Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hierarchy structure'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Hierarchy structure.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Hierarchy structure.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Braud, Laurent. "The structure of orders in the pushdown hierarchy." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587409.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse étudie les structures dont la théorie au second ordremonadique est décidable, et en particulier la hiérarchie à pile. Onpeut définir celle-ci comme la hiérarchie pour $n$ des graphesd'automates à piles imbriquées $n$ fois ; une définition externe, partransformations de graphes, est également disponible. Nous nousintéressons à l'exemple des ordinaux. Nous montrons que les ordinauxplus petits que $epsilon_0$ sont dans la hiérarchie, ainsi que des graphesporteurs de plus d'information, que l'on appelle "graphecouvrants''. Nous montrons ensuite l'inverse : tous les ordinaux de lahiérarchie sont plus petits que $epsilon_0$. Ce résultat utilise le fait queles ordres d'un niveau sont en fait isomorphes aux structures desfeuilles des arbres déterministes dans l'ordre lexicographique, aumême niveau. Plus généralement, nous obtenons une caractérisation desordres linéaires dispersés dans la hiérarchie. Dans un troisièmetemps, nous resserons l'intérêt aux ordres de type $omega$ --- les mots infinis --- pour montrer que les mots du niveau 2 sont les motsmorphiques, ce qui nous amène à une nouvelle extension au niveau 3
2
Hornborg, Alf. "Dualism and hierarchy in lowland South America trajectories of indigenous social organization /." Uppsala : Stockholm, Sweden : Academiae Upsaliensis ; Distributed by Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/18210588.html.
Full text
3
Marston, John. "Cambodia 1991-94 : hierarchy, neutrality and etiquettes of discourse /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6431.
Full text
4
Cho, Heon. "Metropolitan structure and hierarchy of center cities and suburabn cities /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full text
5
Kristof, Gary Michael. "Planning Business Improvement using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Design Structure Matrix (DSM)." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/kristof/KristofG1205.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Many management system engineering ideas and theories have evolved to help businesses grow and achieve their goals. Applying these ideas and theories to a business system is a strategic planning issue and results in a bewildering array of strategic alternatives for business system improvement. Choosing the appropriate alternatives is a complex and difficult decision. The most appropriate strategic alternative must be executable. To be executable the strategic alternative must not only be technically feasible, but must also overcome social and cultural obstructions. This research presents a planning approach to select the most appropriate strategic alternative and to plan its implementation. The planning approach is built on a planning framework synthesized from previous research. This framework involves the following planning functions: 1. Determine business strategic alternatives 2. Acquire business knowledge 3. Shape business for strategic advantage 4. Implement plan - operational engagement The planning approach uses Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Project Management Tools (PMT) and Design Structure Matrix (DSM) to implement these functions and plan business improvements. This research demonstrates that rational hierarchies appropriate for strategic alternatives analysis using AHP can be constructed. Business scenarios are used to show that AHP method prioritizes alternative strategies differently under different business circumstances. In addition, the data generated by the AHP can be aggregated into statements of work and input into DSM to generate a project plan to implement organizational design changes and achieve strategic intent.
6
Rice, Jerome Lee. "Examining Family Hierarchy Through the Eyes of Former Mac Baller Gang Members." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7952.
Full textAbstract:
Criminal gang membership is growing, which corresponds to a continued breakdown of the family unit in the United States. Most of the young people who form gangs come from broken families or single-parent-headed households. This study explored the role of family hierarchy on gang membership. A qualitative case study approach was used to gather information on what motivates young people to join criminal gangs. A random sampling technique was used to recruit seven former members of the Mac Baller Brim gang. Ethical concerns were addressed to minimize the risks to the participants. The collected data from interviews were analyzed using an interpretive research philosophy to determine the contribution of family hierarchy on motivating the participants to join gangs. Interpretive research philosophy indicates that reality can only be understood by subjective interpretation and intervention. An action research strategy was also used in an attempt to provide a practical solution for the people studied while adding to existing theories. The findings of the study indicated that there are 5 reasons why young people join gangs: protection, respect, money, fun, and because a friend was in the gang. This study may contribute to social change by identifying factors that lead to gang membership to aid policy and program interventions that lower the likelihood of youth joining gangs.
7
Lewis, Fiona. "The demographic and occupational structure of Liverpool : a study of parish registers, 1660-1750." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240795.
Full text
8
ASHOK, RAMYA. "A DATABASE SYSTEM TO STORE AND RETRIEVE A CONCEPT LATTICE STRUCTURE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1130552767.
Full text
9
Vanhatalo, Jussi. "Process structure trees decomposing a business process model into a hierarchy of single entry single exit fragments." Berlin dissertation.de, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000407012/04.
Full text
10
Hurt, Marie H. "Investigating the Intersection of School Structure and Teacher Leadership:A Mixed-Methods Study." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428684701.
Full text
11
Unal, Erol. "A goal programming approach for determining the force structure of naval surface groups using the analytic hierarchy process." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8448.
Full textAbstract:
A methodology for determining the force structure of naval surface groups is developed. A survey of naval surface officers is used to determine a surface ship's relative superiority over the others with respect to several factors (e.g., speed, warfare capabilities, and fuel consumption). The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to convert survey judgments into numerical preference weights. The AHP coefficients are then used as objective function weights in the mixed integer goal programming model formulations. The object of each model formulation is to select a preferred mix of ship types by minimizing the total deviation from one or more force level goals given certain system constraints such as budget, weapon requirements, and/or existing force levels
12
Yulnafatmawita. "Fractionation of soils based on bonding energy and aggregate size : a method for studing the effect of structural hierarchy on degradation process /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18384.pdf.
Full text
13
Pepperday, Michael Edward, and mike pepperday@gmail com. "Way of life theory: the underlying structure of worldviews, social relations and lifestyles." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20090906.142757.
Full textAbstract:
What is the structure of society? Many thinkers have pondered the regularities. Way of life theory (WOLT) shows the relationship of every rational, social issue to every other rational, social issue.
¶
From two dichotomised, theoretical dimensions called grid and group, Mary Douglas deduced four ways of life usually called individualism, hierarchy, egalitarianism, and fatalism. WOLT shows the same four ideal types may be deduced from any significant pair of social issues, including competition, cooperation, coercion, freedom, justice, self-identity, nature, human nature, and more. Since four types may be divided pair-wise in three ways, there are three, not two, dimensions or axes.
¶
WOLT also deduces Douglass fifth type (the hermit) and resolves the long-standing logical anomalies of grid-group theory.
¶
In all, seven social theorists have independently deduced four types from various dimension pairs. Mistakes aside, they find the same four theoretical types. Evidently, the four types are natural kinds. Between them these theorists use three axes.
¶
Numerous intuitive theorists from across social science have developed types without dimensions, and dimensions without types. Though incomplete, they show no significant disagreement.
¶
It appears that every issue that must be taken into account to live socially fits the three axes. There is no flexibility: each issue fits the axes one way. Geometrically, three dichot¬omised dimensions yield eight types, however four of them are not viable and do not arise. Given just four valid points, the number of dimensions is necessarily limited to three. The axes generate thousands of predictions.
¶
Since deduction yields the same four types whatever issues are placed on the dimensions, the four types are, like objects of natural science, independent of any theorist. In turn, these four types control which issues fit and how they fit, delimiting the scope and refining the meaning of the issueswhich places the issues, too, beyond any theorists determination.
¶
As in natural science, the sphere of application is set by the deductive theory, not by a theorists pronouncement: what fits, fits. The domain appears to cover matters which people must take a position on to live socially. Emotional and internal personal issues will not fit.
¶
WOLT sharpens meaning, formalises structure and extends connections in areas as diverse as equality, liberalism, game theory, corporate culture, national culture, political right and left, religion, and working-class health.
¶
Like a natural science theory, WOLT is relational, not only taxonomic. As in natural science, no person, organisation, or social situation will conform exactly to its ideal types. It is falsifiable by deducing, or finding empirically, rival social types or a social phenomenon that will not fit. Empirical testing of the theory as a whole is awkward owing to its structure and to parochial effects. Three data sets failed to refute it.
¶
WOLT reveals how every social issue relates to every other social issue, providing a tool for analysing worldview, social structure, and social behaviour.
14
Edginton, Ryan Stuart. "The multiscale biomechanics and mechanochemistry of the extracellular matrix protein fibres, collagen & elastin." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/34619.
