Journal articles: 'HEXRD'

1

Fröck, Hannes, Christian Rowolt, Benjamin Milkereit, Michael Reich, Wolfgang Kowalski, Andreas Stark, and Olaf Kessler. "In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction of precipitation and dissolution reactions during heating of Al alloys." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 35 (October 1, 2021): 19697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06548-z.

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AbstractDuring heating of Al alloys, typically a sequence of precipitation and dissolution reactions occurs and the single (partly opposing) reactions superimpose. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is one common technique to analyse the kinetic development of precipitation and dissolution in Al alloys, but the superposition of the exothermic precipitation and endothermic dissolution reactions complicates the DSC signal interpretation, as DSC measures the sum of any heat effect. Synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) allows the kinetic development of phase transformations to be obtained and can support the separation of superimposed DSC signals. HEXRD results from this work offer a new approach to separate part of the superimposed reactions and their kinetic development for the equilibrium phases β-Mg2Si in EN AW-6082 and η-Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)2 in EN AW-7150. Comparing DSC and HEXRD results confirms serious overlap issues. Common DSC evaluation methods alone, using zero crossing between endothermic and exothermic heat flow or peak positions can be misleading regarding individual reaction start and finish temperatures as well as regarding reaction intensities, which can be unambiguously determined by in situ HEXRD.

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Harada, Masafumi, Risa Ikegami, Loku Singgappulige Rosantha Kumara, Shinji Kohara, and Osami Sakata. "Reverse Monte Carlo modeling for local structures of noble metal nanoparticles using high-energy XRD and EXAFS." RSC Advances 9, no. 51 (2019): 29511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06519a.

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Tournoud, Zélie, Frédéric De Geuser, Gilles Renou, Didier Huin, Patricia Donnadieu, and Alexis Deschamps. "In-Situ Characterization by High-Energy X-ray Diffraction of the Phase Transformations Leading to Transformation-Induced Plasticity-Aided Bainitic Steel." Quantum Beam Science 3, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs3040025.

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The phase transformations occurring during the heat treatments leading to transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-aided bainitic steel have been investigated in-situ by high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) conducted with synchrotron light at 90 keV. Direct microstructure characterization has been performed by electron microscopy using electron backscatter diffraction and orientation and phase mapping in a transmission electron microscope. HEXRD data allow the quantification of the evolution of the austenite phase fraction with the heat treatments, as well as its carbon content and the fraction of carbides, from the lattice parameter evolution. It is shown that different combinations of austenite fraction and carbon content can be reached by adjusting the heat treatment temperature.

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Michalik, Štefan, Juraj Ďurišin, Dušan Balga, Karel Saksl, Martin Ďurišin, and Michael Drakopoulos. "In situ HEXRD study of a Ca61Al39 metallic glass." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 687 (December 2016): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.094.

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Gupta, Nupur, Atul Khanna, Hirdesh, Ann-Christin Dippel, and Olof Gutowski. "Structure of bismuth tellurite and bismuth niobium tellurite glasses and Bi2Te4O11 anti-glass by high energy X-ray diffraction." RSC Advances 10, no. 22 (2020): 13237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra01422b.

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Benrabah, Imed-Eddine, Hugo Paul Van Landeghem, Frédéric Bonnet, Florence Robaut, and Alexis Deschamps. "Use of Space-Resolved in-Situ High Energy X-ray Diffraction for the Characterization of the Compositional Dependence of the Austenite-to-Ferrite Transformation Kinetics in Steels." Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs4010001.

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In-situ high energy X-Ray diffraction (HEXRD) was used on compositionally graded steels to study the effect of substitutional elements on ferrite growth kinetics in Fe–C–X and Fe–C–X–Y systems. Two systems were selected to illustrate the applicability of the combinatorial approach in studying such transformations, Fe–C–Mn and Fe–C–Mn–Mo. Comparison between the measured ferrite growth kinetics using HEXRD and the predicted ones using Para-Equilibrium (PE) and Local Equilibrium with Negligible Partitioning (LENP) models indicates that the fractions reached at the stasis of transformation are lower than the predicted ones. Experiments indicated a deviation of measured kinetics from both PE and LENP models when increasing Mn and decreasing Mo (in Fe–C–Mn–Mo system). The large amount of data that can be obtained using this approach can be used for validating existing models describing ferrite growth kinetics.

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Borodin, Oleg, David L. Price, Bachir Aoun, Miguel A. González, Justin B. Hooper, Maiko Kofu, Shinji Kohara, Osamu Yamamuro, and Marie-Louise Saboungi. "Effect of water on the structure of a prototype ionic liquid." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 34 (2016): 23474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02191c.

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The influence of water on the structure of a prototype ionic liquid (IL) 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C₈mimBF₄) is examined in the IL-rich regime using high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

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Michalik, Štefan, Zuzana Molčanová, Michaela Šulíková, Katarína Kušnírová, Pál Jóvári, Jacques Darpentigny, and Karel Saksl. "Structure and Physical Properties of Mg93−xZnxCa7 Metallic Glasses." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062313.

