Journal articles: 'Hib'

1

Yunizar, Yunizar, Asriwati Asriwati, and Anto J. Hadi. "Perilaku Ibu dalam Pemberian Imunisasi DPT/Hb-Hib di Desa Sinabang Kecamatan Simeulue Timur." Jurnal Kesehatan Global 1, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33085/jkg.v1i2.3956.

Full text

Abstract:

Capaian imunisasi DPT/HB-HiB 2017 di Desa Sinabang Kecamatan Simeulue Timur 71,3 % mendapat Imunisasi DPT/HB-HIB1, 68,2% mendapat Imunisasi DPT/HB-HIB2 dan 63,3% mendapat Imunisasi DPT/HB-HIB3. Terkait dengan pengetahuan, sikap, keterampilan, dukungan petugas kesehatan dan dukungan suami/keluarga. Tujuan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku ibu dalam pemberian imunisasi DPT/HB-HiB di Desa Sinabang Kecamatan Simelue Timur tahun 2018. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah kombinasi metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif (mixed method) dengan pendekatan triangulasi konkuren. Lokasi penelitian di desa Sinabang Kecamatan Simeulue Timur. Populasi penelitian ini 44 ibu dengan total sampel dan informan dalam penelitian ini 4 orang ibu yang memiliki bayi berumur < 1 tahun, 1 orang bidan di Puskesmas Simeulue Timur dan 1 orang Kepala Puskesmas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengetahuan ibu (p<α=0,05), sikap (p<α=0,05), keterampilan (p>α=0,05), dukungan petugas kesehatan (p>α=0,05) dan dukungan suami/keluarga (p>α=0,05) dan variabel yang paling memengaruhi adalah variabel pengetahuan. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah pengetahuan, sikap dan dukungan suami/keluarga berpengaruh terhadap prilaku ibu dalam pemberian imunisasi DPT/HB-HiB dan keterampilan dan dukungan petugas kesehatan tidak berpengaruh.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Konini, Angjelina, Mingsong Kang, and Seyed M. Moghadas. "Simulating Immune Interference on the Effect of a Bivalent Glycoconjugate Vaccine againstHaemophilus influenzaeSerotypes “a” and “b”." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5486869.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective.We sought to evaluate the immune responses to a bivalentHaemophilus influenzaeglycoconjugate vaccine against serotypes “a” (Hia) and “b” (Hib) in the presence of the preexisting immunity to Hib.Methods.We developed a stochastic simulation model of humoral immune response to investigate the antigenic challenge of a bivalent combined glycoconjugate vaccine and a bivalent unimolecular glycoconjugate vaccine. We compared simulation outcomes in the absence of any preexisting immunity with an already primed immune response having specific memory B cells and/or anti-Hib antibodies.Results.The simulation results show that the preexisting immune responses to Hib or carrier protein (CP) may significantly impede the production of anti-Hia antibodies by a unimolecular vaccine. In contrast, the production of anti-Hia antibodies using a combined vaccine is inhibited only in the presence of CP immune responses.Conclusions.Preexisting immunity to Hib and CP may play a critical role in the development of immune responses against Hia or Hib using bivalent combined and unimolecular vaccine formulations. Our results suggest that a bivalent combined glycoconjugate vaccine with a carrier protein not previously used in Hib conjugate vaccines may be an effective formulation for generating immune responses to protect against both Hib and Hia infections.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Ulanova, Marina. "Global Epidemiology of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Type a Disease: Do We Need a New Vaccine?" Journal of Vaccines 2013 (February 27, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/941461.

Full text

Abstract:

Until recently, the significance of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae serotype a (Hia), in contrast to H. influenzae serotype b (Hib), has been largely underestimated. However, during the last decade, Hia was recognized as an important pathogen causing severe infections in young children with a high case-fatality rate comparable to Hib disease before the introduction of pediatric immunization against this infection. Remarkably, the highest incidence rates of invasive Hia disease have been found in some indigenous populations, such as North American Indians and Inuit of Alaska and Northern Canada, reaching the order of magnitude of the incidence rates of Hib in the pre-Hib vaccine era. The reasons for an increased susceptibility to Hia infection among some specific populations groups are unknown. The goal of this paper is to summarize the current knowledge on Hia global epidemiology and to discuss potential prevention of this infection using specific immunization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Slack, Mary Paulina Elizabeth. "Long Term Impact of Conjugate Vaccines on Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis: Narrative Review." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050886.

Full text

Abstract:

H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) used to be the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis in young children. The widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccine has profoundly altered the epidemiology of H. influenzae meningitis. This short review reports on the spectrum of H. influenzae meningitis thirty years after Hib conjugate vaccine was first introduced into a National Immunization Program (NIP). Hib meningitis is now uncommon, but meningitis caused by other capsulated serotypes of H. influenzae and non-typeable strains (NTHi) should be considered. H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) has emerged as a significant cause of meningitis in Indigenous children in North America, which may necessitate a Hia conjugate vaccine. Cases of Hie, Hif, and NTHi meningitis are predominantly seen in young children and less common in older age groups. This short review reports on the spectrum of H. influenzae meningitis thirty years after Hib conjugate vaccine was first introduced into a NIP.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

TSANG, R. S. W., M. G. BRUCE, M. LEM, L. BARRETO, and M. ULANOVA. "A review of invasiveHaemophilus influenzaedisease in the Indigenous populations of North America." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 7 (March 5, 2014): 1344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814000405.

Full text

Abstract:

SUMMARYHistorically, the highest incidence rates of invasiveHaemophilus influenzaedisease in the world were found in North American and Australian Indigenous children. Although immunization againstH. influenzaetype b (Hib) led to a marked decrease in invasive Hib disease in countries where it was implemented, this disease has not been eliminated and its rates in Indigenous communities remain higher than in the general North American population. In this literature review, we examined the epidemiology of invasiveH. influenzaedisease in the pre-Hib vaccine era, effect of carriage on disease epidemiology, immune response toH. influenzaeinfection and Hib vaccination in Indigenous and Caucasian children, and the changing epidemiology after Hib conjugate vaccine has been in use for more than two decades in North America. We also explored reasons behind the continued high rates of invasiveH. influenzaedisease in Indigenous populations in North America.H. influenzaetype a (Hia) has emerged as a significant cause of severe disease in North American Indigenous communities. More research is needed to define the genotypic diversity of Hia and the disease burden that it causes in order to determine if a Hia vaccine is required to protect the vulnerable populations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Sadeghi-Aval, Pouya, Raymond SW Tsang, Frances B. Jamieson, and Marina Ulanova. "Emergence of Non-Serotype b EncapsulatedHaemophilus influenzaeas a Cause of Pediatric Meningitis in Northwestern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 24, no. 1 (2013): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/828730.

