Academic literature on the topic 'Hexose sugar'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hexose sugar"
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Liu, Xiao Chen, Ping Wang, Ying Long He, Yong Lei Kou, Biao Zhang, Gui Fu Dai, and Jian Wu. "Rapid Determination of Pentose and Hexose Sugars in Mixed Sugars by Multiple Linear Regression Calibration Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.159.
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This research provides an improvement for the method of Douglas to determine pentose and hexose sugars in mixed sugars. Specific absorption wave of 553 nm for pentose derivatives and 408 nm for hexose derivatives are selected for determination, and the interference from pentose sugar to hexose sugar is corrected with multiple linear regression method. The results show that the interference from pentose sugar is reduced greatly after multiple linear regression calibration; the error is lower than 5.0 %. The experimental results show a satisfying precision and accuracy, with a recovery range from 95.1 % to 106.8%. This method is suitable for simultaneously rapid determination of pentose and hexose sugars in practical application.
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Balibrea, María E., Cristina Martínez-Andújar, Jesús Cuartero, María C. Bolarín, and Francisco Pérez-Alfocea. "The high fruit soluble sugar content in wild Lycopersicon species and their hybrids with cultivars depends on sucrose import during ripening rather than on sucrose metabolism." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 3 (2006): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05134.
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Soluble sugar content has been studied in relation to sucrose metabolism in the hexose-accumulating cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, the wild relative species Lycopersicon cheesmanii Riley, in the sucrose-accumulating wild relative species Lycopersicon chmielewskii Rick, Kesicky, Fobes & Holle. and in two hexose-accumulating interspecific F1 hybrids (L. esculentum × L. cheesmanii; L. esculentum × L. chmielewskii), cultivated under two irrigation regimes (control: EC = 2.1 and saline: EC = 8.4 dS m–1). Under control conditions the total soluble sugar content (as hexose equivalents) in the ripe fruits of L. cheesmanii was 3-fold higher than in L. esculentum, while L. chmielewskii and both F1 hybrids contained twice as much as the cultivar. With the exception of L. esculentum × L. cheesmanii, salinity increased the sugar content by 1.3 (wild species) and 1.7 times (cultivar and L. esculentum × L. chmielewskii) with respect to control fruits. Wild germplasm or salinity provided two different mechanisms for the increases in fruit sugar content. The hexoses accumulated in ripe fruits were strongly influenced by those accumulated at the start of ripening, but the hydrolysed starch before start of ripening only partially explained the final hexose levels and especially the increase under salinity. The early cell wall acid invertase and the late neutral invertase activities appeared to be related to the amount of hexoses accumulated in ripe fruits. However, no metabolic parameter was positively related to the amount of sugar accumulated (including sucrose). The major differences between genotypes appeared in ripe fruits, in which up to 50% of the total amount of sugars accumulated in the wild species (mainly in L. cheesmanii) and hybrids cannot be explained by the sugars accumulated and the starch hydrolysed before the start of ripening stage. As a consequence, the higher fruit quality of the wild species compared with L. esculentum may depend more on the continuation of sucrose import during ripening than on osmotic or metabolic particularities such as the hexose / sucrose-accumulator character or specific enzyme activities.
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Granot, David. "Role of tomato hexose kinases." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 6 (2007): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06207.
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Hexose phosphorylation is an essential step of sugar metabolism. Only two classes of glucose and fructose phosphorylating enzymes, hexokinases (HXK) and fructokinases (FRK), have been found in plants. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is the only plant species from which four HXK and four FRK genes have been identified and characterised. One HXK and one FRK isozyme are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria, and the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. These differences in location suggest that the cytoplasmic HXK and FRK have distinct roles to play in sugar metabolism. The specific roles of each of the HXK and FRK genes have been investigated using transgenic plants with modified expression of the genes. Sugar signalling effects were obtained with modified expression of the mitochondria associated HXK. In contrast, modified expression of the cytosolic FRK affected fructose metabolism rather than sugar signalling. Future research efforts will aim to determining the roles of specific hexose phosphorylating enzymes in tomato plants, the source of the hexose monomers to be phosphorylated, and their intracellular trafficking route.