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The Mg-Zn-Ca system has previously been proposed as the most suitable biodegradable candidate for biomedical applications. In this work, a series of ribbon specimens was fabricated using a melt-spinning technique to explore the glass-forming ability of the Mg-Zn-Ca system along the concentration line of 7 at.% of calcium. A glassy state is confirmed for Mg50Zn43Ca7, Mg60Zn33Ca7, and Mg70Zn23Ca7. Those samples were characterised by standard methods to determine their mass density, hardness, elastic modulus, and crystallisation temperatures during devitrification. Their amorphous structure is described by means of pair distribution functions obtained by high-energy X-ray and neutron diffraction (HEXRD and ND) measurements performed at large-scale facilities. The contributions of pairs Mg-Mg, Mg-Zn, and Zn-Zn were identified. In addition, a transformation process from an amorphous to crystalline structure is followed in situ by HEXRD for Mg60Zn33Ca7 and Mg50Zn43Ca7. Intermetallic compounds IM1 and IM3 and hcp-Mg phase are proposed to be formed in multiple crystallisation eventss.

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Raffeis, Iris, Frank Adjei-Kyeremeh, Uwe Vroomen, Silvia Richter, and Andreas Bührig-Polaczek. "Characterising the Microstructure of an Additively Built Al-Cu-Li Alloy." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 5188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225188.

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Al-Cu-Li alloys are famous for their high strength, ductility and weight-saving properties, and have for many years been the aerospace alloy of choice. Depending on the alloy composition, this multi-phase system may give rise to several phases, including the major strengthening T1 (Al2CuLi) phase. Microstructure investigations have extensively been reported for conventionally processed alloys with little focus on their Additive Manufacturing (AM) characterised microstructures. In this work, the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) built microstructures of an AA2099 Al-Cu-Li alloy are characterised in the as-built (no preheating) and preheat-treated (320 °C, 500 °C) conditions using various analytical techniques, including Synchrotron High-Energy X-ray Diffraction (S-HEXRD). The observed dislocations in the AM as-built condition with no detected T1 precipitates confirm the conventional view of the difficulty of T1 to nucleate on dislocations without appropriate heat treatments. Two main phases, T1 (Al2CuLi) and TB (Al7.5Cu4Li), were detected using S-HEXRD at both preheat-treated temperatures. Higher volume fraction of T1 measured in the 500 °C (75.2 HV0.1) sample resulted in a higher microhardness compared to the 320 °C (58.7 HV0.1) sample. Higher TB volume fraction measured in the 320 °C sample had a minimal strength effect.

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Wei, He, Yin-li Chen, Zulai Li, Yina Zhao, Wei Yu, Lan Su, Di Tang, and Fei Zhang. "Determination of the residual stress in texture Cu-Ni-Si-Co alloy with HEXRD." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 271 (August 2022): 108658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.108658.

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11

Bong, H. J., X. Hu, X. Sun, Y. Ren, and Raj K. Mishra. "Crystal plasticity based constitutive modeling of ZEK100 magnesium alloy combined with in-situ HEXRD experiments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1063 (July 2018): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012031.

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12

Asedegbega-Nieto, Esther, Ana Iglesias-Juez, Marco Di Michiel, Marcos Fernandez-Garcia, Inmaculada Rodriguez-Ramos, and Antonio Guerrero-Ruiz. "Dynamics of Pd Subsurface Hydride Formation and Their Impact on the Selectivity Control for Selective Butadiene Hydrogenation Reaction." Nanomaterials 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2023): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13061099.

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Structure-sensitive catalyzed reactions can be influenced by a number of parameters. So far, it has been established that the formation of Pd-C species is responsible for the behavior of Pd nanoparticles employed as catalysts in a butadiene partial hydrogenation reaction. In this study, we introduce some experimental evidence indicating that subsurface Pd hydride species are governing the reactivity of this reaction. In particular, we detect that the extent of formation/decomposition of PdHx species is very sensitive to the Pd nanoparticle aggregate dimensions, and this finally controls the selectivity in this process. The main and direct methodology applied to determine this reaction mechanism step is time-resolved high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD).

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13

Bong, Hyuk Jong, Xiaohua Hu, Xin Sun, and Yang Ren. "Mechanism-based constitutive modeling of ZEK100 magnesium alloy with crystal plasticity and in-situ HEXRD experiment." International Journal of Plasticity 113 (February 2019): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2018.09.005.

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14

Sukedai, E., E. Aeby-Gautier, and M. Dehmas. "TEM observation of precipitates and their role to mechanical properties in Ti-5553 alloy heated to some temperatures up to 923 K." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111035.

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A Ti-5553 specimen was continuously heated to 923 K and simultaneously in-situ HEXRD profiles were taken. In addition, specimens heated at the same rate to several temperatures up to 923 K and further quenched were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Based on both results obtained, transformation sequence was clarified, precipitations of ω-, α”iso- and α-phases were confirmed, and size and density of these precipitates were measured. Hardness values of those specimens were also measured. The hardening mechanism was considered as shearing-mechanism for specimens aged at lower temperatures and by-pass one for specimens aged at higher temperature. An attempt of distinction between α”iso - and α-precipitates was also tried. Both precipitates were in needle-like shape and a possibility was suggested by measuring angles between two needle-shape precipitates on {110} of the matrix and comparing with each other.

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15

Wang, Hao, Ruolan Tong, Guangxu Liu, Aixue Sha, Lin Song, and Tiebang Zhang. "In-Situ Synchrotron HEXRD Study on the Micro-Stress Evolution Behavior of a Superalloy during Room-Temperature Compression." Materials 16, no. 10 (May 16, 2023): 3761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103761.

