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BRIJAL R. PATEL, P.P. CHAUDHARI, M.M. CHAUDHARY, and KASHYAP N. PATEL. "Effect of mepiquat chloride on growth parameters and yield of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under high-density planting system." Indian Journal of Agronomy 66, no. 1 (October 10, 2001): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v66i1.2838.
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A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2018 and 2019 at Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, to study the productivity enhancement of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) grown under high-density planting system using mepiquat chloride. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design, with planting density in main plots and mepiquat chloride treatments in subplots. Pooled data of 2 years revealed that, Bt cotton grown with lower plant density (37,037 plants/ha) recorded significantly higher sympodial branches/plant, sympodial length at 50% height, number of bolls/plant and average boll weight, while high-plant density (74,074 plants/ha) resulted in the maximum seed-cotton (3,544 kg/ha) and stalk yield (3,740 kg/ha) as well as net realization (79.1 103 `/ha). The magnitude of increase in seed-cotton yield owing to higher plant density over lower plant density was 68.53%, on pooled basis. Application of 3 sprays of mepiquat chloride @ 0.4 ml/litre (one each at 45, 60 and 75 days after sowing) resulted in the least growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation, crop-growth rate, relative growth rate and stalk yield with a highest yield attributes, viz. sympodial branches/plant, sympodial length at 50% height, bolls/plant, average boll weight, seed-cotton yield (3,186 kg/ha) and net realization (66.8 103`/ha). Three sprays of mepiquat chloride @ 0.4 ml/l at 45, 60 and 75 days after sowing resulted in 28.8% higher seed-cotton yield than control treatment in pooled mean
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Kavya, D., Ch Pragathi Kumari, G. Sreenivas, T. Ram Prakash, and S. Triveni. "Optimisation of Planting Densities and Nitrogen Requirement for Bt Cotton under High Density Planting System." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 14, Mar, 3 (March 19, 2023): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2023.3309a.
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A field investigation was conducted at College farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agriculture University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India during kharif (July to January, 2021–22)to optimise the planting density and nitrogen dose on cotton yield and economics. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD consisting of four levels of planting densities viz. 90×15 cm2, 90×20 cm2, 90×30 cm2 and 90×60 cm2 as factor I treatments and 4levels of nitrogenviz., 90, 120, 150,180 kg N ha-1 as factor II treatments and replicated thrice. The results revealed that with higher planting density ofspacing 90×15 cm2 (74,074 plants ha-1) reported significantly higher seed cotton yield (2176 kg ha-1), Gross returns (` 1,31,114 ha-1) and net returns (` 70,150 ha-1) and was at par with spacing 90×20 cm2 (55,555 plants ha-1) over other planting density of spacing 90×30 cm2 (37,037 plants ha-1) and 90×60 cm2 (18,518 plants ha-1). Lower plant density of spacing 90×60 cm2 significantly performed better with respect to yield attributes viz, number of picked bolls plant-1 (18.2), boll weight (5.1 g) and seed cotton yield (95.0 g plant-1). Among the nitrogen doses, 150 kg N ha-1 recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (2072 kg ha-1), Gross returns (`Rs. 1,24,818), Net returns (`Rs. 69,407) and B:C (2.25) over other nitrogen doses tested. However, the interaction effects did not differ significantly for all the parameters studied.
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Jalilian, Sepideh, Hamid Madani, Mosareza Vafaie-Tabar, and Nour Ali Sajedi. "Plant density influences yield, yield components, lint quality and seed oil content of cotton genotypes." OCL 30 (2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023013.
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Choosing suitable varieties and manipulating plant population are crucial management aspects in any cropping system that goals to improve yield, quality and the balance between plant demand and environmental resource availability. A two-year field experiment was conducted at Tehran, Iran, in a split plot design and replicated thrice to examine the effect of the planting density (low, moderate and high) on ten cotton genotypes. In term of lint yield and among the cotton genotypes G8 (1269 kg · ha−1), G4 (1263 kg · ha−1), G1 (1239 kg · ha−1) and G2 (1123 kg · ha−1) were statistically at par with each other but significantly superior to G7 (914 kg · ha−1) and G9 (936 kg · ha−1). Lint yield in high plant density (1386 kg · ha−1) was found to be remarkably superior over medium and low plant density (1029 and 890 kg · ha−1, respectively) by average of 25.7% and 35.7%, respectively. Cotton genotypes at low plant density had higher boll plant−1 (6.46% and 15.3%, respectively), lint percentage (5.8% and 12%, respectively) and lint strength (0.6% and 1.9%, respectively) compared to moderate and high plant densities. The genotypes cultivated at high plant density produced higher seed and lint yield, higher lint elasticity and lower seed oil content, lint length and lint quality index. Based on this experiment, it is concluded that high seed cotton yield can be achieved at high plant density while higher lint quality can be yielded at low plant density.
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Pandagale, A. D., K. S. Baig, S. S. Rathod, and T. B. Namade. "Plant Density and Genotype Evaluation for High Density Planting System of Cotton under Rainfed Condition." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.158.
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G, Hemalatha, Nagabhushanam U, Veeranna G., and Ramulu Ch. "Impact of Different Plant Densities and Fertilizer Levels on Yield Attributes, Yield and Fibre Quality Characters of Bt Cotton in HDPS." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 8 (July 23, 2024): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i82706.
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Adopting a high-density planting system in cotton cultivation has resulted in increased yields compared to traditional methods. Despite the clear benefits, farmers face various challenges throughout the cultivation process, from sowing to harvesting. However, selecting appropriate plant spacings, fertilizer levels and implementing tailored cultivation techniques can significantly enhance productivity. A field experiment was conducted at Siddapur research farm, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal, Telangana, India during kharif 2023 to investigate the “Impact of different plant densities and fertilizer levels on yield attributes, yield and fibre quality characters of cotton in high density planting system (HDPS)”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (factorial) and replicated thrice, consisting of 12 treatment combinations comprising of three plant spacings S1: 80 x 20 cm (62,500 plants ha-1), S2: 90 x 15 cm (74,074 plants ha-1), S3: 90 x 60 cm in factor I and four fertilizer levels (F1: 100%RDF, F2: 125%RDF, F3: 100%RDF + Microbial consortia, F4: Control) in factor II. Both the factors significantly influenced the number of bolls per plant, number of bolls m-2 and seed cotton yield per hectare. The results revealed that higher no. of bolls plant-1 were recorded in 90 x 60 cm (18,518 plants ha-1) however, higher no. of bolls m-2, seed cotton yield (2233 kgha-1) obtained from higher plant density (74,074 plants ha-1) with the spacing 90 x 15 cm. Boll weight was not significantly influenced by varied plant spacings and fertilizer levels. Among the different levels of fertilizer, 125%RDF recorded highest no. of bolls per plant, no. of bolls m-2 and seed cotton yield (2362 kgha-1). Fibre quality characters viz., Upper half mean length(mm), micronaire(µginch-1), tenacity(gtex-1) and uniformity index (%) were not significantly influenced by both plant spacings and fertilizer levels as they are primarily governed by genetic makeup of cotton genotypes. For optimum seed cotton yield, cotton should be sown at closer spacing 90 x 15 cm and the application of 125%RDF was economically feasible in high density planting system.
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Cao, Nan, Jinmei Hou, Wei Hu, Huqiang Li, Jiao Lin, Guodong Chen, Sumei Wan, and Shoulin Hu. "Optimum Plant Density Improved Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Root Production Capacity and Photosynthesis for High Cotton Yield under Plastic Film Mulching." Agronomy 14, no. 5 (May 14, 2024): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051040.
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Cotton photosynthetic efficiency and the root–shoot relationship are two important physiological indexes affecting the final yield, but the interactive effects of plastic film mulching and planting density on the cotton photosynthetic efficiency and root–shoot relationship have rarely been reported. We aimed to investigate the optimal plant density with or without plastic film mulching for improved seed cotton yield in southern Xinjiang. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plastic film mulching (with or without plastic film mulching) and planting density (D1: 9 × 104 plants ha−1; D2: 18 × 104 plants ha−1; D3, 22 × 104 plants ha−1, local conventional planting density; D4, 27 × 104 plants ha−1) on the cotton root–shoot relationship, photosynthetic parameters, and seed cotton yield. Our results showed that the seed cotton yield was improved under plastic film mulching at all planting densities, but economic income was significantly lower in comparison to without plastic film mulching in 2023. Compared with D3, seed cotton yield and economic income at D2 increased by 6.9% and 12.2%, either with or without plastic film mulching, respectively. The highest increase in the seed cotton yield in D2 under plastic film mulching was due to the greatest improvements in the root production capacity and photosynthesis. The boll capacity of the root system (BCR) and boll loading of the root system (BLR) in D2 were the highest among all treatments with film mulching, being 9.0% and 16.9% higher than that in D3 in 2022 and 2023. However, the root–shoot ratio (R/S) was 7.1% and 6.9% lower in D2 than D3, under film mulching, in 2022 and 2023. Moreover, moderate plant density (D2) improved the SPAD value, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIabs), and photosynthetic parameter (Pn, Tr, and Gs) and decreased Ci compared with other planting density treatments in both years. Further analyses with correlation analysis showed that the seed cotton yield was highly positive correlated with BLR, BCR, and the photosynthetic parameter. In summary, suitable planting density (18 × 104 plants ha−1) combined with plastic film mulching has the potential to obtain high yields by enhancing the efficiency of photosynthetic assimilates, improving the capacity of cotton root production, providing a reference for suitable planting density under plastic film mulching.
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Ajayakumar, M. Y., M. R. Umesh, Shivaleela Shivaleela, and J. M. Nidagundi. "Light interception and yield response of cotton varieties to high density planting and fertilizers in sub-tropical India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1448.
