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Journal articles on the topic 'High and Ultra High Molecular Weight DNA'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

‘Giron’ Koetsier, Paul A., and Eric J. Cantor. "A simple approach for effective shearing and reliable concentration measurement of ultra-high-molecular-weight DNA." BioTechniques 71, no. 2 (August 2021): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/btn-2021-0051.

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Pipetting and concentration measurement of viscous ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMW) DNA samples is challenging and often highly imprecise. Effective guidelines for handling UHMW samples are missing in the field. Herein, a simple and low-cost workflow is presented that enables accurate pipetting and reliable concentration measurement. Central to the workflow is the shearing of representative small aliquots of UHMW DNA samples to a fragment size <150 kb by vortexing them for 1 min with a glass bead in a round-bottomed 2-ml tube. Additionally, a solution is provided for accurate quantitation of high-molecular-weight DNA with fluorometric (Qubit [Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA]) methods by using an appropriate genomic DNA standard, resulting in values that match spectrophotometric (Nanodrop [Thermo Fisher Scientific]) optical density readings.

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2

Ho, S. P., L. Riester, M. Drews, T. Boland, and M. LaBerge. "Nanoindentation properties of compression-moulded ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 217, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441103770802522.

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This paper investigates the elastic modulus and hardness of untreated and treated compression-moulded ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial inserts of a total knee replacement (TKR) prosthesis. Investigations were carried out at a nanoscale using a Nanoindenter™ at penetration depths of 100, 250 and 500 nm. The nanomechanical properties of surface and subsurface layers of the compression-moulded tibial inserts were studied using the untreated UHMWPE. The nanomechanical properties of intermediate and core layers of the compression-moulded tibial insert were studied using the cryoultrasectioned and etched UHMWPE treated samples. The cryoultrasectioning temperature (-150°C) of the samples was below the glass transition temperature, Tg(-122± 2°C), of UHMWPE. The measurement of the mechanical response of crystalline regions within the nanostructure of UHMWPE was accomplished by removing the amorphous regions using a time-varying permanganic-etching technique. The percentage crystallinity of UHMWPE was measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the Tg of UHMWPE was determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to assess the effect of surface preparation on the samples average surface roughness, Ra. In this study, it was demonstrated that the untreated UHMWPE samples had a significantly lower ( p<0.0001) elastic modulus and hardness relative to treated UHMWPE cryoultrasectioned and etched samples at all penetration depths. No significant difference ( p > 0.05) in elastic modulus and hardness between the cryoultrasectioned and etched samples was observed. These results suggest that the surface nanomechanical response of an UHMWPE insert in a total joint replacement (TJR) prosthesis is significantly lower compared with the bulk of the material. Additionally, it was concluded that the nanomechanical response of material with higher percentage crystallinity (67 per cent) was predominantly determined by the crystalline regions within the semi-crystalline UHMWPE nanostructure.

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3

Rahmah, Alyda Aliyah, Silvana Tana, and Siti Muflichatun Mardiati. "Analisis Hematologi Kelinci setelah Implantasi Ultra High Molecular Weight Poliethylene (UHMWPE) pada Sendi Lutut." Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi 2, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/baf.2.2.2017.99-106.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis respon fisiologi tubuh kelinci terhadap implantasi Ultra High Molecular Weight Poliethylene (UHMWPE) dilihat dari aspek jumlah eritrosit, jumlah leukosit dan kadar hemoglobin sebagai salah satu data pendukung untuk dasar penelitian lebih lanjut dalam rangka pembuatan sendi buatan yang sesuai dengan anatomi tubuh orang Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok menggunakan 6 ekor kelinci jenis Lop umur 2,5 bulan yang dibagi dalam dua (2) perlakuan yaitu membandingkan kelinci yang tidak diberikan implantasi UHMWPE (kontrol) (P0) dengan kelinci yang diberikan perlakuan implantasi UHMWPE (P1). Parameter utama adalah jumlah eritrosit, jumlah leukosit dan kadar hemoglobin, serta parameter pendukung adalah konsumsi pakan dan bobot tubuh kemudian dianalisis dengan Uji T Sampel Independen dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SPSS pada taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah eritrosit, jumlah leukosit dan kadar hemoglobin berbeda tidak nyata (p>0,05) antara kontrol dengan perlakuan. Penggunaan implantasi UHMWPE selama 2,5 bulan tidak menyebabkan perubahan pada jumlah eritrosit, jumlah leukosit dan kadar hemoglobin dalam tubuh hewan model. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa material UHMWPE merupakan material implan yang dapat digunakan pada tubuh manusia. Kata Kunci : Ultra High Molecular Weight Poliethylene (UHMWPE), Kelinci, hematologi

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4

Jaudou, Sandra, Mai-Lan Tran, Fabien Vorimore, Patrick Fach, and Sabine Delannoy. "Evaluation of high molecular weight DNA extraction methods for long-read sequencing of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): e0270751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270751.

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Next generation sequencing has become essential for pathogen characterization and typing. The most popular second generation sequencing technique produces data of high quality with very low error rates and high depths. One major drawback of this technique is the short reads. Indeed, short-read sequencing data of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are difficult to assemble because of the presence of numerous mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which contain repeated elements. The resulting draft assemblies are often highly fragmented, which results in a loss of information, especially concerning MGEs or large structural variations. The use of long-read sequencing can circumvent these problems and produce complete or nearly complete genomes. The ONT MinION, for its small size and minimal investment requirements, is particularly popular. The ultra-long reads generated with the MinION can easily span prophages and repeat regions. In order to take full advantage of this technology it requires High Molecular Weight (HMW) DNA of high quality in high quantity. In this study, we have tested three different extraction methods: bead-based, solid-phase and salting-out, and evaluated their impact on STEC DNA yield, quality and integrity as well as performance in MinION long-read sequencing. Both the bead-based and salting-out methods allowed the recovery of large quantities of HMW STEC DNA suitable for MinION library preparation. The DNA extracted using the salting-out method consistently produced longer reads in the subsequent MinION runs, compared with the bead-based methods. While both methods performed similarly in subsequent STEC genome assembly, DNA extraction based on salting-out appeared to be the overall best method to produce high quantity of pure HMW STEC DNA for MinION sequencing.