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The residual stress generated during heat treatment of nickel-base superalloys will affect their service performance and introduce primary cracks. In a component with high residual stress, a tiny amount of plastic deformation at room temperature can release the stress to a certain extent. However, the stress-releasing mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, the micro-mechanical behavior of the FGH96 nickel-base superalloy during room temperature compression was studied using in situ synchrotron radiation high-energy X-ray diffraction. The in situ evolution of the lattice strain was observed during deformation. The stress distribution mechanism of grains and phases with different orientations was clarified. The results show that at the elastic deformation stage, the (200) lattice plane of γ′ phase bears more stress after the stress reaches 900 MPa. When the stress exceeds 1160 MPa, the load is redistributed to the grains with their <200> crystal directions aligned with the loading direction. After yielding, the γ′ phase still bears the main stress.

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Wang, Hao, Ruolan Tong, Huashan Shang, Aixue Sha, Guangxu Liu, Lin Song, and Tiebang Zhang. "In Situ Synchrotron HEXRD Study on the Deformation Mechanism of a Nickel-Based Superalloy during Medium-Temperature Compression." Metals 13, no. 5 (May 7, 2023): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13050904.

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The γ′ phase has an important influence on the deformation mechanism of solid-solution strengthening nickel-based superalloys. The microfracture behavior of the alloy depends on the mechanism of stress and strain partitioning between the γ and γ′ phase under load. In this study, the in situ synchrotron radiation high-energy X-ray diffraction technique was used to observe the deformation process of the FGH96 nickel-based superalloy with a γ′ volume fraction of about 40% at 650 °C and 750 °C. The results show that the (111) reflection had the greatest stiffness and showed plastic deformation first; while the (200) reflection bore a larger load. The γ phase yielded first and began to deform plastically; then the load was transferred to the γ′ phase. At 650 °C, the plastic deformation of the γ′ phase was relatively higher; while at 750 °C, the γ′ particle basically maintained elastic deformation with a tiny amount of plastic deformation.

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17

Hauschildt, Katja, Andreas Stark, Uwe Lorenz, Norbert Schell, Torben Fischer, Malte Blankenburg, Martin Mueller, and Florian Pyczak. "Diffusion brazing of γ-TiAl-alloys: Investigations of the joint by electron microscopy and high-energy X-ray diffraction." MRS Proceedings 1516 (2013): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1750.

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ABSTRACTDiffusion brazing is a potential method to repair parts made from TiAl-alloys. Two different brazing materials with varying contents of titanium, iron and nickel were investigated. The phases present in the brazed zone were identified by high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) at the material science beamline HEMS at the PETRA III synchrotron facility at DESY in Hamburg, Germany, and the microstructure was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The braze zone itself is composed of one to two transitional layers from the substrate material to the middle of the joint. Near the substrate material the phase constitution reassembles a TiAl-alloy while the middle of the joint is similar to α/β-titanium alloys. Besides phases commonly encountered in TiAl-alloys such as γ, α2 and β, additional phases, which are related to the presence of nickel or iron as melting point depressing elements are present. The microstructure of the brazed zone changes significantly during a subsequent heat treatment.

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Bartha, Kristína, Josef Stráský, Anna Veverková, Pere Barriobero-Vila, František Lukáč, Petr Doležal, Petr Sedlák, Veronika Polyakova, Irina Semenova, and Miloš Janeček. "Effect of the High-Pressure Torsion (HPT) and Subsequent Isothermal Annealing on the Phase Transformation in Biomedical Ti15Mo Alloy." Metals 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111194.

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Ti15Mo metastable beta Ti alloy was solution treated and subsequently deformed by high-pressure torsion (HPT). HPT-deformed and benchmark non-deformed solution-treated materials were annealed at 400 °C and 500 °C in order to investigate the effect of UFG microstructure on the α-phase precipitation. Phase evolution was examined using laboratory X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HEXRD), which provided more accurate measurements. Microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microhardness was measured for all conditions. HPT deformation was found to significantly enhance the α phase precipitation due the introduction of lattice defects such as dislocations or grain boundaries, which act as preferential nucleation sites. Moreover, in HPT-deformed material, α precipitates are small and equiaxed, contrary to the α lamellae in the non-deformed material. ω phase formation is suppressed due to massive α precipitation and consequent element partitioning. Despite that, HPT-deformed material after ageing exhibits the high microhardness exceeding 450 HV.

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Pushkareva, Irina, Babak Shalchi-Amirkhiz, Sébastien Yves Pierre Allain, Guillaume Geandier, Fateh Fazeli, Matthew Sztanko, and Colin Scott. "The Influence of Vanadium Additions on Isothermally Formed Bainite Microstructures in Medium Carbon Steels Containing Retained Austenite." Metals 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030392.

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The influence of V additions on isothermally formed bainite in medium carbon steels containing retained austenite has been investigated using in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) and ex-situ electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) techniques in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). No significant impact of V in solid solution on the bainite transformation rate, final phase fractions or on the width of bainite laths was seen for transformations in the range 375–430 °C. No strong influence on the dislocation density could be detected, although quantitative analysis was impeded by ferrite tetragonality. A reduction in the carbon content of retained austenite Cγ that is not believed to be due to competition with VC or cementite precipitation was observed. No influence of V on the carbon supersaturation in bainitic ferrite Cb could be directly measured, although carbon mass balance calculations suggest Cb slightly increases. A beneficial refinement of blocky MA and a corresponding size effect induced enhancement in austenite stability were found at the lowest transformation temperature. Overall, V additions result in a slight increase in strength levels.

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Forouzan, Farnoosh, Roohallah Surki Aliabad, Ali Hedayati, Nazanin Hosseini, Emad Maawad, Núria Blasco, and Esa Vuorinen. "Kinetics of Carbon Enrichment in Austenite during Partitioning Stage Studied via In-Situ Synchrotron XRD." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041557.