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Plant density and optimum fertilization are two important agronomic practices to enhance productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high density planting (HDPS) and fertilization rate, especially their interactions, on yield, yield components of cotton varieties in sub-tropical India. Split-split plot design was adopted and replicated thrice. The main plots were assigned to low, medium and high plant densities (16.7, 13.3 and 11.1 plants/m2). Pre released cotton varieties TCH-1705 and LH-2298 were tested in low, moderate and high rates of fertilizers recommended for the region (100, 125 and 150 %) in sub-sub plots. Significantly higher seed cotton yield (1148 kg/ha) was achieved in narrow inter row spaced at 60 cm over normal plant row spacing of 90 cm (1025 kg/ha). Compact genotype TCH-1705 was out yielded (1146 kg/ha) over LH 2298(1044 kg/ha). Application of fertilizers at higher rate improved seed cotton yield (1232 kg/ha) Leaf area index (3.8) and light interception (0.98) over blanket recommendation. The results of the study inferred that seed cotton yield improvement was possible under HDPS production system with compact varieties grown at narrow spacing and higher fertilizer dose.
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Roche, Rose, and Michael Bange. "Effects of Plant Density, Mepiquat Chloride, Early-Season Nitrogen and Water Applications on Yield and Crop Maturity of Ultra-Narrow Cotton." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040869.
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Research investigating row spacing in high-yielding, high-input cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems has found higher lint yields but no maturity benefits using high plant density, 25 cm spaced ultra-narrow rows (UNR). Seven experiments comparing 38 cm UNR and conventionally spaced rows (100 cm) were conducted over three years to determine if changes in plant density or management could optimize yield and maturity in a high-input UNR cotton production system. Two of these experiments compared 25, 38 and 100 cm spaced rows under different intra-row plant density (12 to 36 plants m−2). Three experiments managed 38 cm UNR and 100 cm spaced rows separately and one had extra early application of nitrogen and water. Across the seven experiments there were no differences in lint yield or crop maturity for 38 cm UNR compared to conventionally spaced rows. The only significant response to changes in inter- or intra-row density or agronomic management was an 18% increase in handpicked lint yield in the 12 plants m−2 38 cm UNR treatment compared to the same plant density in 100 cm spaced rows in one of the two experiments. This stability of yield response across row spacings indicates that there is an opportunity to reduce seed rates whilst maintaining yields in high-input UNR systems. UNR cotton did not require any difference in mepiquat chloride or nitrogen management compared with conventionally spaced cotton, nor did extra early inputs of nitrogen or water, and we concluded that is likely that the current recommendations for mepiquat chloride or nitrogen nutrition in conventionally spaced systems are appropriate for managing high-input UNR cotton crops.
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S, Arunvenkatesh, and Rajendran K. "Evaluation of Plant Density and Cotton Genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on Yield and Fibre Quality." Madras Agricultural Journal 102, March (2015): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.001059.
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Field experiments were conducted during winter season of 2011-12 and 2012-13 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the feasibility of using cotton genotypes under high density planting system and to assess its effect on seed cotton yield, oil content and fibre quality parameters. The experiments were laid out in a strip plot design, replicated thrice. The soil in the experimental site was sandy clay loam with low available nitrogen (182 kg/ha), medium available phosphorus (12.6 kg/ha) and high available potassium (340 kg/ha). The experiment consisted of seven cotton genotypes viz., Jai, Ranjeet, TCH 1608, SVPR 3, Anjali, Suraj and LH 900 with four spacings viz., 30 × 30, 45 × 30, 60 × 30 and 90 × 30 cm. Ranjeet planted at the spacing of 30 × 30 cm recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield. The percentage of oil content was significantly higher in Ranjeet genotype than other cotton genotypes. The fibre quality parameters viz., fibre length, fibre strength, micronaire, elongation percentage were significantly influenced by different cotton genotypes. The oil content and fibre quality was not significantly influenced by plant densities.
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Sowmiya, R., and N. Sakthivel. "Performance of cotton genotype TCH 1819 to high density planting system under winter irrigated condition at the Western agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, SI (July 19, 2021): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13isi.2811.
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Plant population is an important attribute in crop management practice. Increasing the plant density by decreasing the crop row spacing was an alternative strategy to optimize crop profit. Hence, the field trial was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during the winter season of 2017 – 18 to study the effect of row spacing on the growth and yield of cotton genotype TCH 1819. The experimental design was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven spacing treatments viz., T1: 60 x 15 cm (1,11,111 plants ha-1), T2: 60 x 20 cm (83,333 plants ha-1), T3: 75 x 15 cm (88,888 plants ha-1), T4: 75 x 20 cm (66,666 plants ha-1), T5: 75 x 30 cm (44,444 plants ha-1), T6: 90 x 15 cm (74074 plants ha-1), T7: 90 x 20cm (55,555 plants ha-1) and was replicated thrice. Plant densities showed a significant (p=0.05) difference for all the characters studied. The higher plant density of 1,11,111 plants (60 x 15 cm) observed significantly (p=0.05) maximum plant height (103.14 cm), Leaf Area Index (LAI) (4.35), Dry Matter Production (DMP) (8125 kg/ha), Crop Growth Rate (CGR) (6.58 g/m2/day), root length (41.46 cm), root dry weight (14.94 g/plant), and chlorophyll index (48.24). The number of sympodial branches per plant (17) and bolls per plant (22 bolls) was found significant in the wider spacing of 75 x 30 cm. The narrow spacing of 60 x 15 cm noted the highest seed cotton yield (2565 kg/ha), net return (R65706.62), and B: C (2.32) ratio, followed by the spacing of 75 x 15 cm due to more plant density per unit area (m2). So, maximum yield in cotton can be achieved by decreasing the row spacing and increasing the plant population per unit area.
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Street, Joe E., Charles E. Snipes, John A. McGuire, and Gale A. Buchanan. "Competition of a Binary Weed System with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)." Weed Science 33, no. 6 (November 1985): 807–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500083399.
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) was grown on Lucedale fine sandy loam with sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯ CASOB) and a complex of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) and smooth pigweed (A. hybridusL. ♯ AMACH) in all possible combinations of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeds of each species per 7.5 m of row. Seed cotton yields decreased as a quadratic function of increasing weed density. One pigweed and one sicklepod plant per 7.5 m of row reduced yields by 9 and 9.7% in 1979 and 1980, respectively. At low levels of infestation (≤4 weeds/7.5 m of row), the competitive effect of pigweed and sicklepod was additive; however, at the high densities, the competitive effect was not additive. Mechanical harvesting efficiency and cotton maturity were not decreased by any weed density. Sicklepod was more competitive than pigweed in both years.
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Reddy, K. Indudhar, A. V. Ramanjaneyulu, A. Geetha, G. Seshu, and D. Vishnuvardhan Reddy. "Performance of Cotton (Gossipium hirsutum L.) Varieties under High Density Planting System in Alfisols of Telangana, India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 21 (October 31, 2023): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i214040.
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Aims: Cotton productivity is lower in India than the global average due to inadequate soil moisture during boll formation stage due to cessation of south west monsoon. Cotton is mainly grown under rainfed conditions in marginal and shallow soils, cultivating short duration cotton varieties with high density could improve productivity in the rainfed regions. So, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the three cotton varieties and a hybrid under four high density spacings.
Study Design: The experiment was laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice.
Place and Duration of Study: The field experiment was conducted for three years during Kharif 2014, 2015 and 2016 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Nagarkurnool District of Telangana state, India. The experimental site was located at 16.51703° North latitude and 78.2469° East longitude and an altitude of 478 m above mean sea level.
Methodology: Treatments consisted of 4 spacings (45×10 cm, 60×10 cm, 75×10 cm and 90×10 cm) under main plots and 3 non bt cotton varieties (Suraj, WGCV-48 and ADB-39) and 1 Bt Cotton hybrid Jadoo was included as 4th treatment under subplots during 2015 and 2016. The soil at the site was Alfisol with low organic carbon (0.24%) and N (210 kg ha-1), high in available P (75 kg P2O5 ha-1) and available K (455 kg K2O ha-1). The crop was cultivated under rainfed conditions. Intercultivation and hand weeding was done and kept weed free. Gross plot size of 9 m × 3 m was maintained for each treatment. Nitrogen dose of 40 kg N ha-1, 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 20 kg K2O ha-1 was applied. The single plant data was collected on five tagged plants in each plot of each treatment and yield data was collected from the net plot area.
Results: Seed cotton yield was significantly influenced by the spacing and the varieties. The pooled data of 3 years revealed that cotton crop under 90×10 cm spacing (2054 kg ha-1) recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield than the crop under 75×10 cm (1854 kg ha-1), 60×10 cm (1723 kg ha-1) and 45×10 cm (1603 kg ha-1). The pooled data of 3 years revealed that the seed cotton yield in hybrid Jadoo (2189 kg ha-1) was significantly higher than the three varieties. The seed cotton yield in all the three varieties (Suraj, WGCV-48 and ADB-39) was on par with each other during all the years under study.
Conclusion: High density spacing of 90×10 cm, recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield than the other tested spacing. Among the varieties and the hybrid, cotton Jadoo outperformed all the cotton varieties and seed cotton yield of cotton varieties (Suraj, WGCV-48 and ADB-39) was on par with each other.
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B. SANTHOSH* and T. RAMESH. "PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF COTTON IN HIGH PLANT DENSITIES UNDER WATER STRESS." Journal of Research ANGRAU 51, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.58537/jorangrau.2023.51.1.02.
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The study was conducted to examine the effect of high density planting system (HDPS) and moisture regimes on certain varieties of cotton in tropical monsoon based Southern Telangana Agro-climatic Zone. This study was conducted with an objective to identify the suitable spacings and genotypes for cultivating under HDPS. In the experiment, growth attributes such as plant height, crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were estimated at critical stages of growth and it was found that the plants under wider spacing of 75 x10 cm2 spacing led to better plant height (48.1 cm) and CGR (0.58 g m-2 day-1) at 60-90 DAS. Among the genotypes of cotton studied, WGCV-48 exhibited maximum plant height (52.8 cm), CGR (0.65 g m-2 day-1) and RGR(0.034 g g-1 day-1).
