Academic literature on the topic 'High density plant system for cotton'
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Journal articles on the topic "High density plant system for cotton"
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BRIJAL R. PATEL, P.P. CHAUDHARI, M.M. CHAUDHARY, and KASHYAP N. PATEL. "Effect of mepiquat chloride on growth parameters and yield of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under high-density planting system." Indian Journal of Agronomy 66, no. 1 (October 10, 2001): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v66i1.2838.
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A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2018 and 2019 at Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, to study the productivity enhancement of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) grown under high-density planting system using mepiquat chloride. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design, with planting density in main plots and mepiquat chloride treatments in subplots. Pooled data of 2 years revealed that, Bt cotton grown with lower plant density (37,037 plants/ha) recorded significantly higher sympodial branches/plant, sympodial length at 50% height, number of bolls/plant and average boll weight, while high-plant density (74,074 plants/ha) resulted in the maximum seed-cotton (3,544 kg/ha) and stalk yield (3,740 kg/ha) as well as net realization (79.1 103 `/ha). The magnitude of increase in seed-cotton yield owing to higher plant density over lower plant density was 68.53%, on pooled basis. Application of 3 sprays of mepiquat chloride @ 0.4 ml/litre (one each at 45, 60 and 75 days after sowing) resulted in the least growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation, crop-growth rate, relative growth rate and stalk yield with a highest yield attributes, viz. sympodial branches/plant, sympodial length at 50% height, bolls/plant, average boll weight, seed-cotton yield (3,186 kg/ha) and net realization (66.8 103`/ha). Three sprays of mepiquat chloride @ 0.4 ml/l at 45, 60 and 75 days after sowing resulted in 28.8% higher seed-cotton yield than control treatment in pooled mean
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Kavya, D., Ch Pragathi Kumari, G. Sreenivas, T. Ram Prakash, and S. Triveni. "Optimisation of Planting Densities and Nitrogen Requirement for Bt Cotton under High Density Planting System." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 14, Mar, 3 (March 19, 2023): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2023.3309a.
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A field investigation was conducted at College farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agriculture University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India during kharif (July to January, 2021–22)to optimise the planting density and nitrogen dose on cotton yield and economics. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD consisting of four levels of planting densities viz. 90×15 cm2, 90×20 cm2, 90×30 cm2 and 90×60 cm2 as factor I treatments and 4levels of nitrogenviz., 90, 120, 150,180 kg N ha-1 as factor II treatments and replicated thrice. The results revealed that with higher planting density ofspacing 90×15 cm2 (74,074 plants ha-1) reported significantly higher seed cotton yield (2176 kg ha-1), Gross returns (` 1,31,114 ha-1) and net returns (` 70,150 ha-1) and was at par with spacing 90×20 cm2 (55,555 plants ha-1) over other planting density of spacing 90×30 cm2 (37,037 plants ha-1) and 90×60 cm2 (18,518 plants ha-1). Lower plant density of spacing 90×60 cm2 significantly performed better with respect to yield attributes viz, number of picked bolls plant-1 (18.2), boll weight (5.1 g) and seed cotton yield (95.0 g plant-1). Among the nitrogen doses, 150 kg N ha-1 recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (2072 kg ha-1), Gross returns (`Rs. 1,24,818), Net returns (`Rs. 69,407) and B:C (2.25) over other nitrogen doses tested. However, the interaction effects did not differ significantly for all the parameters studied.
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Jalilian, Sepideh, Hamid Madani, Mosareza Vafaie-Tabar, and Nour Ali Sajedi. "Plant density influences yield, yield components, lint quality and seed oil content of cotton genotypes." OCL 30 (2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023013.
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Choosing suitable varieties and manipulating plant population are crucial management aspects in any cropping system that goals to improve yield, quality and the balance between plant demand and environmental resource availability. A two-year field experiment was conducted at Tehran, Iran, in a split plot design and replicated thrice to examine the effect of the planting density (low, moderate and high) on ten cotton genotypes. In term of lint yield and among the cotton genotypes G8 (1269 kg · ha−1), G4 (1263 kg · ha−1), G1 (1239 kg · ha−1) and G2 (1123 kg · ha−1) were statistically at par with each other but significantly superior to G7 (914 kg · ha−1) and G9 (936 kg · ha−1). Lint yield in high plant density (1386 kg · ha−1) was found to be remarkably superior over medium and low plant density (1029 and 890 kg · ha−1, respectively) by average of 25.7% and 35.7%, respectively. Cotton genotypes at low plant density had higher boll plant−1 (6.46% and 15.3%, respectively), lint percentage (5.8% and 12%, respectively) and lint strength (0.6% and 1.9%, respectively) compared to moderate and high plant densities. The genotypes cultivated at high plant density produced higher seed and lint yield, higher lint elasticity and lower seed oil content, lint length and lint quality index. Based on this experiment, it is concluded that high seed cotton yield can be achieved at high plant density while higher lint quality can be yielded at low plant density.
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Pandagale, A. D., K. S. Baig, S. S. Rathod, and T. B. Namade. "Plant Density and Genotype Evaluation for High Density Planting System of Cotton under Rainfed Condition." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.158.
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G, Hemalatha, Nagabhushanam U, Veeranna G., and Ramulu Ch. "Impact of Different Plant Densities and Fertilizer Levels on Yield Attributes, Yield and Fibre Quality Characters of Bt Cotton in HDPS." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 8 (July 23, 2024): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i82706.
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Adopting a high-density planting system in cotton cultivation has resulted in increased yields compared to traditional methods. Despite the clear benefits, farmers face various challenges throughout the cultivation process, from sowing to harvesting. However, selecting appropriate plant spacings, fertilizer levels and implementing tailored cultivation techniques can significantly enhance productivity. A field experiment was conducted at Siddapur research farm, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal, Telangana, India during kharif 2023 to investigate the “Impact of different plant densities and fertilizer levels on yield attributes, yield and fibre quality characters of cotton in high density planting system (HDPS)”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (factorial) and replicated thrice, consisting of 12 treatment combinations comprising of three plant spacings S1: 80 x 20 cm (62,500 plants ha-1), S2: 90 x 15 cm (74,074 plants ha-1), S3: 90 x 60 cm in factor I and four fertilizer levels (F1: 100%RDF, F2: 125%RDF, F3: 100%RDF + Microbial consortia, F4: Control) in factor II. Both the factors significantly influenced the number of bolls per plant, number of bolls m-2 and seed cotton yield per hectare. The results revealed that higher no. of bolls plant-1 were recorded in 90 x 60 cm (18,518 plants ha-1) however, higher no. of bolls m-2, seed cotton yield (2233 kgha-1) obtained from higher plant density (74,074 plants ha-1) with the spacing 90 x 15 cm. Boll weight was not significantly influenced by varied plant spacings and fertilizer levels. Among the different levels of fertilizer, 125%RDF recorded highest no. of bolls per plant, no. of bolls m-2 and seed cotton yield (2362 kgha-1). Fibre quality characters viz., Upper half mean length(mm), micronaire(µginch-1), tenacity(gtex-1) and uniformity index (%) were not significantly influenced by both plant spacings and fertilizer levels as they are primarily governed by genetic makeup of cotton genotypes. For optimum seed cotton yield, cotton should be sown at closer spacing 90 x 15 cm and the application of 125%RDF was economically feasible in high density planting system.
