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Books on the topic 'High-Current pulse'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 December 2024

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1

Workshop on Short Pulse High Current Cathodes (1990 Bendor, France). Proceedings of the Workshop on Short Pulse High Current Cathodes, Bendor, France, 18-22 June 1990. Gif-sur-Yvette, France: Editions Frontieres, 1990.

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2

Welsh, David S. Current density limitations in a fast-pulsed high-voltage vacuum diode. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1992.

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3

Stanton, Bonita. Physics and technology of high current discharges in dense gas media and flows. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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4

Wright, A. G. Electronics for PMTs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0014.

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Photomultipliers (PMTs) are current generators characterized by high gain, wide bandwidth, and high-output impedance. The role of preamplifiers and amplifiers is generally one of conditioning the PMT output. Either the time signature is preserved using a fast voltage preamplifier, or a voltage proportional to the charge in each event is generated with a charge-sensitive preamplifier. Both preamplifier types are generally of low-output impedance, suitable for driving matched coaxial cable. Preamplifiers and amplifiers are available as modular units (e.g. nuclear instrument module), stand alone, or are incorporated in a module including the PMT. Shaping amplifiers are used to further condition preamplifier signals, using integrating and differentiating circuits—particularly relevant to scintillation spectrometers. Discrete-component amplifiers and current-feedback operational amplifiers serve fast applications. Digital signal processing has overtaken many of the classical electronic techniques involving resolution and in pulse shape discrimination. Electronic circuitry for generating fast LED pulses is discussed.

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5

Wright, A. G. Linear performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0009.

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This chapter is concerned with a single consideration: the degree of proportionality between a light signal and its resulting electrical output. This is formally referred to as linearity, which depends on the suitability of the chosen PMT and the mode of operation (pulsed or analogue). Applications fall into two groups: analogue operation (DC) and transient applications. Linearity in a pulsed mode of operation concerns both pulse height (charge) and the rate of events. Generally, in the DC mode, only the mean anode current is relevant. Methods for determining both forms of non-linearity are presented, based on actual measurements. Test methods using multiple light sources, bootstrapping, single step (piggyback), and shot noise are investigated. A method for uncovering non-linearity in high-Z scintillators by using coincident gamma emissions (60Co) is demonstrated. An analytical means for correcting results at the 1 % level is provided.

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6

TENS-like devices. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0011.

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TENS-like devices deliver electrical currents across the intact surface of the skin using pulse generators with technical output specifications that differ from a standard TENS device. Technological advances have resulted in reductions in the size and cost of electrotherapeutic devices with increasing varieties of self-administered hand-held TENS-like devices available to practitioners and the general public. The diversity of TENS-like devices available on the market makes synthesizing evidence difficult. The purpose of this chapter is to categorize TENS-like devices and briefly overview the characteristics, mechanism of action, and effectiveness of various TENS-like devices. The chapter covers high-voltage pulsed (Galvanic) current, microcurrent electrical therapy, low-intensity transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation, transcutaneous spinal electroanalgesia, transcutaneous piezoelectric current, non-invasive interactive neurostimulation, action potential simulation and H-wave therapy, and transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation.

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7

Markov, Marko S., and Sinerik N. Ayrapetyan. Bioelectromagnetics Current Concepts: The Mechanisms of the Biological Effect of Extremely High Power Pulses. Springer, 2006.

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8

Zantis, Franz Peter. Generating of Short Pulses with High Amplitudes by Using of Standard Current-Feedback-Amplifier. GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2014.

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9

Kasprzak, Jaroslaw D., Anita Sadeghpour, and Ruxandra Jurcut. Doppler echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0003.

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Doppler examination is an integral part of the echocardiogram. Current systems are equipped with spectral Doppler in continuous wave mode (offering measurements of high velocities with limited spatial specificity due to integration of signal along the scan line), pulsed wave mode (high spatial specificity with maximal recordable velocity reduced by the Nyquist limit), and colour Doppler flow mapping (allowing rapid identification of flow pattern within a cross-sectional B-mode sector). Tissue Doppler echocardiography emerged as a basic tool for sampling regional myocardial velocities, in pulsed wave or colour velocity mapping mode. Finally, three-dimensional systems improve spatial presentation of flow phenomena by integrating Doppler-derived flow patterns in three-dimensional datasets.

