Journal articles: 'Hierarchical skeletons'

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Zhang, Xiaopeng, Jianfei Liu, Marc Jaeger, and Zili Li. "Volume Decomposition for Hierarchical Skeletonization." International Journal of Virtual Reality 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/ijvr.2009.8.1.2716.

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Hierarchical skeletons and shape components are important shape features, and they are useful for shape description and shape understanding. Techniques to extract shape components and hierarchical skeletons from volume data are analyzed in this paper based on multiple distance transformations. The application of volume decomposition for the extraction of hierarchical skeletons is emphasized and specified here. This work includes an establishment of the hierarchical structure of the object volume, a decomposition of the volume into simple sub-volumes, an extraction of compact skeleton segments corresponding to each independent sub-volume, and a connection of these skeleton segments into a hierarchical structure reflecting the organization the initial data

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Borgefors, G., G. Ramella, and G. Sanniti Di Baja. "Hierarchical decomposition of multiscale skeletons." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 23, no. 11 (2001): 1296–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.969119.

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Yang, Cong, Oliver Tiebe, Kimiaki Shirahama, and Marcin Grzegorzek. "Object matching with hierarchical skeletons." Pattern Recognition 55 (July 2016): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2016.01.022.

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ABLAMEYKO, SERGEY V., CARLO ARCELLI, and GABRIELLA SANNITI DI BAJA. "HIERARCHICAL DECOMPOSITION OF DISTANCE LABELED SKELETONS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 10, no. 08 (December 1996): 957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001496000542.

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The distance labeled skeleton of a two-dimensional digital object is hierarchically decomposed into loops, branches and concatenations of branches. Decomposition is obtained by using an iterated tracing-and-deleting process alternately applied to more and more internal skeleton subsets. Every skeleton subset is associated a feature, called the relevance, which is related to the spatial extension of the object region represented by that subset. The relevance is used to decide on how to perform concatenations, as well as to rank skeleton decomposition components ascribed to the same hierarchy level. The decomposition is stable under object rotation and can be used in a recognition process accomplished via graph matching.

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Cornea, Nicu D., Deborah Silver, Xiaosong Yuan, and Raman Balasubramanian. "Computing hierarchical curve-skeletons of 3D objects." Visual Computer 21, no. 11 (September 14, 2005): 945–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-005-0308-0.

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Yang, Jie, Xiaorong Wen, Qiulai Wang, Jin-Sheng Ye, Yanli Zhang, and Yuan Sun. "A Novel Scheme about Skeleton Optimization Designed for ISTTWN Algorithm." Remote Sensing 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 6097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14236097.

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The ISTTWN algorithm overcame the defect of separating the production process of skeleton points and skeleton lines in tree branch point cloud skeleton extraction and improved the accuracy of the extracted initial skeletons, but the skeletons need further optimization. In the existing skeleton optimization, it is difficult to see the stump adjustment, and most of the bifurcation optimization and skeleton smoothness adopt fitting. Based on the characteristics of the initial skeletons extracted by the ISTTWN algorithm, this research optimizes the skeleton from four aspects. An algorithm for the stump adjustment for reconstructing the stump based on the layer and hierarchical relationship and an algorithm for the bifurcation optimization based on the local branch point cloud and cosine correlation are proposed, and an existing pruning method and a skeleton smoothing method are used. The results show that the skeleton optimization method proposed or used in this research has a high computational efficiency in general and can ultimately retain the necessary skeleton lines. In a visual analysis, the optimized skeleton is obviously much more natural and more in line with the actual topology of trees. In the quantitative analysis, the completeness, accuracy and effectiveness reached 97.82%, 95.72% and 89.47%, respectively. In this study, in addition to the existing tree parameters extracted by the skeleton or generalized cylinder model, the generated skeleton is used to extract the branch attributes. The R2 of the deflection angle of the branch tip, distance from branch tip and branch length are about 0.897, 0.986 and 0.988, respectively, which illustrates that their models are very good. This research can further expand the application of the skeleton.

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Matsushita, Hiroshi, Yoshihiro Mori, and Toshio Inui. "Hierarchical shape description using skeletons and hierarchical shape discrimination by neural networks." Systems and Computers in Japan 22, no. 7 (1991): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690220708.

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Ozin, Geoffrey A., and Scott Oliver. "Skeletons in the beaker: Synthetic hierarchical inorganic materials." Advanced Materials 7, no. 11 (November 1995): 943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19950071117.

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Xu, Jingzhong, Jie Shan, and Ge Wang. "Hierarchical Modeling of Street Trees Using Mobile Laser Scanning." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 19, 2020): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142321.

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This paper proposes a novel method to reconstruct hierarchical 3D tree models from Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) point clouds. Starting with a neighborhood graph from the tree point clouds, the method treats the root point of the tree as a source point and determines an initial tree skeleton by using the Dijkstra algorithm. The initial skeleton lines are then optimized by adjusting line connectivity and branch nodes based on morphological characteristics of the tree. Finally, combined with the tree point clouds, the radius of each branch skeleton node is estimated and flat cones are used to simulate tree branches. A local triangulation method is used to connect the gaps between two joint flat cones. Demonstrated by street trees of different sizes and point densities, the proposed method can extract street tree skeletons effectively, generate tree models with higher fidelity, and reconstruct trees with different details according to the skeleton level. It is found out the tree modeling error is related to the average point spacing, with a maximum error at the coarsest level 6 being about 0.61 times the average point spacing. The main source of the modeling error is the self-occlusion of trees branches. Such findings are both theoretically and practically useful for generating high-precision tree models from point clouds. The developed method can be an alternative to the current ones that struggle to balance modeling efficiency and modeling accuracy.