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Cao, Nan, Jinmei Hou, Wei Hu, Huqiang Li, Jiao Lin, Guodong Chen, Sumei Wan, and Shoulin Hu. "Optimum Plant Density Improved Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Root Production Capacity and Photosynthesis for High Cotton Yield under Plastic Film Mulching." Agronomy 14, no. 5 (May 14, 2024): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051040.
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Cotton photosynthetic efficiency and the root–shoot relationship are two important physiological indexes affecting the final yield, but the interactive effects of plastic film mulching and planting density on the cotton photosynthetic efficiency and root–shoot relationship have rarely been reported. We aimed to investigate the optimal plant density with or without plastic film mulching for improved seed cotton yield in southern Xinjiang. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plastic film mulching (with or without plastic film mulching) and planting density (D1: 9 × 104 plants ha−1; D2: 18 × 104 plants ha−1; D3, 22 × 104 plants ha−1, local conventional planting density; D4, 27 × 104 plants ha−1) on the cotton root–shoot relationship, photosynthetic parameters, and seed cotton yield. Our results showed that the seed cotton yield was improved under plastic film mulching at all planting densities, but economic income was significantly lower in comparison to without plastic film mulching in 2023. Compared with D3, seed cotton yield and economic income at D2 increased by 6.9% and 12.2%, either with or without plastic film mulching, respectively. The highest increase in the seed cotton yield in D2 under plastic film mulching was due to the greatest improvements in the root production capacity and photosynthesis. The boll capacity of the root system (BCR) and boll loading of the root system (BLR) in D2 were the highest among all treatments with film mulching, being 9.0% and 16.9% higher than that in D3 in 2022 and 2023. However, the root–shoot ratio (R/S) was 7.1% and 6.9% lower in D2 than D3, under film mulching, in 2022 and 2023. Moreover, moderate plant density (D2) improved the SPAD value, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIabs), and photosynthetic parameter (Pn, Tr, and Gs) and decreased Ci compared with other planting density treatments in both years. Further analyses with correlation analysis showed that the seed cotton yield was highly positive correlated with BLR, BCR, and the photosynthetic parameter. In summary, suitable planting density (18 × 104 plants ha−1) combined with plastic film mulching has the potential to obtain high yields by enhancing the efficiency of photosynthetic assimilates, improving the capacity of cotton root production, providing a reference for suitable planting density under plastic film mulching.
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Ajayakumar, M. Y., M. R. Umesh, Shivaleela Shivaleela, and J. M. Nidagundi. "Light interception and yield response of cotton varieties to high density planting and fertilizers in sub-tropical India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1448.
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Plant density and optimum fertilization are two important agronomic practices to enhance productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high density planting (HDPS) and fertilization rate, especially their interactions, on yield, yield components of cotton varieties in sub-tropical India. Split-split plot design was adopted and replicated thrice. The main plots were assigned to low, medium and high plant densities (16.7, 13.3 and 11.1 plants/m2). Pre released cotton varieties TCH-1705 and LH-2298 were tested in low, moderate and high rates of fertilizers recommended for the region (100, 125 and 150 %) in sub-sub plots. Significantly higher seed cotton yield (1148 kg/ha) was achieved in narrow inter row spaced at 60 cm over normal plant row spacing of 90 cm (1025 kg/ha). Compact genotype TCH-1705 was out yielded (1146 kg/ha) over LH 2298(1044 kg/ha). Application of fertilizers at higher rate improved seed cotton yield (1232 kg/ha) Leaf area index (3.8) and light interception (0.98) over blanket recommendation. The results of the study inferred that seed cotton yield improvement was possible under HDPS production system with compact varieties grown at narrow spacing and higher fertilizer dose.
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Roche, Rose, and Michael Bange. "Effects of Plant Density, Mepiquat Chloride, Early-Season Nitrogen and Water Applications on Yield and Crop Maturity of Ultra-Narrow Cotton." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040869.
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Research investigating row spacing in high-yielding, high-input cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems has found higher lint yields but no maturity benefits using high plant density, 25 cm spaced ultra-narrow rows (UNR). Seven experiments comparing 38 cm UNR and conventionally spaced rows (100 cm) were conducted over three years to determine if changes in plant density or management could optimize yield and maturity in a high-input UNR cotton production system. Two of these experiments compared 25, 38 and 100 cm spaced rows under different intra-row plant density (12 to 36 plants m−2). Three experiments managed 38 cm UNR and 100 cm spaced rows separately and one had extra early application of nitrogen and water. Across the seven experiments there were no differences in lint yield or crop maturity for 38 cm UNR compared to conventionally spaced rows. The only significant response to changes in inter- or intra-row density or agronomic management was an 18% increase in handpicked lint yield in the 12 plants m−2 38 cm UNR treatment compared to the same plant density in 100 cm spaced rows in one of the two experiments. This stability of yield response across row spacings indicates that there is an opportunity to reduce seed rates whilst maintaining yields in high-input UNR systems. UNR cotton did not require any difference in mepiquat chloride or nitrogen management compared with conventionally spaced cotton, nor did extra early inputs of nitrogen or water, and we concluded that is likely that the current recommendations for mepiquat chloride or nitrogen nutrition in conventionally spaced systems are appropriate for managing high-input UNR cotton crops.
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S, Arunvenkatesh, and Rajendran K. "Evaluation of Plant Density and Cotton Genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on Yield and Fibre Quality." Madras Agricultural Journal 102, March (2015): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.001059.