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Kenjaev, Yunus, Zamira Abdushukurova, and Salomat Zakirova. "Study on the influence of sideration on soil density and porosity." E3S Web of Conferences 497 (2024): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449703004.
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It was achieved to improve agro physical properties of soil by forming of 22.41-52.92 t/ha green biomass of pea, chickpea, rape and barley when sown as green manure as well as tilling it into soil in summer July 10 wheat freed areas, and autumn October 10 cotton freed areas. It was determined that the mass of soil before the first irrigation of cotton in 0-20 cm tilling layer of soil with green manure applied variant was 0.06-0.08 g/cm3; 0.03-0.08 g/cm3 and it was less 0.05-0.07 g/cm3; 0.03-0.08 g/cm3 in 20-40 cm of soil layer relatively to control-without green manure variants. In its turn, it creates best and favorable condition of branching root system of cotton-plant and will be achieved to get high and quality yield.
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Gouthami, R., U. Nagabhushanam, A. V. Ramanjaneyulu, B. Madhavi, J. Kamalakar, and M. Yakadri. "Influence of Plant Geometry and Cultivars on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of HDPS Cotton under Rainfed Shallow Soils." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 10 (August 14, 2023): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102702.
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A field experiment was conducted at Siddapur research farm, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal, Telangana, India during kharif 2022 to investigate the effect of plant geometry and cultivars on growth and yield of cotton under high plant density system. The results revealed that plant height (102.7 cm) and drymatter production (6499 kg ha-1) were significantly higher at ultra narrow spacing of 90 x 15 cm (74,074 plants ha-1) than medium and wider spacings of 90 x 30 and 90 x 60 cm, respectively but, was on par with narrow spacing of 90 x 20 cm (55,555 plants ha-1). Though sympodial branches plant-1 (16.4) and number of bolls plant-1 (24.0) were significantly greater with wider spacing (90 x 60 cm: 18,518 plants ha-1), adoption of high plant density method of 90 x 15 cm spacing (74,074 plants ha-1) (2707 kg ha-1) and 90 x 20 cm (55,555 plants ha-1) (2498 kg ha-1) resulted in significantly higher seed cotton yield. The yield from 90x15 cm was 26.2% and 11.7% higher than that of 90 x 30 cm (2391 kg ha-1) and 90 x 60 cm (1998 kg ha-1), respectively. In case of cultivars, though growth and yield attributes were not significantly influenced, but, the boll weight (5.2) and seed cotton yield (2845 kg ha-1) were significantly higher with NCS 2778 over other cultivars viz., Bt Suraj (2151 kg ha-1), WGCV-79 (2310 kg ha-1) and ADB-39 (2288 kg ha-1).
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Westphal, A., and J. R. Smart. "Depth Distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis Under Different Tillage and Crop Sequence Systems." Phytopathology® 93, no. 9 (September 2003): 1182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.9.1182.
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The population density of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, was monitored at depths of 0 to 30, 30 to 60, 60 to 90, and 90 to 120 cm in a tillage and crop sequence trial in south Texas in 2000 and 2001. Main plots were subjected to three different tillage systems: conventional tillage (moldboard plowing and disking), ridge tillage, and no-tillage. Subplots were planted with three different crop sequences: spring cotton and fall corn every year; spring cotton and fall corn in one year, followed by corn for two years; and cotton followed by corn and then grain sorghum, one spring crop per year. The population density of R. reniformis on corn and grain sorghum was low throughout the soil profile. In plots planted with spring cotton and fall corn every year, fewer nematodes were found at depths of 60 to 120 cm in the no-tillage and ridge tillage systems than in the conventional tillage system. Population densities were lower at depths of 0 to 60 cm than at 60 to 120 cm. Soil moisture and cotton root length did not affect nematode population densities in the field. When soil was placed in pots and planted with cotton in the greenhouse, lower population densities developed in soil taken from depths of 0 to 60 cm than in soil from depths of 60 to 120 cm. Final nematode populations were similar in size in soil from the different tillage systems, but reproductive factors were higher in soil from plots with reduced-tillage systems than in soil from plots with conventional tillage. Reduced-tillage practices lowered the risk of increases in R. reniformis populations and reduced population densities following 2 years of non-hosts throughout soil depths, but population densities resurged to the same high levels as in soil planted with cotton every year during one season of cotton.
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Priyadrashini, Marka, G. Santoshkumar, U. Nagabushanam, and K. Pavan Chandra Reddy. "Growth and Yield Attributes of Bt Cotton (Gossypium hirusutum L.) Attributed to Plant Growth Regulators and Defoliants under High Density Planting System." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 10 (September 5, 2023): 2252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102888.
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A field trial to determine the effect of different dosages, application time of plant growth regulators and defoliators on growth and yield of cotton under high density planting system was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal during kharif-2022. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatment details were T1: Application of Mepiquat chloride (MC) 25g a.i ha-1 @40&55 DAE+ Etherel 2000ppm @40% boll burst, T2: MC 25 g a.i ha-1 @40&55 DAE+ Etherel 2000ppm @60% boll burst, T3: MC 20g a.i ha-1 @40DAE, MC 30g a.i ha-1 @60DAE+ Etherel 2000ppm@ 40% boll burst T4: MC 20g a.i ha-1 @40DAE, MC 30g a.i ha-1 @60DAE+ Etherel 2000ppm@ 60% boll burst T5: MC 20 g a.i ha-1 @40,55 & 75 DAE+ Etherel 2000ppm @40% boll burst, T6: MC 20 g a.i ha-1 @40,55 & 75 DAE+ Etherel 2000ppm @40% boll burst, T7: MC 25 g a.i ha-1 @4 0,55 & 75 DAE+ Etherel 2000ppm @40% boll burst, T8: MC 25 g a.i ha-1 @40,55 & 75 DAE+ Etherel 2000ppm @60% boll burst, T9: 20g a.i ha-1@ 40DAE, 25g a.i ha-1@55DAE & 30g a.i ha-1@70DAE +Etherel 2000ppm@ 40% boll burst, T10: 20g a.i ha-1@ 40DAE, 25g a.i ha-1@55DAE & 30g a.i ha-1@70DAE +Etherel 2000ppm@ 60% boll burst and T11: Control. Results revealed that foliar application of MC @ 20 g a.i ha-1@ 40,55 & 70DAE in conjunction with Etherel 2000ppm @60% boll burst recorded higher seed cotton yield. Plant growth, dry matter accumulation and stalk yield were recorded highest in control plot and lowest with spraying of : 20g a.i ha-1@ 40DAE, 25g a.i ha-1@55DAE & 30g a.i ha-1@70DAE +Etherel 2000ppm@ 40% boll burst. Among Mepiquat chloride treatments with similar doses, all the agronomic traits of cotton crop are positively influenced with application of 2000ppm of etherel @60% boll burst. The spraying of M.C @ 20 g a.i ha-1 at 40,55 and 70 DAE + Etherel 2000ppm @ 60% boll burst would be economically ideal to the farming community.
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Khan, Aziz, Jie Zheng, Daniel Kean Yuen Tan, Ahmad Khan, Kashif Akhtar, Xiangjun Kong, Fazal Munsif, et al. "Changes in Leaf Structural and Functional Characteristics when Changing Planting Density at Different Growth Stages Alters Cotton Lint Yield under a New Planting Model." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (December 7, 2019): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120859.
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Manipulation of planting density and choice of variety are effective management components in any cropping system that aims to enhance the balance between environmental resource availability and crop requirements. One-time fertilization at first flower with a medium plant stand under late sowing has not yet been attempted. To fill this knowledge gap, changes in leaf structural (stomatal density, stomatal length, stomata width, stomatal pore perimeter, and leaf thickness), leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence attributes of different cotton varieties were made in order to change the planting densities to improve lint yield under a new planting model. A two-year field evaluation was carried out on cotton varieties—V1 (Zhongmian-16) and V2 (J-4B)—to examine the effect of changing the planting density (D1, low, 3 × 104; D2, moderate, 6 × 104; and D3, dense, 9 × 104) on cotton lint yield, leaf structure, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf gas exchange attribute responses. Across these varieties, J-4B had higher lint yield compared with Zhongmian-16 in both years. Plants at high density had depressed leaf structural traits, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 uptake, quenching (qP), actual quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), and maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) in both years. Crops at moderate density had improved leaf gas exchange traits, stomatal density, number of stomata, pore perimeter, length, and width, as well as increased qP, ΦPSII, and Fv/Fm compared with low- and high-density plants. Improvement in leaf structural and functional traits contributed to 15.9%–10.7% and 12.3%–10.5% more boll m−2, with 20.6%–13.4% and 28.9%–24.1% higher lint yield averaged across both years, respectively, under moderate planting density compared with low and high density. In conclusion, the data underscore the importance of proper agronomic methods for cotton production, and that J-4B and Zhongmian-16 varieties, grown under moderate and lower densities, could be a promising option based on improved lint yield in subtropical regions.
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MURTHY, K. G. K., T. PRADEEP, K. V. RADHA KRISHNA, S. SOKKA REDDY, D. SAIDA NAIK, and B. SATISH CHANDRA. "Combining ability studies in multiple cross derivatives of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) for identifying desirable plant types suitable to High Density Planting System." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 6 (June 14, 2018): 937–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i6.80652.