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10

Wright, A. G. Voltage dividers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0013.

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Voltage dividers provide accelerating voltages to generate multiplier gain. Dynode voltages must remain constant and independent of the light input to maintain stable gain. The standard resistive divider never quite satisfies this requirement, although acceptable performance can be achieved by careful design. The inclusion of zener diodes improves performance but field-effect transistor (FET) circuits can provide gain stability at high mean anode currents, regardless of whether the application is pulsed or analogue. Design procedures for active and semi-active voltage dividers are presented. Dividers based on the Cockcroft–Walton (CW) principle are particularly suited to portable instrumentation because of their low standing current. Consideration is given to pulsed operation, decoupling, switch-on transients, ripple, dynode signals, single cable dividers, and equivalent circuits at high frequencies. Gating is used to protect a photomultiplier, in the presence of high light levels, by reducing the gain electronically. Various methods for gating a voltage divider are presented.

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11

Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009.

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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (including natriuretic peptides—BNP, NT-proBNP, or MR-proANP), venous blood gases, and C-reactive protein in all patients, and D-dimers in selected patients, electrocardiograms, and chest X-ray. It is key to remember that the prevalence of acute heart failure in unselected patients with acute dyspnoea is about 50%. Therefore, a high awareness for the presence of acute heart failure is mandatory. Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. In about 10–15%, two acute causes (e.g. acute heart failure and pneumonia) may be present and require combined treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography should be immediately performed in all patients with acute dyspnoea and shock, and in those patients in whom the diagnosis remains uncertain, even after initial work-up.

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12

Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009_update_001.

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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (including natriuretic peptides—BNP, NT-proBNP, or MR-proANP), venous blood gases, and C-reactive protein in all patients, and D-dimers in selected patients, electrocardiograms, chest X-ray, and more recently also lung ultrasound. It is key to remember that the prevalence of acute heart failure in unselected patients with acute dyspnoea is about 50%. Therefore, a high awareness for the presence of acute heart failure is mandatory. Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. In about 10–15%, two acute causes (e.g. acute heart failure and pneumonia) may be present and require combined treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography should be immediately performed in all patients with acute dyspnoea and shock, and in those patients in whom the diagnosis remains uncertain, even after initial work-up.

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13

Response of skin surface temperature to an application of high voltage pulsed galvanic current (HVPGC) as a treatment method for sports injuries. 1987.

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14

(Editor), Sinerik N. Ayrapetyan, and Marko S. Markov (Editor), eds. Bioelectromagnetics Current Concepts: The Mechanisms of the Biological Effect of Extremely High Power Pulses (NATO Security through Science Series / NATO ... Science Series B: Physics and Biophysics). Springer, 2007.

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15

(Editor), Sinerik N. Ayrapetyan, and Marko S. Markov (Editor), eds. Bioelectromagnetics Current Concepts: The Mechanisms of the Biological Effect of Extremely High Power Pulses (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series ... Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics). Springer, 2006.

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16

Mythen, Monty, and Michael P. W. Grocott. Peri-operative optimization of the high risk surgical patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0361.

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Flow-based cardiovascular variables, such as cardiac output and oxygen delivery predict peri-operative outcome better than alternative, predominantly pressure-based measures. Targeting flow-based goals, using fluid boluses with or without additional blood or vasoactive agents in patients undergoing major surgery has been shown to improve outcome in some studies. However, the literature is limited due to a large number of small single-centre studies, and heterogeneity of interventions and outcomes evaluated. Early studies used pulmonary artery catheters to monitor blood flow, but newer studies have used less invasive techniques, such as oesophageal Doppler monitoring or pulse contour analysis. Meta-analysis of the current evidence base suggests that this approach is unlikely to cause harm and may not reduce mortality, but reduces complications and duration of hospital stay. Goal-directed therapy is considered an important element of enhanced recovery packages that have been shown to improve outcome after several types of major elective surgery.

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