Full text

Abstract:

Before the introduction of the conjugate vaccine,Haemophilus influenzaeserotype b (Hib) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children. Although successful in reducing Hib cases, the vaccine confers no protection against other serotypes ofH influenzae, such as a (Hia), or f (Hif). The emergence of invasive disease caused by non-Hib in northwestern Ontario (38 cases between 2002 and 2008) with predominance of Hia was previously reported by the authors. At that time, no cases of pediatric meningitis caused byH influenzaewere recorded in the region. Continued surveillance identified 12 new cases of invasive non-Hib between January 2009 and July 2011. Among these cases, three young children developed meningitis with severe complications caused by Hia or Hif. The present article describes these cases along with the characteristics of recentH influenzaeisolates from the region, (ie, their genetic background and antibiotic sensitivity). The findings point to the clonal nature of circulating Hia strains as well as to an increase in frequency and severity of pediatric invasiveH influenzaeinfections in northwestern Ontario.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Yang, Yan-ping, Wayne R. Thomas, Pele Chong, Sheena M. Loosmore, and Michel H. Klein. "A 20-Kilodalton N-Terminal Fragment of the D15 Protein Contains a Protective Epitope(s) against Haemophilus influenzae Type a and Type b." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 3349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.7.3349-3354.1998.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT A conserved 80-kDa minor outer membrane protein, D15, ofHaemophilus influenzae has been shown to be a protective antigen in laboratory animals against H. influenzae type a (Hia) or type b (Hib) infection. To localize the protective B-cell epitope(s) within the D15 protein and to further explore the possibility of using synthetic peptides as vaccine antigens, a 20-kDa N-terminal fragment of D15 protein (truncated D15 [tD15]) was expressed as a fusion protein with glutathioneS-transferase in Escherichia coli. The tD15 moiety was cleaved from glutathione S-transferase by using thrombin and purified to homogeneity. The purified soluble tD15 appeared to contain immunodominant protective epitope(s) against Hia and Hib, since rabbit antisera directed against tD15 were capable of protecting infant rats from Hia or Hib bacteremia. The ease of purification of soluble tD15, therefore, makes it a better candidate antigen than the full-length recombinant D15 which is produced as inclusion bodies in E. coli. Furthermore, both the purified tD15 fragment and a mixture of tD15-derived peptides spanning amino acid residues 93 to 209 of the mature D15 protein were capable of inhibiting the protection against Hib conferred on infant rats by rabbit anti-tD15 antiserum, indicating that the protective epitopes of D15 may not be conformational. However, the administration of pooled rabbit immune sera raised against the same panel of peptides failed to protect infant rats from Hib infection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

WAN SAI CHEONG, J., H. SMITH, C. HENEY, J. ROBSON, S. SCHLEBUSCH, J. FU, and C. NOURSE. "Trends in the epidemiology of invasiveHaemophilus influenzaedisease in Queensland, Australia from 2000 to 2013: what is the impact of an increase in invasive non-typableH. influenzae(NTHi)?" Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 14 (March 12, 2015): 2993–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000345.

Full text

Abstract:

SUMMARYFollowing the introduction of vaccination againstHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib), cases of invasive encapsulated Hib disease have decreased markedly. This study aimed to examine subsequent epidemiological trends in invasiveH. influenzaedisease in Queensland, Australia and in particular, assess the clinical impact and public health implications of invasive non-typableH. influenzae(NTHi) strains. A multicentre retrospective study was conducted from July 2000 to June 2013. Databases of major laboratories in Queensland including Queensland Forensic and Scientific Services (jurisdictional referral laboratory for isolate typing) were examined to identify cases. Demographic, infection site, Indigenous status, serotype, and mortality data were collected. In total, 737 invasive isolates were identified, of which 586 (79·5%) were serotyped. Hib, NTHi and encapsulated non-b strains, respectively, constituted 12·1%, 69·1% and 18·8% of isolates. The predominant encapsulated non-b strains were f (45·5%) and a (27·3%) serotypes. Of isolates causing meningitis, 48·9% were NTHi, 14·9% Hib, 14·9% Hie, 10·6% Hif, 6·4% Hia and 4·3% were untyped. During the study period, there was an increase in the incidence of invasive NTHi disease (P= 0·007) with seasonal peaks in winter and spring (P< 0·001). The incidence of Hib disease (P= 0·295) and of encapsulated non-b disease (P= 0·122) did not change significantly. Highest overall incidence was in infants, Indigenous, and elderly patients. Australian Indigenous patients were more likely to have Hia (P> 0·001) and Hib (P= 0·039) than non-Indigenous patients. In Queensland, invasiveH. influenzaedisease is now predominantly encountered in adults and most commonly caused by NTHi strains with demonstrated pathogenicity extending to otherwise young or immunocompetent individuals. Routine public health notification of these strains is recommended and recent available immunization options should be considered.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Xirogianni, Athanasia, Theano Georgakopoulou, Vassileios Patsourakos, Ioanna Magaziotou, Anastasia Papandreou, Stelmos Simantirakis, and Georgina Tzanakaki. "Impact of a Single-Tube PCR Assay for the Detection of Haemophilus influenzae Serotypes a, c, d, e and f on the Epidemiological Surveillance in Greece." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071367.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: The decrease in the rate of meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b after vaccine introduction and a possible change in epidemiology of H. influenzae disease highlights the need for continuous serotype surveillance. Methods: A single-tube multiplex PCR assay for serotyping of H. influenzae was developed and deployed. Results: During 2003–2020, 108 meningitis cases due to H. influenzae were notified; 86 (80%) were confirmed and serotyped by molecular methods. The overall specificity and sensitivity of the assay were estimated (100% PPV and NPV respectively). The overall mean annual reported incidence for H. influenzae was 0.02, while for Hib and non-b meningitis equaled 0.02 and 0.03 per 100 000, respectively. Analysis by age group revealed that H. influenzae peaks in toddlers and children 0–4 years and in adults >45 years old. Among the serotyped cases, 39.8% were identified as Hib, 46.3% as NTHi, and 0.9% and 2.8% as serotypes a (Hia) and f (Hif)) respectively. Conclusions: Low incidence due to Hib was observed while non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) and serotypes Hia and Hif seem to emerge. The application of the current assay discloses the ongoing change of invasive H. influenzae disease trends during the Hib post-vaccine era.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Cerqueira, Ashley, Sarah Byce, Raymond S. W. Tsang, Frances B. Jamieson, Julianne V. Kus, and Marina Ulanova. "Continuing surveillance of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in northwestern Ontario emphasizes the importance of serotype a and non-typeable strains as causes of serious disease: a Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Study." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 11 (November 2019): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0210.

Full text

Abstract:

In the post-Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) vaccine era, invasive H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) disease emerged in Canadian First Nation, Inuit, and Alaskan Indigenous populations. Previous studies by our group found a high incidence of invasive Hia disease in northwestern Ontario. We retrospectively reviewed 24 cases (4 pediatric and 20 adult) of invasive H. influenzae disease hospitalized at the northwestern Ontario regional hospital between August 2011 and June 2018. The objectives were to further document the changing epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease in the region and to discuss potential control measures. Twenty-two H. influenzae isolates were serotyped and characterized using molecular-biological methods. Of the serotyped cases, there were 2 Hib, 9 Hia, and 11 non-typeable (NTHi). All Hia isolates belonged to the most common sequence types (ST) found in Canada (ST-23 and ST-929); 8 out of 9 were pan susceptible to antibiotics. One (11%) of 9 Hia and 5 (45%) of 11 NTHi cases were fatal. Our data on the consistent presence of serious invasive H. influenzae disease, with 41% prevalence of Hia (9 out of 22 serotyped isolates) and 50% prevalence of NTHi strains (11 out of 22), emphasize the importance of continued surveillance of H. influenzae in the post-Hib vaccine era and are critical information to inform potential vaccine development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

&NA;. "Hib vaccine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1313 (August 2010): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201013130-00084.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

&NA;. "Hib vaccine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1293 (March 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201012930-00077.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

HILL, DJS. "HIB IMMUNIZATION." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 31, no. 4 (August 1995): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00831.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Ash, Caroline. "Hib vaccine." Molecular Medicine Today 1, no. 2 (May 1995): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1357-4310(95)91975-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

&NA;. "DTP poliovirus vaccine/Hib vaccine/Hib-DTP-poliovirus vaccine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1236 (January 2009): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912360-00050.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

&NA;. "Hib conjugate vaccine stems Hib disease in The Gambia." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1495 (July 2005): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200514950-00032.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

&NA;. "DTP-poliovirus vaccine/Hib-DTP-poliovirus vaccine/Hib vaccine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1289 (February 2010): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201012890-00056.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

LOWTHER, S. A., N. SHINODA, B. A. JUNI, M. J. THEODORE, X. WANG, S. L. JAWAHIR, M. L. JACKSON, A. COHN, R. DANILA, and R. LYNFIELD. "Haemophilus influenzaetype b infection, vaccination, andH. influenzaecarriage in children in Minnesota, 2008–2009." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 3 (May 18, 2011): 566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811000793.