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Field experiments were conducted during winter season of 2011-12 and 2012-13 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the feasibility of using cotton genotypes under high density planting system and to assess its effect on seed cotton yield, oil content and fibre quality parameters. The experiments were laid out in a strip plot design, replicated thrice. The soil in the experimental site was sandy clay loam with low available nitrogen (182 kg/ha), medium available phosphorus (12.6 kg/ha) and high available potassium (340 kg/ha). The experiment consisted of seven cotton genotypes viz., Jai, Ranjeet, TCH 1608, SVPR 3, Anjali, Suraj and LH 900 with four spacings viz., 30 × 30, 45 × 30, 60 × 30 and 90 × 30 cm. Ranjeet planted at the spacing of 30 × 30 cm recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield. The percentage of oil content was significantly higher in Ranjeet genotype than other cotton genotypes. The fibre quality parameters viz., fibre length, fibre strength, micronaire, elongation percentage were significantly influenced by different cotton genotypes. The oil content and fibre quality was not significantly influenced by plant densities.
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Sowmiya, R., and N. Sakthivel. "Performance of cotton genotype TCH 1819 to high density planting system under winter irrigated condition at the Western agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, SI (July 19, 2021): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13isi.2811.
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Plant population is an important attribute in crop management practice. Increasing the plant density by decreasing the crop row spacing was an alternative strategy to optimize crop profit. Hence, the field trial was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during the winter season of 2017 – 18 to study the effect of row spacing on the growth and yield of cotton genotype TCH 1819. The experimental design was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven spacing treatments viz., T1: 60 x 15 cm (1,11,111 plants ha-1), T2: 60 x 20 cm (83,333 plants ha-1), T3: 75 x 15 cm (88,888 plants ha-1), T4: 75 x 20 cm (66,666 plants ha-1), T5: 75 x 30 cm (44,444 plants ha-1), T6: 90 x 15 cm (74074 plants ha-1), T7: 90 x 20cm (55,555 plants ha-1) and was replicated thrice. Plant densities showed a significant (p=0.05) difference for all the characters studied. The higher plant density of 1,11,111 plants (60 x 15 cm) observed significantly (p=0.05) maximum plant height (103.14 cm), Leaf Area Index (LAI) (4.35), Dry Matter Production (DMP) (8125 kg/ha), Crop Growth Rate (CGR) (6.58 g/m2/day), root length (41.46 cm), root dry weight (14.94 g/plant), and chlorophyll index (48.24). The number of sympodial branches per plant (17) and bolls per plant (22 bolls) was found significant in the wider spacing of 75 x 30 cm. The narrow spacing of 60 x 15 cm noted the highest seed cotton yield (2565 kg/ha), net return (R65706.62), and B: C (2.32) ratio, followed by the spacing of 75 x 15 cm due to more plant density per unit area (m2). So, maximum yield in cotton can be achieved by decreasing the row spacing and increasing the plant population per unit area.
Books on the topic "High density plant system for cotton"
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Pathak, Dharminder, Satnam Singh, Harish Kumar, Gomti Grover, and Navneet Kaur, eds. Cotton Some: Insights. The Crop Improvement Society of India, 2023.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "High density plant system for cotton"
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Smith, Hendrik J., Gerhardus Trytsman, and Andre A. Nel. "On-farm experimentation for scaling-out conservation agriculture using an innovation systems approach in the north west province, South Africa." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 416–30. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0026.
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Abstract A project under the Farmer Innovation Programme (FIP) that aimed to adapt Conservation Agriculture (CA) among grain farmers in South Africa was implemented in a commercial farming area of the North West Province. The following on-farm, collaborative-managed trials produced key findings concerning: (i) plant population densities (high versus low) under CA; (ii) conventional crop systems versus CA crop systems; (iii) the testing and screening of cover crops; (iv) green fallow systems for soil restoration; and (v) livestock integration. Key results from these trials were that the yield of maize was significantly higher under high-density no-till (NT) systems compared to the normal NT systems. The yield of maize in local conventional systems was lower than the yield in NT systems tested on three farmer-managed trials. The screening trial assisted in testing and learning the suitability and the different attributes of a range of cover crops in that area. Cover crop mixtures used as a green fallow system with livestock showed that CA can facilitate the successful restoration of degraded soil.
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Long, Lynn E., Gregory A. Lang, and Clive Kaiser. "Sweet cherry rootstocks." In Sweet cherries, 66–85. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786398284.0066.
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Abstract All commercial sweet cherry trees are either budded or grafted. This chapter deals with sweet cherry rootstocks. Rootstocks are used for several purposes: (i) ease for propagating and producing more trees of a superior cultivar; (ii) better adaptation to particular soil or site characteristics; and (iii) the potential improvement of production due to additional traits like precocious flowering, higher productivity, and greater or reduced scion vigor as appropriate. Unfortunately, no one rootstock can satisfy all the requirements for consistently producing high yields of large, firm fruit of premium quality. Growers are advised to consider carefully the effects of each specific scion-rootstock combination as a function of environmental and cultural practices when replanting an orchard. Selecting the proper rootstock depends not only on the management skills of the grower, but also on the scion cultivar, training system, and site climate and soil selected for the orchard. Dwarfing, semi-dwarfing and even semi-vigorous rootstocks have major economic advantages over full-size rootstocks. The development of these new, precocious rootstocks has been almost as significant to the sweet cherry industry as to the apple industry several decades ago. When compared to Mazzard, Colt and even Mahaleb, size-controlling rootstocks have allowed sweet cherry growers an opportunity to plant high density, pedestrian orchards that become profitable more quickly, are more readily protected with orchard covering systems, and promote greater labor efficiency, easier management, and a safer and more productive work environment.
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Kumar, Mahadevan, Nallathambi Premalatha, Lakshmanan Mahalingam, Nalliappan Sakthivel, Kannan Senguttuvan, and Paramanandham Latha. "High Density Planting System of Cotton in India: Status and Breeding Strategies." In Plant Breeding - Current and Future Views [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94905.
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Cotton, a crop of choice, occupies the second premier position next to food crops in providing clothing. Though 53 species of Gossypium are available, only four species are cultivable and among the four, the major cultivable area falls under G. hirsutum. Though varieties with medium, superior medium, long and extra long staple cotton were released earlier, with the advent of machineries, ginning facilities, mills were literally requiring cotton fiber of any length. With the advent of Bt technology and the release of hybrids during 2002, cotton productivity had a momentum. However, considering the duration, cost involved in manual harvesting etc., farmers were looking for alternate option and High Density Planting System (HDPS) offered a promise in this direction. Farmers were looking for genotypes that could yield better under higher planting densities with fewer bolls per plant, synchronized maturity with uniform bursting. Efforts have been taken all over the World in this direction and India is not an exception. Handful of varieties fitting to this situation has been released from many of the Universities. This chapter essentially summarizes the genetic, agronomic, plant protection interventions and the futuristic requirements for achieving at least 700 kg of lint per hectare.