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5

Demas, J. N., Ming Wu, Peter M. Goodwin, Rhett L. Affleck, and Richard A. Keller. "Fluorescence Detection in Hydrodynamically Focused Sample Streams: Reduction of Diffusional Defocusing by Association of Analyte with High-Molecular-Weight Species." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 5 (May 1998): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981944184.

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Fluorescence methods have been developed for ultra-low-level detection down to the single molecule level. In ultra-low-level analysis, one successful approach to background reduction is to use hydrodynamically focused sample streams coupled with focused laser excitation to reduce detection volumes. However, low-molecular-weight analytes such as fluorescent dyes or fluorescently tagged nucleotides can diffuse radially out of the sample stream before detection, which can cause a significant reduction in the detection efficiency. Diffusional spreading can cause sample stream mixing in multiplexed analyses. Also, axial diffusion can cause misordering of analyte molecules in DNA sequencing at high analysis rates. A new method is presented for reducing diffusion effects by incorporating a high-molecular-weight species that has a strong binding affinity for the analyte (anchor) into the sheath fluid. As the analyte starts to diffuse out of the sample stream, it associates with the anchor and effectively assumes the anchor's molecular weight. This association reduces the analyte's mobility to that of the anchor. Consequently, both radial and axial diffusion are reduced. Further, in favorable cases, this adduct can have significantly increased luminescence yields and photostability compared to the free analyte. Examples of several dye polymer combinations involving electrostatic and other binding modes are given that show the very beneficial effects of this approach. Extension to other systems is described.

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Wang, Fei, Jiabin Yu, Lichao Liu, Ping Xue, and Ke Chen. "Influence of high-density polyethylene content on the rheology, crystal structure, and mechanical properties of melt spun ultra-high-molecular weight polyethylene/high-density polyethylene blend fibers." Journal of Industrial Textiles 53 (January 2023): 152808372211501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15280837221150198.

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High-density polyethylene (HDPE) content significantly influences the structure and mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/HDPE blend fibers. The molecular chain disentanglement and crystallization characteristics of as-spun filaments and fibers and how the structure affects the final mechanical properties of the fibers were thoroughly studied by adding different contents of HDPE. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and rheological analysis indicated that the molecular entanglement decreased with increasing HDPE content, improving the UHMWPE melt processability. Sound velocity orientation (SVO) studies indicated that the UHMWPE/HDPE as-spun filaments and fibers with an HDPE content of 40 wt% (U6H4) had a higher molecular chain orientation level. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analyses indicated that U6H4 had the highest crystallinity and the thinnest grains in the axial direction, respectively. The compact crystal structure and fully stretched molecular chains of U6H4 yielded the best mechanical properties. The present work disclosed the effect mechanism of HDPE contents on the preparation and properties of UHMWPE/HDPE fibers, which provided an effective and universal strategy for manufacturing high-strength UHMWPE/HDPE fibers with the melt spinning method.

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Zarvianti, Enny, Dian Fitriyani, Elvaswer Elvaswer, Winda Surya Bery, Abu Khalid Rivai, Mardiyanto Mardiyanto, and Sulistioso G.S. "Karakterisasi Bahan Perisai Radiasi Neutron Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethyene Dengan Filler Gd2O3 Menggunakan Teknik Radiografi Neutron." JURNAL ILMU FISIKA | UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS 9, no. 1 (March 23, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jif.9.1.1-6.2017.

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Radiasi merupakan pancaran energi melalui suatu materi atau ruang dalam bentuk energi, panas, partikel atau gelombang yang dapat diserap oleh bahan lain. Beberapa radiasi dapat mengionisasi bahan yang dilaluinya salah satunya radiasi neutron karena memiliki daya tembus yang tinggi sehingga sangat diperlukan perisai radiasi. Adapun kriteria dari perisai radiasi neutron harus memiliki kandungan hidrogen yang tinggi, memiliki nilai tampang lintang yang baik dan tidak bersifat korosi. Bahan UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethyene) memiliki kandungan hidrogen yang tinggi dan tidak mudah korosi dan bahan Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) sangat baik menyerap neutron karena mempunyai tampang lintang serapan neutron yang tinggi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka dibuat komposit UHMWPE-Gd2O3 dengan tujuan dapat meningkatkan nilai serapan neutron sehingga dalam aplikasinya bisa lebih efektif untuk memperlambat bahkan menahan radiasi neutron. Telah dilakukan karakterisasi bahan perisai radiasi neutron yang dibuat sendiri dengan teknik radiografi neutron. Bahan perisai radiasi dibuat dengan bahan utama UHMWPE dan penambahan filler Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3) dengan kompoisisi 70% : 30% massa menggunakan metode blending dan kompaksi. Bahan dibuat dengan ketebalan yang bervariasi dari 0,5 cm hingga 2 cm. Hasil karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan tidak terbentuk senyawa kimia antara kedua bahan dan karakterisasi menggunakan SEM terlihat hasil distribusi unsur yang terkandung dalam filler Gd2O3 merata pada bahan dasar polimer. Pengujian serapan neutron menggunakan teknik radiografi neutron dengan metode film. Dengan penambahan variasi ketebalan meningkatkan daya serap bahan dari 58,78% menjadi 67,89% dan nilai koefisien atenuasi diperoleh sebesar 1,025.Kata kunci: perisai radiasi, UHMWPE,Gd2O3, radiografi neutron, daya serap dan koefisien atenuasi.