Full textAbstract:
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom and, together with elastin, forms extensive fibrous networks that constitute the primary structure of the mammalian extracellular matrix, respectively endowing it with the tensile and elastic properties that fulfil its principal role as the passive framework of the body. The fibrous proteins are distinctly hierarchically organised from the molecular scale upwards; for example, the nanoscale tropocollagen monomer assembles in arrays that form the micrometer scale microfibrils and fibrils, and thence into collections of millimetre scale collagen fibres, that in-turn, constitute functional tissues such as skin, tendon and bone. Much is known about the structure at each of these individual scales – collagen being the most extensively researched – and the macromechanics of the fibres are well established. However, far less is known about the micromechanics of these proteins, in particular how the monomers influence the functional mechanics of the macroscopic fibres. In this thesis, I explore the multiscale mechanics of collagen and elastin fibres over a range of hydrations – with fibres in direct contact with aqueous solution, and progressively dehydrated in humidity-controlled environments. I use quasi-static tensile testing to probe the macroscopic mechanical response (Young’s modulus and stress relaxation) of the fibres, and employ Brillouin and Raman microscopy to assess the longitudinal modulus in the GHz range and corresponding molecular properties of the proteins. Brillouin microscopy is an emerging technique in the biomedical field. It enables the all-optical, contact-free and non-destructive testing of tissue micromechanics through detection of frequency shifted light scattered off thermally excited acoustic waves or “phonons” in the GHz range. As one of the first studies of Brillouin light scattering in these fibres, it sets the basis for further investigation of tissue biomechanics. In particular, I provide the full description of the protein fibre micromechanics by performing angular measurements using a so-called platelet-like configuration with sample mounted onto a reflective substrate at 45° angle to the excitation beam. I derive the high-frequency longitudinal modulus, and discuss the results in comparison to the Young’s modulus, in terms of the different frequency and spatial scale of the measurements. I obtained a full description of elasticity using Brillouin spectroscopy applied to dried fibres; however, obtaining the same description in hydrated fibres is a challenge, as the Brillouin spectrum is dominated by water. An assessment of the mechanical differences between type-I and type-II collagens is also given here. Water is known to be a primary determinant of tissue biomechanics, and I identified for the first time, the critical hydration ranges between 100 and 85% relative humidity (RH) for collagen, and around 85% RH for elastin, at which point each macroscopic fibre switched from viscoelastic to plastic-like behaviour. Dehydration below these critical points was shown to severely diminish collagen fibrillar sliding, and completely rob elastin of its ability to reversibly deform under strain. The Young’s modulus increased markedly below these hydrations, and I observed a parallel increase in the longitudinal modulus at high frequencies in each protein, indicating a concomitant increase in stiffness at the two scales. The major difference observed between the two fibrous proteins is that, in the case of elastin, I observe a two-fold increase in the longitudinal modulus as the hydration is decreased from 100 to 21% RH, whilst the Young’s modulus increases by two orders of magnitude. This discrepancy was not observed in collagen, which confirmed that the protein maintained its long-range order in the form of the triple helix at all hydrations employed in this work, whilst the elastin ultrastructure experiences a liquid-to-solid state change at a critical hydration. I demonstrate through the analysis of the low-wavenumber region (< 500 cm-1) of the Raman spectrum, that the increase in molecular stiffness of both proteins, is reflected in an increase in torsional rigidity of the peptide backbone upon dehydration. Moreover in collagen, I observe a reduction in the number of inter-protein water bridges, which I propose causes a collapse of the lateral spacing between monomers and an increase in direct backbone-backbone hydrogen bonding, that further stiffens the fibre. Small strain induced reorientations of the amide III and C–C stretching modes in dehydrated collagen fibres suggest that macroscopic stresses may be transferred to the triple helix, otherwise left unperturbed in the hydrated state. I postulate that this is a result of the degraded intra- and interfibrillar sliding mechanism below the critical hydration. Hence in its dehydrated state, the collagen whole-fibre mechanics are similar to those at the molecular scale. The role of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans and their potential connection to hydration, is also discussed. In agreement with previous work, I found no Raman spectral changes as a result of stretching hydrated elastin fibres, indicating that even large strains e.g. 80%, have no significant effect on the structural scale probed by Raman microscopy, nor in the air-dried state where the brittle fibres break at low strains. I suggest this may imply a limited sensitivity of Raman bands to these changes, possibly an indication of elastin’s dynamic ultrastructure, or that stress is dissipated at a higher level of the fibre structure. On the macroscopic scale, it is the poroelastic nature of elastin which controls the stress relaxation under strain, and the elastic recovery is mediated by an interplay of hydrophobic interactions and hydration forces.
15
Zhang, Baiqing. "IDENTITY AND SOCIAL RELATIONS: A CASE OF CHINESE GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE U.S." UKnowledge, 2014. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/16.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation research separates out the social relations implied in identity theory and empirically shows the interaction of identity and social relations. I conducted 60 interviews and one online survey with respondents at two public universities in two cities with distinctive sociocultural characteristics. The respondents were graduate students from mainland China pursuing their master’s or doctoral degrees in the U.S. The students’ lengths of stay in the U.S. varied, but all experienced a major life transition from China to the U.S.
The qualitative interview data show that the adoption of a religious identity in the two places, defined as different social environments, impact the interaction of identity and networks. Where the community is small and homogeneous, the Chinese graduate students are quickly thrown into strong religious dyadic relationships and primary groups, and soon thereafter acquire a religious identity. Where the community is large and sparsely connected, the identity pool is large and the adoption of the religious identity becomes less constrained by dyadic relationships and primary groups.
The interview data also show that within-person time spanning (the time span between prior to the respondents’ arrival in the U.S. and after the respondents’ coming to the U.S.), and between-person time spanning (the “newcomers” who have lived in the U.S. for less than one year versus the “old-timers” who have lived in the U.S. for over one year) are important in the identity network process. The transfer from China to the U.S. fosters the emergence of the Chinese ethnic identity. The Chinese network composition of the newcomers and the old-timers granted them a similar list of important identities.
The quantitative findings confirm that place, time, and personal network function together to impact identity importance. Also, the classification of ties into “important people” and “time bound people” are effective predictors of identity importance.
In conclusion, this dissertation research demonstrates empirically how social relations and identity impact each other. This research also provides a case study for the population – Chinese graduate students in the U.S.
16
Ramsey, John. "The place of St Peter in the ecclesiastical hierarchy : a proposed ecclesiological perspective inspired by the Areopagite to provide a theoretical framework for the hierarchal structure of Orthodox churches." Thesis, University of Winchester, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.698198.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a critique of Eucharistic Ecclesiology as developed from Nicholas Afanasiev to John Zizioulas and a consideration of theoretical models of the Church. The thesis presents an ecclesiological model that approaches Eucharistic Ecclesiology from a different perspective and that provides a framework of hierarchal structure and relationships within the Orthodox Church. There is the introduction of the term theotic relationships to define the type of relationships evident within the Church hierarchy and an explanation of how theotic relationships form the basis of hierchal structure both in the public sphere, of bishops to priests and bishops to bishops and in the private such as in marriage and in monastic leadership. The place of Peter is shown to be important in how these relationships are to be understood and formed. The thesis draws on the Ecclesiatical Hierarchy of Dionysius the Areopagite to provide the patristic basis from which the theory behind theotic relationships is drawn. Theotic relationships are shown to focus on the bishop in public terms and to be established with the mysteries to lift the relationship beyond that of man to man tothat of man to God. Theotic relationships also assume of the place discipleship and obedience, which is particularly evident in the monastic relationship of abbot, or spiritual father, to monks and in the relationships of husband to wife; these relationships are asymmetrical yet respect equality. This asymmetry and equality is shown to be best manifest in synods reflecting a number of disciples around their master, that is the apostles about Christ; Christ is the head, without whom nothing can be done, yet the apostles rule with Christ as sharing an equality with him. The synods are manifested in jurisdictions at several levels so that relationships are personal and resepct the place of Christ being fully present at each level. Theotic relationships assume permanence of relations as man is called to share in God’s eternally though theosis, union with God.
17
Morimoto, Hikari. "The Vertical Structure and Symbolic Inversion in the Works of Edgar Allan Poe." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242733.
Full textAbstract:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第21856号
人博第885号
新制||人||212(附属図書館)
2018||人博||885(吉田南総合図書館)
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻
(主査)教授 水野 尚之, 教授 土屋 由香, 准教授 小島 基洋, 教授 西山 けい子
学位規則第4条第1項該当
18
Gerebring, Philip. "Social Rank and Individuality : Personal Virtues in the Context of Class in Jane Austen's Emma." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-75783.
Full textAbstract:
Behandlar den rådande klasstrukturen i Jane Austens Emma och hur de personliga egenskaperna hos ett urval av karaktärerna i romanen ställs mot varandra i en sådan kontext. Argumentet är att trots det faktum att Jane Austen respekterar och bevarar ramarna för klass i detta verk så finns det möjlighet att frångå dessa om det finns tillräckligt med goda personliga egenskaper som väger upp avsaknad av en viss klassbakgrund.
19
Zhou, Yuan. "Lump, complexiton and algebro-geometric solutions to soliton equations." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6988.
Full textAbstract:
In chapter 2, we study two Kaup-Newell-type matrix spectral problems, derive their soliton hierarchies within the zero curvature formulation, and furnish their bi-Hamiltonian structures by the trace identity to show that they are integrable in the Liouville sense. In chapter 5, we obtain the Riemann theta function representation of solutions for the first hierarchy of generalized Kaup-Newell systems.
In chapter 3, using Hirota bilinear forms, we discuss positive quadratic polynomial solutions to generalized bilinear equations, which generate lump or lump-type solutions to nonlinear evolution equations, and propose an algorithm for computing higher-order lump or lump-type solutions. In chapter 4, we study mixed exponential and trigonometric wave solutions (called complexitons) to general bilinear equations, and propose two methods to find complexitons to generalized bilinear equations. We also succeed in proving that by choosing suitable complex coefficients in soliton solutions, multi-complexitons are actually real wave solutions from complex soliton solutions and establish the linear superposition principle for complexion solutions.
In each chapter, we present computational examples.
20
Meng, Jinghan. "Bi-Integrable and Tri-Integrable Couplings and Their Hamiltonian Structures." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4371.
Full textAbstract:
An investigation into structures of bi-integrable and tri-integrable couplings is undertaken. Our study is based on semi-direct sums of matrix Lie algebras. By introducing new classes of matrix loop Lie algebras, we form new Lax pairs and generate several new bi-integrable and tri-integrable couplings of soliton hierarchies through zero curvature equations. Moreover, we discuss properties of the resulting bi-integrable couplings, including infinitely many commuting symmetries and conserved densities. Their Hamiltonian structures are furnished by applying the variational identities associated with the presented matrix loop Lie algebras.
The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate the efficiency of our approach and discover rich structures of bi-integrable and tri-integrable couplings by manipulating matrix Lie algebras.
21
Kopp, James Clayton, and Robert S. Kaplan. "The influence of organizational hierarchy and departmental structure on communication : the case of Kaplan and Norton's Balanced scorecard in a matrix organization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59254.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M. in System Design and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-81).