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To develop genotypes suitable for High Density Planting System (HDPS), six lines and seven testers that possessed compact plant type characteristics were crossed in Line × Tester mating design and the resulting 42 crosses along with their parents were evaluated at three different locations during kharif, 2014 to identify good general and specific combiners for plant type suitable for HDPS with desirable fibre quality. The results revealed significant differences among lines, testers and crosses for most of the traits and preponderance of non-additive gene action. Three lines MC 17-6, MC 16-3, MC 4-3 and two testers NH 630, MC 19-2 exhibited good gca and were found to possess compact plant type characteristics with desirable fibre quality. Among the 42 cross combinations, three crosses MC 9-1 × NH 630, MC 17-6 × MC 19-2 and MC 4-3 × MC 3-2 were identified as best specific combiners. The superior multiple cross derivatives and cross combinations can be used for developing hybrids suitable for high density planting system through heterosis breeding.
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Hu, Tianran, Zhenyu Liu, Dian Jin, Yuan Chen, Xiang Zhang, and Dehua Chen. "Effects of Growth Regulator and Planting Density on Cotton Yield and N, P, and K Accumulation in Direct-Seeded Cotton." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020501.
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[Objective] This study aims to analyze the effects of the plant growth regulator Miantaijin (N,N-dimethyl piperidinium chloride and 2-N,N-diethylaminoethyl caproate) and planting density on yield and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake and accumulation in cotton. The results will clarify the high-yield cultivation techniques in the cotton direct seeding after wheat harvesting cropping system in the Yangtze River Basin. [Method] In 2017 and 2018, the cotton cultivar Guoxinzao 11-1 was planted at 3 densities (75,000, 90,000, and 105,000 plants·ha−1), and 3 Miantaijin doses (0, 1170, and 2340 mL·ha−1) were imposed. [Results] The results show that the highest yield (3551.3–3687.5 kg·ha−1) was achieved with a 90,000 and 105,000 plant·ha−1 density and 1170 mL·ha−1 of Miantaijin (seedling stage: 90 mL·ha−1, peak squaring stage: 180 mL·ha−1, peak flowering stage: 360 mL·ha−1, and peak bolling stage: 540 mL·ha−1). Under these conditions, the uptakes of N, P, and K were also the highest, up to 117.8 kg·ha−1, 77.4 kg·ha−1, and 116.4 kg·ha−1, respectively. N uptake was the highest from the peak flowering to peak squaring stage, while the highest uptakes of P and K were both detected from the peak squaring to peak flowering stages. We also found significant linear positive correlations between yield and the total absorptions and accumulations of N, P, and K, especially during the peak flowering–peak bolling stage. [Conclusions] The optimum dose of Miantaijin with a medium and high density could enhance the absorption of N, P, and K during the whole growth period of the cotton population, especially in the peak flowering–boll opening stage. This resulted in the highest yield of direct-seeded cotton after wheat harvesting.
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Mahachandramuki, E., K. Thirukumaran, R. Karthikeyan, R. Sivakumar, K. M. Sellamuthu, and G. Prabukumar. "Influence of Super Nano Urea and Nano DAP on Growth Parameters of Rice Fallow Cotton under High Density Planting System." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 19 (August 25, 2023): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i193602.
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The experiment was carried out at wetlands farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during summer, 2023 in a Randomized block design with ten treatments and replicated thrice. The main objective of this study is to find out the effect of varied dose of basal nitrogen & phosphorus and foliar application of conventional urea, super nano urea and nano DAP on rice fallow cotton under High Density Planting System (HDPS) on growth parameters. Cotton variety CO 17 was taken up for the study with RDF of 150:50:50 NPK Kg ha-1. The experimental details viz., T1- control (without N&P) K alone, T2- RDF (150:50:50 NPK Kg ha-1), T3- 50% RDN&P,100% K+ conventional urea @ 1% and nano DAP @ 0.5% at 25 DAS, T4- 50% RDN&P,100% K+ conventional urea @ 1% and nano DAP @ 0.5% at 25 DAS and 45 DAS, T5- 50% RDN&P,100% K+ SNU(Super Nano Urea) @ 0.25% and nano DAP @ 0.5% at 25 DAS (Days After Sowing) and 45 DAS, T6- 50% RDN&P,100% K+ SNU @ 0.25% and nano DAP @ 0.5% at 25 DAS, 45 DAS and 65 DAS, T7- 50% RDN&P,100% K+ SNU @ 0.5% and nano DAP @ 0.5% at 25 DAS and 45 DAS, T8- 25% RDN&P,100% K+ SNU @ 0.5% and nano DAP @ 0.5% at 25 DAS 45 DAS and 65 DAS, T9- 50% RDN&P,100% K+ SNU @ 1% and nano DAP @ 0.5% at 25 DAS, T10- 50% RDN&P,100% K+ SNU @ 1% and nano DAP @ 0.5% at 25 DAS and 45 DAS. The experimental results revealed that, among all the treatments, T10 significantly registered the increased plant height (112.33 cm) and highest leaf area index (4.11) and enhanced light interception (91%). Based on the experimental results, it is concluded T10 i.e., reduced application of basal nitrogen and phosphorus (50% RDN&P + 100% K) with super nano urea foliar spray @ 1% and nano DAP foliar spray @ 0.5% at 25 DAS and 45 DAS found to be the optimal dosage for increased growth parameters under high density planting system in rice fallow cotton.
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Li, Zhe, Lei Shen, Tingting Liu, Wenwen Wei, Jiaping Wang, Luhua Li, and Wei Zhang. "Effects of Different Crop Intercropping on the Growth, Root System, and Yield of Tiger Nuts." Agronomy 14, no. 6 (June 12, 2024): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061270.
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Intercropping is a vital cropping system that can create a conducive growth environment for crops and enhance land productivity. Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus L.) have high oil content and are adaptable to various soil types, making them a promising new oil crop with significant development potential. This study evaluated the plant height, leaf area, tiller numbers, biomass, land equivalent ratio (LER), and root morphological characteristics of tiger nuts. The agronomic traits and root distribution of tiger nuts and other crops were further investigated to achieve the goal of high yield for tiger nuts. Seven intercropping systems were implemented in the experiment: maize–tiger nut intercropping (MT), soybean–tiger nut intercropping (ST), cotton–tiger nut intercropping (CT), monoculture tiger nut (T), monoculture maize (M), monoculture soybean (S), and monoculture cotton (C). The results indicated that under different planting systems, the agronomic traits of tiger nuts in MT and ST modes were superior, with plant height and tiller numbers increasing by 7.6% to 11.6%. However, the plant height and Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) values in CT mode were slightly lower than in T mode. Additionally, intercropping reduced the leaf area by 6.2% to 37.9%. Root development was more pronounced in intercropping modes, with the ST mode showing the most significant improvement, increasing the 0–20 cm root length density (RLD) by 12.2% to 45.7%. Therefore, each of the three intercropping modes demonstrated distinct advantages. The LER of the intercropping systems ranged from 1.10 to 1.24, enhancing land utilization, with tiger nuts being the dominant species. Compared to monoculture, the ST mode exhibited the best overall effect. Understanding the impact of different planting systems on tiger nuts provides valuable insights for developing tiger nut cultivation in Xinjiang.
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Koudahe, Komlan, Aleksey Y. Sheshukov, Jonathan Aguilar, and Koffi Djaman. "Irrigation-Water Management and Productivity of Cotton: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 10070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810070.
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A decrease in water resources, as well as changing environmental conditions, calls for efficient irrigation-water management in cotton-production systems. Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is an important cash crop in many countries, and it is used more than any other fiber in the world. With water shortages occurring more frequently nowadays, researchers have developed many approaches for irrigation-water management to optimize yield and water-use efficiency. This review covers different irrigation methods and their effects on cotton yield. The review first considers the cotton crop coefficient (Kc) and shows that the FAO-56 values are not appropriate for all regions, hence local Kc values need to be determined. Second, cotton water use and evapotranspiration are reviewed. Cotton is sensitive to limited water, especially during the flowering stage, and irrigation scheduling should match the crop evapotranspiration. Water use depends upon location, climatic conditions, and irrigation methods and regimes. Third, cotton water-use efficiency is reviewed, and it varies widely depending upon location, irrigation method, and cotton variety. Fourth, the effect of different irrigation methods on cotton yield and yield components is reviewed. Although yields and physiological measurements, such as photosynthetic rate, usually decrease with water stress for most crops, cotton has proven to be drought resistant and deficit irrigation can serve as an effective management practice. Fifth, the effect of plant density on cotton yield and yield components is reviewed. Yield is decreased at high and low plant populations, and an optimum population must be determined for each location. Finally, the timing of irrigation termination (IT) is reviewed. Early IT can conserve water but may not result in maximum yields, while late IT can induce yield losses due to increased damage from pests. Extra water applied with late IT may adversely affect the yield and its quality and eventually compromise the profitability of the cotton production system. The optimum time for IT needs to be determined for each geographic location. The review compiles water-management studies dealing with cotton production in different parts of the world, and it provides information for sustainable cotton production.
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Zhang, Youchang, Hancheng Mei, Zhenghua Yan, Aibing Hu, Simian Wang, Changhui Feng, Kehai Chen, et al. "Year-Round Production of Cotton and Wheat or Rapeseed Regulated by Different Nitrogen Rates with Crop Straw Returning." Agronomy 13, no. 5 (April 28, 2023): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051254.