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Siu, Sarah, Anna Robotham, Susan M. Logan, John F. Kelly, Kaoru Uchida, Shin-Ichi Aizawa, and Ken F. Jarrell. "Evidence that Biosynthesis of the Second and Third Sugars of the Archaellin Tetrasaccharide in the Archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis Occurs by the Same Pathway Used by Pseudomonas aeruginosa To Make a Di-N-Acetylated Sugar." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 9 (March 2, 2015): 1668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00040-15.
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ABSTRACTMethanococcus maripaludishas two surface appendages, archaella and type IV pili, which are composed of glycoprotein subunits. Archaellins are modified with an N-linked tetrasaccharide with the structure Sug-1,4-β-ManNAc3NAmA6Thr-1,4-β-GlcNAc3NAcA-1,3-β-GalNAc, where Sug is (5S)-2-acetamido-2,4-dideoxy-5-O-methyl-α-l-erythro-hexos-5-ulo-1,5-pyranose. The pilin glycan has an additional hexose attached to GalNAc. In this study, genes located in two adjacent, divergently transcribed operons (mmp0350-mmp0354andmmp0359-mmp0355) were targeted for study based on annotations suggesting their involvement in biosynthesis of N-glycan sugars. Mutants carrying deletions inmmp0350,mmp0351,mmp0352, ormmp0353were nonarchaellated and synthesized archaellins modified with a 1-sugar glycan, as estimated from Western blots. Mass spectroscopy analysis of pili purified from the Δmmp0352strain confirmed a glycan with only GalNAc, suggestingmmp0350tommp0353were all involved in biosynthesis of the second sugar (GlcNAc3NAcA). The Δmmp0357mutant was archaellated and had archaellins with a 2-sugar glycan, as confirmed by mass spectroscopy of purified archaella, indicating a role for MMP0357 in biosynthesis of the third sugar (ManNAc3NAmA6Thr).M. maripaludismmp0350,mmp0351,mmp0352,mmp0353, andmmp0357are proposed to be functionally equivalent toPseudomonas aeruginosawbpABEDI, involved in converting UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-d-mannuronic acid, an O5-specific antigen sugar. Cross-domain complementation of the final step of theP. aeruginosapathway withmmp0357supports this hypothesis.IMPORTANCEThis work identifies a series of genes in adjacent operons that are shown to encode the enzymes that complete the entire pathway for generation of the second and third sugars of the N-linked tetrasaccharide that modifies archaellins ofMethanococcus maripaludis. This posttranslational modification of archaellins is important, as it is necessary for archaellum assembly. Pilins are modified with a different N-glycan consisting of the archaellin tetrasaccharide but with an additional hexose attached to the linking sugar. Mass spectrometry analysis of the pili of one mutant strain provided insight into how this different glycan might ultimately be assembled. This study includes a rare example of an archaeal gene functionally replacing a bacterial gene in a complex sugar biosynthesis pathway.
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Lothier, Jérémy, Bertrand Lasseur, Marie-Pascale Prud'homme, and Annette Morvan-Bertrand. "Hexokinase-dependent sugar signaling represses fructan exohydrolase activity in Lolium perenne." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 12 (2010): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10086.
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Defoliation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by grazing animals leads to fructan mobilisation via an increase of fructan exohydrolase (FEH) activity. To highlight the regulation of fructan metabolism in perennial ryegrass, the role of sugars as signalling molecules for regulation of FEH activity after defoliation was evaluated. We used an original approach in planta by spraying stubble of defoliated plants (sugar starved plants) during 24 h with metabolisable sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose) and sugar analogues (3-O-methylglucose, mannose, lactulose, turanose, palatinose). Metabolisable sugar (glucose, fructose, sucrose) supply following defoliation led to the repression of FEH activity increase. The supply of mannose, which is phosphorylated by hexokinase but not further metabolisable, led to the same repressive effect, whereas 3-O-methylglucose, which is not a substrate for hexokinase, had no effect. These results indicate that hexoses could be sensed by hexokinase, triggering a chain of events leading to the repression of FEH activity. By contrast, it was not possible to determine the role of sucrose as a signal since the supply of sucrose analogues (lactulose, turanose and palatinose) enhanced internal hexose content.
