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Journal articles on the topic 'High aperture lens'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Khursheed, Anjam, and Wei Kean Ang. "Annular Focused Electron/Ion Beams for Combining High Spatial Resolution with High Probe Current." Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, no. 5 (September 9, 2016): 948–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616011594.

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AbstractThis paper presents a proposal for reducing the final probe size of focused electron/ion beam columns that are operated in a high primary beam current mode where relatively large final apertures are used, typically required in applications such as electron beam lithography, focused ion beams, and electron beam spectroscopy. An annular aperture together with a lens corrector unit is used to replace the conventional final hole-aperture, creating an annular ring-shaped primary beam. The corrector unit is designed to eliminate the first- and second-order geometric aberrations of the objective lens, and for the same probe current, the final geometric aberration limited spot size is predicted to be around a factor of 50 times smaller than that of the corresponding conventional hole-aperture beam. Direct ray tracing simulation is used to illustrate how a three-stage core lens corrector can be used to eliminate the first- and second-order geometric aberrations of an electric Einzel objective lens.

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2

Franklin, William R., Terry M. Turpin, Jeffrey R. Lapides, Craig Price, Paul Woodford, and Lee D. Peachey. "The Synthetic Aperture Microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 600–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010016546x.

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It is well known that the resolution of a microscope depends critically on the aperture of its objective lens. Achieving wide apertures requires the lens to be extremely close to the sample being imaged, which is often inconvenient. We describe an optical microscope, currently in breadboard form, that achieves a large aperture, and thus high resolution, with a large (theoretically unlimited) working distance, based on the principles of synthetic aperture radar (SAR).

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3

Artioukhina, Nina K., V. Marchik, and Rivas Luz Fabiola of Alexander Zambrano. "TWO-MIRROR HIGH-APERTURE EXTRA-FOCAL LENS." Bulletin of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Series Instrument Making, no. 52(2) (December 30, 2016): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1970.52(2).2016.92744.

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4

Zhang, Weiwei, Jing Liu, Guangcai Chang, Zhan Shi, Ming Li, Yuqi Ren, Xiaowei Zhang, Futing Yi, Peng Liu, and Weifan Sheng. "Large-aperture prism-array lens for high-energy X-ray focusing." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, no. 5 (August 4, 2016): 1091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577516011152.

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A new prism-array lens for high-energy X-ray focusing has been constructed using an array of different prisms obtained from different parabolic structures by removal of passive parts of material leading to a multiple of 2π phase variation. Under the thin-lens approximation the phase changes caused by this lens for a plane wave are exactly the same as those caused by a parabolic lens without any additional corrections when they have the same focal length, which will provide good focusing; at the same time, the total transmission and effective aperture of this lens are both larger than those of a compound kinoform lens with the same focal length, geometrical aperture and feature size. This geometry can have a large aperture that is not limited by the feature size of the lens. Prototype nickel lenses with an aperture of 1.77 mm and focal length of 3 m were fabricated by LIGA technology, and were tested using CCD camera and knife-edge scan method at the X-ray Imaging and Biomedical Application Beamline BL13W1 at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, and provided a focal width of 7.7 µm and a photon flux gain of 14 at an X-ray energy of 50 keV.

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5

Mansfield, S. M., W. R. Studenmund, G. S. Kino, and K. Osato. "High-numerical-aperture lens system for optical storage." Optics Letters 18, no. 4 (February 15, 1993): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.18.000305.

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6

Asahara, Yoshiyuki, Hiroyuki Sakai, Sigeaki Ohmi, Shin Nakayama, Yoshitaka Yoneda, and Tetsuro Izumitani. "Gradient-index slab lens with high numerical aperture." Applied Optics 25, no. 19 (October 1, 1986): 3384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.25.003384.

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7

Fan, G. Y., S. J. Young, T. Deerinck, and M. H. Ellisman. "A New Electron-Optical Mode for High Contrast Imaging and Online Stereo Observation in TEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 2, no. 3 (June 1996): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927696211377.

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We describe a new electron-optical configuration for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this novel mode, the objective mini-lens is strongly excited so that the back focal plane of the objective lens is imaged onto the plane of the selected-area aperture with a magnification of 3.2. Thus, the selected-area aperture can function as an objective aperture either in place of or in addition to the conventional objective aperture. This new configuration, which has been implemented on a JEOL 4000EX high voltage electron microscope, provides improved resolution and contrast in images of thick biological specimens and also facilitates the use of beam tilt for stereo image acquisition.