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The present study reveals the microstructural evolution and corresponding mechanisms occurring during different stages of quenching and partitioning (Q&P) conducted on 0.6C-1.5Si steel using in-situ High Energy X-Ray Diffraction (HEXRD) and high-resolution dilatometry methods. The results support that the symmetry of ferrite is not cubic when first formed since it is fully supersaturated with carbon at the early stages of partitioning. Moreover, by increasing partitioning temperature, the dominant carbon source for austenite enrichment changes from ongoing bainitic ferrite transformation during the partitioning stage to initial martensite formed in the quenching stage. At low partitioning temperatures, a bimodal distribution of low- and high-carbon austenite, 0.6 and 1.9 wt.% carbon, is detected. At higher temperatures, a better distribution of carbon occurs, approaching full homogenization. An initial martensite content of around 11.5 wt.% after partitioning at 280 °C via bainitic ferrite transformation results in higher carbon enrichment of austenite and increased retained austenite amount by approximately 4% in comparison with partitioning at 500 °C. In comparison with austempering heat treatment with no prior martensite, the presence of initial martensite in the Q&P microstructure accelerates the subsequent low-temperature bainitic transformation.

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Moreno, Marc, Julien Teixeira, Guillaume Geandier, Jean-Christophe Hell, Frédéric Bonnet, Mathieu Salib, and Sébastien Allain. "Real-Time Investigation of Recovery, Recrystallization and Austenite Transformation during Annealing of a Cold-Rolled Steel Using High Energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD)." Metals 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010008.

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The annealing process of cold-rolled ferrite/pearlite steel involves numerous metallurgical mechanisms as recovery/recrystallization of deformed phases, ripening of carbide microstructure, and austenite transformation in the intercritical domain. The interactions between these mechanisms govern the morphogenesis of the transformed austenite microstructure and, thus, the final properties of the steel. This paper demonstrates that high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) on synchrotron beamline offers the unique possibility to follow concomitantly these mechanisms in situ during a single experiment. A cold-rolled ferrite-pearlite steel dedicated to the industrial production of Dual-Phase steel serves as case-study. Synchrotron experiments have been conducted in transmission at 100 keV with a 2D detector. Diffraction patterns acquired all along an annealing treatment are first analyzed after circular integration. A Rietveld refinement procedure coupled with a Williamson-Hall approach is used to determine phase transformation and recovery kinetics. In this paper, a new method inspired by the 3D X-ray diffraction tomography is proposed to follow recrystallization kinetics at the same time. It is based on a systematic detection of individual diffraction spots related to newly recrystallized grains appearing on Debye-Scherrer rings. The deduced recrystallization kinetics is compared and validated by more conventional ex situ methods.

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Allain, Sébastien Y. P., Steve Gaudez, Guillaume Geandier, Frédéric Danoix, Michel Soler, and Mohamed Goune. "Carbon heterogeneities in austenite during Quenching & Partitioning (Q&P) process revealed by in situ High Energy X-Ray Diffraction (HEXRD) experiments." Scripta Materialia 181 (May 2020): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.02.022.

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Zainal Abidin, Anis Siham, Masri Muhamed, Mazidah Nordin, Nor Azizah Abu, Noor Shafina Mohd Noor, Faisal Mohd Fadzli, and Mohammed Fauzi Abdul Rani. "Herd Immunity or Heard Not of Immunity?" Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jchs.v2i1.5857.

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Jayathilaka, Charith, Loku Singgappulige Rosantha Kumara, Koji Ohara, Chulho Song, Shinji Kohara, Osami Sakata, Withana Siripala, and Sumedha Jayanetti. "Enhancement of Solar Cell Performance of Electrodeposited Ti/n-Cu2O/p-Cu2O/Au Homojunction Solar Cells by Interface and Surface Modification." Crystals 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10070609.

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Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) homojunction thin films on Ti substrates were fabricated by an electrochemical deposition in which a p-Cu2O layer was deposited on an n-Cu2O layer by carefully controlled bath conditions. It was found that the open-circuit voltage of the homojunction solar cell was significantly influenced by the pH of the lactate bath. The variation of the pH was used to achieve the best possible crystal orientation for homojunctions. The crystallinity and morphology of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-energy x-ray diffraction (HEXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The current density voltage (J-V) analysis showed that the sulfur treatment and annealing enhanced the photocurrent by ten-fold compared to the untreated and unannealed homojunction solar cell. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirmed that the sulfur treatment eliminated the surface CuO and formed a thin layer of CuS, which was very useful to make the front Ohmic contact. Transient measurements confirmed that the p-type Cu2O layer, which was subjected to sulfur treatment, significantly reduced the recombination, thus enhancing the efficiency of the solar cell. The best sulfur treated annealed Ti/n-Cu2O/p-Cu2O/Au solar cell produced an energy conversion efficiency of 2.64% with an open-circuit voltage of 490 mV and a short circuit current density of 12.8 mA cm−2 under AM 1.5 illumination.

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Rittinghaus, Silja-Katharina, Janett Schmelzer, Marcus Willi Rackel, Susanne Hemes, Andreas Vogelpoth, Ulrike Hecht, and Andreas Weisheit. "Direct Energy Deposition of TiAl for Hybrid Manufacturing and Repair of Turbine Blades." Materials 13, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 4392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194392.