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Yenpreddiwar, M. D., B. C. Nandeshwar, and P. V. Mahatale. "IMPROVEMENT IN RAINFED COTTON PRODUCTIVITY BY INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNDER HIGH DENSITY PLANTING SYSTEM GROWN ON BROAD BED FURROWS." In Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering & Food Sciences Volume 3 Book 18, 73–76. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bcag18p3ch1.
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At Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidhyapeeth's cotton research station in Akola, field tests were carried out to determine the best agricultural techniques for high density planting methods in cotton crops. During the Kharif season from 2015 to 2018, four herbicides were applied either alone or in combination with cultural practices, weed-free check, and control as a weedy check in a randomized block design with eight treatments and three replications. Pendimethalin was the pre-emergence treatment, and glyphosate, pyrithiobac sodium, and quazalofop ethyl were the post-emergence treatments. Broad bed furrow (BBF) planting was used for the genotype AKH 081, with a size of 60 x 10 cm and 1.66 lakhs per hectare. The trial's outcomes showed that in terms of plant height, dry weight per plant, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, and cotton seed yield, the weed-free control treatment performed better than the other treatments. It was also the most successful at keeping weeds under control. Pendimethalin 38.7 CS PE 1.25 a. i. kg ha-1 + hoeing at 30 DAS + hand weeding at 45 DAS took second position. As a result, seed cotton and lint yields were equal under the weed-free check and pendimethalin + cultural practices treatments. The application of pendimethalin (38.7 CS PE 1.25 a. i. kg ha-1), weed free check, hoeing at 30 DAS, and hand weeding at 45 DA all produced greater gross and net return values from an economic standpoint
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H. Meshram, Jayant, Sunil S. Mahajan, Dipak Nagrale, Nandini Gokte-Narkhedkar, and Harish Kumbhalkar. "Understanding Root Biology for Enhancing Cotton Production." In Plant Roots. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95547.
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Cotton is an important commercial crop grown in India. It occupies an area of about 12.7 million hectares and is grown both in irrigated as well as rainfed tracts. In such situations, roots are very important organ for plant growth and development, since they act as anchors, providing mechanical support, and chemical extractors for the growing plant. Root length density sets the proportion of water uptake both under wet conditions and dry soils. Cotton plants with efficient root system capture water and nutrients from soil having these features of longer tap root. It is widely accepted that breeding efforts on aboveground traits are not sufficient to the necessary yield advantage. Shifting the emphasis to analyzing the root system would provide an additional means to enhance yield under changing climatic condition. Belowground image analysis studies point to the importance of root system architecture for optimizing roots and rhizosphere dynamics for sustainable cotton production. In this review, we describe the cotton root biological context in which root-environment interactions providing an overview of the root growth morphology species wise, phytohormone action that control root growth, root anatomical significance in drying soils, biotic and abiotic stresses involved in controlling root growth and environmental responses.
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Rano, Ruma. "Characterization of Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Components From a Low Carbon Fly Ash." In Global Perspectives on Air Pollution Prevention and Control System Design, 46–67. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7289-3.ch002.
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Low carbon coal ash—a solid air pollutant from super thermal power plant using pulverized fuel combustor—has been characterized in respect of its physico-chemical, mineralogical, and morphological features. Size-classified fractions with their magnetic and non-magnetic components have also been characterized. Low loss on ignition and particle size distribution profile shows fly ash has high utility. The magic number,10 µm, is attained by greater % of particles. The particles with diameter 50 µm occupy population density of 93%. SEM-EDS reveals that particles are mostly globular with high surface enrichment of Al/Si indicating that it will act as un-reactive inert fillers. In magnetic components, various types of Fe bearing phase are present with less porous and more regular shape than non-magnetic components. Finer fractions have high content of magnetite which is expected to help in coal beneficiation. The finer non-magnetic fraction is a source of alumino-siliceous material for synthesizing a novel solid acid or base catalyst for catalyzing industrially important organic reactions.
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Maun, M. Anwar. "Burial by sand." In The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198570356.003.0011.
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In coastal dune systems, plant communities are fundamentally the product of interaction between disturbance of the substrate, impact of high wind velocities, salt spray episodes, sand accretion levels and other factors of the environmental complex. Burial by sand is probably the most important physical stress that alters species diversity by eliminating disturbance-prone species (Maun 1998). There is a close correlation between sand movement and species composition, coverage and density (Moreno-Casasola 1986; Perumal 1994; Martínez et al. 2001). Sand accretion kills intolerant species, reduces the relative abundance of less tolerant species and increases the abundance of tolerant species. It filters out species as the level of burial starts to exceed their levels of tolerance. For example, lichens and mosses are the first to be eliminated, then the annuals and biennials and finally the herbaceous and woody perennials. Again within each life form and genus there are significant differences in survivability. Burial imposes a strong stress on production by altering normal growth conditions and exposing plants to extreme physiological limits of tolerance. Do plant communities occurring in different locations within a dune system correspond to the amount of sand deposition? Several studies (Birse et al. 1957; Moreno- Casasola 1986; Perumal 1994) show that the species composition and their distribution are strongly related to the long-term average sand deposition. The evolution of a plant community in coastal foredunes requires frequent and persistent predictable burial events specific to a particular coast. In a large majority of sea coasts burial occurrences are of relatively low magnitude and species occupying the coasts are well adapted to withstand the stress imposed by burial. This recurring event within the generation times of plant species allows them to acquire genes of resistance over time and evolution of adaptations to live in this habitat. A prerequisite to survive in this habitat happens to be the ability to withstand partial inundation by sand. To survive the dynamic substrate movement a plant species must be a perennial, be able to withstand burial, endure xerophytic environment, spread radially and vertically, and adapt to exposure on deflation and coverage on burial (Cowles 1899).
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Zhang, X. N., and A. Z. Zhao. "Surface Charge." In Chemistry of Variable Charge Soils. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097450.003.0005.