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8

Oron, Ram, Jacob L. Guedalia, Nir Davidson, Asher A. Friesem, and Erez Hasman. "Anomaly in a high-numerical-aperture diffractive focusing lens." Optics Letters 25, no. 7 (April 1, 2000): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.25.000439.

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9

Chernomyrdin, Nikita V., Maxim E. Frolov, Sergey P. Lebedev, Igor V. Reshetov, Igor E. Spektor, Viktor L. Tolstoguzov, Valeriy E. Karasik, et al. "Wide-aperture aspherical lens for high-resolution terahertz imaging." Review of Scientific Instruments 88, no. 1 (January 2017): 014703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4973764.

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10

Wang, Gangyu, Zaihong Hou, Laian Qin, Xu Jing, and Yi Wu. "Simulation Analysis of a Wavefront Reconstruction of a Large Aperture Laser Beam." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020623.

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In order to solve the problem of atmospheric influence on the far-field measurement of the quality of a laser beam, we proposed a direct wavefront measurement system based on the Hartmann detection principle, which can measure large apertures and high-power laser beams. The measuring system was composed of a lens array and a detector. The wavefront detection of a large aperture laser beam could be realized by controlling the distance between the lenses and the size of the lens. The influence of different duty cycle factors on the accuracy of the wavefront reconstruction under the same arrangement and different arrangement conditions was simulated and analyzed. The simulation results showed that when the sub-lenses of the system were not in close contact, the reconstruction accuracy of the duty factor of 0.8 was close to that of the case of the duty factor of 1. Within a certain detection range, the hexagonal arrangement of 19 lenses and the arrangement of 8 × 8 lens arrays had a high wavefront restoration accuracy; both were lower than 0.10 λ. The system proposed in this paper was suitable for measuring a large aperture laser beam, providing a new idea for measuring and analyzing the quality of large aperture laser beams. It also has an important significance for improving the measurement accuracy of the beam quality.

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11

Gopinath, Shivasubramanian, Praveen Periysamy Angamuthu, Tauno Kahro, Andrei Bleahu, Francis Gracy Arockiaraj, Daniel Smith, Soon Hock Ng, et al. "Implementation of a Large-Area Diffractive Lens Using Multiple Sub-Aperture Diffractive Lenses and Computational Reconstruction." Photonics 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10010003.

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Direct imaging systems that create an image of an object directly on the sensor in a single step are prone to many constraints, as a perfect image is required to be recorded within this step. In designing high resolution direct imaging systems with a diffractive lens, the outermost zone width either reaches the lithography limit or the diffraction limit itself, imposing challenges in fabrication. However, if the imaging mode is switched to an indirect one consisting of multiple steps to complete imaging, then different possibilities open. One such method is the widely used indirect imaging method with Golay configuration telescopes. In this study, a Golay-like configuration has been adapted to realize a large-area diffractive lens with three sub-aperture diffractive lenses. The sub-aperture diffractive lenses are not required to collect light and focus them to a single point as in a direct imaging system, but to focus independently on different points within the sensor area. This approach of a Large-Area Diffractive lens with Integrated Sub-Apertures (LADISA) relaxes the fabrication constraints and allows the sub-aperture diffractive elements to have a larger outermost zone width and a smaller area. The diffractive sub-apertures were manufactured using photolithography. The fabricated diffractive element was implemented in indirect imaging mode using non-linear reconstruction and the Lucy–Richardson–Rosen algorithm with synthesized point spread functions. The computational optical experiments revealed improved optical and computational imaging resolutions compared to previous studies.

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12

Hung, Kuo-Yung, Po-Jen Hsiao, Fang-Gang Tseng, and Miao-Chin Wei. "From Spheric to Aspheric Solid Polymer Lenses: A Review." Advances in OptoElectronics 2011 (August 25, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/197549.