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Double direct seeding of cotton (with wheat or rapeseed) is a new method for cotton-growing regions in the Yangtze River Basin to adapt to the development of mechanization. It would help to reduce manual labor, optimize the amount of nitrogen fertilizer to be used, reduce the physical and chemical production costs, and improve the benefits of cotton fields. We selected five counties from the major cotton-producing areas of Hubei Province for three consecutive seasons, from winter 2020 to spring 2022. The experimental sites used no tillage with straw returning to the field, double direct seeding, late sowing at high density, and one-time fertilization to study the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the yield characteristics of cotton, wheat, and rape and calculate the economic benefits of the two cultivation modes under different nitrogen fertilizer input levels through parameters such as land-use efficiency, production efficiency, and profitability. In both cotton–wheat and cotton–rapeseed cropping systems, the number of bolls per plant in cotton was the lowest in the N165 (90 cotton + 75 wheat/rape kg ha−1) treatment. The cotton yield was the highest at N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) in the cotton after the wheat system and N412.5 (225 cotton + 187.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) in the cotton after the rape system. The yield of wheat and rape increased with the increase in the levels of nitrogen fertilizer, with the N165 treatment showing the lowest values. With an increase in nitrogen fertilizer, the harvest index of wheat first maximized and then started decreasing. The harvest index in wheat was the highest at N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) and N330 (180 cotton + 150 wheat/rape kg ha−1), whereas, in rape, it increased with nitrogen fertilizer application, with the highest value at N495 (270 cotton + 225 wheat/rape kg ha−1). Economically, the expenses and income of both cotton–wheat and cotton–rape systems increased as nitrogen fertilizer increased. The net profit and benefit ratio first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, with N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) scoring the maximum values for both of these parameters. The land-use efficiency and production efficiency increased with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer, and the production efficiency of the N165 (90 cotton + 75 wheat/rape) treatment was significantly lower than that of the other four treatments. The profitability increased first and then decreased with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer, with the N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape) treatment showing the highest profit. The production cycle of cotton–rape was slightly shorter than that of cotton–wheat, and the system productivity was also lower. The expenses and land-use and production efficiency of the rapeseed system were lower than those of wheat, while the gross income, net profit, and productivity of the cotton–rape system were higher than those of cotton–wheat. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in the cotton–wheat double-cropping system under straw return can achieve the maximum net profit, production ratio, and yield at the low nitrogen level of N247.5, (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1). Due to the price advantage of rape, the net profit, production ratio, and income of the cotton–rape production system are higher than those of the cotton–wheat production system.
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Murthy, K. G. K., and T. Pradeep. "Influence of G x E interaction on heterobeltiosis, combining ability and stability of multiple cross derivatives of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) amenable for HDPS." Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) 82, no. 03 (September 30, 2022): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31742/isgpb.82.3.12.
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An experiment was conducted in three different locations using 42 crosses derived by crossing six lines and seven testers in Line x Tester design to identify stable cotton genotypes amenable to a high-density planting system. The heterozygotes were found more stable due to individual buffering capacities over homozygotes. Strong association between heterobeltiosis and specific combining ability (sca) was shown by the hybrids MC 4-3 x MC 3-2, MC 4-3 x MC 22-2, MC 4-3 x NH 630, MC 5-1 x MC 11-1 and MC 5-1 x NH 630 while MC 17-6 x MC 17-1, MC 4-3 x MC 3-2, MC 16-3 x MC 17-2 had out yielded homozygous parents in poor environments and exhibited heterosis and sca effects in desirable direction for short compact characters.
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Stone, Ken, Eric D. Billman, Philip J. Bauer, and Gilbert Sigua. "Using NDVI for Variable Rate Cotton Irrigation Prescriptions." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 38, no. 5 (2022): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.15071.
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HighlightsCrop coefficients (Kcb) were calculated using Normalized Difference Vegetative Indices (NDVI) and compared to the FAO-56 method.Cotton yields using NDVI-Kcb based irrigation scheduling to a uniform checkbook irrigation were compared.Irrigated cotton yields were not significantly different between irrigation methods but were significantly higher in years requiring higher volumes of irrigation water.Cotton fiber quality was not significantly different for the two irrigation methods or plant populations.Abstract. Irrigation timing is crucial for achieving high cotton yields and lint quality. This irrigation timing is more challenging in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain region due to its spatial variable sandy soils with low water and nutrient holding capacities and rainfall variability during the growing season. To address these challenges, we conducted a 2-year (2017 and 2018) study evaluating two irrigation scheduling methods under a variable rate irrigation system. The two irrigation methods were: (1) a uniform irrigation management based on weekly crop water usage, and (2) spatial crop coefficients derived from normalized difference vegetative indices (NDVI). We compared cotton yields and water use efficiency using the two irrigation scheduling methods at two different planting densities. The two plant populations were 5 and 11.5 plants m2 to provide different NDVI readings and water requirements. In 2017, there were no significant differences in cotton yields due to the adequate rainfall during the growing season that required only three irrigations events. The mean irrigation depth for the NDVI method was significantly lower than the uniform method (56 and 64 mm, respectively, LSD = 4.2). In 2018, there was lower rainfall during the growing season requiring eight irrigation events and the cotton yields in the two irrigation treatments were significantly higher than the rainfed treatment. Irrigation depths in 2018 were not significantly different for the two irrigation methods. Water use efficiencies were not significantly different for the two irrigation methods. The planting density had little impact on the cotton yields, irrigation depth, water use efficiency, or cotton fiber quality. These results indicate that the NDVI-derived crop coefficient values were as effective in prescribing irrigation applications as the uniform irrigation method for irrigation management. The NDVI-derived crop coefficient irrigation method appears to be a useful tool for managing irrigation and developing irrigation prescriptions. Keywords: Cotton, Irrigation scheduling, Normalized difference vegetation indices, Variable rate irrigation
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Norsworthy, Jason K., Griff Griffith, Terry Griffin, Muthukumar Bagavathiannan, and Edward E. Gbur. "In-Field Movement of Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Its Impact on Cotton Lint Yield: Evidence Supporting a Zero-Threshold Strategy." Weed Science 62, no. 2 (June 2014): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-13-00145.1.
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This research was aimed at understanding how far and how fast glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth will spread in cotton and the consequences associated with allowing a single plant to escape control. Specifically, research was conducted to determine the collective impact of seed dispersal agents on the in-field expansion of GR Palmer amaranth, and any resulting yield reductions in an enhanced GR cotton system where glyphosate was solely used for weed control. Introduction of 20,000 GR Palmer amaranth seed into a 1-m2circle in February 2008 was used to represent survival through maturity of a single GR female Palmer amaranth escape from the 2007 growing season. The experiment was conducted in four different cotton fields (0.53 to 0.77 ha in size) with no history of Palmer amaranth infestation. In the subsequent year, Palmer amaranth was located as far as 114 m downslope, creating a separate patch. It is believed that rainwater dispersed the seeds from the original area of introduction. In less than 2 yr after introduction, GR Palmer amaranth expanded to the boundaries of all fields, infesting over 20% of the total field area. Spatial regression estimates indicated that no yield penalty was associated with Palmer amaranth density the first year after introduction, which is not surprising since only 0.56% of the field area was infested with GR Palmer amaranth in 2008. Lint yield reductions as high as 17 kg ha−1were observed 2 yr after the introduction (in 2009). Three years after the introduction (2010), Palmer amaranth infested 95 to 100% of the area in all fields, resulting in complete crop loss since it was impossible to harvest the crop. These results indicate that resistance management options such as a “zero-tolerance threshold” should be used in managing or mitigating the spread of GR Palmer amaranth. This research demonstrates the need for proactive resistance management.
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Li, Zhijie, Hongguang Liu, Haichang Yang, and Tangang Wang. "Effects of Deep Vertical Rotary Tillage Management Methods on Soil Quality in Saline Cotton Fields in Southern Xinjiang." Agriculture 13, no. 10 (September 23, 2023): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13101864.
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A long-term high-saline soil environment will limit the improvement of soil quality and cotton yield. Modified tillage management measures can improve soil quality, and the establishment of a soil quality evaluation system will facilitate evaluation of the soil quality and land production potential in southern Xinjiang. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different tillage management methods on soil quality in saline cotton fields in southern Xinjiang. A three-year experiment was conducted in Tumushuke, Xinjiang, with different deep vertical rotary tillage depths (DTM20, 20 cm; DTM40, 40 cm; DTM60, 60 cm) and conventional tillage (CTM, 20 cm). The soil quality index (SQI) under different tillage management methods was established by using the full dataset (TDS) with a scoring function for eight indicators, including physicochemical properties of the soil from 0 to 60 cm, to evaluate its impact on the soil quality of the saline farmland in southern Xinjiang. The results of the study showed that deep vertical rotary tillage management can effectively optimize soil structure; reduce soil bulk density (BD), soil solution conductivity (EC), and pH; and promote the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the soil. However, the average diameter of soil water-stable aggregates (MWD) in a 0–60 cm layer becomes smaller with an increasing depth of tillage. This does not reduce crop yields but does promote soil saline leaching. In addition, the significant linear relationship (p < 0.001) between seed cotton yield and soil quality indicated that improving soil quality was favorable for crop yield. The principal component analysis revealed BD, MWD, pH, and EC as limiting sensitive indicators for seed cotton yield, while SOC and TN were positive sensitive indicators. The soil quality index (SQI) values of DT40 and DTM60 were significantly higher than that of CTM by 11.02% and 15.27%, respectively. Overall, the results show that DTM60 is the most suitable tillage strategy to improve soil quality and seed cotton yield in this area, and this approach will provide a reliable theoretical basis for the improvement of saline farmland.
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RIAJAYA, PRIMA DIARINI, FITRININGDYAH TRI KADARWATI, and EMY SULISTYOWATI. "KESESUAIAN BEBERAPA GALUR KAPAS BERDAUN OKRA PADA SISTEM TANAM RAPAT." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 15, no. 3 (June 25, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v15n3.2009.124-130.