A large business requires efficient and effective internal communication among employees to achieve its goals. Dodds, Watts, and Sable (DWS) introduced a communication network model assessing information flow within a business by examining the relative influences of organizational structure, message volatility, and task decomposability on the probability of successful message transmission, but there is no research available that examines this or similar models in the context of a real business. The model predicts optimal message flow in a "Multi-scale" organizational network, a structure which in practice may most resemble a matrix organization. In this study a survey was designed to measure the influence of rank and department on message transfer - particularly the informational attributes of understanding, accuracy, importance, and influenceability - originating from the Balanced Scorecard in a large, matrix-managed aerospace business. The survey data indicated the following results: - Understanding (of the Balanced Scorecard metrics) was significantly influenced by employee rank and exhibited some effects of departmental expertise with certain metrics. - Belief in the accuracy of the metrics correlated highly with Understanding. - Importance rankings of the metric displayed high alignment across both rank and department, an encouraging result for company management. - Influenceability (people's belief they could affect the metric) was heavily influenced by rank and somewhat influenced by department. It also generally exhibited the lowest levels and highest variation when compared to the other attributes. - A deeper analysis comparing the Engineering and Program Office departments revealed consistently better vertical communication for Engineering, and better lateral communication within ranks for Program Office, which may indicate an additional influence of department culture on information flow. When subjected to a DWS interpretation, the survey results provided clues about relative influences of rank and department on message flow and relative values of other DWS model parameters - task decomposability and message traffic volume - could be gleaned from employee comments and post-survey interviews. The study falls short of making absolute characterizations of the DWS attributes, but is able to make inferences regarding the communication of the separate attributes relative to each other. Indeed, one important implication of the work done here to DWS theory is that for different business concerns and for different organizations within the overall company, there are apparently different mappings onto the DWS communication framework. Analysis of the study data for this organization indicates lateral communication may be better than vertical communication for Understanding and Influenceability; Accuracy does not exhibit dominance by either parameter; and Importance is well communicated laterally and vertically. More empirical data on measurable information traffic such as email is needed from different organizations, industries, and national cultures for DWS parameter values to converge upon more absolute values.
by James Clayton Kopp.
S.M.in System Design and Management
22
Kropiwnicki, Zosa De Sas. "The sex trade hierarchy: The interplay of structure and agency in the decision-making of female adolescent prostitutes in Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491557.
Full text
23
Martins, Djalma Farias. "Hierarquização de camadas estruturais na música pós-tonal: a ornamentação na música de Boulez, Berio e Bochmann." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21230.
Full textAbstract:
A partir do pressuposto de que o dodecafonismo culminou na eliminação de camadas hierárquicas, uma vez que todas as notas utilizadas na composição musical se tornam essenciais, este estudo trata da reintrodução de hierarquias no pós-tonalismo. Assim, nosso objeto de estudo é a estrutura hierárquica na música pós-tonal, seu reconhecimento, seus níveis hierárquicos, suas dependências e ordem de predominância de camadas, com ênfase na camada ornamental. Por meio de um conjunto de princípios, critérios e propostas que foram sendo compilados ao longo deste estudo tanto a partir do trabalho de vários autores quanto da nossa observação do objeto de estudo que nos levou a formalizar princípios e critérios originais, realizamos a análise de excertos musicais dos compositores Berio, Boulez e Bochmann, bem como de nossas composições, o que revelou a formação de camadas estruturais e ornamentais, evidenciando o acontecimento do restabelecimento de estrutura hierárquica na música pós-tonal; Abstract:
Hierarchisation of Structural Layers in Post-Tonal Music.
The Ornamentation in the Music of Boulez, Berio and Bochmann.
Based on the assumption that twelve-note music eradicated hierarchical musical relationships, since all the notes used in a musical composition are essentials, this study (thesis) concerns the reintroduction of hierarchies in post-tonal music. Thus, the object of our study is hierarchical structures in post-tonal music, its recognition, its hierarchical levels, its dependencies, and layer preponderance order, with emphasis on the existence of an ornamental layer. By means of a set of principles, criteria and propositions that were compiled throughout this research from the work of several authors and from our own observation, we have analyzed musical excerpts from works by Berio, Boulez and Bochmann, as well as our own compositions, which reveal the formation of structural and ornamental layers, showing the reintroduction of hierarchical structure in post-tonal music.
24
De, Sas Kropiwnicki Zosa. "The sex-trade hierarchy : the interplay of structure and agency in the decision-making processes of female, adolescent prostitutes in Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670167.
Full text
25
Jurevičiūtė, Viktorija. "Oficialios ir socialios hierarchijos ryšys organizacijoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20140627_164200-44738.
Full textAbstract:
Magistro darbo objektas - organizacinė struktūra kaip esminis indikatorius ryšio tarp oficialios ir socialinės hierarchijos identifikavimui. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti, koks yra ryšys tarp oficialios ir socialinės hierarchijos organizacijoje. Siekiant nurodyto tikslo iškelti tokie uždaviniai: išsiaiškinti grupės narių tarpusavio susigrupavimo organizacijoje svarbą; nustatyti vadovo bei lyderio daromą įtaką grupei ir organizacijos hierarchinei struktūrai; išanalizuoti pasitenkinimo darbu svarbą organizacijos hierarchinei struktūrai; ištirti koks yra ryšys tarp oficialios ir socialinės hierarchijos pasirinktose organizacijose ir koks šių hierarchijų ryšys su pasitenkinimu darbu. Išanalizavus pagrindinę literatūrą, taikant alternatyvų ir analogijų metodus teorinių socialinių tinklų koncepcijų analizėje, prieita prie išvados, kad draugystė yra labai stiprus pagrindas ne tik socialinei bet ir oficialiai hierarchijai. Taikant apibendrinamosios abstrakcijos metodą pastebėta, jog pasitenkinimas savo darbu organizacijoje dar negarantuoja, kad grupės nariai norės siekti geresnių rezultatų bei aukštesnių tikslų, pavyzdžiui, aukštesnio hierarchinio statuso oficialioje organizacijos hierarchijoje. Analizuojant vadovo bei lyderio daromą įtaką organizacijoje susiklostančioms hierarchijoms, lyginant jo vadovavimo stilių poveikį grupės nariams, atkreiptas dėmesys į esminius būtinus sėkmingo darbo elementus - t.y. aukščiausioje hierarchinėje pozicijoje esančio asmens... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the formal and social hierarchy interaction within organization. The study investigates organizational stucture as the main indicator of the formal and social hierarchy interaction. In this paper the significance of the formal and informal groups, the importance job satisfaction, the leader’s influence for the gruop members and for the social hierarchy in organization are analysed. The author highlights how social hierarchy (interaction among all memebers including the leader of organization) is developing with the leadership style. The author emphasizes the importance of the leaders‘ centrality in the internal friendship networks, which is related to objective measures of group performance and their reputation for the leadership among different organizational constituencies. After revising previous articles researches the importance of the social networks in a various levels of hierarchy is revealed. The study investigates how person‘s centrality in the external and internal social networks is related to the social structure in organization. The paper provides results of empirical research Formal and Social Hierarchy Interaction within Organization. The results reveal that there is a strong interaction between formal leader and social leader in the system of hierarchy. Furthermore, the importance of job satisfaction has a week reletionship with formal and social hierarchies in organizations. The study suggest the... [to full text]
26
Yazgan, Korhan. "Change in International System: a Comparative Study of Hierarchic and Anarchic Systems." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/750.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis focuses on change and persistence of the structure of the international system. It attempts to address the question why hierarchic structures prevailed during the Ancient and Classical eras (3000 B. C. ? 1500 A. D. ). The thesis compares and contrasts the Roman Empire (the Pax Romana period 1st century B. C. -3rd century A. D. ) and the Chinese Empire (the T?ang Dynasty 618-907 A. D. ) as hierarchic structures and the multi-state system of ancient Greece (8th-4th century B. C. ) and the multi-state system of ancient China (The Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period 722-221 B. C. ) as anarchic structures. The thesis suggests that the moral purpose of the state, the competitive security environment, the desire for benefits and geopolitical and strategic advantages played the major role in the immediate transformation from anarchy to hierarchy. The thesis asserts that the generation of common goods, the decline in transaction costs and the success in securing the commitment of the members and the legitimacy of the system enabled and encouraged the persistence of hierarchic structures. It also re-emphasizes that whereas the persistence of hierarchic systems depends on the existence of several factors, only one factor can promote the persistence of anarchic structures e. g. the moral purpose of the state.
27
Kikuchi, Wataru. "Relações hierárquicas do Japão contemporâneo: um estudo da consciência de hierarquia na sociedade japonesa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-28082012-123242/.
Full textAbstract:
O tema deste trabalho é a hierarquia na sociedade japonesa contemporânea. Partindo de contribuições de autores clássicos como Ruth Benedict e Nakane Chie, a presente tese pretende fornecer uma descrição e análise das relações sociais japonesas. A análise é embasada na teoria da estruturação, principalmente na concepção de consciência discursiva. Para tanto, a família, a escola, as empresas japonesas, a relação sempai-kohai, assim como relações com a classe social e a estratificação são enfocadas. A conclusão é a de que a relação sempai-kohai é a principal referência, e também que a família tem perdido a importância para definição da hierarquia na sociedade Japonesa.The subject of this work is the hierarchic aspects in contemporary Japanese society. Starting from the contributions of classic authors like Ruth Benedict and Nakane Chie, this thesis aims at providing a description and an analysis of Japanese social relations. The approach is based on structuration theory, laying mainly on the conception of discursive consciousness. For such a purpose, the Japanese family, the school, the enterprise, the relation sempai-kohai, as relations with the concepts of social class and stratification are focused. The conclusion is that the relation sempai-kohai is the major reference and also that the family have lost its importance to the definition of hierarchy in Japan society.