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While repair is mainly used to restore the original part geometry and properties, hybrid manufacturing aims to exploit the benefits of each respective manufacturing process regarding either processing itself or resulting part characteristics. Especially with the current implementation of additive manufacturing in the production of TiAl, turbine blades for both hybrid manufacturing and repair new opportunities are enabled. One main issue is the compatibility of the two or more material types involved, which either differ regarding composition or microstructure or both. In this study, a TNMTM-alloy (Ti-Nb-Mo) was manufactured by different processes (casting, forging, laser additive manufacturing) and identically heat-treated at 1290 °C. Chemical compositions, especially aluminum and oxygen contents, were measured, and the resulting microstructures were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and High-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD). The properties were determined by hardness measurements and high-temperature compression tests. The comparison led to an overall assessment of the theoretical compatibility. Experiments to combine several processes were performed to evaluate the practical feasibility. Despite obvious differences in the final phase distribution caused by deviations in the chemical composition, the measured properties of the samples did not differ significantly. The feasibility of combining direct energy deposition (DED) with either casting or laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was demonstrated by the successful build of the dense, crack-free hybrid material.

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Graf, Gloria, Petra Spoerk-Erdely, Peter Staron, Andreas Stark, Francisca Mendez Martin, Helmut Clemens, and Thomas Klein. "Quench rate sensitivity of age-hardenable Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with respect to the Zn/Mg ratio: An in situ SAXS and HEXRD study." Acta Materialia 227 (April 2022): 117727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117727.

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Aoued, Samy, Frédéric Danoix, Sébastien Y. P. Allain, Steve Gaudez, Guillaume Geandier, Jean-Christophe Hell, Michel Soler, and Mohamed Gouné. "Microstructure Evolution and Competitive Reactions during Quenching and Partitioning of a Model Fe–C–Mn–Si Alloy." Metals 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010137.

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The mechanisms behind the carbon enrichment of austenite during quenching and partitioning are still a matter of debate. This work investigates the microstructural evolution during the quenching and partitioning of a model Fe–C–Mn–Si alloy by means of in situ high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) atom probe tomography, and image analysis. The ultra-fast time-resolved quantitative information about phase transformations coupled with image analysis highlights the formation of carbide-free BCT bainite, which is formed within a very short range during the reheating and partitioning step. Its transformation rate, which is a better indicator than the intrinsic volume fraction, depends on the quenching temperature (QT). It is shown to decrease with decreasing QT, from 45% at QT = 260 °C to 20% at QT = 200 °C. As a consequence, a significant part of the carbon enrichment observed in austenite can be attributed to bainite transformation. Furthermore, a large part of carbon was shown to be trapped into martensite. Both the formation of Fe2.6C iron carbides and the segregation of carbon on lath boundaries in martensite were highlighted by atom probe tomography. The energy for carbon segregation was determined to be 0.20 eV, and the carbon concentration on the lath boundaries was obtained to be around 25 at %. Therefore, the carbon enrichment of austenite is the result of competitive reactions such as carbon partitioning from martensite, bainite transformation, and carbon trapping in martensite.

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Gabrisch, Heike, Tobias Krekeler, Uwe Lorenz, Marcus Willi Rackel, Martin Ritter, Florian Pyczak, and Andreas Stark. "Elemental Segregation and O-Phase Formation in a Gamma-TiAl Alloy." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.741.

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Titanium aluminides based on the L10 ordered g-phase are promising structural light-weight materials for applications in aircraft engines. Typical compositions for γ-TiAl alloys lie in the range Ti-(44-48)Al (at.-%). For high creep resistance, a two-phase microstructure based on lamellar (α2+γ)-colonies is desirable that may be tuned towards better ductility by introducing pure γ-grains (near lamellar or duplex microstructure).γ-TiAl alloys are often alloyed with niobium for increased oxidation resistance and improved mechanical properties. HEXRD and TEM studies of the alloy Ti-42Al-8.5Nb revealed that the orthorhombic O-phase forms during annealing at 500-650°C. This orthorhombic phase has been known in Nb-rich, Al-lean, α2-based Ti-aluminides since the late 1980ies (Nb> 12.5 at.-%, Al< 31 at.-%) but the finding in γ-based alloys is new.TEM imaging showed that the O-phase is located within α2 lamellae of lamellar (α2+γ)-colonies. O-phase domains and α2 phase form small columnar crystallites based in the α2/γ interface. The columnar crystallites grow parallel to the [0001] direction of the α2 phase and appear as facets when observed along this direction. The evolution of domains and facets with annealing time and the chemical homogeneity of the phases are investigated.The results of STEM imaging show that O-phase domains form during annealing at 550 °C for 8hours or 168 hours. After 168 hours of annealing Nb segregations are observed by EDX mapping within O-phase domains. In comparison, no segregation of niobium is detected after 8 hours of annealing.

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Kaur, Rajinder, Atul Khanna, Hirdesh, Ann-Christin Dippel, Olof Gutowski, Fernando González, and Marina González-Barriuso. "Structure of strontium tellurite glass, anti-glass and crystalline phases by high-energy X-ray diffraction, reverse Monte Carlo and Rietveld analysis." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 76, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520620000025.