Full text

Abstract:

SUMMARYAn increase in invasiveHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) cases occurred in Minnesota in 2008 after the recommended deferral of the 12–15 months Hib vaccine boosters during a US vaccine shortage. Five invasive Hib cases (one death) occurred in children; four had incomplete Hib vaccination (three refused/delayed); one was immunodeficient. Subsequently, we evaluated Hib carriage and vaccination. From 18 clinics near Hib cases, children (aged 4 weeks–60 months) were surveyed for pharyngeal Hib carriage. Records were compared for Hib, diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP), and pneumococcal (PCV-7) vaccination. Parents completed questionnaires on carriage risk factors and vaccination beliefs. In 1631 children (February–March 2009), no Hib carriage was detected; Hib vaccination was less likely to be completed than DTaP and PCV-7. Non-type bH. influenzae, detected in 245 (15%) children, was associated with: male sex, age 24–60 months, daycare attendance >15 h/week, a household smoker, and Asian/Pacific Islander race/ethnicity. In 2009, invasive Hib disease occurred in two children caused by the same strain that circulated in 2008. Hib remains a risk for vulnerable/unvaccinated children, although Hib carriage is not widespread in young children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Shrestha, Sonu, Lisa K. Stockdale, Madhav C. Gautam, Meeru Gurung, Shuo Feng, Pratistha Maskey, Simon Kerridge, et al. "Impact of Vaccination on Haemophilus influenzae Type b Carriage in Healthy Children Less Than 5 Years of Age in an Urban Population in Nepal." Journal of Infectious Diseases 224, Supplement_3 (September 1, 2021): S267—S274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab072.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background Reduction in detection of asymptomatic carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) can be used to assess vaccine impact. In Nepal, routine vaccination against Hib in children at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age was introduced in 2009. Before vaccine introduction, Hib carriage was estimated at 5.0% among children aged <13 years in Nepal, with higher rates among children under 5. Large-scale evaluation of Hib carriage in children has not been investigated since the introduction of the pentavalent diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis/Hib/hepatitis B (DTP-Hib-HepB) vaccine in Nepal. Methods A total of 666 oropharyngeal swabs were collected between August and December 2018 from healthy children between 6 months and 5 years of age attending the vaccination clinic at Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Of these 666 swabs, 528 (79.3%) were tested for Hib by culture. Demographic and vaccination data were collected. Results Among 528 swabs tested for Hib, 100% came from fully vaccinated children. No swabs were positive for Hib (95% confidence interval, .0–.7). The absence of Hib in 2018 suggests vaccine-induced protection against Hib carriage 9 years after vaccine introduction. Conclusions Following 3 doses of pentavalent DTP-Hib-HepB vaccine, Hib carriage in children under the age of 5 years in Nepal is no longer common. Ongoing high coverage with Hib vaccine in early childhood is expected to maintain protection against Hib disease in Nepal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

KAWATA, SHIGEO, TETSUO SOMEYA, TAKASHI NAKAMURA, SHUJI MIYAZAKI, KOJI SHIMIZU, and ALEKSANDAR I. OGOYSKI. "Heavy ion beam final transport through an insulator guide in heavy ion fusion." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 1 (January 2003): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602211064.

Full text

Abstract:

Key issues of heavy ion beam (HIB) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) include an efficient stable beam transport, beam focusing, uniform fuel pellet implosion, and so on. To realize a HIB fine focus on a fuel pellet, space-charge neutralization of incident focusing HIB is required at the HIB final transport just after a final focusing element in an HIB accelerator. In this article, an insulator annular tube guide is proposed at the final transport part, through which a HIB is transported. The physical mechanism of HIB charge neutralization based on an insulator annular guide is as follows: A local electric field created by HIB induces local discharges, and plasma is produced on the insulator inner surface. Then electrons are extracted from the plasma by the HIB net space charge. The electrons emitted neutralize the HIB space charge well.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Kramberger, Katja, Zala Jenko Pražnikar, Alenka Baruca Arbeiter, Ana Petelin, Dunja Bandelj, and Saša Kenig. "A Comparative Study of the Antioxidative Effects of Helichrysum italicum and Helichrysum arenarium Infusions." Antioxidants 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030380.

Full text

Abstract:

Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (abbrev. as HA) has a long tradition in European ethnomedicine and its inflorescences are approved as a herbal medicinal product. In the Mediterranean part of Europe, Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don (abbrev. as HI) is more common. Since infusions from both plants are traditionally used, we aimed to compare their antioxidative potential using in vitro assays. Two morphologically distinct HI plants, HIa and HIb, were compared to a commercially available HA product. Genetic analysis using microsatellites confirmed a clear differentiation between HI and HA and suggested that HIb was a hybrid resulting from spontaneous hybridization from unknown HI subspecies. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed the highest amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids and total arzanol derivatives in HIa, whereas HIb was richest in monohydroxybenzoic acids, caffeic acids, and coumarins, and HA contained the highest amounts of flavonoids, especially flavanones. HIa exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity; it was more efficient in protecting different cell lines from induced oxidative stress and in inducing oxidative stress-related genes superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and glutathione reductase 1. The antioxidative potential of HI was not only dependent on the morphological type of the plant but also on the harvest date, revealing important information for obtaining the best possible product. Considering the superior properties of HI compared to HA, the evaluation of HI as a medicinal plant could be recommended.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Thomas, Jennifer Dolan, Michael L. Jackson, Dolly Sharma, Raydel Mair, Michelle C. Bach, Dana Castillo, O. Grace Ejigiri, et al. "Haemophilus influenzae Type b Carriage among Young Children in Metropolitan Atlanta in the Context of Vaccine Shortage and Booster Dose Deferral." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 12 (October 19, 2011): 2178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05254-11.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTShort-term deferral of theHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) vaccine booster dose during a recent U.S. Hib vaccine shortage did not result in widespread Hib carriage in Atlanta, as the Hib carriage rate was found to be 0.3% (1/342). Hib colonization was significantly more common among males and day care attendees.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

&NA;. "Hib vaccine conjugate." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1275 (October 2009): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912750-00048.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Steinhoff, Mark, and David Goldblatt. "Conjugate Hib vaccines." Lancet 361, no. 9355 (February 2003): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12441-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

John, Rita. "Clarifying HIB Schedules." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 17, no. 4 (July 1992): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005721-199207000-00003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Sharts-Engel, Nancy C. "Clarifying HIB Schedules." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 17, no. 4 (July 1992): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005721-199207000-00004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Smith-Vaughan, Heidi C., Kadaba S. Sriprakash, Amanda J. Leach, John D. Mathews, and David J. Kemp. "Low Genetic Diversity of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Compared to Nonencapsulated H. influenzae in a Population in Which H. influenzaeIs Highly Endemic." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 7 (1998): 3403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.7.3403-3409.1998.