28
Billon, Kevin. "Composites périodiques fonctionnels pour l'absorption vibroacoustique large bande." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2018/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ces travaux de thèse sont consacrés à l’analyse des phénomènes ondulatoires se produisant dans les structures périodiques : des phénomènes comme les réflexions de Bragg ou les résonances locales qui émergent dans de telles structures permettent de contrôler la propagation des ondes, et ces structures présentent donc des propriétés spécifiques. Dans le premier chapitre, des outils numériques permettant de déterminer les relations de dispersion dans les structures périodiques sont présentées, et notamment la méthode de Floquet-Bloch qui sert de référence dans l’analyse des milieux périodiques. Cette technique consiste à résoudre le problème sur une cellule unitaire avec des conditions limites adaptées, cependant l’introduction d’amortissement dans les cas 2D et 3D n’est pas facile. Elle est mise en œuvre dans le deuxième chapitre pour étudier la propagation des ondes dans un méta matériau comprenant des performations rectangulaires, hiérarchiques et auxétiques (coefficient de poisson négatif). L’influence des paramètres géométriques de la cellule sur la dispersion et les propriétés mécaniques de la structure est investiguée en utilisant une méthode d’homogénéisation. Une validation expérimentale est effectuée sur un réseau en polyméthacrylate de méthyle (PMMA) en utilisant un vibromètre3d à balayage. Dans le troisième chapitre, une alternative à la méthode de Floquet-Bloch pour étudier la propagation d’ondes dans des milieux dissipatifs est décrite : la méthode intitulée « Shift cell operator ». Elle est basée sur une reformulation du problème aux équations aux dérivés partielles, la périodicité étant incluse dans le comportement global de la structure et des conditions de continuité sur les bords de la cellule sont imposés. Cette stratégie permet de résoudre le problème quelle que soit l’évolution en fréquence de propriétés de la cellule. Des outils de post-traitement des diagrammes de dispersion avec amortissement sont proposés basés notamment sur une analyse de la vitesse de groupe. Dans le dernier chapitre, la démarche est appliquées sur une structure périodique amortie consistant en un guide d’ondes bidirectionnel infini mêlant aluminium et polymère hautement dissipatif. Les résultats obtenus sur une structure finie intégrant une interface composée d’un ensemble distribué de ces cellules unitaires confirment le caractère adaptatif du méta matériau ainsi conçu. Une confrontation de ces résultats à des résultats expérimentaux a permis de confirmer ce comportementThe understanding of wave propagation in periodic structures is proposed in this work. Periodic structures exhibit very specific properties in terms of wave propagation. First, some numerical tools for dispersion analysis of periodic structures are presented. The classical Floquet-Bloch approach is first presented, as a reference. This technique uses proper boundary conditions on the unit cell, but dealing with damping is not easy for 2D or 3D cases. Secondly, a metamaterial with hierarchical, auxetic (negative Poisson ratio) rectangular perforations is presented using the Floquet-Bloch method as a reference. Some numerical eigenvalue tools are used for the dispersion analysis of this structure. A geometric parametric investigation of these rectangular perforations using a numerical asymptotic homogenisation finite element approach is done. The experimental validation is performed with a network based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) using a 3D scanning vibrometer. Third, the Shift cell operator technique is described. It consists in a reformulation of the PDE problem by shifting in terms of wave number the space derivatives appearing in the mechanical behavior operator inside the cell, while imposing continuity boundary conditions on the borders of the domain. Damping effects can be introduced in the system. This strategy make it possible to solve the problem with an arbitrary frequency dependency of the physical properties of the cell. A focus is proposed on tools for the post-processing of dispersion diagrams in damped configurations like group velocity. Finally, an adaptive metamaterial based on the combination of metallic parts with highly dissipative polymeric interface is designed. In order to validate the design and the adaptive character of the metamaterial, results issued from a full 3D model of a finite structure embedding an interface composed by a distributed set of the unit cells are presented. After this step, a comparison between the results obtained using the tunable structure simulation and the experimental results is presented
29
Cantano, Laís Mendes Ruiz. "Comportamento e dinâmica social de duas espécies de ratos-de-espinho em cativeiro sob a visão das redes sociais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-05122018-142335/.
Full textAbstract:
A estrutura social (ES) de uma espécie está associada à aspectos socio-ecológicos. A linhagem dos Caviomorfos é apontada como um modelo interessante para estudos deste tipo. Os equimídeos são um exemplo de grande diversidade de habitats: possui espécies de Mata Atlância (Trinomys setosus), da Caatinga (T. yonenagae) e fossoriais (Clyomys bishopi). Por isso, escolhemos esses grupos para uma análise intra e interespecífica sobre suas ES, utilizando a abordagem de redes sociais para descrever padrões de associação e interações agonísticas e afliativas. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a superfície da ES de dois grupos de T. setosus, e quatro de C. bishopi em cativeiro. Para tanto, quantificamos parâmetros da ES e avaliamos a relação entre as interações, hierarquia de dominância e as associações espaciais. Avaliamos a dinâmica do grupo usando as distâncias médias interindividuais e o padrão de agregação do grupo. Quantificamos a frequência de vitórias e perdas entre indivíduos em conflitos agonísticos e a frequência de interações afiliativas, através do método todas as ocorrências. As matrizes, índices e redes sociais foram geradas utilizando o software SOCPROG 2.8. Foram encontradas associações preferenciais de curto e longo prazo, em T. setosus, e de curto prazo para Clyomys. Trinomys setosus mostrou altos índices de afiliação, enquanto que em Clyomys houve igual proporção de afiliativos e agonísticos, sendo assim socialmente menos tolerante do que T. setosus reunindo-se apenas para algumas atividades, e as fêmeas são ainda menos tolerantes do que os machos. Sugerimos que a fêmea Meg é dominante sobre os outros, que se organizam em uma hierarquia não linear, mais igualitária e que esta população de T. setosus apresenta níveis de associação, conectividade e interações sociais positivas, semelhantes com T. yonenagae. Quanto ao comportamento reprodutivo, observamos que em T. setosus, há estro pós-parto, como se esperava com base em T. yonenagae e acreditamos haver algum mecanismo de supressão de estro que precisa ser melhor investigado. Três fêmeas engravidaram, cada uma em um momento. Testes genéticos de paternidade realizados indicaram que embora nas gestações de uma das fêmeas (Meg) não houve multipaternidade, ela não escolheu sempre o mesmo macho, e isto sugere uma estratégia de acasalamento promíscua, por parte da fêmea. Os machos de C. bishopi não parecem exercer defesa de parceira sexual nem formação de vínculo após a cópula, sugerindo uma estratégia também promíscua de acasalamento, como em T. setosus. O repertório comportamental para as espécies T. setosus e Clyomys manteve-se semelhante ao de T. yonenagae. Em conclusão, nossos resultados, pioneiros na utilização comparativa de análises de redes sociais, mostram que as espécies apresentam particularidades importantes quanto ao seu comportamento social, mas que são bastante semelhantes em muitos aspectos, o que traz novas perspectivas quanto ao estudo evolutivo e comparativo dessas espécies e também no que diz respeito à manutenção adequada desses animais em cativeiro, considerando condições de bem-estar animal e conservação.Social structure (SS) of species is associated with socio-ecological aspects and Caviomorpha is pointed as an interesting model for studies of this type. Echimyidae are an example of great diversity of habitats: it has species of Atlantic Rainforest (Trinomys setosus), Caatinga (T. yonenagae) and fossorial (Clyomys bishopi). Therefore, we chose these groups for an intra and interspecific analysis of their SS, using social networks analysis to describe patterns of association, agonistic and affiliative interactions. Our aim was to describe the SS surface of two groups of T. setosus, and four of C. bishopi in captivity. We quantified descriptors parameters and evaluated the relation between interactions, dominance hierarchy and spatial associations through social networks approach. We evaluated group dynamics using the mean interindividual distances and the group aggregation pattern. We quantify frequency of victories and losses between individuals in agonistic conflicts and frequency of affiliative interactions through the all occurrences method. Matrices, indexes and social networks were generated using SOCPROG 2.8 software. Short and long term preferential associations were found in T. setosus, and short term for Clyomys. Trinomys setosus showed high affiliation rates, while Clyomys had an equal proportion of affiliative and agonistic, being thus socially less tolerant than T. setosus, agglomerating only for some activities, and females are even less tolerant than males. We suggest that female Meg is dominant over others, which are organized in a non-linear, more egalitarian hierarchy and this T. setosus population presents levels of association, connectivity, and positive social interactions, similar to T. yonenagae. Regarding reproductive behaviour, in T. setosus, there is postpartum oestrus, as expected based on T. yonenagae, and we regard there is some mechanism of oestrus suppression that must to be investigated. Three females became pregnant, each in a different moment. Genetic tests of paternity performed indicated that although in the pregnancies of unique female (Meg \') there was no multipaternity, not always choose the same male, and this suggests a promiscuous mating strategy on the part of the female. The males of C. bishopi do not seem to exert sexual partner defence or bond formation after copulation, suggesting a promiscuous breeding strategy as in T. setosus. Behavioural repertoire for T. setosus and Clyomys bishopi remained similar to T. yonenagae. In conclusion, our results, which are pioneers in comparative use of social network analysis, presents important peculiarities of species, regarding their social behaviour, although are quite similar in many aspects, which brings new perspectives regarding evolutionary and comparative study of these species and also considering adequate maintenance of animals in captivity, whereas conditions of animal welfare and conservation.
30
Correia, Joaquim José Oliveira. "Análise da estrutura urbana da cidade do Porto a partir de quatro obras literárias." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/3285.