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Reniers, Dennie, and Alexandru Telea. "Hierarchical part-type segmentation using voxel-based curve skeletons." Visual Computer 24, no. 6 (April 23, 2008): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-008-0220-5.

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BERTHOLD, JOST, and RITA LOOGEN. "THE IMPACT OF DYNAMIC CHANNELS ON FUNCTIONAL TOPOLOGY SKELETONS." Parallel Processing Letters 18, no. 01 (March 2008): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626408003259.

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Parallel functional programs with implicit communication often generate purely hierarchical communication topologies during execution: communication only happens between parent and child processes. Hence, messages between siblings must be passed via the parent causing inefficiencies that can be avoided by direct communication between arbitrary processes. The Eden parallel functional language provides dynamic channels to implement arbitrary communication topologies. This paper analyses the impact of dynamic channels on Eden's topology skeletons, i.e. skeletons which define process topologies such as rings, toroids, or hypercubes. We compare topology skeletons with and without dynamic channels with respect to runtime and communication. Our case studies confirm that dynamic channels decrease the number of messages by up to 50% and substantially reduce runtime. Detailed analyses of EdenTV (Eden trace viewer) execution profiles reveal a bottleneck in the root process when only hierarchical channel connections are used and a better distribution of communications with dynamic channels.

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Couprie, Michel. "Topological maps and robust hierarchical Euclidean skeletons in cubical complexes." Computer Vision and Image Understanding 117, no. 4 (April 2013): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2012.08.013.

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CORONADO, ISMAEL, and SERGIO RODRÍGUEZ. "Biomineral structure and crystallographic arrangement of cerioid and phaceloid growth in corals belonging to the Syringoporicae (Tabulata, Devonian–Carboniferous): a genetic reflection." Geological Magazine 153, no. 4 (February 1, 2016): 718–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000862.

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AbstractAn extensive study of the microstructure, nanostructrure and crystallographic properties of six taxa belonging to four different genera of Devonian and Carboniferous Syringoporicae showing dense phaceloid (Pleurosiphonella), pseudocerioid (Neomultithecopora) and cerioid growth patterns (Roemeria and Roemeripora) has been done in order to disclose the similarities and differences in the growth processes at the biomineral scale and understand the growth processes that provide organisms with an evolutionary advantage to colonize different habitats. All the skeletons have similarities regarding the biocrystallization process, showing that the Syringoporicae skeletons are a product of matrix-mediated biocrystallization. Micro- and nanotextural features are common in all of the skeletons studied, showing that they were composed of hierarchical structures. All studied taxa possess a complex nanostructure composed of co-oriented rounded nanocrystals with different sizes and morphologies, depending on the taxon. The identified microstructures include granules, lamellae, fibres and hyaline elements. The crystallographic techniques demonstrate that all of them except the hyaline elements are biogenic in origin. Granules could be aborted fibres during the growth of two corallites in contact. On the other hand, the study of the biomineral properties suggests that the skeleton structure is a reflection of the genetic code. The median lamina was formed by the joint crystallization of both polyps at the same time. The variation in the internal structural organization (phaceloid, pseudocerioid or cerioid) was conditioned by the environment (stressful situations or feeding strategies); on the contrary, the final structure is controlled by genetics and their crystallographic properties are characteristic for each internal structural organization.

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LI, YANLI, ZHONG ZHOU, and WEI WU. "A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR JOINT VIDEO PEDESTRIAN SEGMENTATION AND POSE TRACKING." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 07 (November 2013): 1355012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001413550124.

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Pedestrian segmentation and pose tracking are performed to infer human silhouettes and skeletons, respectively. Although the two tasks are complementary in nature, few works have been done on combining them together to improve each other, and some related methods are limited to still images. In this paper, we propose an approach to jointly solving them in monocular videos via a unified framework. Basically, the framework is built on EM-based maximum likelihood estimation, in which pose tracking is fulfilled through Bayesian filtering using body silhouette as an observation cue, and pedestrian segmentation is inferred by guided filtering with constraint of body skeleton. The two sets of parameters are alternatively updated along the video. In the initialization of the framework, we utilize a hierarchical shape matching scheme to obtain the silhouette and skeleton in the first frame. Experiments on challenging pedestrian datasets verify the approach's effectiveness to cluttered backgrounds, moving camera and various articulated bodies, and the performance is improved significantly by solving the two tasks together.

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MA, Rui, and Tie-ru WU. "Computing hierarchical curve-skeletons of 3D objects based on generalized potential field." Journal of Computer Applications 31, no. 1 (March 18, 2011): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2011.00016.

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García-Blas, Javier, and Christopher Brown. "High-level programming for heterogeneous and hierarchical parallel systems." International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 32, no. 6 (November 2018): 804–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342018807840.

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High-Level Heterogeneous and Hierarchical Parallel Systems (HLPGPU) aims to bring together researchers and practitioners to present new results and ongoing work on those aspects of high-level programming relevant, or specific to general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPUs) and new architectures. The 2016 HLPGPU symposium was an event co-located with the HiPEAC conference in Prague, Czech Republic. HLPGPU is targeted at high-level parallel techniques, including programming models, libraries and languages, algorithmic skeletons, refactoring tools and techniques for parallel patterns, tools and systems to aid parallel programming, heterogeneous computing, timing analysis and statistical performance models.