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The structures of xSrO–(100 − x)TeO2 (x = 5, 7.5, 8.5 and 10 mol.%) glass, anti-glass and crystalline samples were studied by high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD), reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations, atomic pair distribution function analysis and Fullprof Rietveld refinement. The atomic pair distributions show the first peak at 1.90 Å due to the Te—O equatorial bonds and the Te—O peak is asymmetrical due to the range of Te—O bond lengths in glass, anti-glass and crystalline samples. The short-range structural properties of glasses such as Te—O bond lengths, Te–O speciation, Te–Te distances and O—Te—O bond angle distributions were determined by RMC simulations. The average Te–O coordination number (N Te–O) for 5SrO–95TeO2 glass is 3.93 which decreases to 3.59 on increasing the SrO concentration to 10 mol.%. The changes in N Te–O revealed that the glass network predominantly contains TeO4 units with a small amount of TeO3 units and there is a structural transformation TeO4 → TeO3 with an increase in SrO concentration. The O—Te—O bond angle distributions have a peak at 79° and reveal that the Oequatorial—Te—Oequatorial bonds are the most abundant linkages in the tellurite network. Two glass samples containing 7.5 and 8.5 mol.% of SrO were annealed at 350°C for 1 h to produce anti-glass phases; they were further annealed at 450°C for 4 h to transform them into crystalline phases. The anti-glass samples are disordered cubic SrTe5O11 and the disordered monoclinic SrTeO3 phases, whereas the crystalline samples contain monoclinic SrTeO3 and the orthorhombic TeO2 phases. The unit-cell parameters of the anti-glass and crystalline structures were determined by Fullprof Rietveld refinement. Thermal studies found that the glass transition temperature increases with an increase in SrO mol.% and the results on the short-range structure of glasses from Raman spectroscopy are in agreement with the RMC findings.

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Briceño-León, Roberto. "Cultura de rebaño e inmunidad de rebaño." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 27, no. 5 (May 2022): 1843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022275.01792022.

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Resumen Aunque las enfermedades transmisibles afectan nuestros cuerpos, ocurren en una sociedad que las interpreta y dota de significado, y cuyos individuos causan o evitan. La inmunidad de rebaño permite lograr una protección del cuerpo, sin embargo, para su sustentabilidad, se requiere de cambios en la manera cómo las personas interpretan y responden a la enfermedad, de transformaciones culturales que permitan desarrollar conocimientos, hábitos y destrezas que hagan factible y sostenible la inmunidad de rebaño. La cultura de rebaño permite a los individuos protegerse y restringir su libertad para proteger a los demás, es una forma de ejercicio de la libertad positiva y el complemento necesario de la inmunidad del rebaño en la sociedad democrática.

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Logan, Jacqueline, Dawn Nederhoff, Brandon Koch, Bridget Griffith, Julian Wolfson, Fareed A. Awan, and Nicole E. Basta. "‘What have you HEARD about the HERD?’ Does education about local influenza vaccination coverage and herd immunity affect willingness to vaccinate?" Vaccine 36, no. 28 (June 2018): 4118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.037.

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NAPIER, A. DAVID. "I heard it through the grapevine: On herd immunity and why it is important." Anthropology Today 36, no. 3 (June 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12572.

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Su, Bo-Chiuan, Li-Wei Wu, Hongxi Lin, and Chieh-An Lin. "The Mediating Effect of Herd Behavior and Brand Attitude towards the Impact of Spokesman Credibility, Source Fit, and Online Word-of-Mouth on Purchase Intention." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010888.

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Product endorsement has become a common marketing method. Many companies hire a famous person to act as the spokesman for the product and brand. They want to use the celebrity’s fame and attractiveness to promote their products and brands. However, is every celebrity suitable to be the spokesman for a product? In addition, in the era of advanced technology, whether the comments on the Internet and the credibility of the spokesman affect consumers’ purchase intention through herd behavior. And whether the credibility of the spokesman and the degree of source fit (the degree of fit between the spokesman and the product and brand) affect consumers’ purchase intention through brand attitude and heard behavior. To our best knowledge, no studies in the research literature have explored the relationships between spokesman credibility, source fit, herd behavior, brand attitude, online word-of-mouth, and purchase intention, where herd behavior and brand attitude are mediating variables. The research questionnaire was designed and distributed using an online questionnaire format, and the distribution period was from 6 April 2022, to 12 April 2022. In this study, a total of 203 valid questionnaires were obtained. According to the results, both online word-of-mouth and spokesman credibility had a significantly positive impact on consumers’ herd behavior, which will significantly increase consumers’ purchase intention. The credibility of the spokesman also had a significantly positive impact on consumers’ brand attitudes and, therefore, will significantly increase consumers’ purchase intention. Theoretical and managerial implications are provided.

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Kartal, Mehmet Akif, and Ahmet Feyzioğlu. "Numerical Analysis of Altered Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger with Promoted Geometry at Multifarious Baffle Prolongs." Energies 17, no. 7 (April 1, 2024): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17071676.