Full textAbstract:
Trabalho apresentado à Universidade
Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Arquitetura e UrbanismoA arquitetura é multidisciplinar, sendo o sentido da sua interpretação um exercício de relação entre várias sensibilidades. A pintura, o desenho, a filosofia, a antropologia, a sociologia, a ciência e muitas outras matérias, são o conjunto dessa multidisciplinaridade. Dentro desse conjunto o trabalho concentra-se em quatro obras literárias, obras que não foram especialmente direcionadas para a arquitetura, mas sim, quatro romances de quatro autores diferentes. (…) Podemos imaginar que textos normalmente considerados às margens do domínio arquitetónico, ou mesmo exteriores a este, possam ser “arquitetonicamente” pensados, isto é, possam ser lidos como se contempla uma obra de arquitetura. Essa asserção pode parecer, inicialmente, desenvolta, e podemos mesmo afirmar que lhe faltam fundamentos. Como ler “A Metafísica de Aristóteles da maneira como foi sugerido, isto é, “Arquitetonicamente”? E, além disso, o que é uma leitura “arquitetónica”? (Lima, 2008, p. 12) O trabalho não pretende responder a “uma leitura “arquitetónica”. Pretende-se, sim, atingir uma reflexão em que se possa encontrar na literatura um método de interpretação e desenvolvimento sensorial em relação à Disciplina. Pretende-se então, através das referências deixadas pelo escritor nas suas obras literárias e através das narrações feitas pelas personagens, encontrar opções, movimentos e registos de um espaço urbano referente à cidade do Porto (local em que se concentra o estudo), ao longo de várias épocas. A necessidade de entender a literatura como uma ferramenta de estudo necessita de ponderação. Assim, no início do trabalho procede-se a várias reflexões com o objetivo de entender e justificar os critérios que levaram à seleção das quatro obras, as quais servirão como análise ao estudo da cidade do Porto. No período de análise das obras literárias, Sec. XIV, Sec. XIX e Sec. XX, serão considerados dois métodos de interpretação distintos, mas dependentes um do outro; um método quantitativo e um outro interpretativo, que em conjunto irão definir uma conclusão mais equilibrada. São utilizados gráficos e mapas da época que nos ajudaram a perceber de que forma o autor, através das suas personagens e narrações, nos transmite uma cidade em movimento, uma cidade de preferências, as quais fazem transparecer um quotidiano referente à época em que a obra foi escrita e enquadrada. Numa fase já conclusiva, inicia-se refletindo-se sobre os métodos utilizados na análise das obras. Reflete-se sobre esta passagem do verdadeiro sentido para qual as obras literárias tinham sido originalmente criadas, para a sua interpretação como matéria arquitetónica. Avaliam-se os resultados analisados da estrutura urbana da cidade referentes às quatro épocas a decorrer nas obras estudadas. Como essa estrutura se encontrava no passado, como se desenvolveu até ao presente e que perfectivas nos trás para o futuro. Finaliza-se refletindo sobre o uso da obra literária no estudo. Sobre a sua importância na matéria urbana e sobre a sua importância na arquitetura enquanto reflecção ao enriquecimento sensorial da disciplina. The architecture is multidisciplinary, and the sense of interpreting an exercise inrelationship between various sensitivities. A painting, drawing, philosophy, anthropology, sociology, advocacy, science and many other matters, are the set of multidisciplinarity. Within this group's work focuses on four literary works, works that were not specificallydirected to the architecture, but four novels belonging to four different authors. (…) Podemos imaginar que textos normalmente considerados às margens do domínio arquitetónico, ou mesmo exteriores a este, possam ser “arquitetonicamente” pensados, isto é, possam ser lidos como se contempla uma obra de arquitetura. Essa asserção pode parecer, inicialmente, desenvolta, e podemos mesmo afirmar que lhe faltam fundamentos. Como ler “A Metafísica de Aristóteles da maneira como foi sugerido, isto é, “Arquitetonicamente”? E, além disso, o que é uma leitura “arquitetónica”? (Lima, 2008, p. 12): The work does not intend to respond to "reading" architectural ". The aim is rather to achieve a reflection that can be found in the literature a method of interpretation and sensory development in relation to discipline. The aim is then, through references left by the writer in his literary works and through the narrations made by the characters, find options, movements and records relating to an urban city of Porto (where it focuses the study), along several times. The need to understand literature as a study tool requires consideration. At the beginning of the work proceeds to multiple reflections in order to understand and justify the criteria that led to the selection of four works, which will serve as analysis to study the city of Porto. During the period of literary works, Section XIV, XIX and XX Century Section, shall be considered two distinct methods of interpretation, but dependent on each other,a quantitative method and another interpretation, which together will define a more complete balanced. They are used charts and maps of the time which helped us to understand how the author, through his characters and stories in a city moving forward, a city of preferences, which make everyday a shine on the time when the work was written and framed. Late in conclusive, starts reflecting on the methods used in the analysis of the works. Reflects on the true meaning of this passage to which literary works were originally created for its interpretation as a matter of architecture. Evaluate the results analyzed the structure of the town regarding the course four times in the works studied. Because this structure was in the past, as developed to date and that perfectivas brings us to the future. It ends up reflecting on the use of literary work in the study.About its importance in the urban area and on their importance in architecture while enriching sensory reflection of the discipline.
31
Reis, Luís Henrique Vecchio. "The capital structure of portuguese firms within a crisis." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4565.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em FinançasIn this study we review the theoretical approach behind the capital structure decisions by presenting the ideas of the Modigliani and Miller (1958) Theorem that was based on the perfect capital markets world and with the argument of the law of one price. We show that there are two useful theories in the firm’s financing decision: the Trade‐off theory, which builds on Modigliani and Miller’s original arguments and identifies several relevant factors in determining a firm’s capital structure (such as taxes, costs of financial distress, and agency costs and benefits of debt), and the Pecking Order Theory of Myers and Majluf (1984). Further in this study we describe the evolution of the capital structure of the 16 largest listed non‐financial Portuguese firms (“PSI‐16”) during the recent crisis peaking in 2008. We present a description of the level debt (and net debt) compared to the book value and to the market value of the equity of such firms (debt to equity ratio). We find some evidence consistent with both theories. In particular we find a cautious utilization of debt due to higher risk of bankruptcy (and its costs), but still taking advantage of the interest tax shield (consistent with the trade‐off theory view), and an increase in retained earnings and absence of new issues (consistent with the pecking order theory). We explain that the firms’ financing decision can depend of several factors pointed by the Trade‐off Theory, such as tax advantages of using debt, agency costs and benefits of debt, and costs associated with financial distress. Yet, in times of crisis firms may prefer to use internal rather than external financing mainly because of asymmetry of information.
No presente estudo, fazemos uma revisão da literatura em relação às decisões de estrutura de capital através da apresentação do Teorema de Modigliani e Miller (1958), sendo este baseado num mercado de capitais perfeito com o argumento assente na Lei do Preço Único. Mostramos que existem duas teorias úteis para a decisão de financiamento de uma empresa: a Trade‐off Theory, que está assente sobre os argumentos originais de Modigliani e Miller e identifica vários factores relevantes na determinação da estrutura de capital de uma empresa (como os impostos, os custos de financial distress, custos de agência e benefícios do uso de dívida); e a Pecking Order Theory de Myers e Majluf (1984). Mais além neste estudo, descrevemos a evolução da estrutura de capital das 16 maiores empresas cotadas portuguesas não financeiras (“PSI‐ 16”) durante a recente crise que teve o seu pico em 2008. Apresentamos uma descrição do nível de dívida (e dívida líquida) comparada com o valor contabilístico e o valor de mercado das empresas (rácio debt to equity). Pudemos encontrar alguma evidência consistente com ambas as teorias. Por um lado, as empresas mostram uma certa cautela na utilização de dívida devido ao aumento do risco de falência (e os seus custos), mas ainda tirando vantagem do interest tax shield (consistente com a visão da Trade‐off Theory). Por outro lado, verificamos um aumento dos lucros retidos e nenhuma nova emissão (consistente com a Pecking Order Theory). Concluímos que as decisões de financiamento de uma empresa dependerão de diversos factores apontados pela Tradeoff Theory, como as vantagens fiscais na utilização de dívida, custos de agência e benefícios do uso de dívida, e custos associados com financial distress. Ainda, em tempos de crise as empresas podem preferir usar financiamento interno no lugar de externo, principalmente devido à assimetria de informação.
32
Dopfer, Melanie. "Soziale Mechanismen in einer Meute Englischer Foxhounds." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-212782.
Full textAbstract:
Die wissenschaftliche Erforschung des Haushundes (Canis lupus forma familiaris) mit Fokus auf seine sozialen Eigenschaften hat große Relevanz in Anbetracht seiner zunehmenden Bedeutung im Zusammenleben mit dem Menschen als Familienmitglied und Arbeitstier.
Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Relevanz von Dominanz in den Beziehungen von Gruppenmitgliedern einer Meute Englischer Foxhounds darzustellen sowie ihre Auswirkung auf die Sozialstruktur der Hunde. Weitergehend sollte die Analyse von aggressionsanzeigendem Verhalten und sozialen Strategien Aufschluss über Regelungsmechanismen im Zusammenleben der Hunde geben. Speichelcortisolanalysen sollten Einblick über die Stressexposition der Hunde in diesem Zusammenleben geben. Das Neutrophilen/ Lymphozyten Verhältnis im Blut sollte darüber hinaus mögliche Auswirkungen der Cortisolproduktion auf das Immunsystem aufzeigen.
Für die Datenerhebung wurden 16 Englische Foxhounds einer Meute von 72 Hunden berücksichtigt. Je 4 Hündinnen und 4 Rüden wurden einer von 2 Gruppen zugeteilt. Über einen Zeitraum von 10 Monaten erfolgten Verhaltensbeobachtungen an jedem Individuum mittels der Methode Focal Animal Sampling. Von Hunden aus Gruppe 1 wurden 17,5 Stunden Beobachtungsmaterial und aus Gruppe 2 17,0 Stunden gesammelt. Die Speichelproben wurden mit der Salivette® der Firma SARSTEDT (Nümbrecht- Rommelsdorf) entnommen und mittels eines speziell für die Speichelcortisol- Analyse entwickelten Immunoassays (double- antibody biotin- linked enzyme immunoassay) analysiert.