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Parque, Victor, Kazuhiro Honobe, Satoshi Miura, and Tomoyuki Miyashita. "On Vehicle Evaluation and Design Using Data Envelopment Analysis with Hierarchical Concepts." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 1225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.128.

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AbstractIn recent years, product complexity in terms of function and structure has been driven by technological development in complementary components. Designing unbiased product evaluation metrics being to grasp the complex relationships of product features, and able to capitalize on market needs has become a challenge in industrial practice.In this paper, we propose a hybrid framework in which evaluation models are generated by integrating Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), Hierarchical Clustering and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Whereas ISM constructs hierarchical digraphs (skeletons), Hierarchical Clustering reduces dimensionality of pairwise comparisons (correlations) of design variables, and suggests possible evaluation configurations, and DEA computes weights to provide optimal evaluation metrics. Our computational experiments using more than twenty thousand vehicles from 1982 to 2013 confirmed the feasibility and usefulness of DEA with hierarchical concepts to generate the optimal vehicle evaluation metric, and to suggest configurations for vehicle design layouts.

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Grun, Tobias B., and James H. Nebelsick. "Structural design of the minute clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 5 (May 2018): 171323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171323.

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The clypeasteroid echinoid skeleton is a multi-plated, light-weight shell construction produced by biomineralization processes. In shell constructions, joints between individual elements are considered as weak points, yet these echinoid skeletons show an extensive preservation potential in both Recent and fossil environments. The remarkable strength of the test is achieved by skeletal reinforcement structures and their constructional layouts. Micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy are used for microstructural and volumetric analyses of the echinoid's skeleton. It is shown that strengthening mechanisms act on different hierarchical levels from the overall shape of the skeleton to skeletal interlocking. The tight-fitting and interlocking plate joints lead to a shell considered to behave as a monolithic structure. The plate's architecture features distinct regions interpreted as a significant load-transferring system. The internal support system follows the segmentation of the remaining skeleton, where sutural layout and stereom distribution are designed for effective load transfer. The structural analysis of the multi-plated, yet monolithic skeleton of Echinocyamus pusillus reveals new aspects of the micro-morphology and its structural relevance for the load-bearing behaviour. The analysed structural principles allow E. pusillus to be considered as a role model for the development of multi-element, light-weight shell constructions.

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Meza, Lucas R., Alex J. Zelhofer, Nigel Clarke, Arturo J. Mateos, Dennis M. Kochmann, and Julia R. Greer. "Resilient 3D hierarchical architected metamaterials." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 37 (September 1, 2015): 11502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509120112.

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Hierarchically designed structures with architectural features that span across multiple length scales are found in numerous hard biomaterials, like bone, wood, and glass sponge skeletons, as well as manmade structures, like the Eiffel Tower. It has been hypothesized that their mechanical robustness and damage tolerance stem from sophisticated ordering within the constituents, but the specific role of hierarchy remains to be fully described and understood. We apply the principles of hierarchical design to create structural metamaterials from three material systems: (i) polymer, (ii) hollow ceramic, and (iii) ceramic–polymer composites that are patterned into self-similar unit cells in a fractal-like geometry. In situ nanomechanical experiments revealed (i) a nearly theoretical scaling of structural strength and stiffness with relative density, which outperforms existing nonhierarchical nanolattices; (ii) recoverability, with hollow alumina samples recovering up to 98% of their original height after compression to ≥50% strain; (iii) suppression of brittle failure and structural instabilities in hollow ceramic hierarchical nanolattices; and (iv) a range of deformation mechanisms that can be tuned by changing the slenderness ratios of the beams. Additional levels of hierarchy beyond a second order did not increase the strength or stiffness, which suggests the existence of an optimal degree of hierarchy to amplify resilience. We developed a computational model that captures local stress distributions within the nanolattices under compression and explains some of the underlying deformation mechanisms as well as validates the measured effective stiffness to be interpreted as a metamaterial property.

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Jiang, Yujian, Xue Yang, Jingyu Liu, and Junming Zhang. "A Lightweight Hierarchical Model with Frame-Level Joints Adaptive Graph Convolution for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (November 1, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2290304.

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In skeleton-based human action recognition methods, human behaviours can be analysed through temporal and spatial changes in the human skeleton. Skeletons are not limited by clothing changes, lighting conditions, or complex backgrounds. This recognition method is robust and has aroused great interest; however, many existing studies used deep-layer networks with large numbers of required parameters to improve the model performance and thus lost the advantage of less computation of skeleton data. It is difficult to deploy previously established models to real-life applications based on low-cost embedded devices. To obtain a model with fewer parameters and a higher accuracy, this study designed a lightweight frame-level joints adaptive graph convolutional network (FLAGCN) model to solve skeleton-based action recognition tasks. Compared with the classical 2s-AGCN model, the new model obtained a higher precision with 1/8 of the parameters and 1/9 of the floating-point operations (FLOPs). Our proposed network characterises three main improvements. First, a previous feature-fusion method replaces the multistream network and reduces the number of required parameters. Second, at the spatial level, two kinds of graph convolution methods capture different aspects of human action information. A frame-level graph convolution constructs a human topological structure for each data frame, whereas an adjacency graph convolution captures the characteristics of the adjacent joints. Third, the model proposed in this study hierarchically extracts different levels of action sequence features, making the model clear and easy to understand; further, it reduces the depth of the model and the number of parameters. A large number of experiments on the NTU RGB + D 60 and 120 data sets show that this method has the advantages of few required parameters, low computational costs, and fast speeds. It also has a simple structure and training process that make it easy to deploy in real-time recognition systems based on low-cost embedded devices.