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This study investigated the influence of BFFSP on the thermohydraulic performance of a SATHEC(s) using a novel computational approach. The novelty lies in the detailed exploration of the interplay between BFFSP, MFRT, and key performance parameters. Unlike prior studies, which often focus on a limited range of operating conditions, this work employs a comprehensive parametric analysis encompassing two BFFSPs (95 mm and 125 mm) and four MFRTs (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 kg/h). This extensive analysis provides a deeper understanding of the trade-off between the HTRFR enhancement and PDP associated with the BFFSP across a wider range of operating conditions. This investigation leverages the power of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for high-fidelity analysis. ANSYS Fluent, a widely recognized commercial CFD software package, was used as a computational platform. A three-dimensional steady-state model of HEXR geometry was established. The cold fluid was modeled as water, and the hot fluid was modeled as water. The selection of appropriate turbulence models is crucial for accurate flow simulations within the complex geometry of HEXR. This study incorporates a well-established two-equation turbulence model to effectively capture turbulent flow behavior. The governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy conservation were solved numerically within the CFD framework. Convergence criteria were meticulously established to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the simulation results. BFFs are crucial components in HEXRs as they promote fluid mixing and turbulence on the HTRFR surface, thereby enhancing HTRFR. This study explores the interplay between BFFSP and HTRFR effectiveness. It is hypothesized that a larger BFFSP (125 mm) might lead to a higher HTC owing to the increased fluid mixing. However, the potential drawbacks of the increased PDP due to the flow restriction also need to be considered. The PDP across the HEXR is a critical parameter that affects pumping costs and overall system yield. This study investigates the impact of BFFSP on the PDP. It is expected that a larger BFFSP (125 mm) will result in a higher PDP, owing to the increased resistance to fluid flow. Here, we aim to quantify the trade-off between enhanced HTRFR and increased PDP associated with different BFFSPs. The optimal design of an HEXR seeks a balance between achieving a high HTRFR rate and minimizing pressure losses. HTRPD, a metric combining both HTC and PDP, was employed to evaluate the thermohydraulic performance. We hypothesized that a specific BFFSP might offer a superior HTRPD, indicating an optimal balance between HTRFR effectiveness and PDP for the investigated HEXR geometry and operating conditions. CFD simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent to analyze the effects of BFFSP and MFRT on the HTC, PDP, and HTRPD. The simulations employed a commercially available HEXR geometry with water as the cold and hot fluid. The results are presented and discussed to elucidate the relationships between the BFFSP, MFRT, and key performance parameters of the HEXR. This study provides valuable insights into the influence of BFFSP on the thermohydraulic performance of HEXRs. The findings can aid in optimizing the HEXR design by identifying the BFFSP that offers the best compromise between HTRFR enhancement and PDP for specific operating conditions. The results contribute to the knowledge base of HEXR design and optimization, potentially leading to improved yield in various industrial applications. The results indicate that a larger BFFSP (125 mm) leads to higher outlet temperatures but also results in a higher PDP compared to the 95 mm design. Conversely, the 95 mm BFFSP exhibits a lower PDP but achieves a lower HTC. In terms of thermohydraulic performance, as indicated by HTRPD, the 95 mm BFFSP with the lowest MFRT (0.1 kg/h) achieved the highest value, surpassing the 125 mm design by 19.81%. This suggests that a 95 mm BFFSP offers a better trade-off between HTRFR effectiveness and pressure loss, potentially improving the overall HEXR performance.

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Herd, Greme. "Remarks on Regional Security." Warsaw East European Review, no. XI/2020 (August 15, 2020): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32690/2299-2421/herd.

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Farzan, Vahab. "401 Gut microbiome, health, and growth performance in pigs." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.332.

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Abstract As pigs grow, their intestinal microbiome evolves until establishing a stable rich and diverse microbial population (climax community) to maintain the health and growth performance. This evolution (microbial succession) is in fact a multifactorial phenomenon involving environmental parameters (farm practice measures, heard health status, drug use), host (genetics, immune system, biomarkers), sow (milk, colostrum, vaginal, and rectal microbiome) and nutrition. The multifactorial nature of microbial succession and the consequence disruption results in a considerable variation in the pig gut mirobiome at the individual and herd level. This needs to be taken into account when exploring the core bacterial population associated with health and growth performance in pigs under commercial farming conditions.

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AKPA, G. N., S. DURU, and G. S. BAWA. "THE HERD STRUCTURE OF BREEDING DOES OF SMALL HOLDER RED SOKOTO GOAT." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 28, no. 2 (January 4, 2021): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v28i2.1847.

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A study to ascertain the heard structure of breeding does of small holder goat production system was conducted in Kano using l5 goat herds selected at random in 3 villages.A total of 250 breeding does were involved. The results indicate that parity of does in the observed herds ranged from one to ten.Twelve percent of the does within the age range, 5-25 months were yet to kid for the first time.In the herds, does that did not kid at least once, up to the age of 25 months were culled. However, majorities of the does were in their 2nd and 3rd parities and within the age range of 12-25 months. Twinning was common at 1st parity, irrespective of the age of does. Parity and litter size of does were the major determining factors on the observed herd structure for the breeding does.The observed structure indicates that <12 months does constitute 20% of the herd; 12-25 months 48%; 26-39months 11.2% and; > 40months 20.8%.Breeding does leave the herds starting from the 25th month of age at parity 2,4, 7 and 10, respectively.

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Briceño-León, Roberto. "Herd culture and herd immunity." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 27, no. 5 (May 2022): 1843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022275.01792022en.

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Abstract Although communicable diseases affect our bodies, they occur in a society that interprets and gives them meaning. Herd immunity provides the body protection; however, long-term protection requires shifts in the way people interpret and respond to disease, cultural transformation that enables the development of the knowledge, habits and skills that make herd immunity feasible and sustainable. Herd culture allows individuals to protect themselves and restrict their liberty in order to protect others; it is a form of exercising positive liberty and a necessary complement to herd immunity in a democratic society.

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Paul, Yash. "Herd immunity and herd protection." Vaccine 22, no. 3-4 (January 2004): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.07.016.

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40

Jones, A. Lee, Roy D. Berghaus, Allen A. Kalatari, Brenton Credille, Hemant K. Naikare, Bradley Heins, JeremiahT Saliki, and Rebecca P. Wilkes. "Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale infected beef herds in Georgia, USA." Bovine Practitioner 56, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p70-78.