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This paper presents a new approach in the use of MEMS technology to fabricate micro-optofluidic polymer solid lenses in order to achieve the desired profile, focal length, numerical aperture, and spot size. The resulting polymer solid lenses can be applied in optical data storage systems, imaging systems, and automated optical inspection systems. In order to meet the various needs of different applications, polymer solid lenses may have a spherical or aspherical shape. The method of fabricating polymer solid lenses is different from methods used to fabricate tunable lenses with variable focal length or needing an external control system to change the lens geometry. The current trend in polymer solid lenses is toward the fabrication of microlenses with a high numerical aperture, small clear aperture (<2 mm), and high transmittance. In this paper we focus on the use of thermal energy and electrostatic force in shaping the lens profile, including both spherical and aspherical lenses. In addition, the paper discusses how to fabricate a lens with a high numerical aperture of 0.6 using MEMS and also compares the optical characteristics of polymer lens materials, including SU-8, Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA), and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). Finally, new concepts and applications related to micro-optofluidic lenses and polymer materials are also discussed.

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13

Yamada, Masahiro, Takahiro Miura, Hiroyuki Sakakibara, Sunao Aoki, Takakiyo Kanazawa, and Tetsu Watanabe. "A Novel Microminiaturized Aspherical Lens with a High Numerical Aperture." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 42, Part 1, No. 2B (February 28, 2003): 895–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.42.895.

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14

Sato, Makoto, Toshiharu Ezuka, Katsuhiro Koike, Noriaki Murao, Ikuya Kikuchi, and Takanori Maeda. "High-Numerical-Aperture Objective Lens for Blue Laser Disk System." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 40, Part 1, No. 3B (March 30, 2001): 1790–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.40.1790.

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15

Lücken, Uwe, Michael Felsmann, Wim M. Busing, and Frank de Jong. "The CM120 Biotwin: a high-contrast objective lens, optimum cryo-vacuum and improved EDX performance." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100139299.

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A new microscope for the study of life science specimen has been developed. Special attention has been given to the problems of unstained samples, cryo-specimens and x-ray analysis at low concentrations.A new objective lens with a Cs of 6.2 mm and a focal length of 5.9 mm for high-contrast imaging has been developed. The contrast of a TWIN lens (f = 2.8 mm, Cs = 2 mm) and the BioTWTN are compared at the level of mean and SD of slow scan CCD images. Figure 1a shows 500 +/- 150 and Fig. 1b only 500 +/- 40 counts/pixel. The contrast-forming mechanism for amplitude contrast is dependent on the wavelength, the objective aperture and the focal length. For similar image conditions (same voltage, same objective aperture) the BioTWIN shows more than double the contrast of the TWIN lens. For phasecontrast specimens (like thin frozen-hydrated films) the contrast at Scherzer focus is approximately proportional to the √ Cs.

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16

Schwarz, Simon, Babette Götzendorfer, Stefan Rung, Cemal Esen, and Ralf Hellmann. "Compact Beam Homogenizer Module with Laser-Fabricated Lens-Arrays." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031018.

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We report on manufacturing of a compact beam homogenizer module including two lens arrays and an aperture. Lens arrays are fabricated by an all laser-based technology employing a precise femtosecond pulsed laser ablation and a CO2 laser polishing step. Each lens array is processed revealing a high contour accuracy and a roughness of 25 nm. The 8x8 lens arrays are designed to have a square footprint to generate a quadratic Top-Hat beam profile and focal length of 10 mm to realize compact packaging. Firstly, the lens arrays are tested in an experimental setup using commercial lens holders with their functionality being demonstrated by shaping a uniform 4.5 mm squared Top-Hat beam profile, as being calculated. Afterwards, a 3D printer is used to additively manufacture the housing for the beam homogenizer module having a length of only 16 mm. After assembling the laser-fabricated lens arrays and a laser-cutted aperture into the housing, the functionality of the miniaturized module is proven.

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17

Fukuda, Hiroshi, Yasushi Kobayashi, Katsunobu Hama, Tsutomu Tawa, and Shinji Okazaki. "Evaluation of Pupil-Filtering in High-Numerical Aperture I-Line Lens." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 32, Part 1, No. 12B (December 30, 1993): 5845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.32.5845.

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18

Zaman, Mohammad Asif, and Yasin Büyükalp. "Design of a high numerical aperture achromatic objective lens for endomicroscopy." Optical Engineering 58, no. 07 (July 3, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.58.7.075101.

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19

Shen, Wanfu, Chunguang Hu, Shuai Li, and Xiaotang Hu. "Using high numerical aperture objective lens in micro-reflectance difference spectrometer." Applied Surface Science 421 (November 2017): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.12.166.