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The surface of soil colloids carries electric charges, and these surface charges are the basic cause for soil to possess a series of surface properties. Soil surface charges affect the chemical properties of the soil through varying the quantity of electric charge and the surface charge density. For example, adsorptions of cations and anions are caused by negative and positive surface charges of the soil, respectively. The amount of ions adsorbed is determined by the quantity of surface charge, whereas the tightness of adsorption is related to charge density. In addition, the migration of ions in soil, the formation of organo-mineral complexes,and the dispersion, flocculation, swelling, and shrinkage are all affected by surface charge properties of the soil. Therefore, surface charge properties have an important bearing on soil structure and plant nutrition. Variable charge soils are characterized by the high content of iron and aluminum oxides. The clay mineralogical composition is dominated by 1:1-type minerals, such as kaolinite. These two factors make the surface charge properties of variable charge soils distinctly different from those of constant charge soils of temperate regions which chiefly containin 2:1-type clay minerals. However, unlike the case for pure variable charge minerals, in variable charge soils there is generally the presence of a certain amount of 2:1-type clay minerals. Therefore, as a mixture of variable charge minerals and constant charge minerals, the surface charge properties of variable charge soils is more complicated. In this chapter, the origin and factors affecting surface charges of the soil as well as the relationship between these charges and soil type will be discussed. Despite the complexity in composition, a soil may be regarded as a mixed system consisting of constant charge surface materials and constant potential surface materials in different ratios (Anderson and Sposito, 1992; Gillman and Uehara, 1980). Examples of the former type such as montmorillonite and vermiculite carry permanent negative charges, while those of the latter type such as iron oxide and aluminum oxide carry variable charges. Commonly found constant charge clay minerals in soils include those layer silicates such as hydrous mica, vermiculite, montmorillonite, and chlorite.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Major Arable Soils of the Tropics :A Descriptive Grouping Based on Clay Mineralogy." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0011.
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Several pedological soil classification schemes have been developed to classify soils worldwide based on morphological features, stage of weathering, and to some extent their chemical and physical properties. Three soil classification systems are commonly used as research and teaching tools in the tropics, namely, the USDA Soil Taxonomy classification, the FAO/UNESCO World Soil Legends, and the French soil classification system. Brazil, the country with the largest land area in the tropics, has its own national soil classification system. However, soil survey, classification, and interpretation are costly and time-consuming, and few countries in the tropics have completed soil maps that are at a scale detailed enough to be useful to farmers and land users. In the absence of soil information at state, county or farm level, the authors propose a simple descriptive grouping of major soils in the tropics based on clay mineralogy to facilitate discussion on soil management and plant production in the subsequent chapters of this book. Reference to the Soil Taxonomy classification will be made when such information is available. It should be pointed out that the main purpose of this technical grouping is to provide field workers, especially those who are less familiar with the various soil classification systems, with a simple framework for planning soil management strategies. It by no means replaces the national and international soil taxonomy and classification systems that are designed for communication among soil scientists and for more detailed interpretation of soil survey data and land-use planning. This technical scheme classifies major arable soils in the tropics into four groupings according to their dominant clay mineralogy. They are • kaolinitic soils • oxidic soils • allophanic soils • smectitic soils Kaolinitic soils are deeply weathered soils with a sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam texture in the surface horizon and a clayey B horizon (20-60%). Silt content is low (< 20%) throughout the profile. Kaolinite (> 90%) is the dominant mineral in the clay fraction. These soils have an effective CEC of less than 12 cmol/kg of clay in the lower B horizon. Kaolinitic soils have a relatively high bulk density, especially in the clayey subsoil horizons (> 1.40 Mg/m3). The structure of the subsoil horizons is usually massive or blocky.
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Prasad Singh, Madan, Manohara Tattekere Nanjappa, Sukumar Raman, Suresh Hebbalalu Satyanatayana, Ayyappan Narayanan, Ganesan Renagaian, and Sreejith Kalpuzha Ashtamoorthy. "Forest Vegetation and Dynamics Studies in India." In Vegetation Index and Dynamics. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97724.
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Forests across the globe have been exploited for resouces, and over the years the demand has increased, and forests are rather exploited instead of sustainable use. Focussed research on vegetation and forerst dynamics is necessary to preserve biodiversity and functioning of forests for sustanence of human life on Earth.This article emphasis that the India has a long history of traditional knowledge on forest and plants, and explorations from 17th century on forests and provided subsequent scientific approach on classification of forests. This also explains the developments of quantitative approach on the understanding of vegetation and forest diversity. Four case studies viz., Mudumalai, Sholayar, Uppangala, Kakachi permanent plots in the forests of Western Ghats has been explained in detail about their sampling methods with a note on the results of forest monitoring. In the case of deciduous forests, the population of plant species showed considerable fluctuations but basal area has been steadily increasing over time, and this is reflecting carbon sequestration. In Sholayar, a total of 25390 individuals of 106 woody species was recorded for < 1 cm diameter at breast height in the first census of the 10 ha plot in the tropical evergreen forest. In Uppangala, 1) a 27- year long investigation revealed that residual impact of logging in the evergreen forests and such forests would take more time to resemble unlogged forests in terms of composition and structure; 2) across a similar temporal scale, the unlogged plots trees < 30 cm gbh showed a more or less similar trend in mortality (an average of 0.8% year-1) and recruitment (1%). The Kakachi plot study revealed that 1) endemic species showed least change in stem density and basal area whereas widely distributed species showed greater change in both; 2) The overall recruitment of trees was 0.86 % per year and mortality 0.56% per year resulting in an annual turnover of 0.71% ; 3) majority of the gap species had high levels of recruitment and mortality resulting in a high turnover.Such studies can be used as early warning system to understand how the response of individual plants, species and forests with the climatic variability. In conclusion, the necessity of implementation of national level projects, the way forward of two such studies: 1) impact of climate change on Indian forests through Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) colloborations and 2) Indian long term ecological observatorion, including the sampling protocols of such studies. This will be the first of its kind in India to address climate change issues at national and international level and helps to trace footprints of climate change impacts through vegetation and also reveals to what extent our forests are resilient to changes in the climate.
Conference papers on the topic "High density plant system for cotton"
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Parajulee, Megha N. "Cotton IPM in the Texas High Plains: Host-plant mediated management system." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.92398.
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Haddad, Adel N. "Modern Bimodal High Density Polyethylene for the Nuclear Power Plant Piping System." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75888.
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Originally introduced in the 1990s, bimodal HDPE, pipe resins are still finding new niches today, including even nuclear power plants. HDPE pipe grades are used to make strong, corrosion resistant and durable pipes. High density polyethylene, PE 4710, is the material of choice of the nuclear industry for the Safety Related Service Water System. This grade of polymer is characterized by a Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) of 1600 psi at 73 °F and 1000 psi at 140 °F. Additionally bimodal high density PE 4710 grades display >2000 hours slow crack growth resistance, or PENT. HD PE 4710 grades are easy to extrude into large diameter pipes; fabricate into fitting and mitered elbows and install in industrial settings. The scope of this paper is to describe the bimodal technology which produces HDPE pipe grade polymer; the USA practices of post reactor melt blending of natural resin compound with black masterbatch; and the attributes of such compound and its conformance to the nuclear industry’s Safety Related Service Water System.