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8

Goldrich, David Y., Brandon LaBarge, Scott Chartrand, Lijun Zhang, Henry B. Sadowski, Yang Zhang, Khoa Pham, et al. "Identification of Somatic Structural Variants in Solid Tumors by Optical Genome Mapping." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020142.

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Genomic structural variants comprise a significant fraction of somatic mutations driving cancer onset and progression. However, such variants are not readily revealed by standard next-generation sequencing. Optical genome mapping (OGM) surpasses short-read sequencing in detecting large (>500 bp) and complex structural variants (SVs) but requires isolation of ultra-high-molecular-weight DNA from the tissue of interest. We have successfully applied a protocol involving a paramagnetic nanobind disc to a wide range of solid tumors. Using as little as 6.5 mg of input tumor tissue, we show successful extraction of high-molecular-weight genomic DNA that provides a high genomic map rate and effective coverage by optical mapping. We demonstrate the system’s utility in identifying somatic SVs affecting functional and cancer-related genes for each sample. Duplicate/triplicate analysis of select samples shows intra-sample reliability but also intra-sample heterogeneity. We also demonstrate that simply filtering SVs based on a GRCh38 human control database provides high positive and negative predictive values for true somatic variants. Our results indicate that the solid tissue DNA extraction protocol, OGM and SV analysis can be applied to a wide variety of solid tumors to capture SVs across the entire genome with functional importance in cancer prognosis and treatment.

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9

Dayyoub, Tarek, Aleksey Maksimkin, Leonid K. Olifirov, Dilus Chukov, Evgeniy Kolesnikov, Sergey D. Kaloshkin, and Dmitry V. Telyshev. "Structural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Oriented Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Graphene Nanoplates/Polyaniline Films." Polymers 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030758.

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Preparing high-strength polymeric materials using an orientation drawing process is considered one of the most urgent topics in the modern world. Graphene nanoplates/polyaniline (GNP/PANI) were added to the commercial grade UHMWPE (GUR 4120) matrix as a filler with antifriction properties. The effect of GNP/PANI addition on the structure, the orientation process, the void formation (cavitation), the mechanical, and tribological properties was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The paper’s findings indicated an increase in the cavitation effect of 120–320% after the addition of GNP/PANI to the UHMWPE polymer matrix. This increase, during the process of the oriented films’ thermal orientation hardening, led, in turn, to a decrease in the tensile strength during the process of the oriented films’ thermal orientation hardening. Furthermore, the decrease in the coefficient of friction in the best samples of oriented UHMWPE films was two times greater, and the increase in wear resistance was more than an order of magnitude. This process was part of the orientation hardening process for the UHMWPE films containing PE-wax as an intermolecular lubricant, as well as the presence of GNP/PANI in the material, which have a high resistance to abrasive wear.

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10

Yang, Hui, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Guillermo Montalban-Bravo, Kelly S. Chien, Awdesh Kalia, Zhenya Tang, Yue Wei, et al. "High-Throughput Characterization of Cytogenomic Heterogeneity of MDS Using High-Resolution Optical Genome Mapping." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-154005.