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Li, Luoyang, Marissa J. Betts, Hao Yun, Bing Pan, Timothy P. Topper, Guoxiang Li, Xingliang Zhang, and Christian B. Skovsted. "Fibrous or Prismatic? A Comparison of the Lamello-Fibrillar Nacre in Early Cambrian and Modern Lophotrochozoans." Biology 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010113.

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The Precambrian–Cambrian interval saw the first appearance of disparate modern metazoan phyla equipped with a wide array of mineralized exo- and endo-skeletons. However, the current knowledge of this remarkable metazoan skeletonization bio-event and its environmental interactions is limited because uncertainties have persisted in determining the mineralogy, microstructure, and hierarchical complexity of these earliest animal skeletons. This study characterizes in detail a previously poorly understood fibrous microstructure—the lamello-fibrillar (LF) nacre—in early Cambrian mollusk and hyolith shells and compares it with shell microstructures in modern counterparts (coleoid cuttlebones and serpulid tubes). This comparative study highlights key differences in the LF nacre amongst different lophotrochozoan groups in terms of mineralogical compositions and architectural organization of crystals. The results demonstrate that the LF nacre is a microstructural motif confined to the Mollusca. This study demonstrates that similar fibrous microstructure in Cambrian mollusks and hyoliths actually represent a primitive type of prismatic microstructure constituted of calcitic prisms. Revision of these fibrous microstructures in Cambrian fossils demonstrates that calcitic shells are prevalent in the so-called aragonite sea of the earliest Cambrian. This has important implications for understanding the relationship between seawater chemistry and skeletal mineralogy at the time when skeletons were first acquired by early lophotrochozoan biomineralizers.

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Zhu, Jie, T. S. Zhang, J. Ma, and B. Y. Tay. "Fabrication of porous/hollow tin (IV) oxide skeletons from polypeptide mediated self-assembly." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 9 (September 2007): 2448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0303.

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We demonstrate the aqueous self-assembly of ligand-assisted SnO2 sol precursors onto preformed poly-l-lysine templates through interfacial electrostatic forces (COO−/NH3+). On the removal of organics, two unique coral-like and sea worm-like textures consisting of hierarchical pores (macropores and mesopores) and nanocrystalline SnO2 frameworks are synthesized, mainly depending on the chelator/Sn molar ratio. Structural formation is discussed based on acid-base interaction and interfacial charge density matching. For the first time, metal oxide structures mediated by polypeptides are reported. More importantly, the method described here might open a generally attractive route for synthesizing complex nanostructures of other oxides (e.g., ZnO, TiO2, and ZrO2).

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Zeng, Dong, Kai Qi, and Yubing Qiu. "Constructing hierarchically porous MnO/C composite to induce diffusion kinetics for high-performance lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2076, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2076/1/012070.

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Abstract Hybridization with transition metal oxide is broadly realized as an attractive way to smash the capacity limitation of carbon-base materials upon lithium storage. However, the influence of metal ions on the fast reaction kinetics of the electrode is still a confusing topic. Herein, a common molten salt method is displayed to fabricate hierarchically porous MnO/carbon composites. The addition of LiCl and KCl induces the fluid reaction substance by forming molten salt at a high-temperatures to beneficially achieve the activation and breaking of the carbon particles. The abundant porous and homogeneou carbon skeletons validly raise the ion/electron diffusion and transferability to prevent MnO particles from agglomerating, thereby inducing the diffusion kinetic. Moreover, the hierarchical porous MnO/carbon composite offers a highly invertible capacity of 851 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and outstanding cyclic performance. This work has opened up a path for metal oxidation/carbon composite materials in electrochemical energy storage.

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Xiong, Deyi, Min Zhang, Aiti Aw, and Haizhou Li. "Linguistically Annotated Reordering: Evaluation and Analysis." Computational Linguistics 36, no. 3 (September 2010): 535–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00009.

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Linguistic knowledge plays an important role in phrase movement in statistical machine translation. To efficiently incorporate linguistic knowledge into phrase reordering, we propose a new approach: Linguistically Annotated Reordering (LAR). In LAR, we build hard hierarchical skeletons and inject soft linguistic knowledge from source parse trees to nodes of hard skeletons during translation. The experimental results on large-scale training data show that LAR is comparable to boundary word-based reordering (BWR) (Xiong, Liu, and Lin 2006), which is a very competitive lexicalized reordering approach. When combined with BWR, LAR provides complementary information for phrase reordering, which collectively improves the BLEU score significantly. To further understand the contribution of linguistic knowledge in LAR to phrase reordering, we introduce a syntax-based analysis method to automatically detect constituent movement in both reference and system translations, and summarize syntactic reordering patterns that are captured by reordering models. With the proposed analysis method, we conduct a comparative analysis that not only provides the insight into how linguistic knowledge affects phrase movement but also reveals new challenges in phrase reordering.

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Wang, Bei, Jituo Li, Jiping Zeng, Guang Chen, and Guodong Lu. "Construction of level of details in garment image skeleton." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-03-2015-0035.