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20

Chekanov, A., M. Birukawa, Y. Itoh, and T. Suzuki. "A high numerical aperture solid immersion lens magneto-optical recording system." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 35, no. 5 (1999): 3100–3105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.801097.

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21

Sekiguchi, Rei, Shun Yoshikawa, Yasuhiro Kakinuma, Katsutoshi Tanaka, and Masahiko Fukuta. "Basic Study on High Efficiency Ultra-Precision Grinding of the Optical Glass Lens." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.21.

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The demand for large aperture lenses with high surface quality and form accuracy used for single-lens reflex cameras has been increasing. Generally, large aperture glass lenses are produced by ultra-precision grinding. Considering the increasing global competition, the grinding process has to be improved. However, highly efficient grinding causes worse surface quality, which leads to much polishing and ultimately results in lower form accuracy. Thus in this study, aiming at the realization of highly efficient and precise grinding of glass lenses, cross grinding of optical glass BK7 is carried out. As a first step of the study, the influence of grinding conditions on the surface quality is investigated experimentally.

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22

Li, Xiaoyang, Xu Yang, Shengqian Wang, Bincheng Li, and Hao Xian. "Piston Error Extraction from Dual-Wavelength Interference Patterns Using Phase Retrieval Technique." Photonics 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9020111.

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As next-generation large-aperture telescopes, synthetic aperture is a promising method for realizing high resolution observations. Co-phasing the misaligned segmented aperture is an important procedure for high-resolution observations with segmented telescopes. In this paper, a piston error detection method is proposed based on two interference patterns. Two interference patterns are generated by using a lens placed across two adjacent pupils in the exit pupil plane at two wavelengths and a method based on phase retrieval technique is proposed to extract the piston error from the two interference patterns. The introduction of dual-wavelength in the scheme overcomes the 2π ambiguities problem and expands the piston error detection range. Meanwhile, the proposed piston error extraction method based on phase retrieval technique allows high precision measurement of the piston error and is robust to offset lens. Various simulations are demonstrated and the feasibility of the proposed piston error detection method is validated.

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23

Stafeev, S. S., and V. V. Kotlyar. "Formation of an elongated region of energy backflow using ring apertures." Computer Optics 43, no. 2 (April 2019): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-2019-43-2-193-199.

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In this paper, we have investigated the focusing of a second-order cylindrical vector beam by using a high numerical aperture (NA) lens limited by a ring aperture using the Richards-Wolf formulae. It was shown that the range of negative on-axis projections of the Poynting vector could be increased by increasing the depth of focus through the use of a ring aperture. It was shown that when focusing light with a lens with NA = 0.95, the use of a ring aperture limiting the entrance pupil angle to 0.9 of maximum, allows the depth of the region of negative on-axis Poynting vector projections to be four times increased, with the region width remaining almost unchanged and varying from 0.357 to 0.352 of the incident wavelength. Notably, the magnitude of the reverse energy flow was found to be larger than the direct one by a factor of 2.5.

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24

Tamura, K., S. Shiraki, H. Ishii, M. Owari, and Y. Nihei. "Highly Angle-Resolved X-Ray Photoelectron Diffraction from Solid Surfaces." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 02n03 (April 2003): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03004974.

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We have carried out the highly angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPED) measurements by using the input-lens system for restriction of the detection angle. In the input-lens system, high angular resolution and high throughput are accomplished by placing an aperture not on the image plane but on the diffraction plane of electron optics. The aperture sizes (ϕ 4 mm, ϕ 2 mm, ϕ 0.5 mm, ϕ 0.25 mm) correspond to the angular resolutions (± 0.6°, ± 0.3°, ± 0.08°, ± 0.04°) respectively. Highly angle-resolved Ge3d XPED patterns from Ge(111) obtained by the angle-resolving system contain fine structure such as Kikuchi patterns. The fine structure was reproduced by multiple scattering cluster calculations.

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25

Wang Zheng, Gao Chun-Qing, and Xin Jing-Tao. "Focusing properties of the high order vector beam by a high numerical aperture lens." Acta Physica Sinica 61, no. 12 (2012): 124209. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.124209.

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26

LUO, Wenfeng, Xinhui LI, Shuyuan LYU, and Jie JIA. "Design of dual-wavelength polarization control metasurface lens." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 40, no. 1 (February 2022): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20224010215.