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Abstract Introduction Introduction of next-generation sequencing has defined the somatic mutational landscape in MDS. Comprehensive high-throughput structural variant profiling (SVP) is as important as mutation profiling in characterizing MDS clonal architecture since these large genomic aberrations have already shown to be critical for diagnosis and risk-stratification of MDS. A subset (MECOM, KMT2A rearrangements) are therapeutic targets in clinical trials. At this time, technical advances in SVP for copy number alterations (CNAs) and fusions have not been congruent with mutation profiling due to the inability of short-read (150bp) NGS to detect SVs. Currently available long-read (10-20Kbp) and whole genome sequencing cannot detect all SVs due to the presence of repeat sequences. Hence, conventional karyotyping (CK) remains the gold standard. Optical genome mapping (OGM) is a novel single-platform technique that measures ultra-long-range sequence patterns (>300Kbp), thereby unaffected by repeat sequences, enabling unbiased evaluation of all types of SVs at a high resolution. Here, we performed comprehensive SVP and mutation profiling in a large well-characterized cohort of MDS. Methods We selected samples with available fresh/frozen BM cells from consecutive treatment-naïve MDS pts who also underwent standard-of-care tests (CK, FISH, targeted 81-gene NGS for mutations). For OGM, ultra-high-molecular-weight-DNA was extracted, followed by labeling, linearization and imaging of DNA (Saphyr, Bionano) [median coverage:>300X]. The results were analyzed using de novo (>500 bp), rare variant (>5000 bp) and copy number (>500,000 bp) pipelines. The data was compared against 200 healthy controls to exclude common germline SVs. Clinical significance of the SVs was determined based on the location/overlap with the coding region of myeloid malignancy associated genes. The detection sensitivity was 10%. Results There were 76 treatment naïve MDS patients. Baseline characteristics, comprehensive cytogenetic scoring system (CCSS) and R-IPPS risk categories and somatic mutations are in Fig 1. OGM identified all clonal abnormalities detected by CK [CNAs, inversions, inter/intra-chromosomal translocations, dicentric, complex derivative chromosomes]. Precise mapping of SVs by OGM at gene-level allowed determining the status of clinically informative biomarkers such as TET2, MECOM, TP53 and KMT2A, without the need for confirmatory assays. Detailed gene-level characterization of different SVs included KMT2A-ELL [t(11;19)] in MDS with WT1 mut, t(9;11) with SYTL2 fusion (and not KMT2A), der(1;7) leading to del(7q) in MDS with GATA2 mut/IDH2 mutand t(1;3)(p36;q21) rearrangements with potential PRDM16 disruption in SF3B1 mut/RUNX1 mutMDS, among others. Using OGM, we mapped the sequence patterns in both samples with IM with high level of confidence. Additionally, OGM identified 23 cryptic, clinically significant SVs in 14 (18%) of 76 pts. These included deletions of TET2, KMT2A, and del(5q), KMT2A amplification in MDS with FLT3-ITD/DNMT3A mut/RAS mut, NUP98-PRRX2, MECOM rearrangement in TET mut mutated NK-MDS. In addition, there were SVs of uncertain significance: duplications of chr1 (PDE41P), deletions of chr21 (involving RUNX1), chr2 (DNMT3A, ASXL2), chr12 (ETV6) and chr22 (EP300) and der(16)t(12;16)(q21.1;q12.1). These cryptic SVs were noted across all R-IPSS risk categories (highest yield in very-low and low R-IPSS) and across all cytogenetic risk-groups (very-good to very-poor). In complex karyotype setting, OGM could resolve the markers and additional genetic material, and in most cases, showed a much higher the degree of complexity within the genome than was apparent by CK. Four pts showed SV patterns typical of chromothripsis/chromoplexy. The median number of mutations per pt was 1 (0-6). When compared to mutation subsets, cryptic SVs were only identified in pts with ≤3 mutations. Majority represented either MDS with TP53 mut (6, 29%) or SF3B1 mut/TET mut (deletions of TET2, KMT2A, NOTCH1 and EP300 genes). Conclusions Unbiased, high-throughput whole genome SVP revealed cryptic, clinically significant SVs in ~18% of MDS pts. OGM is a single-platform cytogenomic tool that can facilitate SVP at a gene-level resolution. This study provides strong support for further validation in expanded cohorts to guide clinical implementation and integration of SVP for routine work-up. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Wei: Daiichi Sanko: Research Funding. Kantarjian: Ipsen Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Astellas Health: Honoraria; Astra Zeneca: Honoraria; AbbVie: Honoraria, Research Funding; KAHR Medical Ltd: Honoraria; NOVA Research: Honoraria; Ascentage: Research Funding; Aptitude Health: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Jazz: Research Funding; Immunogen: Research Funding; Daiichi-Sankyo: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; Precision Biosciences: Honoraria; Taiho Pharmaceutical Canada: Honoraria.

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Jamari, Jamari, and Fajar Hari Priyoga. "PENGARUH TEKSTUR PERMUKAAN MATERIAL UHMWPE TERHADAP DISTRIBUSI TEGANGAN PADA BEBAN KONTAK STATIC, ROLLING DAN SLIDING." ROTASI 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/rotasi.18.1.13-17.

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Material UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) sering digunakan sebagai actebular liner pada sistem sambungan tulang panggul buatan. Fungsi material ini sebagai bantalan dan peredam. Performansi material ini terus dikaji dan ditingkatkan melalui berbagai macam teknologi. Optimasi bentuk tekstur merupakan salah satu cara dalam meningkatkan karakteristik tribologi. Paper ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh tekstur permukaan terhadap distribusi tegangan von Mises untuk beban statik, roling dan sliding. Perhitungan tegangan dan distribusinya dilakukan mengunakan metode elemen hingga. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa untuk semua kasus pembebanan baik statik, roling maupun sliding tegangan von Mises yang terbesar terjadi pada tekstur permukaan yang memiliki diameter lubang (cavities) yang terkecil. Selain itu besarnya tegangan maksimum von Mises paling besar terjadi pada kasus beban kontak sliding kemudian kontak roling dan yang paling kecil kontak statik.

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12

Mespoulet, Jerome, Hakim Abdulhamid, and Paul Deconinck. "Damping evaluation of a ballistic foam: from tests to simulations." EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125006011.

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The perpetual evolution of soldiers light weight armors include now high technology ceramic, composite and polymeric in ballistic vest that are optimized by simulations. Knowledge of individual material response in the strain, strain rate regime closed to the threat stays mandatory and thus collecting parameters to fit material models guarantees reliable numerical investigations. Since 2015, THIOT INGENIERIE Shock Physics Laboratory has been selected by the French Defence procurement agency DGA-Land Systems to perform materials characterization in three main families of ballistic materials [1-2]. A coupled approach between laboratory experiments and numerical simulations has shown its relevance with ceramic and an Ultra High Molecular Weight PolyEthylene composite (UHMWPE). This paper presents succinctly the last part of those experimental investigations on a polymeric foam that is implemented on the soldier’s chest [3]. The material behavior under dynamic loading has been first evaluated using Split Hokinson Pressure Bars (SHPB) up to 5000s-1. Ballistic tests have been performed in a second time using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) with ultrahigh speed cameras at the back of the target plate to evaluate the damping behavior. Numerical simulations are under progress and the first results are promising.

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Gray, James X., Paul J. Leo, Pamela Mukhopadhyay, Evgeny A. Glazov, Patrick Danoy, Marina Donskoi, Anna Brown, et al. "Genome-Wide Analysis of Genetic Alterations In Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (Massively parallel, high-throughput, paired-end DNA sequencing and genotyping of an AML genome)." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1690.1690.