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<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Tanaman kapas dengan bentuk daun yang menjari (okra) diharapkanbisa dikembangkan dengan sistem tanam rapat untuk meningkatkan hasilkapas berbiji. Penelitian lapang dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Asem-bagus, Situbondo, Jawa Timur mulai Februari-Juli 2007 dan bertujuanuntuk mengetahui kesesuaian galur kapas berdaun okra pada sistem tanamrapat. Sistem tanam rapat yang dimaksud adalah sistem tanam monokulturdengan jarak tanam dalam barisan dirapatkan yaitu dengan jarak tanam100 cm x 10 cm (100.000 tan/ha). Percobaan disusun dalam rancanganacak kelompok dengan 3 ulangan dan 1 ulangan monokultur dengan sistemtanam normal (100 cm x 25 cm; 40.000 tan/ha). Perlakuan terdiri dari 14galur/varietas kapas yang terdiri atas 12 galur berdaun okra dan 2 varietasberdaun normal (Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 13) sebagai pembanding.Paramater yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, lebar kanopi, jumlahcabang generatif, jumlah buah/tanaman setiap bulan mulai 60-120 HST.Bobot buah, jumlah buah terpanen dan hasil kapas berbiji diamati saatpanen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan populasi tanam-an menurunkan jumlah cabang generatif, jumlah buah dan bobot buah pertanaman. Semua galur okra yang dicoba pada sistem tanam rapat rata-ratahanya meningkatkan hasil kapas berbiji 2,12% dibanding pada populasinormal. Rata-rata hasil kapas berbiji galur okra pada populasi rapat adalah2.315,8 kg/ha dan pada populasi normal 2.293,2 kg/ha. Selanjutnya hasilkapas berbiji berdaun normal Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 13 pada populasirapat masing-masing 2.159 dan 2.179 kg/ha dan pada populasi normal1.983 kg/ha dan 2.525 kg/ha. Galur okra 98040/3 dan 98048/2 menghasil-kan produksi tertinggi pada populasi rapat (masing-masing 2.640 kg/hadan 2.627 kg/ha) dan pada populasi normal (2.688 kg/ha dan 2.807 kg/ha).Kedua galur okra tersebut mempunyai potensi hasil yang lebih tinggidibanding kapas berdaun normal (Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 13) baik padapopulasi rapat maupun populasi normal.</p><p>Kata kunci: Gossypium hirsutum L., tanam rapat, daun okra</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Suitability of Cotton Lines with Okra Leaves UnderNarrow Interrow SpacingOkra leaf cotton crop may have a potential increase in the seedcotton yield under narrow inter row spacing. Okra leaf cotton lines weretested in relative performance under high interrow spacing. The field trialwas conducted at the Asembagus Experimental Station, Situbondo, EastJava from February to July 2007. Okra leaf cotton lines were planted asmonocrop with plant spacing of 100 cm between rows and 10 cm withinrows (100,000 plants/ha). Experiment was arranged in a randomized blockdesign with three replicates. In addition, one plot was allocated formonocrop with normal inter row spacing (100 cm between rows and 25 cmwithin rows; 40,000 plants/ha). Fourteen selected cotton lines consistingof 12 lines with okra leaf and 2 varieties (Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 13) withnormal leaf as check varieties were tested. Cotton plant height, canopywidth, number of fruiting branches, and boll/plant were measured monthlyfrom 60-120 dap. Boll weight, number of harvested bolls, and seed cottonyield were counted at harvesting. Results showed that increased plantdensity resulted in reduced fruiting branches, boll count, and boll weight.The okra leaf cotton under high crop density system showed a yieldincrease by 2.12% compared to normal spacing. Average seed cotton yieldunder narrow interrow spacing was 2,315.8 kg/ha and the average yieldunder normal interrow spacing was 2,293.2 kg/ha. Okra lines cotton98040/3 and 98048/2 showed the highest yield under narrow interrowspacing (2,640 and 2,627 kg/ha) and under normal interrow spacing (2,688kg/ha dan 2,807 kg/ha). Both lines offered higher yield than those withnormal leaf under high interrow spacing and normal population.</p><p>Key words: Gossypium hirsutum L., high interrow spacing, okra leaf</p>
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Lati, R., R. Aly, H. Eizenberg, and T. Lande. "First Report of the Parasitic Plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca Infecting Kenaf in Israel." Plant Disease 97, no. 5 (May 2013): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-12-1001-pdn.
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Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.; Malvaceae) is an annual fiber crop that has recently been introduced as a niche crop in Israel, and grown mainly at areas with high summer temperatures. It is advantageous in crop rotation in these areas since it can rapidly accumulate biomass under high temperatures when other crops (e.g., tomato, sunflower, corn, and sorghum) cannot be cultivated. Additionally, the fact that it can be irrigated with waste water makes it attractive under these climatic conditions. Broomrapes (Phelipanche and Orobanche spp.) are chlorophyll-lacking obligatory root-parasitic plants that parasitize the root system of many field crops and vegetables (1). Parasitism by P. aegyptiaca has economic impacts on various crops belonging to several botanical families (e.g., Solanaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, and Asteraceae). This parasitic weed is common in most agricultural areas in Israel including the coastal plain, Yisre'el Valley, the Jordan Valley, and the Negev Desert. High infection levels by P. aegyptiaca have result in a severe yield losses and quality reduction in these crops. Parasitism of P. aegyptiaca on kenaf was observed in September 2012 in a field located in Bet-Shean Valley (Latitude 32° 30' N; Longitude 35° 30' E; 105 m), with an average density of 0.7 plant/m2, in a total area of 0.3 ha. This crop was planted on May 2012 in plots that were previously affected. Infection did not lead to visible symptoms or damage to kenaf, but allowed seed production by the parasite. In order to verify that kenaf was a host of P. aegyptiaca, 10 samples of kenaf plants infected with P. aegyptiaca were taken to the lab and the root systems of the plant and the parasite were carefully washed. Cross-sections of the connection between kenaf and the parasite were taken and inspected for xylem connections under a compound microscope (BX61, Olympus) equipped with high-resolution digital camera (DP-70, Olympus), under 40× magnification. A clear xylem connection between the weed's tubercles and kenaf roots was observed, confirming the development of functional Phelipanche haustoria. To our knowledge, this is the first report of kenaf as a host for P. aegyptiaca. Kenaf has been reported to induce the germination of O. cernua in India (3). Cotton, another member of the Malvaceae, has also been reported to stimulate seed germination of O. minor (4) and P. aegyptiaca (2). However, to the best of our knowledge, this finding reports the first occurrence of a Malvaceae crop as a host for P. aegyptiaca. References: (1) H. Eizenberg et al. Weed Sci. 55:152, 2007. (2) M. Ghotbi et al. Int. J. Agri. Sci. 2:62, 2012. (3) G. V. G. Krishnamurthy et al. Indian J. Weed Sci. 9:95, 1977. (4) Y. Ma et al. Agron. J. 104:569, 2012.
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Khan, Nangial, Yingchun Han, Fangfang Xing, Lu Feng, Zhanbiao Wang, Guoping Wang, Beifang Yang, et al. "Plant Density Influences Reproductive Growth, Lint Yield and Boll Spatial Distribution of Cotton." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010014.
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The number of cotton plants grown per unit of ground area has gained attention due to the high prices of inputs and lower production. Cotton yield per unit of area in Henan province has been stagnant in the last few years. The objectives of this study were to investigate cotton growth, yield, boll spatial distribution and biomass accumulation using different plant densities at cultivation and to find out the optimal plant density. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design under six plant densities (D1, 15,000; D2, 33,000; D3, 51,000; D4, 69,000; D5, 87,000 and D6, 105,000 ha−1). Cotton grown at lower plant density produced taller plants and high number of leaves per plant while greater number of branches, fruiting nodes and high number of bolls per unit of ground area were produced under high plant density. Boll retention rate decreased as plant population increased and at nodes 1–8 the rate decreased slowly and then increased dramatically. The highest seed cotton yield (4546 kg ha−1) and lint yield (1682 kg ha−1) was produced by D5. The seed cotton and lint yield produced by D5 were 51–55%, 40–37%, 22–26%, 11–15%, 12–15%, 28–30%, 21–24%, 15–20%, 7–13% and 13–17% higher than D1, D2, D3, D4 and D6 during both years of experimentation, respectively. The increase in seed yield was due to higher biomass accumulation in reproductive organs under D5 plant density. The highest average (110.4 VA kg ha−1 d−1) and maximum (126 VM kg ha−1 d−1) rate of reproductive organs biomass was also accumulated by D5 as compared to other plant densities. The results suggest that D5 is the optimal plant density for high reproductive biomass accumulation and high yield for the area of Henan province.
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SENTHILKUMAR, T., K. SANKARANARAYANAN, and S. J. K. ANNAMALAI. "Optimization of functional components of the developed planters for high-density cotton." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 12 (February 10, 2021): 2313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i12.110315.
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High-density planting of cotton at recommended spacing of 60×10 cm facilitates mechanical harvesting of cotton since the system increases the height of lowest boll. Considering the non-availability and poor penetration of planters in the high-density cotton farms in the country which is tedious and labourious, a study was undertaken to optimize the functional components of the existing five planters so as to enhance availability of the planter for high-density planting of cotton. Observations were taken on intra-row spacing at a strip of 8 m length for each treatment. From the results, it was concluded that the CIAE tractor operated pneumatic planter and CIAE inclined plate planter were the ideal planters among the selected ones for high-density planting system of cotton.
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Khan, Nangial, Fangfang Xing, Lu Feng, Zhanbiao Wang, Minghua Xin, Shiwu Xiong, Guoping Wang, Huanxuan Chen, Wenli Du, and Yabing Li. "Comparative Yield, Fiber Quality and Dry Matter Production of Cotton Planted at Various Densities under Equidistant Row Arrangement." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020232.