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With the rapid development of modern optics, optical elements have become an indispensable part of an optical system. A metasurface is a nanostructure composed of arrays of sub-wavelength scatterers and is widely used due to its simple structure, thin thickness, easy integration, and high utilization rate. This paper designs a polarization-multiplexed transmissive metasurface lens in the visible light band 690 nm and near-infrared light band 880 nm. The metasurface lens combines the x-polarized lens design with the y-polarized lens design to realize three metasurface lenses with dual wavelength and different polarization states under the same metasurface. The metasurface lenses are: a coaxial confocal metasurface lens with the focus length of f1=f2=7 215 nm, an off-axis metasurface lens with the focus length of f1=f2=7 221 nm and with a displacement of xd=±4 000 nm, and a coaxial metasurface lens with the focus length of f1=7 000 nm and f2=10 000 nm, respectively. They have not only a high numerical aperture of 0.8 but also a good focusing capability with a full width at half maximum close to diffraction limit, and their space utilization is also improved. This compact and highly numerical aperture and high spatial utilization of dual-wavelength polarization multiplexing metasurface design provides an effective solution for the development of focusing lens and has unique potentials and advantages in fluorescent microlens, optical imaging, etc.

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27

Choi, Hojong, and Jaemyung Ryu. "Design of Wide Angle and Large Aperture Optical System with Inner Focus for Compact System Camera Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010179.

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Conventionally, a bright, very wide-angle optical system is designed as a floating type optical system that moves two or more lens groups composed of multiple lens in order to focus accurately. These have been widely used as phase detection auto focus (AF) methods within conventional digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras. However, a phase detection AF optical system cannot be used when recording motion pictures. In contrast, a compact system camera (CSC) performs AF by the contrast method, where a stepper motor is used as the driving source for moving the optical lens. Nonetheless, to ensure that the focusing lens is lighter, these stepper motors should not have high torque and AF must be possible by moving only one lens. Yet, when focusing is performed with only one lens, aberration change due to focusing lens movement is magnified. Therefore, a very wide-angle optical system comprised of a half-angle of view more than 40 degrees and F of 1/4 has not been developed. Here, a very wide-angle optical system was designed with high resolving power that enables high speed AF, even in contrast mode, by moving only one lens while minimizing aberration change.

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28

Kobayashi, H., I. Nagaoki, E. Nakazawa, and T. Kamino. "Development of a Computer-Controlled 120kV High-Performance Tem." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100164696.

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A new computer controlled 120kV high performance TEM has been developed(Fig. 1). The image formation system of the microscope enables us to observe high resolution, wide field,and high contrast without replacing the objective lens pole-piece. The objective lens is designed for high- contrast (HC) and high-resolution(HR) modes, and consists of a double gap and two coils. A schematic drawing of the objective lens and the strength of the magnetic field of the lens is described in Fig.2. When the objective lens is used in HC mode, upper and lower coils are operated at a lens current of same polarity to form the long focal length. The focal length(fo), spherical aberration coefficient(Cs) and chromatic aberration coefficient (Cc) in HC mode at 100kV are 6.5, 3.4 and 3.1mm, respectively. Magnification range at HC mode is × 700 to × 200,000. The viewing area with an objective aperture of a diameter of 10μm is 160mm in diameter. In HR mode, the polarity of lower coil current is reversed to form a shorter focal length for high resolution image observation. The fo, Cs and Cc of the objective lens in HR mode at lOOkV are 3.1, 2.8 and 2.3mm, respectively. The highest magnification in HR mode is × 600,000.

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29

Streed, E. W., B. G. Norton, J. J. Chapman, and D. Kielpinski. "Scalable, efficient ion-photon coupling with phase Fresnel lenses for large-scale quantum computing." Quantum Information and Computation 9, no. 3&4 (March 2009): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic9.3-4-2.

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Efficient ion-photon coupling is an important component for large-scale ion-trap quantum computing. We propose that arrays of phase Fresnel lenses (PFLs) are a favorable optical coupling technology to match with multi-zone ion traps. Both are scalable technologies based on conventional micro-fabrication techniques. The large numerical apertures (NAs) possible with PFLs can reduce the readout time for ion qubits. PFLs also provide good coherent ion-photon coupling by matching a large fraction of an ion's emission pattern to a single optical propagation mode (TEM$_{00}$). To this end we have optically characterized a large numerical aperture phase Fresnel lens (NA=0.64) designed for use at 369.5 nm, the principal fluorescence detection transition for Yb$^+$ ions. A diffraction-limited spot $w_0=350\pm15$ nm ($1/e^2$ waist) with mode quality $M^2= 1.08\pm0.05$ was measured with this PFL. From this we estimate the minimum expected free space coherent ion-photon coupling to be 0.64\%, which is twice the best previous experimental measurement using a conventional multi-element lens. We also evaluate two techniques for improving the entanglement fidelity between the ion state and photon polarization with large numerical aperture lenses.