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Li, Yaxin, Huan Liu, Xuehui Yao, Jiang Wang, Sheng Feng, Lulu Sun, Si Ma, Kang Xu, Li-Qing Chen, and Xiaolei Sui. "Hexose transporter CsSWEET7a in cucumber mediates phloem unloading in companion cells for fruit development." Plant Physiology 186, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 640–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab046.
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Abstract In the fleshy fruit of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.), the phloem flow is unloaded via an apoplasmic pathway, which requires protein carriers to export sugars derived from stachyose and raffinose into the apoplasm. However, transporter(s) involved in this process remain unidentified. Here, we report that a hexose transporter, CsSWEET7a (Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporter 7a), was highly expressed in cucumber sink tissues and localized to the plasma membrane in companion cells of the phloem. Its expression level increased gradually during fruit development. Down-regulation of CsSWEET7a by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in smaller fruit size along with reduced soluble sugar levels and reduced allocation of 14C-labelled carbon to sink tissues. CsSWEET7a overexpression lines showed an opposite phenotype. Interestingly, genes encoding alkaline α-galactosidase (AGA) and sucrose synthase (SUS) were also differentially regulated in CsSWEET7a transgenic lines. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that CsAGA2 co-localized with CsSWEET7a in companion cells, indicating cooperation between AGA and CsSWEET7a in fruit phloem unloading. Our findings indicated that CsSWEET7a is involved in sugar phloem unloading in cucumber fruit by removing hexoses from companion cells to the apoplasmic space to stimulate the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) metabolism so that additional sugars can be unloaded to promote fruit growth. This study also provides a possible avenue towards improving fruit production in cucumber.
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Schmidt, Stefan, Hans-Georg Joost, and Annette Schürmann. "GLUT8, the enigmatic intracellular hexose transporter." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 296, no. 4 (April 2009): E614—E618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.91019.2008.
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GLUT8 is a class III sugar transporter predominantly expressed in testis and brain. In contrast to the class I and class II transporters, hydrophobicity plots predict a short extracellular loop between transmembrane domain (TM)1 and TM2 and a long extracellular loop between TM9 and TM10 that contains the only N-glycosylation site. In vitro translated GLUT8 migrates as a 35-kDa protein that is glycosylated in the presence of microsomal membranes. In heterologous expression systems, glucose transport activity ( Km of 2 mM) was inhibited by fructose and galactose. The transporter carries an NH2-terminal endosomal/lysosomal targeting motif ([DE]XXXL[LI]). Accordingly, constitutive GLUT8 has been found to be associated with endosomes and lysosomes but also with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. A similar distribution was detected after overexpression of wild-type or tagged GLUT8 in different cell systems. In these cells, none of the conventional signals tested induced a translocation of GLUT8 to the plasma membrane. Therefore, GLUT8 appears to catalyze transport of sugars or sugar derivatives through intracellular membranes. Slc2a8 knockout mice were viable, developed normally, and showed mild alterations in brain (increased proliferation of neuronal cells in dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, hyperactivity), heart (impaired transmission of electrical wave through the atrium), and sperm cells (reduced number of motile sperm cells associated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels in sperm). The links between molecular function, cellular localization and phenotype of the knockout mouse is unclear and remains to be determined.
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Dai, Zhan Wu, Philippe Vivin, Thierry Robert, Sylvie Milin, Shao Hua Li, and Michel Génard. "Model-based analysis of sugar accumulation in response to source - sink ratio and water supply in grape (Vitis vinifera) berries." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 6 (2009): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08284.
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The dynamics of sugar (hexose) concentration in ripening grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.) were simulated with a refined mechanistic model. Changes in sugar concentration were reproduced by the sum of sugar import (S), sugar metabolism (M) and water budget (W). S and W were derived from model inputs of fresh and dry mass, and M was simulated with a relative metabolism rate describing the depletion of hexose. The relative metabolism rate was associated with the relative growth rate of dry mass with a coefficient (k) that was constant for a given cultivar under various growth conditions (temperature, water supply, and source–sink ratio) but varied with genotype. The k value was ~20% higher for cv. Merlot than for cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, indicating more imported sugars would be depleted by Merlot than Cabernet Sauvignon. The model correctly simulated the negative effect of lowered leaf-to-fruit ratio and the positive effect of water shortage on sugar concentration. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the present model was weakly sensitive to k because of sugar accumulation being predominantly controlled by S, with M relatively small (~20%) with respect to the increment of sugar concentration. Model simulation indicated that the decreasing leaf-to-fruit ratio reduced S more than M and W, causing a net decrease in sugar concentration. In contrast, the water shortage decreased S less than M and W, resulting in a net increase in sugar concentration.