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The number of cotton plants grown per unit area has recently gained attention due to technology expense, high input, and seed cost. Yield consistency across a series of plant populations is an attractive cost-saving option. Field experiments were conducted to compare biomass accumulation, fiber quality, leaf area index, yield and yield components of cotton planted at various densities (D1, 1.5; D2, 3.3; D3, 5.1; D4, 6.9; D5, 8.7; and D6, 10.5 plants m−2). High planting density (D5) produced 21% and 28% more lint yield as compared to low planting density (D1) during both years, respectively. The highest seed cotton yield (4662 kg/ha) and lint yield (1763 kg/ha) were produced by high plant density (D5) while the further increase in the plant population (D6) decreased the yield. The increase in yield of D5 was due to more biomass accumulation in reproductive organs as compared to other treatments. The highest average (19.2 VA gm m−2 d−1) and maximum (21.8 VM gm m−2 d−1) rates of biomass were accumulated in reproductive structures. High boll load per leaf area and leaf area index were observed in high planting density as compared to low, while high dry matter partitioning was recorded in the lowest planting density as compared to other treatments. Plants with low density had 5% greater fiber length as compared to the highest plant density, while the fiber strength and micronaire value were 10% and 15% greater than the lowest plant density. Conclusively, plant density of 8.7 plants m−2 is a promising option for enhanced yield, biomass, and uniform fiber quality of cotton.
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Vencill, William K., Luis J. Giraudo, and George W. Langdale. "Response of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Density in a No-tillage System." Weed Science 40, no. 3 (September 1992): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500051900.
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Field experiments were established in 1989 and 1990 at the Southern Piedmont Conservation Research Center near Watkinsville, GA, to determine effects of coastal bermudagrass density on cotton in a conservation tillage system. Cotton height, canopy width, leaf area indices, and seed cotton yields were determined at coastal bermudagrass densities of 0 to 3600 kg ha−1as achieved by herbicide inputs. Soil water measurements were recorded in cotton plots with a range of coastal bermudagrass densities using time domain reflectometry. Cotton growth and yields were reduced by coastal bermudagrass competition both years of the study. At the highest coastal bermudagrass density of 3600 kg ha−1, cotton height was reduced compared to cotton alone as early as 5 wk after planting. Seed cotton yields were reduced 25% at the highest coastal bermudagrass densities both years of the study. At the 15-cm soil depth, coastal bermudagrass significantly reduced soil water in cotton. Soil water in cotton at 30, 45, and 60 cm was not affected by coastal bermudagrass.
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Wu, Fengquan, Qiuxiang Tang, Lizhen Zhang, Jianping Cui, Liwen Tian, Rensong Guo, Liang Wang, et al. "Reducing Irrigation and Increasing Plant Density Enhance Both Light Interception and Light Use Efficiency in Cotton under Film Drip Irrigation." Agronomy 13, no. 9 (August 27, 2023): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092248.
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High-density planting is an effective technique to optimize yields of mulched cotton. On the other hand, deficit irrigation is an emerging water-saving strategy in cotton cultivation, especially suitable for arid and water-scarce areas. However, the relationships between deficit irrigation, high-density planting, and regulation mechanisms of canopy light radiation and light use efficiency (LUE) in cotton is not yet clear. To clarify the mechanism of light interception (LI) and the LUE of cotton canopies, three irrigation treatments [315 (50% Fc), 405 (75% Fc, farmers’ irrigation practice), and 495 mm (100% Fc), where Fc was the field capacity] with three plant densities [13.5, 18.0 (farmers’ planting practice), and 22.5 plants m2] were applied. The findings of this research revealed that, under deficit irrigation, the above-ground dry matter (ADM) was reduced by 5.05% compared to the farmers’ irrigation practice. Over both years and across all plant densities, LI and LUE under deficit irrigation decreased by 8.36% and 4.79%, respectively, relative to the farmers’ irrigation practices. In contrast, LI and LUE for the highest irrigation level increased by 10.59% and 5.23%, respectively. In the case of the interaction (plant density and irrigation level), the ADM under deficit irrigation and high-density combination increased by 7.69% compared to the control (farmers’ irrigation × sowing practices interaction effects). The LI and LUE also exhibited an increase in 1.63% and 6.34%, respectively. Notably, the LI effect of the middle and upper cotton canopy under film drip irrigation reached 70%. A lower irrigation level resulted in a higher percentage of LI in the lower canopy region. The leaf area index, light interception rate, and extinction coefficient escalated with the increase in plant density. Under deficit irrigation treatment, the LI of the 0–30 cm canopy in high plant density settings increased by 8.6% compared to the control (farmers’ irrigation × sowing practices interaction effects). In conclusion, deficit irrigation and increased plant density improved the interception of LI and LUE of cotton canopy. These findings may help the farmers to optimize their agricultural management strategies in water-deficient areas.
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Veeraputhiran, R. "Integrated weed management in irrigated cotton under high density planting system." Indian Journal of Weed Science 55, no. 1 (2023): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2023.00007.2.
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CHEN, Yuan, Zhen-yu LIU, Li HENG, Leila I. M. TAMBEL, and De-hua CHEN. "High plant density increases seed Bt endotoxin content in Bt transgenic cotton." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 20, no. 7 (July 2021): 1796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(20)63232-4.
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FERNANDES, MARCOS GINO, MÁRIO ADRIANO S. MOREIRA, PAULO EDUARDO DEGRANDE, ANTÔNIO CARLOS CUBAS, and ANDERSON MIGUEL SILVA. "Vertical distribution, population density, and natural egg parasitism of cotton leafworm on cotton under IPM." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 33, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v33i1.9311.
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Alabama argillacea is one of the most important pests of cotton crops in Brazil, and therefore it is necessary to research its behavior and natural biological control in areas under IPM conditions to improve the management of its population. In the pursuit of this objective, experiments were carried out on cotton crops in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, in the 1997-1998 growing season. With the object of determining the population density and vertical distribution of eggs, larvae, and pupae, the total number of eggs, small, medium and large sized larvae and pupae found on the upper, middle, and lower sections of the plants were weekly recorded. This was conducted in an area where pest management was done according to IPM techniques and tactics. In the same area, eggs of this species were also gathered to determine the proportion of parasitism. The pest lays the majority of eggs on the upper part of the plants where the majority of midand large-sized larvae were also found. Small larvae were generally found on both middle and lower parts of the plants. A growing percentage of parasitism by Trichogramma pretiosum was found from the beginning through the end of the crop season, reaching almost 100% parasitized eggs by the end of plant development. The average number of eggs found per plant was high during almost the whole crop cycle, reaching about 30 eggs per plant by the end of the cycle. The total number of small caterpillars was high and constant during the whole evaluation period, while medium and large ones were more abundant in the final phase of the crop cycle. The total caterpillar population reached peaks of around four caterpillars per plant.
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CHEN, Yuan, Zhen-yu LIU, Li HENG, I. M. TAMBEL Leila, Xiang ZHANG, Yuan CHEN, and De-hua CHEN. "Effects of plant density and mepiquat chloride application on cotton boll setting in wheat–cotton double cropping system." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 20, no. 9 (September 2021): 2372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(20)63286-5.
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Aslanov, Q., and N. Quliyeva. "Effect of the Crops Density and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Cotton Crop Yield in Summer Planting." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/64/06.
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The article discusses the issues of scientific solution of the State Program for the development of cotton growing in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Ganja-Gazakh zone has been irrigated for a long time and is widely used both in the cultivation of cotton and grain, melons and vegetables. The results of the influence of organic and mineral fertilizers on the plant density of cotton after barley harvest are analyzed. The optimal doses of fertilizers for obtaining a high, high-quality and sustainable yield of raw cotton have been determined.
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Boica Junior, Arlindo Leal, Zeneide Ribeiro Campos, Alcebiades Ribeiro Campos, Walter Veriano Valerio Filho, and Ostenildo Ribeiro Campos. "Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton: vertical distribution of egg masses, effects of adult density and plant age on oviposition behavior." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 80, no. 4 (2013): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-16572013000400008.
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The objective of this work was to determine the most suitable density of adults per plant, ideal plant age, and vertical distribution of eggs in different parts of the plant in a greenhouse investigation for future resistance studies and improvement of S. frugiperda management practices in cotton. The experiments of Spodotera frugiperda oviposition in relation to adult density, relationship between cotton plant age and Spodoptera frugiperda oviposition, Spodoptera frugiperda non-preference for oviposition on cotton varieties were conducted with plants of cotton variety BRS Ita 90. The experiments were conducted with plants of cotton variety BRS Ita 90. Non-preference (antixenosis) for oviposition was studied in FiberMax 966, FiberMax 977, DeltaOpal, DeltaPenta, Acala 90, Coodetec 408, Coodetec 409, Coodetec 410, BRS Cedro, BRS Ipê, BRS Aroeira, IPR 96, IPR 20, BRS Araçá, IAC 24, and BRS Ita 90 varieties. We concluded that the fall armyworm S. frugiperda prefers to oviposit on plants with approximately 60 days of age, on the lower surface of leaves located in the upper third of the plant tests under greenhouse conditions. A density of at least three pairs of S. frugiperda adults per plant was sufficient to conduct non-preference-for-oviposition tests under greenhouse conditions. Coodetec 408, BRS Aroeira, BRS Araçá, BRS Ita 90 and DeltaPenta varieties showed non-preference-for-oviposition resistance to S. frugiperda. In regions with high infestations of S. frugiperda, it would be prudent for the cultivation the use of BRS Ita 90 cotton variety.
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Charles, Graham W., Brian M. Sindel, Annette L. Cowie, and Oliver G. G. Knox. "Determining the critical period for broadleaf weed control in high-yielding cotton using mungbean as a mimic weed." Weed Technology 34, no. 5 (April 2, 2020): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.38.