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Abstract Abstract 1690 Background – Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) has a worldwide incidence of approximately 3.5 per 100,000 population per year with most cases occurring in adults. Survival at 12 months is less than 30% and at 5 years is less than 10% (NCI, 2010). AML is a complex disease that demonstrates marked heterogeneity morphologically, cytogenetically and molecularly. The largest cytogenetic subgroup of AML has normal cytogenetics and accounts for approximately 45% of de novo AML cases. Furthermore, the response to treatment and survival outcomes of cytogenetically normal AML (cn-AML) is remarkably heterogeneous. Aims – – To undertake whole-genome and exome sequence analysis of a cn-AML case at diagnosis and at relapse to identify subtle, potentially oncogenic mutations at the molecular level that may initiate AML and those that may be responsible for drug resistance or relapse. Specific Aims: i. –Comparison of the AML genomes at diagnosis, remission and relapse to identify genomic regions with changes in copy number and loss of heterozygosity, using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis. ii. Identify chromosomal rearrangements such as small insertions, duplications, inversions and deletions, (“indels”) and translocations that may contribute to AML initiation or relapse, using massively parallel, ultra-high throughput (“next generation”), paired-end sequencing of total genomic DNA at low depth. iii. Identify DNA point mutations potentially affecting protein function that may contribute to AML initiation or relapse by using next generation sequencing at high depth of the captured exomes (putative coding regions) of the AML and control genomes. Methods – The PwC (Price-Waterhouse-Coopers) Leukaemia and Lymphoma Tissue Bank, a joint initiative of the Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group and the Leukaemia Foundation, provided samples from an AML patient with normal cytogenetics and a blast count at diagnosis of 70% and at relapse of 85%. Genomic DNA extracted from autologous mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) was used to represent non-leukaemic, germline, control DNA. Primary cell culture of MSCs from cryopreserved bone marrow aspirate cells (50 × 106) of our test patient at remission was achieved with standard tissue culture methods. High molecular weight DNA was extracted from the patient's MSCs and marrow cells at diagnosis, remission and relapse samples. Sonication (Covaris) and libraries appropriate for paired-end high-throughput sequencing (Illumina Genome Analyzer II instrument) were prepared from gel purified DNA fragments approximately 200 bp in size. Results and Discussion – Primary cell culture of MSCs from bone marrow aspirates proved to be a robust source of germline genomic DNA with several advantages over skin. Firstly, tissue banked samples, will not include biopsies of normal skin. Furthermore, skin can be contaminated by circulating leukaemic cells, which is problematic with low-depth genomic sequencing. The homogenous immunophenotype of the cultured MSCs indicate their purity. Preliminary SNP microarray analysis identified a large region of uniparental disomy (copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity) involving most of chromosome 13q, which was not identified by standard cytogenetic analysis. Low-pass or shallow paired-end genomic DNA sequencing has generated the following outputs. MSC genome: 10.7 Gb (3.6X haploid genome coverage) resulting from 152 × 106 paired sequence reads, AML_diagnosis genome: 21.6 Gb (7.2X) resulting from 142 × 106 paired sequence reads, AML_relapse genome: 26.8 Gb (8.9X) resulting from 177 × 106 paired sequence reads. The capture baits representing the human exome span 26,225,870 bp (approximately 0.9% of haploid human genome). Exome capture libraries were prepared from the three sources of DNA (MSC, AML_diagnosis and AML_relapse) and sequenced using a single lane for each library. The outputs for all three were very similar, approximately 23 × 106 paired sequence reads, representing 1.3 Gb (49X haploid exome coverage). The reads for whole genome or exome capture were of high quality and more than 98% could be unambiguously aligned to the human reference genome in the correct orientation and interval distance. Here we will present MSC enrichment results and sequencing output results, quality control and preliminary analysis of genomic alterations and exonic mutations. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Lee, Su-Bin, Yu-Jeong Yang, Sun-Hyung Lim, Yong Q. Gu, and Jong-Yeol Lee. "A Rapid, Reliable RP-UPLC Method for Large-Scale Analysis of Wheat HMW-GS Alleles." Molecules 26, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 6174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206174.

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High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) account for only 10% of total wheat storage proteins, but play an important role in the processing quality of wheat flour. Therefore, identifying HMW-GS alleles associated with good end-use quality provides important information for wheat breeders. To rapidly, accurately and reproducibly identify HMW-GS, we established an optimized reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method. Separation parameters were optimized using an ACQUITY UPLC Protein BEH C4 column and stepwise ACN gradient, and the separation patterns and retention times (RTs) of 22 subunits were comparatively analyzed in 16 standard wheat cultivars. All HMW-GS proteins were well separated within about 5.5 min, and all analyses were complete within 12 min. We distinguished the 16 subunits based on RT, although three subunits in 1Bx (1Bx7/1Bx7OE and 1Bx17) and three subunits in 1By (1By8*, 1By9 and 1By15) had overlapping RTs; these were differentiated by SDS-PAGE. To distinguish 1Bx7 and 1Bx7OE, which differ in protein abundance, RP-UPLC was combined with PCR analysis of DNA junction markers. The optimized method was successfully applied to determine HMW-GS alleles in a large collection of bread wheat germplasm (1787 lines). This protocol is an appropriate option for selecting lines harboring favorable HMW-GS alleles in wheat breeding.

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Winroth, Scott, Chris Scott, and Hatsuo Ishida. "Structure and Performance of Benzoxazine Composites for Space Radiation Shielding." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 4346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184346.