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Downs, Colleen T. "Sugar Preference and Apparent Sugar Assimilation in the Red Lory." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 6 (1997): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97034.
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The red lory, Eos bornea (family Psittacidae), was tested to determine its preference for hexose sugars or sucrose. The indices of sugar preference used were (a) number of visits to feeders, (b) time spent feeding and (c) volume of solution drunk. The red lory showed no preference for a specific sugar when offered a choice of glucose, fructose and sucrose at a concentration of 0.73 mol L-1. However, when concentration of the sugars was 0.25 mol L-1, the red lory showed no significant preference by the number of visits but it showed a preference for sucrose by increasing the time spent feeding and the volume drunk. The choice made at lower concentrations may reflect preference for the sugar with the highest energy reward. Birds were fed 0.25 mol L-1 sucrose, 0.73 mol L-1 sucrose and 0.73 mol L-1 glucose in separate laboratory trials to determine the concentration of sugar in the excreta. The red lory was efficient at energy extraction, excreting less than 1% sucrose equivalent, irrespective of the initial sugar concentration of each diet.
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Díaz-Fernández, David, Gloria Muñoz-Fernández, Victoria Isabel Martín, José Luis Revuelta, and Alberto Jiménez. "Sugar transport for enhanced xylose utilization in Ashbya gossypii." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 47, no. 12 (October 9, 2020): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-020-02320-5.
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AbstractThe co-utilization of mixed (pentose/hexose) sugars constitutes a challenge for microbial fermentations. The fungus Ashbya gossypii, which is currently exploited for the industrial production of riboflavin, has been presented as an efficient biocatalyst for the production of biolipids using xylose-rich substrates. However, the utilization of xylose in A. gossypii is hindered by hexose sugars. Three A. gossypii homologs (AFL204C, AFL205C and AFL207C) of the yeast HXT genes that code for hexose transporters have been identified and characterized by gene-targeting approaches. Significant differences in the expression profile of the HXT homologs were found in response to different concentrations of sugars. More importantly, an amino acid replacement (N355V) in AFL205Cp, introduced by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic edition, notably enhanced the utilization of xylose in the presence of glucose. Hence, the introduction of the afl205c-N355V allele in engineered strains of A. gossypii will further benefit the utilization of mixed sugars in this fungus.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hexose sugar"
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Bresciani, Stefano. "Stereospecific dehydroxyfluorination and the synthesis of trifluoro D-hexose sugar analogues." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1878.
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This thesis describes stereospecific fluorination reactions, and addresses the synthesis of fluorosugars. In Chapter 1, the influence of fluorine on the physical properties of organic molecules, as well as its stereoelectronic effects, are introduced. Furthermore, an overview of nucleophilic and electrophilic fluorination reactions is given. Chapter 2 describes the dehydroxyfluorination of allylic alcohol diastereoisomers 155a and 155b, which can proceed either by direct or allylic fluorination. The regio- and stereo- selectivities were also assessed. Chapter 3 outlines the synthesis of the novel trifluoro D-glucose analogue 193 and trifluoro D-altrose analogue 216. The transport of these hexose analogues across the red blood cell membranes was then explored, to investigate the influence of polarity versus hydrogen bonding ability in carbohydrate-protein interactions. Chapter 4 describes the development and optimisation of Bio’s methodology, to promote stereospecific dehydroxyfluorination of benzylic alcohols (R)-213 and (R)-227 by addition of TMS-amine additives 226 and 229. And finally Chapter 5 reports the experimental procedures as well as the characterisation and the crystallographic data of the molecules prepared in this thesis.
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Saxton, Valerie Patricia. "Influence of ripening grape compounds on behavioural responses of birds." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, 2004. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20061207.121738/.