Full text

Abstract:

Immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate polysaccharide vaccines has dramatically reduced Hib disease worldwide. As in other populations, nasopharyngeal carriage of Hib declined markedly in Aboriginal infants following vaccination, although carriage has not been entirely eliminated. In this study, we describe the genetic characteristics and the carriage dynamics of longitudinal isolates of Hib, characterized by using several typing methods. In addition, carriage rates of nonencapsulated H. influenzae(NCHi) are high, and concurrent colonization with Hib and NCHi is common; we also observed NCHi isolates which were genetically similar to Hib. There is a continuing need to promote Hib immunization and monitor H. influenzae carriage in populations in which the organism is highly endemic, not least because of the possibility of genetic exchange between Hib and NCHi strains in such populations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Force, Rex W., Ralph A. Lugo, and Milap C. Nahata. "Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Conjugate Vaccines." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 11 (November 1992): 1429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202601117.

Full text

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: To review the epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, the first Hib vaccine and its limitations, the characteristics and clinical efficacy of the newer conjugate vaccines, and the current recommendations for administration of Hib vaccines. DATA SOURCES: Pertinent literature was identified via a MEDLINE search. Additionally, references cited in published articles were used as data sources. STUDY SELECTION: Studies describing the epidemiology of Hib disease and the efficacy and/or immunogenicity of the Hib vaccines are reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Serious invasive disease secondary to Hib infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in children between the ages of three months and five years. The original Hib vaccine was found to be ineffective in stimulating an adequate immune response in children younger than two years of age. The new Hib conjugate vaccines provide superior efficacy and immunogenicity compared with the original unconjugated vaccine. They stimulate an immune response that is distinctly different from that elicited by the original vaccine. Two vaccine products are currently licensed for use in children as young as two months of age, thus conferring immunity to those children at highest risk for Hib disease. CONCLUSIONS: The new Hib conjugate vaccines provide excellent efficacy and, when used as recommended, may significantly reduce the incidence of invasive Hib disease and its sequelae.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Lucas, A. H., and D. M. Granoff. "Functional differences in idiotypically defined IgG1 anti-polysaccharide antibodies elicited by vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type B polysaccharide-protein conjugates." Journal of Immunology 154, no. 8 (April 15, 1995): 4195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.154.8.4195.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract We investigated the relationship between the form of the Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) polysaccharide (PS)-protein conjugate vaccine, Id expression, and Ab quality. Two post-vaccination pools were prepared from sera of infants vaccinated with either Hib PS oligomers coupled to CRM197, a mutant diphtheria toxin (HbOC), or with higher m.w. Hib PS coupled to an outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis group B (Hib-OMP). The mean anti-Hib PS Ab avidity of the serum pool from the infants vaccinated with HbOC was threefold higher than that of the pool from infants vaccinated with Hib-OMP. Using sequential immunoabsorption, three IgG1 idiotypically-defined anti-Hib PS fractions were isolated from each of the serum pools: Hibld-1, Hibld-2, and a Hibld-1/-2-depleted population, designated Hibld-0. Hibld-1 and Hibld-2 are idiotypic markers for anti-Hib PS Abs expressing kappa II-A2 and lambda VII V regions, respectively. Hibld-1 anti-Hib PS Abs had significantly higher avidity, 2- to 19-fold higher in vitro bactericidal activity, and were more protective against Hib bacteremia in infant rats, than the respective Hibld-2 Abs isolated from each of the pools. Comparing the two vaccines, Hibld-1 anti-Hib PS Abs elicited by HbOC had significantly higher avidity and 10-fold higher bactericidal and rat protective activity than the Hibld-1 Abs elicited by Hib-OMP. These findings demonstrate that the molecular form of the Hib PS immunogen dictates both V region usage and quality of Ab function.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Adderson, Elisabeth E., Patricia M. Wilson, Madeleine W. Cunningham, and Penelope G. Shackelford. "Haemophilus influenzae Type b Polysaccharides-Protein Conjugate Vaccine Elicits a More Diverse Antibody Repertoire in Infants Than in Adults." Journal of Immunology 161, no. 8 (October 15, 1998): 4177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4177.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Conjugation of bacterial polysaccharides (PS) to protein carriers confers the ability to elicit protective serum Ab in infants, who respond poorly to plain PS. The serum Ab of young children immunized with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) PS conjugate vaccine varies with age and Ag formulation. To understand these age-related changes in human anti-Hib PS immune responses we determined the variable region gene sequences encoding anti-Hib PS mAbs of infants immunized with Hib oligosaccharide-diphtheria toxin vaccine. The anti-Hib PS repertoire of children differs from that of adults. A smaller proportion of mAbs from children have high affinity for Hib PS, and the overall variable region gene repertoire of infants is more diverse than that in adults. Variable region genes encoding high affinity mAbs of infants are similar to the restricted repertoire described in adults. Low affinity anti-Hib PS mAbs of infants are encoded by a heterogeneous group of genes that are uncommonly observed in the adult repertoire. Abs with high affinity for Hib PS from infants, like most mAbs from adults, react only with Hib PS and the structurally similar PS of Escherichia coli K100, whereas low affinity mAbs of infants are polyreactive. The low affinity anti-Hib PS mAbs of infants immunized with Hib oligosaccharide-diphtheria toxin vaccine vaccine are not reflected in serum Ab. However, the differences between the variable region gene repertoires of adults and infants may account for the distinct immunologic characteristics of the anti-Hib PS responses in young children immunized with other vaccine formulations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

AURANEN, K., M. EICHNER, T. LEINO, A. K. TAKALA, P. H. MÄKELÄ, and T. TAKALA. "Modelling transmission, immunity and disease of Haemophilus influenzae type b in a structured population." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 5 (October 2004): 947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804002493.

Full text

Abstract:

An individual-based stochastic simulation model was constructed to study the epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) transmission, immunity and invasive disease. Embedded in a demographic model, the transmission model of Hib carriage employs the most important social mixing patterns with three types of contact sites (family, day-care group, and school class). The model includes immunity against invasive Hib disease, initiated and boosted by Hib carriage and cross-reactive bacterial encounters. The model reproduces the observed age patterns in Hib carriage and disease in Finland before large-scale use of the Hib conjugate vaccines. The model was used to investigate characteristics of Hib transmission. The analysis emphasizes transmission between children and adults in families while pointing out the importance of pre-school and school-aged children in maintaining Hib circulation. Carriage in these age groups is thus identified as being essential to target for sustained effects of interventions by vaccination.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Månsson, Viktor, Fredrik Resman, Markus Kostrzewa, Bo Nilson, and Kristian Riesbeck. "Identification of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Isolates by Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 7 (April 29, 2015): 2215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00137-15.

Full text

Abstract:

Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) is, in contrast to non-type bH. influenzae, associated with severe invasive disease, such as meningitis and epiglottitis, in small children. To date, accurateH. influenzaecapsule typing requires PCR, a time-consuming and cumbersome method. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) provides rapid bacterial diagnostics and is increasingly used in clinical microbiology laboratories. Here, MALDI-TOF MS was evaluated as a novel approach to separate Hib from otherH. influenzae. PCR-verified Hib and non-Hib reference isolates were selected based on genetic and spectral characteristics. Mass spectra of reference isolates were acquired and used to generate different classification algorithms for Hib/non-Hib differentiation using both ClinProTools and the MALDI Biotyper software. A test series of mass spectra from 33 Hib and 77 non-Hib isolates, all characterized by PCR, was used to evaluate the algorithms. Several algorithms yielded good results, but the two best were a ClinProTools model based on 22 separating peaks and subtyping main spectra (MSPs) using MALDI Biotyper. The ClinProTools model had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99%, and the results were 98% reproducible using a different MALDI-TOF MS instrument. The Biotyper subtyping MSPs had a sensitivity of 97%, a specificity of 100%, and 93% reproducibility. Our results suggest that it is possible to use MALDI-TOF MS to differentiate Hib from otherH. influenzae. This is a promising method for rapidly identifying Hib in unvaccinated populations and for the screening and surveillance of Hib carriage in vaccinated populations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Denoël, Philippe A., David Goldblatt, Isabel de Vleeschauwer, Jeanne-Marie Jacquet, Michael E. Pichichero, and Jan T. Poolman. "Quality of the Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Antibody Response Induced by Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis/Hib Combination Vaccines." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 14, no. 10 (August 15, 2007): 1362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00154-07.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT It has been repeatedly observed that mixing Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines with acellular pertussis-containing vaccines (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis [DTPa]) resulted in a reduced magnitude of the anti-polyriboseribitolphosphate antibody response compared to that obtained when Hib vaccines were administered separately and not mixed. Nevertheless, the quality and functionality of the immune responses have been shown to be the same. With the purpose of investigating the quality of the anti-Hib immune responses that are elicited under different vaccination regimens, we report here four primary and booster-based pediatric clinical trials in which Hib vaccine was either mixed with DTPa or diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis (DTPw)-based vaccines or was coadministered. Our results show that avidity maturation of the antibodies was lower when primary vaccination involved DTPa mixed with Hib compared to when DTPa and Hib were coadministered. No such difference was observed between mixed and separately administered Hib when associated with DTPa-hepatitis B virus-inactivated poliovirus or DTPw-based vaccines. All different combinations and regimens elicited the same opsonophagocytic and bactericidal activity as well as the same ability to protect in a passive infant rat protection assay. The functional activity of mixed DTPa-based and Hib vaccines was similar to that of mixed DTPw-based/Hib combinations. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo data as well as postmarketing vaccine effectiveness data attest to the ability of DTPa-based/Hib combination vaccines to effectively prevent Hib-induced disease in children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Nix, Eli B., Nicole Hawdon, Sean Gravelle, Birubi Biman, Malcolm Brigden, Saleem Malik, William McCready, Garry Ferroni, and Marina Ulanova. "Risk of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Disease in Adults with Secondary Immunodeficiency in the Post-Hib Vaccine Era." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 5 (March 7, 2012): 766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05675-11.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTPrior to the introduction ofHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) conjugate vaccines, invasive Hib disease affected almost exclusively children. According to some recent studies, in the postvaccine era, adults, the elderly, and immunocompromised persons can be affected more often than children. As the production of type-specific anti-capsular polysaccharide antibodies is the major defense mechanism against Hib, individuals with defects in humoral immune responses have high susceptibility to infections caused by Hib. We hypothesized that nonvaccinated adults with chronic conditions causing immunosuppression may lack protective antibody to Hib. We assessed serum anti-Hib IgG levels and bactericidal activity in 59 patients with chronic renal failure, 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 28 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 20 patients with multiple myeloma compared to 32 healthy controls of similar age. Considering antibody at >0.15 μg/ml as the protective correlate in unvaccinated individuals, we detected subprotective Hib antibody levels in 29% of chronic renal failure, 20% of diabetes, 14% of COPD, and 55% of myeloma patients compared to 3% of healthy controls. Additionally, 70% of myeloma and 58% of chronic renal failure patients did not have detectable serum bactericidal activity against Hib. Among individuals with severe diseases causing secondary immunodeficiency, patients with multiple myeloma and chronic renal failure are at an increased risk of invasive Hib disease. Considering that Hib continues to circulate in the population, this study provides a rationale for the immunization of some adult patients with secondary immunodeficiency with the pediatric Hib vaccine to achieve protective immunity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Clemens, SueAnn Costa, Tania Azevedo, and Akira Homma. "Feasibility study of the immunogenicity and safety of a novel DTPw/Hib (PRP-T) Brazilian combination compared to a licensed vaccine in healthy children at 2, 4, and 6 months of age." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 36, no. 3 (June 2003): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822003000300002.

Full text

Abstract:

Vaccination of infants with conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines has been proven to reduce Hib meningitis by 95% and pneumoniae by 20%. The routine use of Hib vaccine is facilitated by the introduction of combination vaccines into the EPI (Expanded Plan of Immunization). The objective of this study was to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an extemporaneously mixed DTPw/Hib (diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis) combination, using the technology of two Brazilian manufacturers, against a licensed DTPw/Hib European combination in 108 infants vaccinated at 2, 4 and 6 months according to the local national schedule. The Brazilian combination was highly immunogenic with Hib seroprotection rates (anti-PRP > 0.15 mg /ml of 98% after 2 doses and 100% after 3). Also for tetanus and pertussis the new Brazilian combination was as immunogenic as the European counterpart, except the diphtheria seroprotection rates and titers were lower. There was also no clinically relevant difference in reactogenicity. If these feasibility results are confirmed, the Brazilian DTPw/Hib combination should help to boost the uptake of Hib vaccination in Brazil.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Baggett, Henry C., Thomas W. Hennessy, Lisa Bulkow, Sandra Romero-Steiner, Debra Hurlburt, Patricia Holder, Alan J. Parkinson, et al. "Immunologic Response to Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Conjugate Vaccine and Risk Factors for Carriage among Hib Carriers and Noncarriers in Southwestern Alaska." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 6 (June 2006): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00077-06.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Continued Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) carriage in rural Alaska contributes to the ongoing risk of invasive disease. Community-wide Hib carriage surveys were conducted in three villages in southwestern Alaska. Sixteen carriers and 32 age- and village-matched controls were enrolled and were vaccinated with Hib oligosaccharide-CRM197 conjugate vaccine. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration, antibody avidity, and serum bactericidal activity (SBA) were measured prior to Hib vaccination and 2 and 12 months after vaccination. We identified no demographic or behavioral factors associated with Hib colonization. Prior to vaccination, Hib carriers had a higher IgG geometric mean concentration than controls did (8.2 versus 1.6 μg/ml; P < 0.001) and a higher SBA geometric mean titer (7,132 versus 1,235; P = 0.006). Both groups responded to vaccination with increased IgG and SBA. These data illustrate the role of Hib colonization as an immunizing event and show that Hib carriers in communities with ongoing transmission have no evidence of reduced immune responsiveness that may have put them at risk for colonization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Galdiero, Marilena, Massimiliano Galdiero, Emiliana Finamore, Fabio Rossano, Maria Gambuzza, Maria Rosaria Catania, Giuseppe Teti, Angelina Midiri, and Giuseppe Mancuso. "Haemophilus influenzae Porin Induces Toll-Like Receptor 2-Mediated Cytokine Production in Human Monocytes and Mouse Macrophages." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 2 (February 2004): 1204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.2.1204-1209.2004.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT The production of proinflammatory cytokines is likely to play a major pathophysiological role in meningitis and other infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Previous studies have shown that Hib porin contributes to signaling of the inflammatory cascade. We examined here the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the TLR-associated adaptor protein MyD88 in Hib porin-induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Hib porin-induced TNF-α and IL-6 production was virtually eliminated in macrophages from TLR2- or MyD88-deficient mice. In contrast, macrophages from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice, which are defective in TLR4 function, responded normally to Hib porin. Moreover anti-TLR2 antibodies but not anti-TLR4 antibodies significantly reduced Hib porin-stimulated TNF-α and IL-6 release from the human monocytic cell line THP-1. These data indicate that the TLR2/MyD88 pathway plays an essential role in Hib porin-mediated cytokine production. These findings may be useful in the development of alternative therapies aimed at reducing excessive inflammatory responses during Hib infections.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Bachtiar, Novilia Sjafri, Kusnandi Rusmil, Sunarjati Sudigdoadi, Hadyana Sukandar, Rini Mulia Sari, and Cissy B. Kartasasmita. "The quantity and quality of anti-PRP induced by the new Indonesian DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine compared to the Hib vaccine given with the DTwP-HB vaccine." Paediatrica Indonesiana 57, no. 5 (January 5, 2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi57.5.2017.1642.