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Innovative multifunctional materials that combine structural functionality with other spacecraft subsystem functions have been identified as a key enabling technology for future deep space missions. In this work, we report the structure and performance of multifunctional polymer matrix composites developed for aerospace applications that require both structural functionality and space radiation shielding. Composites comprised of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber reinforcement and a hydrogen-rich polybenzoxazine matrix are prepared using a low-pressure vacuum bagging process. The polybenzoxazine matrix is derived from a novel benzoxazine resin that possesses a unique combination of attributes: high hydrogen concentration for shielding against galactic cosmic rays (GCR), low polymerization temperature to prevent damage to UHMWPE fibers during composite fabrication, long shelf-life, and low viscosity to improve flow during molding. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is used to study rheological and thermomechanical properties. Composite mechanical properties, obtained using several standardized tests, are reported. Improvement in composite stiffness, through the addition of carbon fiber skin layers, is investigated. Radiation shielding performance is evaluated using computer-based simulations. The composites demonstrate clear advantages over benchmark materials in terms of combined structural and radiation shielding performance.

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Arju, Georg, Hidde Yaël Berg, Taivo Lints, and Ildar Nisamedtinov. "Methodology for Analysis of Peptide Consumption by Yeast during Fermentation of Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysate Supplemented Synthetic Medium Using UPLC-IMS-HRMS." Fermentation 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2022): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8040145.

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Several studies have shown the ability of yeast to consume peptides as a nitrogen source in single-peptide containing media. However, a suitable and cost-effective methodology to study the utilization of peptides by yeast and other microorganisms in a complex peptide mixture has yet to be put forward. This article addresses this issue by presenting a screening methodology for tracking the consumption of peptides by yeast during alcoholic fermentation. As a peptide source, the methodology makes use of an in-house prepared peptide-mapped bovine serum albumin (BSA) proteolytic digest, which was applied to a synthetic grape must. The peptide uptake was analyzed using high-throughput ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to data-independent acquisition-based ion mobility separation-enabled high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-DIA-IMS-HRMS) analysis. The relative changes of abundance of 123 di- to hexapeptides were monitored and reported during fermentations with three commercial wine strains, demonstrating different uptake kinetics for individual peptides. Using the same peptide-mapped BSA hydrolysate, the applicability of an untargeted workflow was additionally assessed for peptide profiling in unelucidated matrixes. The comparison of the results from peptide mapping and untargeted analysis experiments highlighted the ability of untargeted analysis to consistently identify small molecular weight peptides on the length and amino acid composition. The proposed method, in combination with other analytical techniques, such as gene or protein expression analysis, can be a useful tool for different metabolic studies related to the consumption of complex nitrogen sources by yeast or other microorganisms.

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Salimon, Alexei I., Eugene S. Statnik, Michael Yu Zadorozhnyy, Fedor S. Senatov, Dmitry D. Zherebtsov, Alexander A. Safonov, and Alexander M. Korsunsky. "Porous Open-Сell UHMWPE: Experimental Study of Structure and Mechanical Properties." Materials 12, no. 13 (July 8, 2019): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132195.

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Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a bioinert polymer that is widely used as bulk material in reconstructive surgery for structural replacements of bone and cartilage. Porous UHMWPE can be used for trabecular bone tissue replacement, and it can be used in living cell studies as bioinert 3D substrate permeable to physiological fluids. It is important to develop techniques to govern the morphology of open-cell porous UHMWPE structures (pore size, shape, and connectivity), since this allows control over proliferation and differentiation in living cell populations. We report experimental results on the mechanical behavior of porous open-cell UHMWPE obtained through sacrificial removal (desalination) of hot-molded UHMWPE-NaCl powder mixtures with pore sizes in the range 75 µm to 500 µm. The structures were characterized using SEM and mechanically tested under static compression and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), bending, and tensile tests. Apparent elastic modulus and complex modulus were in the range of 1.2 to 2.5 MPa showing a weak dependence on cell size. Densification under compression caused the apparent elastic modulus to increase to 130 MPa.

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18

Kelly, John M. "ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE*." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews 42, no. 3 (August 19, 2002): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/mc-120006452.

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Golsteyn, Elizabeth J., Cecilia Po, and Yvonne A. Lefebvre. "Isolation and characterization of nuclear envelopes from three variant cell lines of the Shionogi mouse mammary carcinoma: Identification of androgen-dependent peptides." Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o85-154.

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We have isolated and purified, with good yields, nuclear envelopes from an androgen-responsive and from two androgen-unresponsive cell lines of the Shionogi mouse mammary carcinoma after subjecting purified nuclei to DNase at high pH and characterized them morphologically, chemically, and enzymatically. Phase-contrast microscopy revealed the nuclei to be free of cytoplasmic tags and that the nuclear envelopes were isolated as membrane "ghosts." Electron micrographs clearly showed the double-membrane system with nuclear pore complexes which illustrates that the nuclear envelopes were ultra-structurally intact. The nuclear envelopes contained little DNA, low levels of arylesterase or acid phosphatase activity, and undetectable levels of succinate dehydrogenase and 5′-nucleotidase activity. Coomassie blue staining of the nuclear envelope fractions on sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide gels for all three cell lines revealed that most of the polypeptides were similar. However, we have identified androgen-dependent peptides of molecular weights 29 000, 32 000, and 34 000 in nuclear envelopes of the androgen-responsive cell line peptide profiles by comparing the nuclear envelopes prepared from the androgen-responsive cell line grown in intact mice, in castrated mice, and in mice which had been injected with testosterone after castration. Further investigation of the androgen regulation of these nuclear envelope peptides may help us understand the molecular mechanisms involved during morphological changes of the nucleus which occur in response to different hormonal environments.

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20

Attwood, P. C., and R. S. Brookman. "Ultra-high molecular weight PVC resins." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1989): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730110110.