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Munson, Douglas, and Dana Decker. "Fire Testing of High Density Polyethylene Piping Systems." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78781.
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Degradation of raw water piping systems is a major issue facing nuclear power plant owners. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a cost-effective alternative to corrosion resistant alloys and has been found to perform well in power plant applications for over 10 years. When used above ground, fire resistance may be an issue. HDPE starts to melt at ∼235°F (115°C) and has an auto-ignition temperature of ∼662°F (350°C). Additionally, toxic gasses are released when it burns. The paper summarizes the development of a method that can be used to protect HDPE piping from postulated fire events is situations where the system must remain operable or not contribute to the fire load. The method was demonstrated using a proof-of-concept fire test of four piping subassemblies that contained many of the fittings that are commonly found in HDPE piping systems. The assemblies were subject to a 3-hour fire test following the guidance of ASTM E119 followed by a hose stream test following the guidance of ASTM E2226. All four specimens survived the test, with each retaining its overall geometry, cross section, and structural and pressure boundary integrity.
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Huhtiniemi, Ilpo, Reinhard Berndt, Bent Pedersen, Peter Schillebeeckx, Massimo Anselmi, and Gary Vassallo. "State-of-the-Art NDA System for the Automated Characterisation of 400 Litre, High Density Waste Packages." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1171.
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Abstract This paper will review a non-destructive assay (NDA) system that represents a fundamental element in the JRC’s strategy to characterise radioactive wastes originating from four decades of nuclear research activities conducted at the Ispra Site. The technical solution selected by JRC-Ispra will be reviewed in detail in the light of special requirements imposed by the qualities of the waste packages, the operational objectives of JRC-Ispra, and the applicable Italian regulations. The intended plant is a state-of-the-art characterisation system that will operate in an industrial environment and therefore be of significant interest to the radioactive waste management community.
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Goto, Satoru, Yoshifumi Nishi, and Sadao Nakayama. "High Density Gas Engine With Micro Pilot Compression Ignition Method." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2003-0679.
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Niigata Power Systems Co. has launched the strategic sales activity of the newly developed gas engine with high BMEP of 2.0MPa, high electric thermal efficiency of 40% or more. The 22AG engine, which denotes “Advanced Gas,” produced 30% higher power than a conventional spark ignition gas engine. The first three units of 8L22AG corresponding to 3780 kW / 900min−1 have been put into service operation since July of 2002 as the key-hardware in co-generation system of the chemical plant in Japan. The second delivered 6L22AG is operated using pyrolysis gas produced in the waste treatment process from December of 2002.
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Harvego, E. A., J. E. O’Brien, and M. G. McKellar. "System Analyses of High and Low-Temperature Interface Designs for a Nuclear-Driven High-Temperature Electrolysis Hydrogen Production Plant." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75473.
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As part of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) project, an evaluation of a low-temperature heat-pump interface design for a nuclear-driven high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) hydrogen production plant was performed using the UniSim process analysis software. The low-temperature interface design is intended to reduce the interface temperature between the reactor power conversion system and the hydrogen production plant by extracting process heat from the low temperature portion of the power cycle rather than from the high-temperature portion of the cycle as is done with the current Idaho National Laboratory (INL) reference design. The intent of this design change is to mitigate the potential for tritium migration from the reactor core to the hydrogen plant, and reduce the potential for high temperature creep in the interface structures. The UniSim model assumed a 600 MWt Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) operating at a primary system pressure of 7.0 MPa and a reactor outlet temperature of 900°C. The low-temperature heat-pump loop is a water/steam loop that operates between 2.6 MPa and 5.0 MPa. The HTE hydrogen production loop operated at 5 MPa, with plant conditions optimized to maximize plant performance (i.e., 800°C electrolysis operating temperature, area specific resistance (ASR) = 0.4 ohm-cm2, and a current density of 0.25 amps/cm2). An air sweep gas system was used to remove oxygen from the anode side of the electrolyzer. Heat was also recovered from the hydrogen and oxygen product streams to maximize hydrogen production efficiencies. The results of the UniSim analysis showed that the low-temperature interface design was an effective heat-pump concept, transferring 31.5 MWt from the low-temperature leg of the gas turbine power cycle to the HTE process boiler, while consuming 16.0 MWe of compressor power. However, when this concept was compared with the current INL reference direct Brayton cycle design and with a modification of the reference design to simulate an indirect Brayton cycle (both with heat extracted from the high-temperature portion of the power cycle), the latter two concepts had higher overall hydrogen production rates and efficiencies compared to the low-temperature heat-pump concept, but at the expense of higher interface temperatures. Therefore, the ultimate decision on the viability of the low-temperature heat-pump concept involves a tradeoff between the benefits of a lower-temperature interface between the power conversion system and the hydrogen production plant, and the reduced hydrogen production efficiency of the low-temperature heat-pump concept compared to concepts using high-temperature process heat.
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Weng, Xin, Xiaoning Jin, and Jun Ni. "Multi-Scale Surface Characterization and Control Based High Density Measurements." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-4122.
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It is widely observed that today’s engineering products demand increasingly strict tolerances. The shape of a machined surface plays a critical role to the desired functionality of a product. Even a small error can be the difference between a successful product launch and a major delay. Thus, it is important to develop measurement tools to ensure the quality and accuracy of products’ machined surfaces. The key to assessing the quality is robust measurement and inspection techniques combined with advanced analysis. However, conventional Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) such as flatness falls short of characterizing the surface shape. With the advancements in metrology methodology utilizing digital holographic interferometry, large amount of surface data can be captured at high resolution and accuracy without changing platform or technique. This captured High Definition Data (HDD) enables the mining of more valuable information from machined surfaces that most current industry practice cannot achieve in a timely manner. Such new metrology system opens the torrent of observable events at plant floor and increases the transparency of machining processes. This presents great opportunities to characterize machined surface into a new level of details, which can be applied in production quality evaluation and process condition monitoring and control. This research work proposes a framework of a multi-scale surface characterization for surface quality evaluation and process monitoring. Case studies are presented to show how proposed metrics could be applied in surface quality evaluation and process monitoring.
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Abel, Shannon L., Matthew D. Brandes, Lonnie J. Corley, Joseph L. Fortman, Thomas M. Musto, and James O’Sullivan. "Use of HDPE Piping in the Callaway Nuclear Plant Essential Service Water System." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77434.