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The objective of the study was to conduct and compare seroprevalence and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale-infected beef herds in Georgia, and to identify herd risk factors associated with A. marginale-positive herds. Herd information from the beef operations was collected from the sampled herds through a questionnaire to determine practices that may affect the risk of herd infections with A. marginale. Blood samples were collected from 1,059 adult beef cattle (≥ 2 years) from 33 herds. Overall, 8.12% of cattle and 42% of herds were cELISA antibody-positive. Seventy-seven percent of plasma samples from a subset of corresponding seropositive samples (n = 73) were PCR positive. All of the 406 seronegative samples were negative by PCR. There was almost perfect agreement by Cohen’s kappa statistics between PCR and cELISA (k = 0.85). Survey response rate was 100%. Surprisingly, 27% of the producer respondents had not heard of anaplasmosis. Survey also revealed that many producers had management procedures at their operations that could potentially cause mechanical transmission of A. marginale. About 55% of respondents did not always disinfect tools between animals and 88% of the operations used the same needle to inject more than one animal. Over 80% of the producer respondents had brought in new cattle onto their operations in the last 3 years from the time of this study. Given the 8% seroprevalence in Georgia beef cattle and the reported survey findings from this study, educational programs on effective preventive management practices to control bovine anaplasmosis is warranted.

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Houška, L. "The relationship between culling rate, herd structure and production efficiency in a pig nucleus herd." Czech Journal of Animal Science 54, No. 8 (August 18, 2009): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1660-cjas.

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Computer simulation of sow culling was run in a nucleus herd. The specified constant culling rate from 15 to 21% was simulated for all parities. The resultant different age structure of a herd was studied from the aspect of piglet production and other production indicators. With increasing culling rate the percentage of mated gilts was increased in order to maintain the constant size of the sow herd. With 15% simulated culling, which required 17.09% of mated gilts, the percentage of sows at parity 1 and 2 and the percentage of sows at parities 3–5 were balanced (31.62% and 31.77%, respectively). Annual herd replacement was 37.62%. After five parities only a little more than a half (55.63%) of the total number of sows in the herd was removed. Similar results were obtained with 16% culling, which also made it possible to maintain the recommended herd structure. With higher culling rate parities 1 and 2 became dominant in the herd. With 21% culling and 19.84% of mated gilts the percentage of sows at parities 1 and 2 was 35.52% while it was only 29.90% at parities 3–5. Annual herd replacement amounted to 43.67%, and almost 70% of sows were removed after five parities in this case. With increasing culling rate the average age of sows removed from a herd decreased (1 158.1–1 021.2 days), the number of barren days in a herd per year increased (6 174–6 680 days) and the number of piglets weaned per sow per year decreased (19.54–18.92 piglets). At the same time, there was a decrease in total costs (64 789–63 519 Kč), returns (79 816–77 327 Kč) and profit (15 026–13 808 Kč) in the herd, as recalculated per sow per year, and profitability also decreased.

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42

Marr, Charles. "Things Heard." English Journal 92, no. 6 (July 2003): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3650542.

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Wilkenfeld, Bonnie Fader. "“Being Heard”." Research on Social Work Practice 25, no. 6 (August 21, 2014): 702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731514547768.

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Lamkin, Luana R. "Being Heard." Oncology Issues 25, no. 3 (May 2010): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10463356.2010.11883782.

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&NA;, &NA;. "Being Heard." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 9, no. 1 (January 1988): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-198801000-00003.

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Ramstad, Sheryl. "Being Heard." Creative Nursing 18, no. 4 (2012): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.18.4.195.

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Benison, Líam. "Be heard." Practice Nursing 24, no. 4 (April 2013): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2013.24.4.161.

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Patoulioti, Eleni, and Claes Nilholm. "Being Heard?" Confero: Essays on Education, Philosophy and Politics 9, no. 2 (December 19, 2023): 42–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/confero.2001-4562.231216.

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حسين, مزهر صالح. "The Reasons for Neglecting some Taf'ilas (metrical feet) and Composing in other Metres." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 4, no. 3 (October 13, 2023): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.4.3.18.

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It is rhythm that makes poetry different from prose. The poetic texts that had reached us from ancient times were composed following rhythms and rules which were different from those regulating the composition of poetry. This was in ancient times; but as for what distinguishes poetry today, it is external music, represented by metre and rhyme-scheme including equal syllables that are able to create a sort of effective rhythm that touches the human self. As for other non-human creatures (animals, for example), it is a wellknown fact that they are moved by music as what happens in the circus. A professor in an Iraqi university says thet he has heard a camel-herd singing to his camels "Huduho, huduhudo, huduho, huduhudo" and they moved their legs according to the pace of this rhythm. Though these words, in fact, were meaningless, they match the Taweel (long) metre consisting It is rhythm that makes poetry different from prose. The poetic texts that had reached us from ancient times were composed following rhythms and rules which were different from those regulating the composition of poetry. This was in ancient times; but as for what distinguishes poetry today, it is external music, represented by metre and rhyme-scheme including equal syllables that are able to create a sort of effective rhythm that touches the human self. As for other non-human creatures (animals, for example), it is a wellknown fact that they are moved by music as what happens in the circus. A professor in an Iraqi university says thet he has heard a camel-herd singing to his camels "Huduho, huduhudo, huduho, huduhudo" and they moved their legs according to the pace of this rhythm. Though these words, in fact, were meaningless, they match the Taweel (long) metre consisting of: fa'ulun-mafa'ilun-fa'ulun-mafa'ilun.As for the human self, the love of music does not need any proof.

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Alp, Şehnaz, and Hakan Altıntaş. "COVID-19 ve Sürü Bağışıklığı." Flora the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology 26, no. 2 (June 14, 2021): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/flora.20219803.

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Journal articles on the topic 'HEXRD'

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