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Yasuniwa, Munehisa, and Chitoshi Nakafuku. "High Pressure Crystallization of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene." Polymer Journal 19, no. 7 (July 1987): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.19.805.

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22

SUGIYAMA, Jun-ichi. "Synthesis of Ultra High-Molecular-Weight Polymer." Kobunshi 52, no. 4 (2003): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.52.270.

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23

Hambir, Sangeeta, and J. P. Jog. "Sintering of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene." Bulletin of Materials Science 23, no. 3 (June 2000): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02719914.

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24

Wu, J. J., C. P. Buckley, and J. J. O’connor. "Processing of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 80, no. 5 (July 2002): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/026387602320224003.

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25

Nagahata, Ritsuko, Jun-ichi Sugiyama, Meenakshi Goyal, Michihiko Asai, Mitsuru Ueda, and Kazuhiko Takeuchi. "Synthesis of ultra high-molecular-weight polycarbonate." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 11, no. 8-12 (2000): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1581(200008/12)11:8/12<727::aid-pat50>3.0.co;2-j.

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26

de Agrela, Sara Pereira, Luiz Rogério Pinho de Andrade Lima, and Rosemário Cerqueira Souza. "Preparation of multimodal high and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 26, no. 7 (August 4, 2021): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2021.1959867.

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27

Zhao, Yongnian, Jin Wang, Qiliang Cui, Zhenxian Liu, Meilin Yang, and Jiacong Shen. "High-pressure Raman studies of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene." Polymer 31, no. 8 (August 1990): 1425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(90)90145-o.

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28

Pennings, A. J., R. J. van der Hooft, A. R. Postema, W. Hoogsteen, and G. ten Brinke. "High-speed gel-spinning of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene." Polymer Bulletin 16, no. 2-3 (August 1986): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00955487.

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29

Gabriel, Melina C., Luciana B. Mendes, Benjamim de Melo Carvalho, Luís A. Pinheiro, José Deodoro Trani Capochi, Evaldo T. Kubaski, and Osvaldo Mitsuyuki Cintho. "High-Energy Mechanical Milling of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.325.

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Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a polyethylene with a very long chain, which provides excellent features, however it makes the processing difficult due to high melt viscosity. Many studies intend to found out means to make its processing easier. Recently, the high-energy mechanical milling has been used for polymeric materials and it was detected that physical and chemical changes occur during milling. In such case, powder of UHMWPE was milled in three types of mills: SPEX, attritor e planetary, in different times of milling. The polymer was characterized by SEM and XRD. Thus, it was observed that the material processed in attritor mill showed larger phase transformation from orthorhombic to monoclinic. This is most likely due to the smaller milling temperature of attritor mill when compared with the other two mills and the high shear force generated during milling.

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30

Ashish, Valluri, Sabbella Prasanna Kumar Reddy, C. Kannan, R. Oyyaravelu, and A. S. S. Balan. "Burnishing of ultra high molecular weight poly ethylene." Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021): 7479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.140.

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31

Musib, M. K. "Response to Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene Particles." American Journal of Biomedical Engineering 1, no. 1 (August 31, 2012): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ajbe.20110101.02.

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32

Liu, Zhaoxiang, and Haochen Zhang. "Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene: preparation and applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2229, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2229/1/012006.

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Abstract Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene is a kind of popular engineering material because of its unique properties stemming from high molecular weights. Nowadays, the preparations and applications of this type of material are widely researched. This review mainly focuses on the preparation of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene using three types of typical catalysts (heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts, Fujita’s catalysts and α-Diimine Nickel (II) catalysts) and applications in two significant areas (bulletproof membranes and lithium-ion batteries). Ziegler-Natta catalysts and Fujita’s catalysts favor the synthesis of linear ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, but α-Diimine Nickel (II) catalysis favors β-hydride elimination which leads to branched products. Changes in steric, composition, activators, temperature and pressure will affect the tendency towards different mechanisms and influence structures and properties of final products.

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33

Zlobin, B. S., A. A. Shtertser, V. V. Kiselev, and S. D. Shemelin. "Impact compaction of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 894 (October 2017): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/894/1/012034.

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34

Mitsuhashi, Shigenobu, and Masatoshi Iguchi. "Super-drawing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene." Kobunshi 34, no. 2 (1985): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.34.94.

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35

Lewis, Gladius. "Properties of crosslinked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene." Biomaterials 22, no. 4 (February 2001): 371–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00195-2.

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36

Lafleur, Sarah, Romain Berthoud, Richard Ensinck, Astrid Cordier, Gert De Cremer, An Philippaerts, Kees Bastiaansen, Tigran Margossian, and John R. Severn. "Tailored bimodal ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 56, no. 15 (June 28, 2018): 1645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.29037.

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37

Kurtz, S. M., C. M. Rimanc, and D. L. Bartel. "Degradation rate of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 15, no. 1 (January 1997): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100150109.

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38

Lee, Eon M., Young S. Oh, Ha S. Ha, Ham M. Jeong, and Byung K. Kim. "Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene/organoclay hybrid nanocomposites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 114, no. 3 (November 1, 2009): 1529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.30736.

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39

Minkova, L. "DSC of?-irradiated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and high density polyethylene of normal molecular weight." Colloid & Polymer Science 266, no. 1 (January 1988): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01451526.

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40

Kong, H. J., X. M. Ding, M. M. Qiao, Y. Wu, and M. H. Yu. "Molecular weight and distribution of ultra-high molecular weight poly (p-phenyleneterephalamide)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 213 (June 2017): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/213/1/012044.