Full text

Abstract:

Background A phase II study of DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine compared to Hib (monovalent) vaccine given simultaneously with DTwP-HB vaccine has been done following the success of phase I study in infants, where the new DTwP-HB-Hib has excellent safety profiles and antibody responses in infants.Objective To evaluate the titer (quantity), avidity, and bactericidal capacity (quality of anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate/anti-PRP), of a new combined Bio Farma DTwP-HB-Hib (pentavalent) vaccine, compared to the Hib monovalent vaccine given simultaneously with the DTwP-HB vaccine (DTwP-HB+Hib).Methods The study was a prospective, randomized, open label, phase II trial. Subjects aged 6-11 weeks were allocated according to the randomization list. The pentavalent group received the DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine, while the monovalent group received the Hib monovalent and DTwP-HB vaccines separately. Immunizations were given in three doses with 28-day intervals. Blood specimens were taken before the first dose and 28 days after the last dose. We evaluated anti-PRP titers quantity (geometric mean antibody concentration/GMC) and seroprotection), followed by avidity and bactericidal (quality) testing. Titer and avidity of anti-PRP were tested using a modified version of the improved Phipps ELISA. Bactericidal capacity was evaluated using a Hib killing assay. Immune responses against other antigens in the vaccine were reported separately.Results One hundred five subjects in the pentavalent group and 106 subjects in the Hib monovalent group were tested for anti-PRP titers. Only 102 specimens for each group were available for bactericidal testing, due to insufficient volume for testing. Both vaccines induced similar anti-PRP titers, for GMC and seroprotection. Avidity increases were 82.9% and 76.4% in the pentavalent and Hib monovalent groups, respectively. Bactericidal activities were 94.1% and 89.2%, respectively. Both avidity and bactericidal activity were not significantly different between groups.Conclusion DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine induced anti-PRP quantity and quality comparable to those of the Hib monovalent vaccine given simultaneously with the DTwP-HB vaccine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Bachtiar, Novilia Sjafri, Kusnandi Rusmil, Sunarjati Sudigdoadi, Hadyana Sukandar, Rini Mulia Sari, and Cissy B. Kartasasmita. "The quantity and quality of anti-PRP induced by the new Indonesian DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine compared to the Hib vaccine given with the DTwP-HB vaccine." Paediatrica Indonesiana 57, no. 5 (January 5, 2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi57.5.2017.262-8.

Full text

Abstract:

Background A phase II study of DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine compared to Hib (monovalent) vaccine given simultaneously with DTwP-HB vaccine has been done following the success of phase I study in infants, where the new DTwP-HB-Hib has excellent safety profiles and antibody responses in infants.Objective To evaluate the titer (quantity), avidity, and bactericidal capacity (quality of anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate/anti-PRP), of a new combined Bio Farma DTwP-HB-Hib (pentavalent) vaccine, compared to the Hib monovalent vaccine given simultaneously with the DTwP-HB vaccine (DTwP-HB+Hib).Methods The study was a prospective, randomized, open label, phase II trial. Subjects aged 6-11 weeks were allocated according to the randomization list. The pentavalent group received the DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine, while the monovalent group received the Hib monovalent and DTwP-HB vaccines separately. Immunizations were given in three doses with 28-day intervals. Blood specimens were taken before the first dose and 28 days after the last dose. We evaluated anti-PRP titers quantity (geometric mean antibody concentration/GMC) and seroprotection), followed by avidity and bactericidal (quality) testing. Titer and avidity of anti-PRP were tested using a modified version of the improved Phipps ELISA. Bactericidal capacity was evaluated using a Hib killing assay. Immune responses against other antigens in the vaccine were reported separately.Results One hundred five subjects in the pentavalent group and 106 subjects in the Hib monovalent group were tested for anti-PRP titers. Only 102 specimens for each group were available for bactericidal testing, due to insufficient volume for testing. Both vaccines induced similar anti-PRP titers, for GMC and seroprotection. Avidity increases were 82.9% and 76.4% in the pentavalent and Hib monovalent groups, respectively. Bactericidal activities were 94.1% and 89.2%, respectively. Both avidity and bactericidal activity were not significantly different between groups.Conclusion DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine induced anti-PRP quantity and quality comparable to those of the Hib monovalent vaccine given simultaneously with the DTwP-HB vaccine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Hawdon, Nicole, Eli B. Nix, Raymond S. W. Tsang, Garry Ferroni, William G. McCready, and Marina Ulanova. "Immune Response to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 6 (April 25, 2012): 967–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00101-12.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTAdult chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis are at an increased risk of invasiveHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) disease due to the lack of functionally active anti-Hib antibodies. The pediatric Hib polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine is highly immunogenic in these patients and can provide protection against invasive Hib infection for at least 1 year.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Fogarty, J., A. C. Moloney, and J. B. Newell. "The epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in the Republic of Ireland." Epidemiology and Infection 114, no. 3 (June 1995): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880005216x.

Full text

Abstract:

SUMMARYA 2-year case-control study was conducted to describe the epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and investigate Hib disease risk factors in the Republic of Ireland. Between October 1991 and September 1993, 149 laboratory confirmed incident cases were matched with community controls. Annual Hib disease incidence was 25·4 per 100000 children under 5 years, with peak incidence (65·8 per 100000) in the 6–11 months age-group. Meningitis was the predominant clinical condition. Twenty-four (16·1%) isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Crèche or day-care attendance and the presence of chronic illness emerged as risk factors for Hib disease. Empirical first line treatment for suspected Hib infection warrants alternatives to ampicillin such as cefotaxime. Completed immunization with Hib conjugate vaccine by 6 months of age is required for maximum disease prevention. Until all children are receiving Hib vaccine on schedule, those who are crèche or day-care attendees and those with chronic illness should be prioritized for timely immunization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Kondo, S., T. Karino, T. Iinuma, K. Kubo, H. Kato, S. Kawata, and A. I. Ogoyski. "Researches on a reactor core in heavy ion inertial fusion." Laser and Particle Beams 34, no. 4 (November 2, 2016): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034616000665.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractIn this paper, a study on a fusion reactor core is presented in heavy-ion inertial fusion (HIF), including the heavy-ion beam (HIB) transport in a fusion reactor, an HIB interaction with a background gas, the reactor cavity gas dynamics, the reactor gas backflow to the beam lines, and an HIB fusion reactor design. The HIB has remarkable preferable features to release the fusion energy in inertial fusion: in particle accelerators HIBs are generated with a high driver efficiency of about 30–40%, and the HIB ions deposit their energy inside of materials. Therefore, a requirement for the fusion target energy gain is relatively low, that would be ~50 to operate an HIF fusion reactor with a standard energy output of 1 GW of electricity. In a fusion reactor, the HIB charge neutralization is needed for a ballistic HIB transport. Multiple mechanical shutters would be installed at each HIB port at the reactor wall to stop the blast waves and the chamber gas backflow, so that the accelerator final elements would be protected from the reactor gas contaminant. The essential fusion reactor components are discussed in this paper.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Schulte, Elaine E., Guthrie S. Birkhead, Stan F. Kondracki, and Dale L. Morse. "Patterns of Haemophilus influenzae type b Invasive Disease in New York State, 1987 to 1991: The Role of Vaccination Requirements for Day-Care Attendance." Pediatrics 94, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 1014–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.94.6.1014.