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Callaway Nuclear Plant is the first nuclear plant in the United States to utilize high density polyethylene (HDPE) piping in a nuclear safety-related application. HDPE is being installed in buried sections of the plant’s ASME Section III, Class 3 Essential Service Water (ESW) system. Due to its resistance to erosion, corrosion and microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC), HDPE is well suited to raw water system applications. As with any other first of a kind project, the use of HDPE piping in the Callaway ESW system has presented challenges in all phases of the project. Design, qualification and installation considerations for thermally-fused HDPE in an ASME Class 3 system differ significantly from those for traditional metallic materials. This paper will examine the challenges and lessons learned in the design, qualification testing, installation, examination and pressure testing of the HDPE piping at Callaway Nuclear Plant.
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Utz, Robert, Bob Wynne, Scott Ferguson, Mike Miller, Bob Sievers, and Ying Song. "Lightweight System Design Optimization of High Reliability Compact Air Independent PEMFC Power Systems for Aerial and Space Vehicles." In ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2016-59574.
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Demand has increased for high reliability mobile power systems for space and aerial vehicles in military, scientific, and commercial applications. Batteries have traditionally supplied power in these applications, but the desire to extend mission duration and expand vehicle capabilities would require an energy density increase that is difficult for batteries to achieve. The use of pure hydrogen and oxygen reactants with high efficiency membrane electrode assemblies and novel design concepts for the fuel cell stack bipolar plates and balance of plant (BOP) components has the potential to meet the desired system energy density. This paper reviews subsystem and integrated testing of a lightweight PEM fuel cell system design for implementation into an aerial vehicle or space mission. The PEM fuel cell stack is designed for optimum efficiency at 2 kWe of power during standard operation with the capacity to provide over 5 kWe of continuous power. The passive flow control and water management subsystems provide the gas flow and humidification necessary for efficient operation and remove excess water produced by the stack under all operating regimes. Work is in progress to test the fully integrated system under expected operating conditions for potential lightweight PEMFC applications.
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Maiwald, Daniel, Toennis Trittler, André Bucht, Kenny Pagel, and Welf-Guntram Drossel. "Characterization and Modeling of the System Behavior of High Load SMA Actuators." In ASME 2022 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2022-88892.
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Abstract Actuators are key elements in almost every production plant and machine. Thermal shape memory alloys (SMA) have an enormous energy density and can be used as a structural component of the machine. The technology therefore represents an interesting alternative to conventional actuator technologies. Wire-based SMA actuators are already established in industrial applications but are limited to low forces (N-range) at small strokes (mm-range). However, there are also applications and demands for compact SMA actuators with higher forces (kN-range). They require more massive geometries and new integration concepts of the shape memory components. This can significantly change the thermal system behavior, knowledge of which is required for design and optimization, as well as for dynamic control of the actuators. This paper describes the thermal system characterization and simulation methods for bulk actuators based on SMA. First, a technology demonstrator is presented, which is the basis for the measurements and models discussed. Next, two connected models for the thermal system behavior are presented: A thermal FE model and a lumped-parameter model with significantly reduced complexity to simulate dynamic behavior in real time and for optimization. Both models are validated with measurement data. In the end, the benefits and limitations of both models are discussed.
Reports on the topic "High density plant system for cotton"
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Paterson, Andrew H., Yehoshua Saranga, and Dan Yakir. Improving Productivity of Cotton (Gossypsum spp.) in Arid Region Agriculture: An Integrated Physiological/Genetic Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573066.bard.
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Objectives: We seek to establish the basis for improving cotton productivity under arid conditions, by studying the water use efficiency - evaporative cooling interrelationship. Specifically, we will test the hypothesis that cotton productivity under arid conditions can be improved by combining high seasonal WUE with efficient evaporative cooling, evaluate whether high WUE and/or evaporative cooling are based on specific physiological factors such as diurnal flexibility in stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and plant water status. Genes influencing both WUE and evaporative cooling, as well as other parameters such as economic products (lint yield, quality, harvest index) of cotton will also be mapped, in order to evaluate influences of water relations on these parameters. Approach: Carbon isotope ratio will be used to evaluate WUE, accompanied by additional parameters to elucidate the relationship between WUE, evaporative cooling, and cotton productivity. A detailed RFLP map will be used to determine the number, location, and phenotypic effects of genes underlying genetic variation in WUE between cultivated cottons, as well as test associations of these genes with traits of economic importance such as harvest index, lint yield, and lint quality. Major Conclusions: Productivity and quality of cotton grown under well-watered versus water-limited conditions was shown to be partly accounted for by different quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Among a suite of physiological traits often found to differ between genotypes adapted to arid versus well-watered conditions, genetic mapping implicated only reduced plant osmotic potential in improved cotton productivity under arid conditions. Our findings clearly implicate OP as a major component of cotton adaptation to arid conditions. However, testing of further physiological hypotheses is clearly needed to account for additional QTL alleles conferring higher seed-cotton yield under arid conditions, such as three of the five we found. Near-isogenic lines being made for QTLs discovered herein will offer a powerful new tool useful toward identification of the underlying gene(s) by using fine-scale mapping approaches (Paterson et al 1990). Implications: Adaptation to both arid and favorable conditions can be combined into the same genotype. We have identified diagnostic DNA markers that are being applied to creation of such desirable genotypes. Simultaneous improvement of productivity (and/or quality) for both arid and irrigated conditions will require more extensive field testing and the manipulation of larger numbers of genes, reducing the expected rate of genetic gain These difficulties may be at least partly ameliorated by efficiencies gained through identification and use of diagnostic DNA markers. Genomic tools and approaches may expedite adaptation of crops to arid cultivation, help to test roles of additional physiological factors, and guide the isolation of the underlying genes that protect crop performance under arid conditions.
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Sadot, Einat, Christopher Staiger, and Zvi Kam Weizmann. functional genomic screen for new plant cytoskeletal proteins and the determination of their role in actin mediated functions and guard cells regulation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7587725.bard.