Ergebnisse:
Die als möglicherweise dominanzanzeigend eingestuften Indikatoren, nämlich die Körperhaltung High Posture und die Durchsetzungskraft als Eigenschaft eines Hundes, konnten als solche nicht bestätigt werden. Es konnte keine dominanzbasierte Hierarchie ermittelt werden. Auch konnten von 82 Dyaden nur in 5 eine Dominanz- Subordinanz- Beziehung ermittelt werden, was kein aussagekräftiges Ergebnis darstellt. Aggressive Handlungen wurden in beiden Gruppen pro Stunde durchschnittlich jeweils 12 Mal beobachtet, jedoch meist in der Intensität 1 - 2 (von 5- stufiger Skala). Sie wurden hochsignifikant häufiger unter Rüden als unter Hündinnen beobachtet (p= 0,002). Berechnungen der Aggressionskoeffizienten belegten deutliche Unterschiede in den individuellen Aggressionsniveaus. Die Analyse ausgetragener Konflikte auf Taktiken und Strategien lieferte jedoch keine signifikanten Ergebnisse. Die Foxhounds reagierten situativ und selten gegner- und nie kontextabhängig. Die Speichelcortisolanalysen belegten vielfach höhere Basal- Mittelwerte der Foxhounds verglichen mit Analysen von Hunden anderer Studien. Eine Reduktion des Cortisolwerts erfolgte bei 14 von 16 Hunden nach 20- minütigem Einzelspaziergang mit Menschenkontakt. Allerdings konnte keine Verbindung zwischen dem Speichelcortisolwert und dem soziometrisch errechneten Rangplatz in der Gruppe ermittelt werden. Ebenso bestand keine Korrelation zwischen dem Speichelcortisolwert und Immunstatus sowie Aggressionspotential.
Schlussfolgerungen:
Dominanz spielte keine erkennbare Rolle in den sozialen Interaktionen und Beziehungen der Hunde. Die Ergebnisse lassen die Schlussfolgerung auf eine egalitäre Sozialstruktur der Foxhounds zu statt einer dominanzabhängigen, was auch durch die situativ geregelten Begegnungen unterstützt wird. Aggressives Verhalten als häufig repräsentiertes Kommunikationselement wurde bei den einzelnen Hunden unterschiedlich oft beobachtet, was auf die Verschiedenheit der Charaktere und ihre Motivationen, Konflikte einzugehen, hindeutet. Die häufiger unter Rüden beobachtete Aggression kann auf ein erhöhtes Konkurrenzpotential hindeuten. Die im Speichel der Foxhounds gemessenen Cortisolwerte lassen die Vermutung auf eine durch das Gruppenleben bedingte Erhöhung des Basalwerts zu, ohne Konsequenzen auf den Immunstatus. Die fehlenden Korrelationen zu den individuellen Rangplätzen und Aggression unterstützt die Vermutung eines
lockeren bzw. egalitären Sozialgefüges.
33
Anderberg, Elisabet. "Hierarkin i orkestern : en kvalitativ studie i upplevelsen av hierarkisk och icke-hierarkisk orkestersteuktur." Thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för musik, pedagogik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-2419.
Full textAbstract:
From a hermeneutic perspective, a qualitative study based on interviews of six musicians has been conducted. The informants work or have worked in orchestras with hierarchical or non- hierarchical structure. The asked questions concerned the informants’ experiences of equality, interaction, motivation, their personal musical development and the quality of the orchestra’s performance. The biggest differences that were noticed concerned the perceived degree of equality, which was higher in the non-hierarchical orchestra. Furthermore, the psychosocial environment correlates with equality in the orchestra and is thus a structural issue. All the informants stated that the best musical performance can be achieved in a hierarchical orchestra, in which all musicians play the part they auditioned to. Contrary to the results from the interviews, the literature used in this study states that the best musical quality is achieved in orchestras with a non-hierarchical structure.Med utgångspunkt i ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv har en kvalitativ studie genomförts, med intervjuer av sex musiker. Dessa arbetar eller har arbetat i hierarkisk eller icke- hierarkisk orkesterstruktur. Frågorna som ställts har handlat om informanternas upplevelse av jämlikhet, samspel, motivation, den egna musikaliska utvecklingen samt det musikaliska resultatet i orkestern. De skillnader som var störst framkom i upplevelsen av jämlikhet, som upplevdes starkast i den icke-hierarkiska orkestern. Den psykosociala miljön relateras till jämlikheten i orkestern och är således en strukturell fråga. En gemensam åsikt som framkom i undersökningen var att det bästa musikaliska resultatet uppnås i den hierarkiska orkesterstrukturen där alla spelar den stämma de har provspelat sig till och således spelar med högsta möjliga nivå. De exemplen från litteraturen som tas upp visar dock en annan bild av hög musikalisk nivå, som uppnås i orkestrar med icke-hierarkisk struktur.
34
Medina, Martínez Antonio Marcos. "Propuesta de un algoritmo para determinar el orden en que se deben ejecutar los proyectos de una institución cuando existen dos o más criterios de orden." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656189.
Full textAbstract:
Cuando los proyectos o tareas pendientes que existen en una empresa son de mediana o gran envergadura, no siempre es posible realizarlos todos a la vez, por limitaciones de tiempo, de recursos, de personal, porque hay una dependencia de orden entre algunos proyectos, etc. Si son varias áreas o varias personas las que deben de decidir en qué orden se deben ejecutar los proyectos, no siempre hay un consenso, y cuando no lo hay se impone la propuesta del CEO, del gerente de mayor experiencia o cualquier otra que generalmente no satisface a todos. Es decir, la decisión final recae solo en una persona o en pocas personas quedando fuera las propuestas de la mayoría.
El presente trabajo de investigación propone un algoritmo que permita determinar en qué orden se deben ejecutar los proyectos pendientes considerando la jerarquía de los proyectos y la opinión de todas las áreas o personas responsables.
Se aplicó el algoritmo, como un piloto, en siete empresas de diferentes rubros, y la opinión de todos los gerentes generales y gerentes de diversas áreas fue que es muy relevante la propuesta de este algoritmo porque de alguna manera considera la opinión de todos los responsables y esto compromete, hace responsable a todo el equipo por el éxito o fracaso de la decisión tomada.
Con las recomendaciones dadas por los gerentes de las empresas visitadas, se va a potenciar la estructura del algoritmo para que sus resultados sean lo más objetivos posibles.When the projects or pending tasks that exist in a company are medium or large, it is not always possible to do them all at the same time, due to time, resource, and personnel limitations, because there is a dependency of order between some projects, etc. If several areas or several people must decide in which order the projects should executed, there is not always a consensus, and when there is not, the proposal of the CEO, the most experienced manager or any other that generally prevails. it does not satisfy everyone. In other words, the final decision falls on only one person or on a few people, leaving out the proposals of the majority. This research work proposes an algorithm that allows determining in what order the pending projects should executed, considering the hierarchy of the projects and the opinion of all the areas or responsible persons. The algorithm was applied, as a pilot, in seven companies of different areas, and the opinion of all the general managers and managers of different areas was that the proposal of this algorithm is very relevant because in some way it considers the opinion of all those responsible and these commits, makes the entire team responsible for the success or failure of the decision made. With the recommendations given by the managers of the companies visited, the structure of the algorithm will be strengthened so that its results are as objective as possible.
Trabajo de investigación
35
Fredriksson, Mattias. "Tree structured neural network hierarchy for synthesizing throwing motion." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-20812.
Full textAbstract:
Realism in animation sequences requires movements to be adapted to changing environments within the virtual world. To enhance visual experiences from animated characters, research is being focused on recreating realistic character movement adapted to surrounding environment within the character's world. Existing methods as applied to the problem of controlling character animations are often poorly suited to the problem as they focus on modifying and adapting static sequences, favoring responsiveness and reaching the motion objective rather than realism in characters movements. Algorithms for synthesizing motion sequences can then bridge the gap between motion quality and responsiveness, and recent methods have shown to open the possibility to recreate specific motions and movement patterns. Effectiveness of proposed methods to synthesize motion can however be questioned, particularly due to the sparsity and quality of evaluations between methods. An issue which is further complicated by variations in learning tasks and motion data used to train models. Rather than directly propose a new synthesis method, focus is put on refuting existing methods by applying them to the task of synthesizing objective-oriented motion involving the action of throwing a ball. To achieve this goal, two experiments are designed. The first experiment evaluates if a phase-functioned neural network (PFNN) model based on absolute joint configurations can generate objective oriented motion. To achieve this objective, a separate approach utilizing a hierarchy of phase-function networks is designed and implemented. By comparing application of the two methods on the learning task, the proposed hierarchy model showed significant improvement regarding the ability to fit generated motion to intended end effector trajectories. To be able to refute the idea of using dense feed-forward neural networks, a second experiment is performed comparing PFNN and feed-forward based network hierarchies. Outcome from the experiment show significant differences in favor for the hierarchy model utilizing phase-function networks. To facilitate experimentation, objective oriented motion data for training network models are obtained by researching and implementing methods for processing optical motion capture data over repeated practices of over-arm ball throws. Contribution is then threefold: creation of a dataset containing motion sequences of ball throwing actions, evaluation of PFNN on the task of learning sequences of objective oriented motion, and definition of a hierarchy based neural network model applicable to the motion synthesis task.
36
Stroe, Ionel Daniel. "Scalable visual hierarchy exploration." Link to electronic version, 2000. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0510100-142928.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Keywords: semantic caching; prefetching; recursive queries; hierarchical structures; database backend; visual exploration. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-84).