Full text

Abstract:

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in young children and is a major cause of other invasive bacterial disease.1 The case fatality rate for Hib meningitis is 1.0% to 3.4%.2,3 Also, 14% of meningitis cases result in persisting neurologic sequelae and 10% to 11% result in sensorineural hearing loss.4,5 With the introduction of Hib vaccines in 1985, what was once a potentially devastating disease is now preventable by vaccination.6 The risk of Hib in day-care centers (DCCs) is highest for younger children (≤23 months of age), during the first month of enrollment in day care, and for those children who attend larger day-care centers as opposed to home day-care settings.7 The incidence of Hib disease is higher for blacks, Hispanics, native Alaskans, American Indians, and children of lower socioeconomic status.8 Increasing enrollment in licensed DCCs throughout the country has provided an opportunity, through entrance requirements, to ensure that these children receive public health preventive measures such as vaccinations. Most states have laws requiring certain vaccinations before entry into DCCs; however, many states do not have a specific DCC entry requirement for Hib vaccination.9 The purposes of this article are to examine patterns of Hib incidence in New York State by gender, race, and age and to evaluate Hib disease within the DCC setting in New York State in relation to changing Hib vaccine requirements for DCCs. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of invasive Hib disease in New York State outside New York City.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Sitkina, Ekaterina L., Dmitry A. Lioznov, Regina A. Ivanova, Nadezda V. Sabadash, Ruket E. Meyrieva, Olga V. Gorchakova, and Tamara V. Antonova. "Clinical and laboratory characteristics of epiglottitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 13, no. 2 (July 9, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped13217-24.

Full text

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Epiglottitis is an acute infectious disease accompanied by edema of the epiglottis, salivation, sore throat, and intoxication. In 95% of cases, the causative agent of epiglottitis in children is Haemophilus nfluenza type b (Hib). The relevance of the problem is that acute epiglottitis of Haemophilus etiology is not a localized, isolated disease of the ENT organs, but can result in development of an epiglottic abscess or phlegmon, as well as of other generalized forms of Hib infection, including sepsis. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of epiglottitis caused by Hib in children and provide its clinical and laboratory characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 23 cases of epiglottitis caused by Hib in children. The diagnosis was based on clinical and epidemiological data with mandatory verification by bacteriological, serological, and/or molecular biological methods. RESULTS: Epiglottitis was detected in 23 of 93 children with Hib infection who were treated at the Childrens Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 5 named after N.F. Filatov over the period from 2002 to 2016. Hib etiology of epiglottitis was confirmed mainly by the bacteriological method. All patients were prescribed ceftriaxone, which is the drug of choice for suspected Hib infection. Monotherapy was prescribed in 57% cases; two or more antibiotics were used in other cases (a course of 714 days). CONCLUSIONS: Epiglottitis is a severe, life-threatening disorder being a generalized Hib infection. Patients with epiglottitis should be prescribed antibiotics prior to confirmation of Hib etiology since Hib is the causative agent of epiglottitis in the vast majority of pediatric cases. Multiple methods should be used simultaneously to confirm the diagnosis. Bacteriological blood test made it possible to identify the pathogen in the overwhelming majority of patients. There were no risk factors for Hib infection and no important comorbidity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Virkola, Ritva, Mirko Brummer, Heikki Rauvala, Loek van Alphen, and Timo K. Korhonen. "Interaction of Fimbriae of Haemophilus influenzae Type B with Heparin-Binding Extracellular Matrix Proteins." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 5696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.10.5696-5701.2000.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT The interaction of the fimbriae of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) with two heparin-binding extracellular matrix proteins, human fibronectin (Fn) and heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) from mouse, were studied. The fimbriated Hib strain 770235 fim+, as well as the recombinant strainE. coli HB101(pMH140), which expressed Hib fimbriae, adhered strongly to Fn and HB-GAM immobilized on glass. Purified Hib fimbriae bound to Fn and HB-GAM, and within the Fn molecule, the binding was localized to the N-terminal 30,000-molecular-weight (30K) and 40K fragments, which contain heparin-binding domains I and II, respectively. Fimbrial binding to Fn, HB-GAM, and the 30K and the 40K fragments was inhibited by high concentrations of heparin. The results show that fimbriae of Hib interact with heparin-binding extracellular matrix proteins. The nonfimbriated Hib strain 770235 fim− exhibited a low level of adherence to Fn but did not react with HB-GAM, indicating that Hib strains also possess a fimbria-independent mechanism to interact with Fn.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Liu, Bei, Bing Cao, Chao Wang, Bingfeng Han, Tao Sun, Yudong Miao, Qingbin Lu, and Fuqiang Cui. "Immunogenicity and Safety of Childhood Combination Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Vaccines 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030472.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Vaccination is considered the most effective and economical measure for controlling infectious diseases. Although combination vaccines are widely used worldwide, whether any of the combination vaccines is superior to each separate vaccine has yet to be established. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the available evidence on the effectiveness and safety of combination vaccines in children. Methods: A systematic search was conducted from database inception to August 20, 2021, in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus. Published randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and open-label trials of immunogenicity and safety of combined vaccines were selected. The results of the studies were quantitatively synthesized. Results: Overall, 25 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The results indicated that the combined diptheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis (DTaP)–hepatitis B virus (HBV)–Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine group had lower levels of anti-tetanus antibodies than the combined DTaP–HBV and separate Hib vaccinations group (SMD = −0.23; 95% CI: −0.42, −0.05; p = 0.013). Meanwhile, the combined DTaP–HBV–inactivated polio virus (IPV)–Hib vaccine group had higher levels of anti-pertussis (PT) and anti-filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) antibodies than the combined DTaP–IPV–Hib and separate HBV vaccinations group (anti-PT: SMD = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.75; p < 0.0001; anti-FHA: SMD = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.78; p = 0.042). The levels of anti-pertactin (PRN) antibodies were lower in the combined DTaP–IPV–Hib vaccine group than in the combined DTaP–IPV and separate Hib vaccinations group (SMD = −0.13; 95% CI: −0.27, −0.00; p = 0.047). The individuals injected with the DTaP–HBV–IPV–Hib vaccine had a lower risk of pain and swelling than those injected with the combined DTaP–HBV–IPV and separate Hib vaccines (pain: RR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.91; p = 0.001; swelling: RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.98; p = 0.020). However, the group that received the DTaP–HBV–IPV–Hib vaccine had a higher risk of fever than the group that received DTaP–HBV–IPV and separate Hib vaccinations (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.26; p = 0.021). Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that the combined vaccines (DTaP–IPV–Hib, DTaP–HBV–Hib, DTaP–HBV–IPV–Hib) are safe, well-tolerated, and provide immunogenic alternatives to separate vaccines in children. The combined DTaP–HBV–IPV–Hib vaccine showed a higher incidence of fever, which was lower than the cumulative incidence of fever induced by all vaccines. Future studies should evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using combined vaccines and compare the potency of different formulations to improve routine local or national childhood immunization programs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Bachtiar, Novilia Sjafri, Kusnandi Rusmil, Sunarjati Sudigdoadi, Cissy B. Kartasasmita, and Hadyana Hadyana. "The immunogenicity and safety of the new, Indonesian DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine compared to the DTwP/HB vaccine given with the Hib vaccine." Paediatrica Indonesiana 57, no. 3 (June 22, 2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi57.3.2017.129-37.