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Purpose – Skeleton plays an important role in representing the essential feature of garment in image. General skeleton extraction methods often yield many short skeletal branches. Though short branches reflect the geometric details of the garment, they are obstacles in extracting the essential features. The purpose of this paper is to provide an approach to hierarchically remove them to reveal the level of details (LOD) of the skeleton, thus both the essential skeleton and the geometric skeletal branches can be definitely extracted and separated. Design/methodology/approach – First, the initial garment image skeleton is extracted and smoothed. Then, the hierarchically removing mechanism is established on scoring the importance of each skeletal branch by an altered PageRank method and computing the symmetry among skeletal branches. Findings – Experimental examples show that this method can extract and separate garment essential skeleton as well as geometric skeletal branches hierarchically. Garments in same class have a similar essential skeleton with detailed differences, so this approach can be potentially applied in garment recognition and style specification. Originality/value – Traditionally, there is almost no work attempts to build LOD in skeleton of planar shapes. This paper provide an automatic device for building LOD skeleton for garment image. In another word, hierarchic skeletons with details in different prominence level are gradually established. And pairs of symmetric skeletal parts are found by taking advantage of symmetry characteristic of garment. This method is efficient in garment image skeleton extraction.

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Wood, Rachel, Andrey Yu Ivantsov, and Andrey Yu Zhuravlev. "First macrobiota biomineralization was environmentally triggered." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1851 (March 29, 2017): 20170059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0059.

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Why large and diverse skeletons first appeared ca 550 Ma is not well understood. Many Ediacaran skeletal biota show evidence of flexibility, and bear notably thin skeletal walls with simple, non-hierarchical microstructures of either aragonite or high-Mg calcite. We present evidence that the earliest skeletal macrobiota, found only in carbonate rocks, had close soft-bodied counterparts hosted in contemporary clastic rocks. This includes the calcareous discoidal fossil Suvorovella, similar to holdfasts of Ediacaran biota taxa previously known only as casts and moulds, as well as tubular and vase-shaped fossils. In sum, these probably represent taxa of diverse affinity including unicellular eukaryotes, total group cnidarians and problematica. Our findings support the assertion that the calcification was an independent and derived feature that appeared in diverse groups where an organic scaffold was the primitive character, which provided the framework for interactions between the extracellular matrix and mineral ions. We conclude that such skeletons may have been acquired with relative ease in the highly saturated, high alkalinity carbonate settings of the Ediacaran, where carbonate polymorph was further controlled by seawater chemistry. The trigger for Ediacaran biomineralization may have been either changing seawater Mg/Ca and/or increasing oxygen levels. By the Early Cambrian, however, biomineralization styles and the range of biominerals had significantly diversified, perhaps as an escalating defensive response to increasing predation pressure. Indeed skeletal hardparts had appeared in clastic settings by Cambrian Stage 1, suggesting independence from ambient seawater chemistry where genetic and molecular mechanisms controlled biomineralization and mineralogy had become evolutionarily constrained.

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Wang, Wei, Haibo Long, Tao Li, Yiran Wang, Shaohong Liu, and Hongqiang Ru. "Hierarchical trimodal macro-mesoporous silica monoliths with co-continuous macrostructures and isotropic skeletons constructed by randomly oriented SBA-15-type primary particles." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 258 (March 2018): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.09.023.

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Meng, Yuan, Zhenbin Guo, Susan C. Fitzer, Abhishek Upadhyay, Vera B. S. Chan, Chaoyi Li, Maggie Cusack, Haimin Yao, Kelvin W. K. Yeung, and Vengatesen Thiyagarajan. "Ocean acidification reduces hardness and stiffness of the Portuguese oyster shell with impaired microstructure: a hierarchical analysis." Biogeosciences 15, no. 22 (November 16, 2018): 6833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6833-2018.

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Abstract. The rapidly intensifying process of ocean acidification (OA) due to anthropogenic CO2 is not only depleting carbonate ions necessary for calcification but also causing acidosis and disrupting internal pH homeostasis in several marine organisms. These negative consequences of OA on marine calcifiers, i.e. oyster species, have been very well documented in recent studies; however, the consequences of reduced or impaired calcification on the end-product, shells or skeletons, still remain one of the major research gaps. Shells produced by marine organisms under OA are expected to show signs of dissolution, disorganized microstructure and reduced mechanical properties. To bridge this knowledge gap and to test the above hypothesis, we investigated the effect of OA on juvenile shells of the commercially important oyster species, Magallana angulata, at ecologically and climatically relevant OA levels (using pH 8.1, 7.8, 7.5, 7.2). In lower pH conditions, a drop of shell hardness and stiffness was revealed by nanoindentation tests, while an evident porous internal microstructure was detected by scanning electron microscopy. Crystallographic orientation, on the other hand, showed no significant difference with decreasing pH using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). These results indicate the porous internal microstructure may be the cause of the reduction in shell hardness and stiffness. The overall decrease of shell density observed from micro-computed tomography analysis indicates the porous internal microstructure may run through the shell, thus inevitably limiting the effectiveness of the shell's defensive function. This study shows the potential deterioration of oyster shells induced by OA, especially in their early life stage. This knowledge is critical to estimate the survival and production of edible oysters in the future ocean.

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Simon, Helge, Tim Sinsel, and Michael Bruse. "Introduction of Fractal-Based Tree Digitalization and Accurate In-Canopy Radiation Transfer Modelling to the Microclimate Model ENVI-met." Forests 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2020): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080869.