37
Rivera, Kris Krishna. "Ray collection bounding volume hierarchy." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4701.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents Ray Collection BVH, an improvement over a current day Ray Tracing acceleration structure to both build and perform the steps necessary to efficiently render dynamic scenes. Bounding Volume Hierarchy (BVH) is a commonly used acceleration structure, which aides in rendering complex scenes in 3D space using Ray Tracing by breaking the scene of triangles into a simple hierarchical structure. The algorithm this thesis explores was developed in an attempt at accelerating the process of both constructing this structure, and also using it to render these complex scenes more efficiently. The idea of using "ray collection" as a data structure was accidentally stumbled upon by the author in testing a theory he had for a class project. The overall scheme ofthe algorithm essentially collects a set of localized rays together and intersects them with subsequent levels of the BVH at each build step. In addition, only part of the acceleration structure is built on a per-Ray need basis. During this partial build, the Rays responsible for creating the scene are partially processed, also saving time on the overall procedure. Ray tracing is a widely used technique for simple rendering from realistic images to making movies. Particularly, in the movie industry, the level of realism brought in to the animated movies through ray tracing is incredible. So any improvement brought to these algorithms to improve the speed of rendering would be considered useful and welcome. This thesis makes contributions towards improving the overall speed of scene rendering, and hence may be considered as an important and useful contribution.ID: 030646225; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-81).
M.S.
Masters
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Science
38
Windsor-Collins, Andrea Grace. "Resolving the morphological and mechanical properties of palm petioles : shape analysis methods for symmetric sections of natural form." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13722.
Full textAbstract:
Palms support the largest leaves in the world and have evolved on Earth for over 120 million years. They are often reported to be the only structure left standing post-hurricane. Cross-sectional shapes of cantilevered structures are important design factors affecting torsional and bending performance. Understanding the shape contribution of natural sections such as palm petioles (modified leaf stalks) is more difficult than those for simple 2D shapes because conventional methods of calculating section properties are not well suited to these irregular shapes. The role of internal structure, material properties and external shape of palm petioles in cantilever performance has been investigated and three main contributions to knowledge result from this research. Firstly, 3D mapping, i.e., the size, orientation and position, of vascular bundles in the Trachycarpus fortunei palm petiole reveals the distributions of stress and Young’s modulus values, providing a more detailed understanding of petioles than previous work. Secondly, bulk elastic material properties along the longitudinal axis of the same petiole are then input to a bi-layered model of the same petiole establishing the Young’s modulus of the two layers without mechanically testing them individually and for determining that the outer layer is not lignified. Thirdly, the largest contribution is the introduction of modified shape transformers employing the use of circular envelopes, eliminating error caused by approximating second moment of area with the torsional constant. This leads to a novel Shape Edge Mapping (SEM) technique which deconstructs petiole cross section shape elements and enables the structural contribution of these elements to be calculated, improving the understanding of the petiole section and how it relates to its mechanical function. This thesis makes a valuable addition to the knowledge of palm function and presents novel techniques for non-destructive extraction of natural shape data for abstraction and use in preliminary engineering design.
39
Odabai, Fard Seyed Hamidreza. "Efficient multi-class objet detection with a hierarchy of classes." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22623/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans cet article, nous présentons une nouvelle approche de détection multi-classes basée sur un parcours hiérarchique de classifieurs appris simultanément. Pour plus de robustesse et de rapidité, nous proposons d’utiliser un arbre de classes d’objets. Notre modèle de détection est appris en combinant les contraintes de tri et de classification dans un seul problème d’optimisation. Notre formulation convexe permet d’utiliser un algorithme de recherche pour accélérer le temps d’exécution. Nous avons mené des évaluations de notre algorithme sur les benchmarks PASCAL VOC (2007 et 2010). Comparé à l’approche un-contre-tous, notre méthode améliore les performances pour 20 classes et gagne 10x en vitesseRecent years have witnessed a competition in autonomous navigation for vehicles boosted by the advances in computer vision. The on-board cameras are capable of understanding the semantic content of the environment. A core component of this system is to localize and classify objects in urban scenes. There is a need to have multi-class object detection systems. Designing such an efficient system is a challenging and active research area. The algorithms can be found for applications in autonomous driving, object searches in images or video surveillance. The scale of object classes varies depending on the tasks. The datasets for object detection started with containing one class only e.g. the popular INRIA Person dataset. Nowadays, we witness an expansion of the datasets consisting of more training data or number of object classes. This thesis proposes a solution to efficiently learn a multi-class object detector. The task of such a system is to localize all instances of target object classes in an input image. We distinguish between three major efficiency criteria. First, the detection performance measures the accuracy of detection. Second, we strive low execution times during run-time. Third, we address the scalability of our novel detection framework. The two previous criteria should scale suitably with the number of input classes and the training algorithm has to take a reasonable amount of time when learning with these larger datasets. Although single-class object detection has seen a considerable improvement over the years, it still remains a challenge to create algorithms that work well with any number of classes. Most works on this subject extent these single-class detectors to work accordingly with multiple classes but remain hardly flexible to new object descriptors. Moreover, they do not consider all these three criteria at the same time. Others use a more traditional approach by iteratively executing a single-class detector for each target class which scales linearly in training time and run-time. To tackle the challenges, we present a novel framework where for an input patch during detection the closest class is ranked highest. Background labels are rejected as negative samples. The detection goal is to find the highest scoring class. To this end, we derive a convex problem formulation that combines ranking and classification constraints. The accuracy of the system is improved by hierarchically arranging the classes into a tree of classifiers. The leaf nodes represent the individual classes and the intermediate nodes called super-classes group recursively these classes together. The super-classes benefit from the shared knowledge of their descending classes. All these classifiers are learned in a joint optimization problem along with the previouslymentioned constraints. The increased number of classifiers are prohibitive to rapid execution times. The formulation of the detection goal naturally allows to use an adapted tree traversal algorithm to progressively search for the best class but reject early in the detection process the background samples and consequently reduce the system’s run-time. Our system balances between detection performance and speed-up. We further experimented with feature reduction to decrease the overhead of applying the high-level classifiers in the tree. The framework is transparent to the used object descriptor where we implemented the histogram of orientated gradients and deformable part model both introduced in [Felzenszwalb et al., 2010a]. The capabilities of our system are demonstrated on two challenging datasets containing different object categories not necessarily semantically related. We evaluate both the detection performance with different number of classes and the scalability with respect to run-time. Our experiments show that this framework fulfills the requirements of a multi-class object detector and highlights the advantages of structuring class-level knowledge
40
Bu-Qammaz, Amani S. A. S. "Risk Management Model for International Public Construction Joint Venture Projects in Kuwait." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1426073042.
Full text
41
Adams, Kari A. "Adolescent Self-Theories of Singing Ability within the Choral Hierarchy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1703368/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to explore adolescent self-views of singing ability through both implicit theories and self-concept meaning systems. A secondary purpose of this study was to examine these self-views specifically in the context of a choral hierarchy. Using a researcher-designed survey instrument, I gathered data from middle- and high-school students currently enrolled in a choir program organized in a hierarchical structure. I analyzed descriptive statistics of survey responses to items designed to measure implicit theories of singing ability, singing self-concept, and goal orientation. I also examined differences among participants by ensemble placement in implicit theory and self-concept scores, correlation between implicit theory and self-concept, and whether implicit theory, self-concept, goal orientation, or current enrollment could predict future enrollment decisions. In addition to these quantitative measures, I coded open-ended responses to two failure scenarios and examined participant responses by ensemble and gender. Both implicit theory and self-concept scores were higher for participants at the top of the choral hierarchy than at the bottom. Open-ended responses, however, did not align with the implicit theory scale and a number of students presented a false growth mindset. Open-ended responses also indicated that failure scenarios were likely to result in an altered view of the self and shame in placement in an ensemble at the bottom of the choral hierarchy. The means scores for participants in the middle- and high-school ensembles in both implicit theory and self-concept were significantly different, with participants in the high-school ensembles having higher scores in both constructs. Implicit theory and self-concept were significantly related, and self-concept, goal orientation, and current enrollment significantly predicted future enrollment decisions.
42
Бенатов, Даніель Емілович. "Системний аналіз природно-техногенної безпеки гідровузлів України." Doctoral thesis, Київ, 2016. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/17668.
Full textAbstract:
Дисертація присвячена системному аналізу природно-техногенної безпеки
(ПТБ) гідровузлів (ГВ) України на прикладі 18 найбільших об’єктів галузі.
У роботі здійснено класифікацію факторів загроз ПТБ ГВ і заходів із
запобігання їм, побудовано відповідну ієрархічну структуру. На основі
експертних оцінок для кожного об’єкта здійснено ранжування вказаних факторів
та заходів, розраховано значення інтегрального показника небезпеки (ІПН), а
також перевірено відповідність основних споруд досліджуваних ГВ класам
відповідальності за наслідками. На основі систематизованих даних державних і
місцевих органів влади визначено значення показників позитивного впливу
вказаних об’єктів в енергетичній, господарській і соціальній сфері та відповідний
інтегральний показник позитивного впливу (ІППВ), здійснено спробу
паспортизації досліджуваних 18 ГВ України, розроблено програмний продукт ГІС
«Гідровузли України».
43
Thomas, Katherine. "Alterations within the structural hierarchy of parchment induced by damage mechanisms." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55000/.
Full textAbstract:
Collagen plays an important role in many biological tissues, including skin, which, once dried and treated, forms parchment and leather. The structural alterations that occur in collagenous materials due to X-ray radiation damage, fluctuation of relative humidity, and mechanical deformation (with a special focus on historical parchment) are the focus of this thesis. The primary aim of this thesis is to investigate major structural changes to collagen within parchment when exposed to inappropriate levels of relative humidity during conservation treatments, and cyclic-humidity during long-term storage in archives, museums and libraries. This study led to the discovery that each parchment sample reacted to the application and removal of moisture in a different way, indicating the fundamental need to treat individual parchment documents as in-homogeneous materials. This thesis investigates the changes that fibrillar collagen undergoes and describes the creation of computational models capable of reproducing the X-ray diffraction patterns for collagen. Previous structural models have been created that sufficiently account for native collagen, however, models created as part of this thesis succeed where previous models have failed in explaining the X-ray diffraction patterns collected from damaged collagen. This study provided the opportunity to contribute towards a large-scale international collaborative project on the hugely important historical resource, the Domesday Book. X-ray diffraction was used to provide unprecedented analysis of Domesday Book samples, providing a structural survey at a molecular level. This analysis produced the conclusion that the majority of samples displayed the presence of collagen axial structure, and were generally of a degraded state as a consequence of the method used to source them the samples were scrapings from the surface, which was less intact than the bulk of the parchment.
44
Cebi, Ali Can, and Tobias Bauer. "Hierarchical structures in medium-sized manufacturing companies and their lower boundaries." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30251.
Full textAbstract:
Application of low hierarchy structures are becoming increasingly popular by enhancing job satisfaction and productivity of employees. On the other hand formation of hierarchy appears to be natural and beneficial in many cases. This study explores how low hierarchies could become and where the boundaries regarding job satisfaction lie as well as how these differ depending on formal position of employees. The inquiry is undertaken with a focus is on medium-sized companies in manufacturing industry in Germany where job satisfaction and productivity via such applications is vital. Extensive qualitative data was collected with a single-case approach; analysis was conducted qualitatively likewise. The lower limits of hierarchy are discovered to lie in various aspects mainly relating to supervision, recognition of good performance and promotion opportunities and to differ significantly with formal position. The study is believed to be unique and assist in shedding light into the area of beneficial and practical low hierarchy applications.
45
Segon, Michael John. "Institutionalising ethical cultures: an investigation of formal organisational approaches." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16179/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examined the institutionalisation of ethics within Australian organisations. A particular focus is the role of the strategic apex, or executive level of the organisation, in establishing the environment in which an ethical culture can develop. The literature review examined both organisational theory and existing approaches to developing organisational ethical culture using formal mechanisms such as written policies, procedures, training and development and reinforcement strategies. This revealed the polarisation of ethics literature between compliance and integrity based approaches. This is seen to be consistent with only two forms of organizations, the mechanistic and organic structures. This was identified as a major flaw in ethics literature as it does not inform organisations about appropriate ethical design for organisations that fall in between this continuum. The review of organisational theory concluded that components of organisational structure are used to discuss organisational moral responsibility and are also the components of the compliance and integrity approaches to organisational ethics. A tentative hypothesis was established that organisational ethics systems would be more effective if they are in fit with an organisation's structure. The study utilised a qualitative case based research method, argued as appropriate given the focus being strategic alignment of organisational structure and ethics frameworks. Thus was also recognised as having limitations, specifically not addressing the behavioural impact of such strategies in a significant way. The study examined the ethical frameworks of three large organisations. This included: an analysis of background to the ethics strategy, the design process, who was given responsibility for design and implementation of the framework. The major characteristics of the program was considered, how it was encultured throughout the organisation and consideration of any evaluation mechanism. This was contrasted against the organization's structural characteristics to establish whether the ethical framework was in fit with the structure of the organization. The analysis and discussion identified that senior management support was evident in all three case studies and crucial to the development of an ethical culture. Extensive written policies (codes of ethics and conduct) were identified in all three cases; however, the extent of appropriate support systems determined the degree to which these policies were effective. There was a general lack of understanding of ethical systems within the organisation with little expertise evident by those responsible for the programs in terms of appropriate strategies for enculturation. Ineffective strategies were mainly due to lack of appropriate support mechanisms (communication, training, reinforcement and reward and review) or inconsistency between support mechanisms and other organisational policies A major conclusion of the thesis is that the strategies used for enculturation of ethics, are basic organisational design variables. As such ethical frameworks need to be informed by organisational theory so as to design systems that achieve fit which leads to greater effectiveness.
46
Suckling, Christopher. "Cultivating hierarchy : the reproduction of structural advantage in Sierra Leone's cannabis economy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3583/.
Full textAbstract:
Violence is often treated as an organisational compliment to illicit drug production and exchange in sub-Saharan Africa. The thesis challenges this view in light of the “chain work” undertaken by cannabis cultivators in Sierra Leone, and examines its complex web of labour, exchange, and extra-legal relations. Research reveals that an apprenticeship system during the early 1800s slavery abolition period continued to organise labour in Western Area’s small-scale agriculture. Meanwhile, the migration of cultivators from Jamaica during the economic crises and War on Drugs of the late-1980s coincided with the spread of Rastafari culture and a post-war Neo-Evangelist discourse that established apprenticeship as a legitimate means for learning how to cultivate under the guidance of those known as “shareholders”. These shareholders were gatekeepers in accessing land, exchange partners and extra-legal relations. They secured greater returns without organised violence. This is explained by examining the shortcomings of current conceptual approaches and turning to Pierre Bourdieu’s relational sociology. It employs a mixed methodology of objectivist and subjectivist modes of analysis. The analysis relates the qualitative experience of cultivators and dealers to the particular position they occupied within the economic field of cultivation and exchange and the juridical field of law enforcement. Despite being motivated by strong economic incentives, apprentices and journeymen were subject to the uncertainties of limited contracting arrangements and illegality, which exposed them to exploitation. However, by adopting particular ways of acting, reasoning and valuing that qualified their status as “youth men”, they continued to invest in and reproduce this institution. I examine how emic practices of “sababu”, “grade” and “haju” acted as covert principles that limited the possibility for newcomers to secure higher value exchange partners, greater returns and police inaction. The thesis concludes that apprenticeship was the site at which structural advantages favouring the established shareholders were reproduced.
47
El-Esber, Lina. "Hierarchal higher order finite element modeling of periodic structures." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82483.
Full textAbstract:
Periodic structures play an important role in engineering since they allow the manipulation of the electromagnetic properties of certain materials. To design such structures and investigate their different properties, it is essential to use simulation techniques. Among the various methods that have been used traditionally, the finite element method offers great advantages. In this thesis, a three dimensional finite element method is used to obtain the band diagrams of periodic structures; hierarchal higher-order elements are employed, thereby opening up the possibility of goal oriented h-p adaptivity. The computed dispersion curves for doubly-periodic and triply-periodic metallic structures are presented and compared to previously published curves. The results confirm the accuracy of the finite element formulation developed in this thesis and its implementation. Further, the triply-periodic results support the case for using higher-order, less dense meshes rather than lower-order, more highly refined meshes; the doubly-periodic results are inconclusive.
48
Herman, Vít. "Analýza provozu digitální hierarchie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218838.
Full textAbstract:
In diploma thesis is theoretically described structure of PDH, SDH and multiplexing of PDH to SDH. Measurement of first level PDH and SDH is described too. A design of new laboratory network was based on theoretical information and the network was build. SDH nodes MSH11CP and other equipment in laboratory entourage are used in new laboratory network in a way that laboratory network is the most similar to real telecommunication network. Operation manual for SDH nodes type MSH11CP is described next in the thesis. New three laboratory tasks are described in the thesis. These tasks make use of design of new network and a reference of nodes operation manual. New three tasks are implemented in new laboratory network, in laboratory of transmission technologies. In these new laboratory tasks are possible to create a transmission path and measure this service, including settings and verification of a backup path.
49
Bhooshan, Neha. "Classification of semantic relations in different syntactic structures in medical text using the MeSH hierarchy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33111.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 38).
Two different classification algorithms are evaluated in recognizing semantic relationships of different syntactic compounds. The compounds, which include noun- noun, adjective-noun, noun-adjective, noun-verb, and verb-noun, were extracted from a set of doctors' notes using a part of speech tagger and a parser. Each compound was labeled with a semantic relationship, and each word in the compound was mapped to its corresponding entry in the MeSH hierarchy. MeSH includes only medical terminology so it was extended to include everyday, non-medical terms. The two classification algorithms, neural networks and a classification tree, were trained and tested on the data set for each type of syntactic compound. Models representing different levels of MeSH were generated and fed into the neural networks. Both algorithms performed better than random guessing, and the classification tree performed better than the neural networks in predicting the semantic relationship between phrases from their syntactic structure.
by Neha Bhooshan.
M.Eng.
50
Jokhio, Gul Ahmed. "Mixed dimensional hierarchic partitioned analysis of nonlinear structural systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/10569.
Full textAbstract:
The use of most accurate 3D modelling in Finite Element analysis is too computationally expensive to be practical. The alternate simplification of 1D elements may sometimes compromise the accuracy of results. However, the detailed modelling of the critical parts and approximate modelling of the non-critical parts of the structure is often sufficient. A novel hierarchic domain partitioning approach has been developed in this study, which is being presented. The thesis begins with an introduction followed by a literature review. The domain partitioning approach is described next in which, parts of a structural system are removed and replaced by partition super elements. The removed parts are modelled separately with their partitioned boundary wrapped around by dual partition super elements. These partitions are analysed simultaneously using parallel computations. This domain partitioning approach increases the computational efficiency and allows the possibility of the use of differently dimensioned partitions. Using the domain partitioning approach, the complex non-linear structural systems can be subjected to static time-history, proportional loading, and dynamic loading. For dynamic analysis, eigenvalue analysis is required. The eigenvalue problem for large matrices is itself computationally expensive; however, a new parallel implementation of eigenvalue analysis is developed here using the partition super elements. In order to be able to use differently dimensioned partitions, a new dimensional coupling method has been developed. This is implemented with the help of a new master-slave element which has a single node as the master and all the nodes at the partitioned boundary as its slave nodes. This allows the possibility of using 3D brick elements inside a partition, whereas the other partitions at higher levels can use simplified 1D element models. The domain partitioning approach has been further enhanced by making it hierarchical, where, the partitions are further subdivided by replacing their parts with partition super elements and the removed parts modelled at further lower levels of partitioning. The hierarchical modelling is followed by a couple of case studies that demonstrate the applicability of the developed methods. The thesis ends with discussion and with the conclusion that the mixed dimensional hierarchic partitioning methods have greatly increased the computational efficiency of the finite element analysis. Some directions for the future research related to this work have been suggested.