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30

GONG Chang-chang, 巩畅畅, 范斌 FAN Bin, 邵俊铭 SHAO Jun-ming, and 刘鑫 LIU Xin. "High Precision Fabrication Method of Diffractive Lens on Large Aperture Quartz Substrate." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 49, no. 5 (2020): 522001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20204905.0522001.

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31

Kosemura, Daisuke, and Atsushi Ogura. "Transverse-optical phonons excited in Si using a high-numerical-aperture lens." Applied Physics Letters 96, no. 21 (May 24, 2010): 212106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3441042.

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32

Meem, Monjurul, Sourangsu Banerji, Christian Pies, Timo Oberbiermann, Apratim Majumder, Berardi Sensale-Rodriguez, and Rajesh Menon. "Large-area, high-numerical-aperture multi-level diffractive lens via inverse design." Optica 7, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.388697.

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33

Zhu, Yechuan, Shun Zhou, Zhiheng Wang, Yiting Yu, Weizheng Yuan, and Weiguo Liu. "Investigation on Super-Resolution Focusing Performance of a TE-Polarized Nanoslit-Based Two-Dimensional Lens." Nanomaterials 10, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10010003.

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Conventional optics suffer from the diffraction limit. Our recent work has predicted a nanoslit-based two-dimensional (2D) lens with transverse-electric (TE) polarized design that is capable of realizing the super-resolution focusing of light beyond the diffraction limit in the quasi-far field. Furthermore, the super-resolution capability can be kept in a high-refractive-index dielectric over a wide wavelength range from ultraviolet to visible light. Here, we systematically investigate the influence of various factors on the super-resolution focusing performance of the lens. Factors such as lens aperture, focal length and nanoslit length are considered. In particular, the influence of nanoslit length on lens focusing was ignored in the previous reports about nanoslit-based 2D lenses, since nanoslit length was assumed to be infinite. The numerical results using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method demonstrate that the super-resolution focusing capability of a nanoslit-based 2D lens increases with the lens aperture and reduces with the increase of the lens focal length. On the other hand, it is notable that the length of the lens focus is not equal to but smaller than that of the nanoslits. Therefore, in order to achieve a desired focus length, a lens should be designed with longer nanoslits.

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34

LePoole, J. B. "An Electron Optician's View on the Electron Microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 980–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100089214.

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This is the part, that decides the image quality of the microscope. For good resolution, the aperture angle should be as large as possible. Since the important lens errors increase rapidly with the aperture angle, the design should aim a reduction of the errorcoefficients.A good way to reduce these coefficients is to increase the excitation (Ampère turns). Nowadays all objective lenses are designed for high excitation. It means that prevention of saturation anywhere in the ironcircuit plays an important role in the design. It can be shown that by using a symmetric magnetic circuit the excitation of a lens can be approximately doubled without additional problems.

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35

Ni, Haibin, Guanghui Yuan, Liangdong Sun, Ning Chang, Di Zhang, Ruipeng Chen, Liyong Jiang, Hongyuan Chen, Zhongze Gu, and Xiangwei Zhao. "Large-scale high-numerical-aperture super-oscillatory lens fabricated by direct laser writing lithography." RSC Advances 8, no. 36 (2018): 20117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02644k.

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36

Lee, Joong Hoon, Sehui Chang, Min Seok Kim, Yeong Jae Kim, Hyun Myung Kim, and Young Min Song. "High-Identical Numerical Aperture, Multifocal Microlens Array through Single-Step Multi-Sized Hole Patterning Photolithography." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121068.

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Imaging applications based on microlens arrays (MLAs) have a great potential for the depth sensor, wide field-of-view camera and the reconstructed hologram. However, the narrow depth-of-field remains the challenge for accurate, reliable depth estimation. Multifocal microlens array (Mf-MLAs) is perceived as a major breakthrough, but existing fabrication methods are still hindered by the expensive, low-throughput, and dissimilar numerical aperture (NA) of individual lenses due to the multiple steps in the photolithography process. This paper reports the fabrication method of high NA, Mf-MLAs for the extended depth-of-field using single-step photolithography assisted by chemical wet etching. The various lens parameters of Mf-MLAs are manipulated by the multi-sized hole photomask and the wet etch time. Theoretical and experimental results show that the Mf-MLAs have three types of lens with different focal lengths, while maintaining the uniform and high NA irrespective of the lens type. Additionally, we demonstrate the multi-focal plane image acquisition via Mf-MLAs integrated into a microscope.

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Liu, Zhiheng, Bennett B. Goldberg, Stephen B. Ippolito, Anthony N. Vamivakas, M. Selim Ünlü, and Richard Mirin. "High resolution, high collection efficiency in numerical aperture increasing lens microscopy of individual quantum dots." Applied Physics Letters 87, no. 7 (August 15, 2005): 071905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2012532.

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Lalanne, Philippe, and Pierre Chavel. "Large-area, high-numerical-aperture multi-level diffractive lens via inverse design: comment." Optica 8, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.416017.

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39

Chen, Ze-Yang, Zhun Wei, Rui Chen, and Jian-Wen Dong. "Focus shaping of high numerical aperture lens using physics-assisted artificial neural networks." Optics Express 29, no. 9 (April 13, 2021): 13011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.421354.

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40

Zhang Zhiming, 张志明, 蒲继雄 Pu Jixiong, and 王喜庆 Wang Xiqing. "Focusing of Cylindrically Polarized Bessel-Gaussian Beams through a High Numerical-Aperture Lens." Chinese Journal of Lasers 35, no. 3 (2008): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl20083503.0401.

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41

Zhang Yanli, 张艳丽, 李小燕 Li Xiaoyan, and 朱健强 Zhu Jianqiang. "Generation and Focusing Property with High-Numerical Aperture Lens of Vectorial Polarized Beam." Chinese Journal of Lasers 36, no. 1 (2009): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl20093601.0129.

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42

Meem, Monjurul, Sourangsu Banerji, Apratim Majumder, Berardi Sensale-Rodriguez, and Rajesh Menon. "Large-area, high-numerical-aperture multi-level diffractive lens via inverse design: reply." Optica 8, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.427037.

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43

Shvedov, V. "Nonparaxial singular beams inside the focal region of a high numerical-aperture lens." Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics 12, no. 3 (2011): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3116/16091833/12/3/109/2011.

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44

Xu, Jin-Bo, You-Ran Zhao, Chao Liu, and Qiong-Hua Wang. "Triple-layer spherical electrowetting liquid lens with large-aperture and high zoom ratio." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 160 (January 2023): 107311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2022.107311.

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Itani, Toshiro, Wataru Wakamiya, Julian Cashmore, and Malcolm Gower. "157-nm lithography with high numerical aperture lens for sub-70 nm node." Microelectronic Engineering 67-68 (June 2003): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(03)00057-1.

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Rao, Lianzhou, Jixiong Pu, Zhiyang Chen, and Pu Yei. "Focus shaping of cylindrically polarized vortex beams by a high numerical-aperture lens." Optics & Laser Technology 41, no. 3 (April 2009): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2008.06.012.

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47

Suresh, P., C. Mariyal, K. B. Rajesh, and T. V. S. Pillai. "Polarization effect of cylindrical vector beam in high numerical aperture lens axicon systems." Optik 124, no. 13 (July 2013): 1632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.05.049.

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Itani, Toshiro, Toshifumi Suganaga, Noriyoshi Kanda, Jae-Hwan Kim, Kunio Watanabe, Julian Cashmore, and Malcolm Gower. "Effect of high numerical aperture lens on lithographic performance in 157 nm lithography." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 20, no. 6 (2002): 2562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1520577.

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Meem, Monjurul, Sourangsu Banerji, Christian Pies, Timo Oberbiermann, Apratim Majumder, Berardi Sensale-Rodriguez, and Rajesh Menon. "Large-area, high-numerical-aperture multi-level diffractive lens via inverse design: errata." Optica 7, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.408579.

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50

Rosset, Sybille, Clement Fallet, and Gabriel Y. Sirat. "Focusing by a high numerical aperture lens of distributions generated by conical diffraction." Optics Letters 39, no. 23 (November 17, 2014): 6569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.006569.

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