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41

SUZUKI, Hiroyuki, Ion SAKAI, Kaori OTSU, and Akiyoshi KAWAGUCHI. "Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alternatively Stacked Films of Ultra High Molecular Weight Isotactic Polypropylene and Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 57, no. 2 (2000): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.57.78.

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42

Sahajpal, Nikhil S., Ashis K. Mondal, Alex Hastie, Alka Chaubey, and Ravindra Kolhe. "Abstract 2933: Utility of optical genome mapping for the chromosomal characterization of cell lines used in preclinical and clinical research." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2933.

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Abstract Cell lines have revolutionized scientific research as they are employed as primary tools in both basic and clinical research. Cell lines are extensively used to understand disease mechanisms, drug responses, drug metabolism, drug cytotoxicity, antibody production, vaccine development, gene function, generation of artificial tissues, synthesis of biological compounds, and develop transgenic preclinical models. However, the cells acquire additional genetic aberrations from the time the cell lines are established that might significantly impact the research for which the cell line is being used. The current methods to assess structural variants and copy number variants are limited in resolution (Karyotype), targeted (FISH), cannot detect balanced SVs (CMA), and cannot detect SVs in repetitive regions of the genome (NGS). Optical genome mapping (OGM) is an emerging next-generation cytogenenomics technology that can detect SVs including CNVs and complex rearrangements, using Saphyr platform that images ultra-long DNA molecules labelled at unique 6 base-pair motifs that span the entire genome, enabling genome-wide coverage and the ability to detect large SVs throughout the genome. In this study, we analyzed eight different cell lines that included seven cell lines of syndromes such as Fragile X (n=2), FSHD (n=2), DMD1 (n=1), Prader Willi (n=1), deafness (n=1), and one cell line for a transgenic mouse model. We have additionally analyzed 104 lymphoblast cell lines from the 1000 genomes project which do not have known clinical features. Briefly, ultra-high molecular weight DNA (150kb to >1Mb) was isolated from cultured cells using ~1.5 million cells as per manufacturer’s protocol, uniformly labeled at a specific 6-base sequence motif, and loaded into a cartridge, where the molecules were electrophoretically linearized and imaged multiple times using the Bionano Genomics Saphyr® platform. Using the captured images, a de novo genome map indicating the positions of the labels was constructed and compared to a reference genome to detect structural differences in the 2 maps. Chromosomal aberrations were detected by comparing optical maps to a reference and control dataset, and a coverage-based CNV calling was performed. In the present study, all eight cell lines were characterized with the concordance of reported genetic aberration in the syndromic cell lines. However, in the transgenic mouse cell line, several additional clinically pathogenic variants were detected in addition to the know variation. The study demonstrates the strength of OGM technology for detecting SVs and CNVs and its utility in the chromosomal characterization of cell lines that might significantly contribute towards accurate and reproducible research in a particular phenotype. Citation Format: Nikhil S. Sahajpal, Ashis K. Mondal, Alex Hastie, Alka Chaubey, Ravindra Kolhe. Utility of optical genome mapping for the chromosomal characterization of cell lines used in preclinical and clinical research [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2933.

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43

Kladovshchikova, O. I., N. N. Tihonov, I. A. Zhdanov, and K. Y. Kolybanov. "Composite materials based on Ultra High Molecular Weight polyethylene." Plasticheskie massy 1, no. 11-12 (December 23, 2020): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2020-11-12-11-14.

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44

Ellis, Jeffrey L., John C. Titone, David L. Tomasko, Nasim Annabi, and Fariba Dehghani. "Supercritical CO2 sterilization of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 52, no. 2 (March 2010): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2010.01.002.

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45

Costa, L., M. P. Luda, and L. Trossarelli. "Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene: I. Mechano-oxidative degradation." Polymer Degradation and Stability 55, no. 3 (March 1997): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(96)00170-x.

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46

Lermontov, Sergey A., Aleksey V. Maksimkin, Nataliya A. Sipyagina, Alena N. Malkova, Evgeniy A. Kolesnikov, Mikhail Yu Zadorozhnyy, Elena A. Straumal, and Tarek Dayyoub. "Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene with hybrid porous structure." Polymer 202 (August 2020): 122744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122744.

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47

Collins, Maurice N., Eric Dalton, Barbara Schaller, J. J. Leahy, and Colin Birkinshaw. "Crystal morphology of strained ultra high molecular weight polyethylenes." Polymer Testing 31, no. 5 (August 2012): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2012.03.009.

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48

Wang, H. C., C. Sung, and J. Hamilton. "Microstructures of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene by SEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100138877.

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Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is widely used in many orthopedic applications because of its good mechanical properties and excellent biocompatability. Mechanical properties are related to its ultra-high molecular weight, but the presence of defects in morphology will cause a decrease in these properties. The aim of this study was to characterize the microstructure and microchemistry of so-called “fusion defects”, observed by optical transmission microscopy, using SEM along with EDXS analysis. The fractured surface of UHMWPE was also studied.Defects similar to those found in commercially prepared UHMWPE were detected in the hot-pressed and extruded samples prepared at U-Mass Lowell using GUR 412. They consist of holes or cavities and sometimes appear to be circular in shape and are composed of variously sized small holes. The size of the defects is around 100 μm in diameter which is similar to the particle size of the raw powders.

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49

Stephens, C. P., R. S. Benson, and M. Chipara. "Radiation induced modifications in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene." Surface and Coatings Technology 201, no. 19-20 (August 2007): 8230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.03.055.

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50

Hofsté, J. M., K. J. R. Bergmans, J. de Boer, R. Wevers, and A. J. Pennings. "Short aramid-fiber reinforced ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene." Polymer Bulletin 36, no. 2 (February 1996): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00294909.

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