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While complex urban morphologies including different materials, wall structures, etc., are rather adequately represented in microclimate models, replication of actual plant geometry is—so far—rather crudely handled. However, plant geometry greatly differs within species and locations while strongly determining a plant’s microclimate performance. To improve the plants representation in numerical models, a new method to describe plant skeletons using the so-called Lindenmayer-System has been implemented in the microclimate model ENVI-met. The new model allows describing much more realistic plants including the position and alignment of leaf clusters, a hierarchical description of the branching system and the calculation of the plant’s biomechanics. Additionally, a new canopy radiation transfer module is introduced that allows not only the simulation of diffuse radiation extinction but also secondary sources of diffuse radiation due to scattering of direct radiation within plant canopies. Intercomparisons between model runs with and without the advancements showed large differences for various plant parameters due to the introduction of the Lindenmayer-System and the advanced radiation scheme. The combination of the two developments represents a sophisticated approach to accurately digitize plants, model radiative transfer in crown canopies, and thus achieve more realistic microclimate results.

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Tiesler, Vera, and Raúl López Pérez. "HEALTH AMONG CLASSIC-PERIOD URBAN AND RURAL MAYA: A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE." Ancient Mesoamerica 33, no. 1 (2022): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536121000109.

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AbstractHealth benefits among the members of state-level societies may vary depending on sex, social privilege, and whether the individual resides in an urban or rural setting. Human skeletal remains are prone to express individual life experiences and, ultimately, well-being. This research elaborates on these correlates by contextualizing the physiological stresses among Classic Maya hinterland populations in comparison to their urban peers. Comparisons are made using the frequencies and expression of enamel hypoplasia, caries, porotic hyperostosis, infectious osteomyelitis/subperiosteal reaction and osteoporosis in 842 adult skeletons of both sexes from 63 peripheral and centric, inland, lowland settlements. The results suggest problematic inland weaning diets and higher infectious load among rural populations. While comparisons between urban and rural lifeways show inconsistent load differences, our results indicate repeated distinctions between the sexes. We cautiously interpret this pattern as an indication of a physically demanding regime of rural life compared to a more sedentary routine among urban peers and gendered lifestyles in general. We conclude that apart from these distinctions (and potential sample biases), the health costs versus benefits impacted rural lifestyles in a complex and non-uniform fashion during the first millennium a.d., rejecting clear-cut hierarchical conceptualizations while inviting more nuanced causal explorations.

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Ogniewicz, R. L., and O. Kübler. "Hierarchic Voronoi skeletons." Pattern Recognition 28, no. 3 (March 1995): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(94)00105-u.

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Xu, Ran, Yue Ming, Yongchang Li, Shaoting Li, Wenjun Zhu, Hongxun Wang, Jie Guo, et al. "Full-Length Transcriptomic Sequencing and Temporal Transcriptome Expression Profiling Analyses Offer Insights into Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Artemisia argyi." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 5948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185948.

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Artemisiae argyi Folium is a traditional herbal medicine used for moxibustion heat therapy in China. The volatile oils in A.argyi leaves are closely related to its medicinal value. Records suggest that the levels of these terpenoids components within the leaves vary as a function of harvest time, with June being the optimal time for A. argyi harvesting, owing to the high levels of active ingredients during this month. However, the molecular mechanisms governing terpenoid biosynthesis and the time-dependent changes in this activity remain unclear. In this study, GC–MS analysis revealed that volatile oil levels varied across four different harvest months (April, May, June, and July) in A. argyi leaves, and the primarily terpenoids components (including both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) reached peak levels in early June. Through single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing, corrected by Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq), 44 full-length transcripts potentially involved in terpenoid biosynthesis were identified in this study. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exhibiting time-dependent expression patterns were divided into 12 coexpression clusters. Integrated chemical and transcriptomic analyses revealed distinct time-specific transcriptomic patterns associated with terpenoid biosynthesis. Subsequent hierarchical clustering and correlation analyses ultimately identified six transcripts that were closely linked to the production of these two types of terpenoid within A. argyi leaves, revealing that the structural diversity of terpenoid is related to the generation of the diverse terpene skeletons by prenyltransferase (TPS) family of enzymes. These findings can guide further studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying the quality of A. argyi leaves, aiding in the selection of optimal timing for harvests of A. argyi.

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Hosseini, Hadi, and Mahmoud Roushani. "Rational design of hollow core-double shells hybrid nanoboxes and nanopipes composed of hierarchical Cu-Ni-Co selenides anchored on nitrogen‐doped carbon skeletons as efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting." Chemical Engineering Journal 402 (December 2020): 126174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126174.

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Dobrosielska, Marta, Renata Dobrucka, Dariusz Brząkalski, Michał Gloc, Janusz Rębiś, Julia Głowacka, Krzysztof J. Kurzydłowski, and Robert E. Przekop. "Methodological Aspects of Obtaining and Characterizing Composites Based on Biogenic Diatomaceous Silica and Epoxy Resins." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 4607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164607.

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Diatomaceous earth are sediments of unicellular algal skeletons with a well-defined hierarchical structure. Despite many tests conducted on systems using diatomaceous earth and epoxy resins, we can find many differences in the methods of acquisition and characteristics of the composite, which may considerably affect the results. In our study, we have conducted tests to verify the impact of the method of obtaining samples and the degassing of the composite on its mechanical properties and standard deviation. The samples were cast in glass moulds and silicone moulds and then subjected to testing for their mechanical and functional properties, imaging with the use of an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The tests have shown that, for samples cast in glass moulds, there is no heterogeneity within the area of the tested sample, as in the case of samples cast in silicone moulds. Silicone moulds allow for quite effective self-degassing of the resin due to the large area-to-mass ratio, and the small remaining air vesicles have a limited effect on the mechanical properties of the samples. The filler used also played a significant role. For systems containing base and rinsed diatomite, it is clear that the degassing of mixtures increases the tensile strength. For treated diatomite, the elongation at break grew along with increasing filler concentration, while for base diatomite, the improvement was observed for flexural strength and impact strength. A non-modified epoxy resin shows a tensile strength at 19.91 MPa (silicone mould cast). At the same time, the degassed, glass mould-cast systems containing 12% of base and rinsed diatoms showed a tensile strength of 27.4 MPa and 44.7 MPa, respectively. We have also observed that the higher the filler concentration, the higher were the tensile strength values, which for the rinsed diatoms reached over 55.1 MPa and for the base diatoms were maximum of 43.8 MPa. The tests, therefore, constitute a set of guidelines and recommendations for testing with the use of fillers showing an extended inner structure.

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Wen, Yu-Hui, Lin Gao, Hongbo Fu, Fang-Lue Zhang, and Shihong Xia. "Graph CNNs with Motif and Variable Temporal Block for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 8989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33018989.

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Hierarchical structure and different semantic roles of joints in human skeleton convey important information for action recognition. Conventional graph convolution methods for modeling skeleton structure consider only physically connected neighbors of each joint, and the joints of the same type, thus failing to capture highorder information. In this work, we propose a novel model with motif-based graph convolution to encode hierarchical spatial structure, and a variable temporal dense block to exploit local temporal information over different ranges of human skeleton sequences. Moreover, we employ a non-local block to capture global dependencies of temporal domain in an attention mechanism. Our model achieves improvements over the stateof-the-art methods on two large-scale datasets.

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Yao, Rui, Jinshan Ju, and Zhengjun Yao. "Novel 3-D hierarchical multiconfiguration graphene/polyaniline-based aerogels with directed higher performances." Cellular Polymers 39, no. 1 (October 31, 2019): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262489319885031.

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Novel three-dimensional (3-D) hierarchical multiconfiguration graphene/polyaniline-based aerogels were synthesized via in situ polymerization and directed freeze-drying method. The composite aerogels enhanced excellent thermal and electrical performances, at the same time, their 3-D hierarchical multiconfiguration was robust and stable, which made them more beneficial to be applied to thermal or electrical fields. Graphene oxide/polyaniline (GO/AP) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO/AP) were prepared. The multiconfiguration structure can be apparently observed through scanning electron microscopy image of GO/AP aerogel: the aerogels were composed of skeleton structure with paralleled open holes; the skeleton structure was made up by hierarchical GO sheet with AP network; and the AP network consisted of AP skeleton and nanopores. GO/AP aerogels showed higher heat resistance than single AP aerogel. In addition, compared with GO/AP and AP aerogels, RGO/AP aerogel had the best electrical performances (vertical electrical conductivity: 1.23 S cm−1 and specific capacitance: 580 F g−1). What is more, attributed to the multiconfiguration structure, the composite aerogels exhibited excellent performances in holes extending direction.

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Chen, Jie, and Fuxi Zhu. "Hierarchical Matching for Chinese Calligraphic Retrieval Using Skeleton Similarity." International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 1, no. 1 (October 18, 2009): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijitcs.2009.01.06.

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Su, Benyue, Huang Wu, Min Sheng, and Chuansheng Shen. "Accurate Hierarchical Human Actions Recognition From Kinect Skeleton Data." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 52532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2911705.

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Gharaee, Zahra. "Hierarchical growing grid networks for skeleton based action recognition." Cognitive Systems Research 63 (October 2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2020.05.002.

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Cai, Xiaobo, Wenjun Zhu, Hui Yang, Chenyang Xu, Kazuki Nakanishi, Kazuyoshi Kanamori, and Xingzhong Guo. "Preparation of silver nanoparticles embedded hierarchically porous AlPO4 monoliths." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 8 (2015): 6238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj00490j.

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Wang, Tao, Bo Zhao, Hong Jiang, Hai-Peng Yang, Kai Zhang, Matthew M. F. Yuen, Xian-Zhu Fu, Rong Sun, and Ching-Ping Wong. "Electro-deposition of CoNi2S4 flower-like nanosheets on 3D hierarchically porous nickel skeletons with high electrochemical capacitive performance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 45 (2015): 23035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta04705f.

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Liu, Wei, Daoyan Feng, Hui Yang, and Xingzhong Guo. "Synthesis of hierarchically porous MnO/C composites via a sol–gel process followed by two-step combustion for lithium-ion batteries." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 28 (2020): 12307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj01538e.

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Hierarchically porous MnO/C composites with interconnected macropores and co-continuous skeletons were fabricated via a sol–gel process combined with phase separation, followed by a two-step combustion.

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Ito, Takumi, Erika Tabata, Yuki Ushioda, and Takuya Fujima. "Effect of Boron in a Hierarchical Nanoporous Layer Formation on Silicate Glass." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 12, 2020): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081817.

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A hierarchical nanoporous layer (HNL) can be formed on the silicate glass surface by simple alkali etching. Though it reportedly exhibits various useful functions, such as superhydrophilicity, optical anti-reflection, and material impregnation, the principle of its formation still remains unclear. In this study, HNL formation behavior was experimentally investigated while using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to clarify the role of boron contained in glass. As a result, it was found that HNL formation was significantly promoted by boron, which was rapidly eluted prior to alkali and alkaline earth metals. This suggests that boron, which forms the skeleton structure of glass together with Si and O, elutes to partially decompose the skeleton, and extends the elution route for HNL formation.

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Long, Anying, Hailin Liu, Shengrui Xu, Suling Feng, Qin Shuai, and Shenghong Hu. "Polyacrylic Acid Functionalized Biomass-Derived Carbon Skeleton with Highly Porous Hierarchical Structures for Efficient Solid-Phase Microextraction of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons." Nanomaterials 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 4376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12244376.

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In this study, polyacrylic acid functionalized N-doped porous carbon derived from shaddock peels (PAA/N-SPCs) was fabricated and used as a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating for capturing and determining volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs) from water. Characterizations results demonstrated that the PAA/N-SPCs presented a highly meso/macro-porous hierarchical structure consisting of a carbon skeleton. The introduction of PAA promoted the formation of polar chemical groups on the carbon skeleton. Consequently, large specific surface area, highly hierarchical structures, and abundant chemical groups endowed the PAA/N-SPCs, which exhibited superior SPME capacities for VHCs in comparison to pristine N-SPCs and commercial SPME coatings. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the proposed analytical method presented wide linearity in the concentration range of 0.5–50 ng mL−1, excellent reproducibility with relative standard deviations of 5.8%–7.2%, and low limits of detection varying from 0.0005 to 0.0086 ng mL−1. Finally, the proposed method was applied to analyze VHCs from real water samples and observed satisfactory recoveries ranging from 75% to 116%. This study proposed a novel functionalized porous carbon skeleton as SPME coating for analyzing pollutants from environmental samples.

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Cui, Fen, Yunpeng Huang, Le Xu, Yan Zhao, Jiabiao Lian, Jian Bao, and Huaming Li. "Rational construction of a 3D hierarchical NiCo2O4/PANI/MF composite foam as a high-performance electrode for asymmetric supercapacitors." Chemical Communications 54, no. 33 (2018): 4160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc09821a.

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A 3D hierarchical NiCo₂O₄/PANI/MF composite foam with a macroporous 3D skeleton, a conductive PANI coating and electrochemically active NiCo₂O₄ delivers high electrochemical capacitance.

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Luo, Shuai, Kai Yang, Lijuan Yang, Yong Wang, Xiaorong Gao, Tianci Jiang, and Chunjiang Li. "Laser Curve Extraction of Wheelset Based on Deep Learning Skeleton Extraction Network." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 23, 2022): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030859.

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In this paper, a new algorithm for extracting the laser fringe center is proposed. Based on a deep learning skeleton extraction network, the laser stripe center can be extracted quickly and accurately. Skeleton extraction is the process of reducing the shape image to its approximate central axis representation while maintaining the image’s topological and geometric shape. Skeleton extraction is an important step in topological and geometric shape analysis. According to the characteristics of the wheelset laser curve dataset, a new skeleton extraction network, a hierarchical skeleton network (LuoNet), is proposed. The proposed architecture has three levels of the encoder–decoder network, and YE Module interconnection is designed between each level of the encoder and decoder network. In the wheelset laser curve dataset, the F1_score can reach 0.714. Compared with the traditional laser curve center extraction algorithm, the proposed LuoNet algorithm has the advantages of short running time, high accuracy, and stable extraction results.

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Fu, Yabo, Shi Liu, H. Harold Li, and Deshan Yang. "Automatic and hierarchical segmentation of the human skeleton in CT images." Physics in Medicine and Biology 62, no. 7 (March 14, 2017): 2812–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aa6055.

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Su, Ben-Yue, Huang Wu, Min Sheng, and Chuan-Sheng Shen. "Hierarchical Human Action Recognition with Self-Selection Classifiers via Skeleton Data." Communications in Theoretical Physics 70, no. 5 (November 2018): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/70/5/633.

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Yang, Jun, and ChunRui Han. "Mechanically Viscoelastic Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Skeleton Reinforced Hierarchical Composite Hydrogels." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 38 (September 16, 2016): 25621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08834.

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Chen, Yi, Shiyue Wei, Shuai Dong, Jinchuan Gu, and Wenju Jiang. "A Mesoporous Faujasite Prepared by Space-Confined Method for Highly Effective Selectivity of Copper Ions." Water 14, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132040.

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The discharge of copper ion (Cu(II)) into natural waters can lead to serious environmental and health problems; however, an abundantly porous hierarchical adsorbent, such as faujasite (FAU), can rapidly remove unwanted Cu(II). In this research, a hierarchically structured, abundantly mesoporous faujasite (FAU) was fabricated from industrial-waste lithium-silicon powder (LSP), with the addition of biochar and graphene oxide (GO) via hydrothermal synthesis without high-temperature calcination. The results demonstrated that just a small amount of biochar or GO can significantly improve the mesopore volume (0.14 cm³/g) and the Cu(II) adsorption capacity (115.65 mg/g) of composite FAU. In particular, careful examination of the properties of the composite FAU showed that the biochar and GO had favorably affected the growth of the zeolite crystals, thus promoting the formation of the FAU skeleton structure, ion-exchange sites and Si-OH. The composite FAU exhibited superior adsorption capacities and highly effective Cu(II) selectivity. Thus, the findings of this study provide a novel and cost-effective avenue for the synthesis of composite FAU with high copper-selective removal capacity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hierarchical skeletons'

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