Full text

Abstract:

Background Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes infection with predominant manifestations of pneumonia, meningitis, and other invasive diseases, occurring primarily in children aged under 2 years, particularly in infants. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Indonesian Technical Advisory Group for Immunization recommend to include the Hib vaccine into the national immunization program. The newly developed DTwP-HB-Hib combination vaccine is anticipated to be the preferred choice for Hib vaccine introduction; it is efficient, simple, and has higher coverage.Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a new, combined Bio Farma DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine, compared to the registered Hib monovalent vaccine given simultaneously with the local DTwP-HB vaccine, when used as the primary vaccination of Indonesian infants.Methods A prospective, randomized, open-label, phase II study was conducted on the DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine compared to the Hib (registered) vaccine given simultaneously with the DTwP-HB vaccine, in Bandung from July 2011 to January 2012. Infants were serially vaccinated at 6-11, 10-15, and 14-19 weeks. Serological assessments were done prior to the first vaccine dose and 28 days after the third dose. Safety was assessed from the time of first injection until 1 month after the last injection.Results Of 220 healthy infants enrolled, 211 completed the study, with 105 receiving the combined vaccine and 106 the two separate vaccines. All vaccines were well tolerated. No differences in rates of local and systemic reactions were seen between the two methods of administration. No serious adverse events were considered to be related to the vaccines. In the DTwP-HB-Hib primary-vaccination group, at least 98% of the infants reached protective levels of antibodies (seropositivity) against the antigens employed in the vaccines while 96% in the control group.Conclusion The DTwP-HB-Hib combined vaccine is immunogenic and safe, as well as comparable to the Hib vaccine given simultaneously with to the DTwP-HB vaccine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Slater, A. J., I. D. Berkowitz, D. A. Wilson, and R. J. Traystman. "Role of leukocytes in cerebral autoregulation and hyperemia in bacterial meningitis in rabbits." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 273, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): H380—H386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.1.h380.

Full text

Abstract:

The effect of leukocytes on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebrovascular autoregulation in experimental meningitis was determined in rabbits. Four groups of animals were studied. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocyte migration was prevented in two groups by pretreatment with 1.5 mg/kg of IB4, a monoclonal antibody directed against CD11/18 leukocyte adhesion receptors. Intracisternal inoculation was performed with saline (control and control-IB4 groups) or Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib and Hib-IB4 groups). Eighteen hours later, rCBF was determined with radiolabeled microspheres. Autoregulation was assessed by graded hemorrhagic hypotension. Compared with untreated meningitis (Hib group), IB4-pretreated meningitis (Hib-IB4 group) was associated with a reduced CSF leukocyte count (1,980 +/- 880 vs. 200 +/- 110 cells/microliter; P < 0.05) and an elevated CSF colony count (2.87 +/- 0.08 vs. 5.63 +/- 0.72 log10colony-forming units/ml; P < 0.05). Compared with control, baseline CBF was elevated in both untreated and IB4-pretreated meningitis (51 +/- 2, 54 +/- 2, 66 +/- 5, and 102 +/- 17 ml.100 g-1.min-1 in control, control-IB4, Hib, and Hib-IB4 groups, respectively). The degree of hyperemia in meningitis was related to the CSF colony count, with a high CBF occurring in animals with high colony counts. During hypotension, CBF remained at or above baseline in the Hib group and both control groups, indicating preservation of cerebrovascular autoregulation in untreated Hib meningitis. In the Hib-IB4 group, the elevated baseline CBF was not maintained during hypotension, falling to 51% of baseline at a cerebral perfusion pressure of 30 mmHg and indicating impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation. These results suggest that CSF leukocytes are not primarily responsible for the hyperemic response in Hib meningitis. Cerebral hyperemia may be induced either directly by bacterial components or indirectly by components of the inflammatory cascade that precede CSF leukocyte migration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Gaensbauer, James T., Jeremy T. Rakhola, Carolyne Onyango-Makumbi, Michael Mubiru, Jamie E. Westcott, Nancy F. Krebs, Edwin J. Asturias, Mary Glenn Fowler, Elizabeth McFarland, and Edward N. Janoff. "Impaired Haemophilus influenzae Type b Transplacental Antibody Transmission and Declining Antibody Avidity through the First Year of Life Represent Potential Vulnerabilities for HIV-Exposed but -Uninfected Infants." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 12 (October 8, 2014): 1661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00356-14.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTTo determine whether immune function is impaired among HIV-exposed but -uninfected (HEU) infants born to HIV-infected mothers and to identify potential vulnerabilities to vaccine-preventable infection, we characterized the mother-to-infant placental transfer ofHaemophilus influenzaetype b-specific IgG (Hib-IgG) and its levels and avidity after vaccination in Ugandan HEU infants and in HIV-unexposed U.S. infants. Hib-IgG was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 57 Ugandan HIV-infected mothers prenatally and in their vaccinated HEU infants and 14 HIV-unexposed U.S. infants at birth and 12, 24, and 48 weeks of age. Antibody avidity at birth and 48 weeks of age was determined with 1 M ammonium thiocyanate. A median of 43% of maternal Hib-IgG was transferred to HEU infants. Although its level was lower in HEU infants than in U.S. infants at birth (P< 0.001), Hib-IgG was present at protective levels (>1.0 μg/ml) at birth in 90% of HEU infants and all U.S. infants. HEU infants had robust Hib-IgG responses to a primary vaccination. Although Hib-IgG levels declined from 24 to 48 weeks of age in HEU infants, they were higher than those in U.S. infants (P= 0.002). Antibody avidity, comparable at birth, declined by 48 weeks of age in both populations. Early vaccination of HEU infants may limit an initial vulnerability to Hib disease resulting from impaired transplacental antibody transfer. While initial Hib vaccine responses appeared adequate, the confluence of lower antibody avidity and declining Hib-IgG levels in HEU infants by 12 months support Hib booster vaccination at 1 year. Potential immunologic impairments of HEU infants should be considered in the development of vaccine platforms for populations with high maternal HIV prevalence.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Pedersen, Kenneth B., Marie E. Holck, Aksel K. G. Jensen, Camilla H. Suppli, Christine S. Benn, Tyra G. Krause, and Signe Sørup. "How are children who are delayed in the Childhood Vaccination Programme vaccinated: A nationwide register-based cohort study of Danish children aged 15–24 months and semi-structured interviews with vaccination providers." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 1 (July 19, 2018): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818786146.

Full text

Abstract:

Aims: Delay of childhood vaccinations is common and influences efforts to reduce targeted diseases. In Denmark, the diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP-IPV-Hib) vaccine is recommended at ages 3, 5 and 12 months and the first measles–mumps–rubella vaccine (MMR-1) at 15 months. Following guidelines, children delayed at age 15 months should receive MMR-1 and DTaP-IPV-Hib-3 simultaneously, unless DTaP-IPV-Hib-2 was received less than 6 months ago, when MMR-1 alone is recommended. We studied compliance with these guidelines and the reasons for non-compliance with a focus on vaccination providers. Methods: We used a nationwide register-based cohort study of children born in Denmark between January 2000 and June 2013, who were lacking MMR-1 and DTaP-IPV-Hib-3 at age 15 months and were followed to 24 months. We also performed semi-structured telephone interviews with vaccination providers. Results: The study consisted of 156,921 children (18% of the children born in the period). Among the 40,060 children who had received DTaP-IPV-Hib-2 less than 6 months ago, 37,892 (95%) received MMR-1 alone. Among the 88,469 children who had received DTaP-IPV-Hib-2 more than 6 months ago, 6334 (7%) received DTaP-IPV-Hib-3 and MMR-1 simultaneously. The interviews indicated that some vaccination providers are reluctant to give multiple vaccinations at the same visit and some have a preference of following the usual sequence in the programme. Conclusions: Vaccination providers generally complied with the recommended minimum 6 months’ interval between DTaP-IPV-Hib-2 and DTaP-IPV-Hib-3. Conversely, there was a low compliance with the recommendation to administer DTaP-IPV-Hib-3 and MMR-1 simultaneously. More efforts are needed to ensure timely vaccination.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Hib'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles