and applying a novel active edible coating based on utilization of mushroom industry leftovers. The work plan includes the following tasks: (a) optimizing the UV-B treatment of mushroom leftover stalks to enrich them with vitamin D without compromising chitosan quality - Done; (b) developing effective extraction procedures to yield chitosan and vitamin D from the stalks - Done; (c) utilizing LbL approach to prepare fungal chitosan-based edible coatings with optimal properties - Done; (d) enrichment of the coating matrix with fungal vitamin D utilizing molecular encapsulation and nano-encapsulation approaches - Done, it was found that no encapsulation methods are needed to enrich chitosan matrix with vitamin D; (e) testing the performance of the coating for controlling spoilage of fresh cut melons - Done; (f) testing the performance of the coating for nutritional enhancement and quality preservation of heath bars - Done. Achievements. In this study numerous results were achieved. Mushroom waste, leftover stalks, was treated ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵁⱽ⁻ᴮ ˡⁱᵍʰᵗ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʳᵉᵃᵗᵐᵉⁿᵗ ⁱⁿᵈᵘᶜᵉˢ ᵃ ᵛᵉʳʸ ʰⁱᵍʰ ᵃᶜᶜᵘᵐᵘˡᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2, ᶠᵃʳ ᵉˣᶜᵉᵉᵈⁱⁿᵍ any other dietary vitamin D source. The straightforward vitamin D extraction procedure and ᵃ ˢⁱᵐᵖˡⁱᶠⁱᵉᵈ ᵃⁿᵃˡʸᵗⁱᶜᵃˡ ᵖʳᵒᵗᵒᶜᵒˡ ᶠᵒʳ ᵗⁱᵐᵉ⁻ᵉᶠᶠⁱᶜⁱᵉⁿᵗ ᵈᵉᵗᵉʳᵐⁱⁿᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2 ᶜᵒⁿᵗᵉⁿᵗ suitable for routine product quality control were developed. Concerning the fungal chitosan extraction, new freeze-thawing protocol was developed, tested on three different mushroom sources and compared to the classic protocol. The new protocol resulted in up to 2-fold increase in the obtained chitosan yield, up to 3-fold increase in its deacetylation degree, high whitening index and good antimicrobial activity. The fungal chitosan films enriched with Vitamin D were prepared and compared to the films based on animal origin chitosan demonstrating similar density, porosity and water vapor permeability. Layer-by-layer chitosan-alginate electrostatic deposition was used to coat fruit bars. The coatings helped to preserve the quality and increase the shelf-life of fruit bars, delaying degradation of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity loss as well as reducing bar softening. Microbiological analyses also showed a delay in yeast and fungal growth when compared with single layer coatings of fungal or animal chitosan or alginate. Edible coatings were also applied on fresh-cut melons and provided significant improvement of physiological quality (firmness, weight ˡᵒˢˢ⁾, ᵐⁱᶜʳᵒᵇⁱᵃˡ ˢᵃᶠᵉᵗʸ ⁽ᵇᵃᶜᵗᵉʳⁱᵃ, ᵐᵒˡᵈ, ʸᵉᵃˢᵗ⁾, ⁿᵒʳᵐᵃˡ ʳᵉˢᵖⁱʳᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵖʳᵒᶜᵉˢˢ ⁽Cᴼ2, ᴼ²⁾ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵈⁱᵈ not cause off-flavor (EtOH). It was also found that the performance of edible coating from fungal stalk leftovers does not concede to the chitosan coatings sourced from animal or good quality mushrooms. Implications. The proposal helped attaining triple benefit: valorization of mushroom industry byproducts; improving public health by fortification of food products with vitamin D from natural non-animal source; and reducing food wastage by using shelf- life-extending antimicrobial edible coatings. New observations with scientific impact were found. The program resulted in 5 research papers. Several effective and straightforward procedures that can be adopted by mushroom growers and food industries were developed. BARD Report - Project 4784
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