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The original objectives of the approved proposal were: 1. To construct a YFP fused Arabidopsis cDNA library in a mammalian expression vector. 2. To infect the library into a host fibroblast cell line and to screen for new cytoskeletal associated proteins using an automated microscope. 3. Isolate the new genes. 4. Characterize their role in plants. The project was approved as a feasibility study to allow proof of concept that would entail building the YFP library and picking up a couple of positive clones using the fluorescent screen. We report here on the construction of the YFP library, the development of the automatic microscope, the establishment of the screen and the isolation of positive clones that are plant cDNAs encoding cytoskeleton associated proteins. The rational underling a screen of plant library in fibroblasts is based on the high conservation of the cytoskeleton building blocks, actin and tubulin, between the two kingdoms (80-90% homology at the level of amino acids sequence). In addition, several publications demonstrated the recognition of mammalian cytoskeleton by plant cytoskeletal binding proteins and vice versa. The major achievements described here are: 1. The development of an automated microscope equipped with fast laser auto-focusing for high magnification and a software controlling 6 dimensions; X, Y position, auto focus, time, color, and the distribution and density of the fields acquired. This system is essential for the high throughput screen. 2. The construction of an extremely competent YFP library efficiently cloned (tens of thousands of clones collected, no empty vectors detected) with all inserts oriented 5't03'. These parameters render it well representative of the whole transcriptome and efficient in "in-frame" fusion to YFP. 3. The strategy developed for the screen allowing the isolation of individual positive cDNA clones following three rounds of microscopic scans. The major conclusion accomplished from the work described here is that the concept of using mammalian host cells for fishing new plant cytoskeletal proteins is feasible and that screening system developed is complete for addressing one of the major bottlenecks of the plant cytoskeleton field: the need for high throughput identification of functionally active cytoskeletal proteins. The new identified plant cytoskeletal proteins isolated in the pilot screen and additional new proteins which will be isolated in a comprehensive screen will shed light on cytoskeletal mediated processes playing a major role in cellular activities such as cell division, morphogenesis, and functioning such as chloroplast positioning, pollen tube and root hair elongation and the movement of guard cells. Therefore, in the long run the screen described here has clear agricultural implications.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Todd C. Mockler. Precise Mapping of Growth Hormone Effects by Cell-Specific Gene Activation Response. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699849.bard.
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Plant yield largely depends on a complex interplay and feedback mechanisms of distinct hormonal pathways. Over the past decade great progress has been made in elucidating the global molecular mechanisms by which each hormone is produced and perceived. However, our knowledge of how interactions between hormonal pathways are spatially and temporally regulated remains rudimentary. For example, we have demonstrated that although the BR receptor BRI1 is widely expressed, the perception of BRs in epidermal cells is sufficient to control whole-organ growth. Supported by additional recent works, it is apparent that hormones are acting in selected cells of the plant body to regulate organ growth, and furthermore, that local cell-cell communication is an important mechanism. In this proposal our goals were to identify the global profile of translated genes in response to BR stimulation and depletion in specific tissues in Arabidopsis; determine the spatio-temporal dependency of BR response on auxin transport and signaling and construct an interactive public website that will provide an integrated analysis of the data set. Our technology incorporated cell-specific polysome isolation and sequencing using the Solexa technology. In the first aim, we generated and confirmed the specificity of novel transgenic lines expressing tagged ribosomal protein in various cell types in the Arabidopsis primary root. We next crossed these lines to lines with targeted expression of BRI1 in the bri1 background. All lines were treated with BRs for two time points. The RNA-seq of their corresponding immunopurified polysomal RNA is nearly completed and the bioinformatic analysis of the data set will be completed this year. Followed, we will construct an interactive public website (our third aim). In the second aim we started revealing how spatio-temporalBR activity impinges on auxin transport in the Arabidopsis primary root. We discovered the unexpected role of BRs in controlling the expression of specific auxin efflux carriers, post-transcriptionally (Hacham et al, 2012). We also showed that this regulation depends on the specific expression of BRI1 in the epidermis. This complex and long term effect of BRs on auxin transport led us to focus on high resolution analysis of the BR signaling per se. Taking together, our ongoing collaboration and synergistic expertise (hormone action and plant development (IL) and whole-genome scale data analysis (US)) enabled the establishment of a powerful system that will tell us how distinct cell types respond to local and systemic BR signal. BR research is of special agriculture importance since BR application and BR genetic modification have been shown to significantly increase crop yield and to play an important role in plant thermotolerance. Hence, our integrated dataset is valuable for improving crop traits without unwanted impairment of unrelated pathways, for example, establishing semi-dwarf stature to allow increased yield in high planting density, inducing erect leaves for better light capture and consequent biomass increase and plant resistance to abiotic stresses.
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LaBonte, Don, Etan Pressman, Nurit Firon, and Arthur Villordon. Molecular and Anatomical Characterization of Sweetpotato Storage Root Formation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592648.bard.
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Original objectives: Anatomical study of storage root initiation and formation. Induction of storage root formation. Isolation and characterization of genes involved in storage root formation. During the normal course of storage root development. Following stress-induced storage root formation. Background:Sweetpotato is a high value vegetable crop in Israel and the U.S. and acreage is expanding in both countries and the research herein represents an important backstop to improving quality, consistency, and yield. This research has two broad objectives, both relating to sweetpotato storage root formation. The first objective is to understand storage root inductive conditions and describe the anatomical and physiological stages of storage root development. Sweetpotato is propagated through vine cuttings. These vine cuttings form adventitious roots, from pre-formed primordiae, at each node underground and it is these small adventitious roots which serve as initials for storage and fibrous (non-storage) “feeder” roots. What perplexes producers is the tremendous variability in storage roots produced from plant to plant. The marketable root number may vary from none to five per plant. What has intrigued us is the dearth of research on sweetpotato during the early growth period which we hypothesize has a tremendous impact on ultimate consistency and yield. The second objective is to identify genes that change the root physiology towards either a fleshy storage root or a fibrous “feeder” root. Understanding which genes affect the ultimate outcome is central to our research. Major conclusions: For objective one, we have determined that the majority of adventitious roots that are initiated within 5-7 days after transplanting possess the anatomical features associated with storage root initiation and account for 86 % of storage root count at 65 days after transplanting. These data underscore the importance of optimizing the growing environment during the critical storage root initiation period. Water deprivation during this phenological stage led to substantial reduction in storage root number and yield as determined through growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. Morphological characterization of adventitious roots showed adjustments in root system architecture, expressed as lateral root count and density, in response to water deprivation. For objective two, we generated a transcriptome of storage and lignified (non-storage) adventitious roots. This transcriptome database consists of 55,296 contigs and contains data as regards to differential expression between initiating and lignified adventitious roots. The molecular data provide evidence that a key regulatory mechanism in storage root initiation involves the switch between lignin biosynthesis and cell division and starch accumulation. We extended this research to identify genes upregulated in adventitious roots under drought stress. A subset of these genes was expressed in salt stressed plants.