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AbstractResearch using the critical period for weed control (CPWC) has shown that high-yielding cotton crops are very sensitive to competition from grasses and large broadleaf weeds, but the CPWC has not been defined for smaller broadleaf weeds in Australian cotton. Field studies were conducted over five seasons from 2003 to 2015 to determine the CPWC for smaller broadleaf weeds, using mungbean as a mimic weed. Mungbean was planted at densities of 1, 3, 6, 15, 30, and 60 plants m−2 with or after cotton emergence and added and removed at approximately 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900 degree days of crop growth (GDD). Mungbean competed strongly with cotton, with season-long interference; 60 mungbean plants m−2 resulted in an 84% reduction in cotton yield. A dynamic CPWC function was developed for densities of 1 to 60 mungbean plants m−2 using extended Gompertz and exponential curves including weed density as a covariate. Using a 1% yield-loss threshold, the CPWC defined by these curves extended for the full growing season of the crop at all weed densities. The minimum yield loss from a single weed control input was 35% at the highest weed density of 60 mungbean plants m−2. The relationship for the critical time of weed removal was further improved by substituting weed biomass for weed density in the relationship.
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Gören, Hatice Kübra, and Uğur Tan. "Optimizing Cotton Production: Impact of Varied Plant Densities on Yield and Fiber Quality." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (February 25, 2024): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i2.153-158.6550.
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This study investigates the impact of varying planting densities on cotton plants’ morphological traits and yield. As planting density increases, there is a reduction in monopodial and sympodial branches, resulting in a more compact plant structure. The study highlights the highest yield achieved with specific planting densities, endorsing the viability of both holl and row planting methods. It suggests adopting narrow or ultra-narrow row systems to enhance yield and economize input costs. The study was conducted in 2017 at the experimental field of Aydın Adnan Menderes University in the Faculty of Agriculture’s Department of Field Crops. The material used in this study was the widely cultivated cotton variety “Gloria” in the Aegean region. The investigation was conducted using a randomized block design with 4 replications. In evaluating cotton yield and related parameters, it was observed that D1 and D2 (14.285 plants/da) achieved the highest yield concerning plant density, emphasizing the viability of both holl and row planting methods. The study concluded that augmenting the number of plants within a specific area of production significantly contributes to higher seed cotton yields. To enhance yield and economize cotton input costs, the adoption of a narrow or ultra-narrow row production system is suggested as an alternative strategy to conventional methods.
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Zhang, Na, Liwen Tian, Lu Feng, Wenxiu Xu, Yabing Li, Fangfang Xing, Zhengyi Fan, et al. "Boll characteristics and yield of cotton in relation to the canopy microclimate under varying plant densities in an arid area." PeerJ 9 (December 2, 2021): e12111. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12111.
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Planting density affects crop microclimate and intra-plant competition, playing an important role on yield formation and resource use, especially in areas where the cotton is grown at relatively high plant densities in Xinjiang, China. However, more studies are needed to examine how the change in planting density affects the microclimate factors such as the fraction of light intercepted (FLI), air temperature(T) and relative humidity (RH) within different canopy layers, which in turn affect the boll number per plant (BNF), boll number per unit area (BNA), boll weight (BW), and boll-setting rate (BSR) at fruiting branch (FB) positions FB1–3, FB4–6, and FB≥7 in cotton. To quantify the relationships between boll characteristics, yield, and microclimate factors, we conducted a 2-year field experiment in 2019–2020 in Xinjiang with six plant densities: 9 (P1), 12 (P2), 15 (P3), 18 (P4), 21 (P5), and 24 (P6) plants m−2. With each three plants m−2 increase in density, the average FLI and RH across different canopy layers increased by 0.37 and 2.04%, respectively, whereas T decreased by 0.64 °C. The BNF at FB≥ 7, FB4–6, and FB1–3 decreased by 0.82, 0.33, and 0.5, respectively. The highest BNA was observed in the upper and middle layers in the P4 treatment and in the lowest canopy layer with the P5. The highest BW was measured in the middle canopy layer for P3, and the highest BSR was measured in the lower layer for P3. Plant density exhibited linear or quadratic relationships with FLI, T, and RH. Microclimate factors mainly affected the boll number in each layer, but had no significant effects on the BW in any layer or the BSR in the middle and lower layers. Cotton yield was non-linearly related to plant density. The 2-year maximum yield was achieved at a plant density of 21 plants m−2, but the yield increase compared to the yield with a density of 18 plants m−2was only 0.28%. Thus, we suggest that the optimal plant density for drip-irrigated cotton in Xinjiang is 18 plants m−2, which could help farmers grow machine-harvested cotton.
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Cordeiro, Carlos F. dos S., Fábio R. Echer, and Daniel R. Rodrigues. "Plant density and leaf morphology affects yield, fiber quality, and nutrition of cotton." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 27, no. 3 (March 2023): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n3p181-187.
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ABSTRACT In sandy soils with frequent drought events, the choice of cultivar and plant density is crucial to improve water use efficiency and avoid losses in cotton yield and fiber quality. This study aimed to evaluate cotton cultivars’ yield and fiber quality at different plant densities. The study was carried out during two growing seasons (2017/2018 and 2018/2019) on sandy soil in southeastern Brazil. The cultivar TMG 47B2RF showed 27 and 29% higher yields under low and medium plant density, respectively, when compared with the highest plant density. The higher yield was due to the higher number of bolls in relation to the cultivar DBB 509B2RF. The boll weight of cultivar DBB 509B2RF was 23 and 22% higher under low and medium plant density, respectively. Fiber length and strength were higher in TMG 47B2RF compared to DBB 509B2RF. The leaf nutrient content was higher in DBB 509B2RF, except for Ca and Mg. When there is a regular rainfall, the low plant density results in higher yields, but intermediate plant density is the best option in cropping seasons with severe drought. The high density of plants in sandy soil environments was never a better option for none of the cultivars.
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Yenpreddiwar, M. D., B. C. Nandeshwar, P. V. Mahatale, A. G. Gathe, and M. M. Raut. "Energy Evaluations of Several Weed Control Techniques that Undermine Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Planted in High Density." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 2 (January 31, 2024): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22305.
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The current study was carried out at the Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth. Akola, Cotton Research Center in Maharashtra, India, for the kharif season to assess the effectiveness of various weed management strategies in high density planting system (HDPS) cotton and also to assess the energy studies of different weed control methods used with HDPS cotton for two consecutive years (2015–16 and 2016–17). The results showed that among the other treatments, application of Pendimethalin 38.7 CS PE @ 1.25 kg a.i./ ha fbhoeing at 30 DAS and one hand weeding at 45 DAS significantly improved the energy output (84627 and 123742Mj ha-1), energy balance (73492 and 120656Mj ha-1), energy balance per unit input (6.6 and 10.8Mj ha-1) and energy output per unit input ratio (7.60 and 11), with weedy check (control), however, lower values were seen. As a result, cotton production with various weed control techniques under high density planting technique significantly improved energy output, energy balance per unit input, and energy output per unit input ratio realized that, efficient enough in terms of energy consumption as appropriate energy management (avoid excess energy input consumption) favors to maximize energy output, energy balance with higher cotton production in rainfed areas under high density planting system.
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Zhang, Zhao, Muhammad Sohaib Chattha, Shoaib Ahmed, Jiahao Liu, Anda Liu, Lirong Yang, Na Lv, et al. "Nitrogen reduction in high plant density cotton is feasible due to quicker biomass accumulation." Industrial Crops and Products 172 (November 2021): 114070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114070.
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Chavan, Mohan, Satyanarayana Rao, B. K. Desai, and B. G. Koppalkar. "Performance of Compact Cotton Genotypes under High Density Planting System in Irrigated Ecosystem." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.902.020.
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Madhu, Banoth, Subbarayan Sivakumar, Sadasivam Manickam, Marimuthu Murugan, Sivakami Rajeswari, and Narayanan M. Boopathi. "Improvising cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes for compact plant architecture traits suitable for mechanical harvesting." Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) 83, no. 03 (September 25, 2023): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.31742/isgpb.83.3.12.
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The study aimed to improve cotton genotypes by developing early maturity and compact plant architecture traits for suitability to high density planting and mechanical harvesting. Ten F1 populations from five cotton genotypes of Indian origin were developed using a half-diallel mating and evaluated in two seasons (kharif, 2022, and Summer, 2023). Results indicated significant genetic variation for all the studied traits, enabling selection and improvement. Combining ability effects interacted significantly with environments. The mean performance of genotypes differed significantly (p ≤0.05), with hybrids outperforming parental genotypes, exhibiting shorter stature and early maturity. The parents, TVH002, and C017 were the best combiners indicated in the hybrids, TVH002 × CO17, and TVH002 × Suraksha for compact plant architecture traits. Non-additive gene action prevailed, as specific combining ability (sca) variances surpassed general combining ability (gca) variances for most studied traits. Genetic components, ratios and heritability revealed that both additive and dominant genes governed the traits, with dominance having a greater influence. Compact architecture traits negatively correlated with seed cotton yield within the 75 to <120 cm height range, resulting in a more stable yield. These findings offer valuable insights for targeted breeding programs aiming to develop compact cultivars with enhanced traits for mechanization and high density cotton plating.
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Waterworth, J. V. "Intercropping Cotton and Groundnut in Low and High Rainfall Areas in Eastern Zambia." Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 4 (October 1994): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700024716.
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SUMMARYYields of intercropped cotton and groundnuts grown on alternate ridges 75 cm apart were compared in areas of high (more than 1000 mm a year) and low (less than 800 mm a year) rainfall and in rainy seasons with a low and high frequency of drought periods. There was no advantage from intercropping in the low rainfall area but in the high rainfall area land equivalent ratios of about 1.4 were obtained, confirming that intercropping is more suited to wet conditions. These high land equivalent ratios were associated with enhanced yields per plant in the cotton and unsuppressed yields per plant in the groundnuts, suggesting that a crop such as cotton, which both tolerates a wide range of population density and has a late-developing leaf canopy, may be particularly well suited to intercropping.Cultivo simultáneo de algodón y chufa en zonas con altas y bajas precipitaciones en el este de Zambia