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Vineyards in New Zealand suffer bird damage caused by several avian species, including blackbirds and silvereyes. The introduced European Blackbird takes whole grapes which reduces yield. The self-introduced Australasian Silvereye pecks on grapes, leaving them on the vine to be further attacked by fungi and bacteria, and the subsequent off-odours can cause grapes to be refused by the winery or to suffer a price-reduction. Bird control methods remain primitive and largely ineffective during the long ripening period of wine grapes. An ecologically sound method to manage and reduce bird pressure requires deeper understanding of why some birds eat grapes, especially since grapes are not particularly nutritious.
This work investigated the extent to which blackbirds and silvereyes are attracted by various compounds in ripening grapes. Since in natural grapes these compounds develop and change simultaneously, I developed an artificial grape in which a single parameter could be investigated. Artificial grapes (and sometimes nectar) were presented on a bird feeder table and the responses of birds to hexose sugars, the aromas 2-3-isobutylmethoxypyrazine and geraniol, tartaric and malic acids, grape tannins, and purple and green colour were recorded on timelapse video and analysed.
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Saxton, V. P. "Influence of ripening grape compounds on behavioural responses of birds." Diss., Lincoln University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/28.
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Vineyards in New Zealand suffer bird damage caused by several avian species, including blackbirds and silvereyes. The introduced European Blackbird takes whole grapes which reduces yield. The self-introduced Australasian Silvereye pecks on grapes, leaving them on the vine to be further attacked by fungi and bacteria, and the subsequent off-odours can cause grapes to be refused by the winery or to suffer a price-reduction. Bird control methods remain primitive and largely ineffective during the long ripening period of wine grapes. An ecologically sound method to manage and reduce bird pressure requires deeper understanding of why some birds eat grapes, especially since grapes are not particularly nutritious. This work investigated the extent to which blackbirds and silvereyes are attracted by various compounds in ripening grapes. Since in natural grapes these compounds develop and change simultaneously, I developed an artificial grape in which a single parameter could be investigated. Artificial grapes (and sometimes nectar) were presented on a bird feeder table and the responses of birds to hexose sugars, the aromas 2-3-isobutylmethoxypyrazine and geraniol, tartaric and malic acids, grape tannins, and purple and green colour were recorded on timelapse video and analysed.
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Yoshida, Hiroshi. "Fungal response to plant sugars: nutrition, metabolic state changes, and differentiation switching." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242714.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第21837号
農博第2350号
新制||農||1069(附属図書館)
学位論文||H31||N5209(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 田中 千尋, 教授 本田 与一, 准教授 刑部 正博
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Book chapters on the topic "Hexose sugar"
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Belhomme, Marie-Charlotte, Stéphanie Castex, and Arnaud Haudrechy. "Sugars: Intramolecular Dehydration of Hexoses." In Handbook of Molecular Gastronomy, 563–68. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429168703-86.
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Levin, R. J. "Dietary Carbohydrate and the Kinetics of Intestinal Functions in Relation to Hexose Absorption." In Dietary Starches and Sugars in Man: A Comparison, 89–117. London: Springer London, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1701-8_5.
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Priyanka, Miss, Dileep Kumar, Uma Shankar, Anurag Yadav, and Kusum Yadav. "Agricultural Waste Management for Bioethanol Production." In Biotechnology, 492–524. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8903-7.ch019.
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This chapter contends that bioethanol has received the most attention over other fuels due to less emission of greenhouse gases and production from renewable sources. It is mainly produced from sugar containing feedstocks. Since feedstocks are utilized as food for humans, its consumption in bioethanol production creates a food crisis for the entire world. Bioethanol derived from agriculture waste, which is most abundant at global level, is the best option. Agriculture wastes contain lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses which creates hindrances during conversion to ethanol. Pretreatment of agriculture wastes remove lignin, hemicelluloses and then enzymatically hydrolyzed into sugars. Both pentose and hexose sugars are fermented to bioethanol. There are still various problems for developing an economically feasible technology but a major one is the resistance to degradation of the agricultural material. Use of two or more pretreatment methods for delignification and the use of genetically modified agricultural biomass can be developed for economically feasible ethanol production.
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Priyanka, Miss, Dileep Kumar, Uma Shankar, Anurag Yadav, and Kusum Yadav. "Agricultural Waste Management for Bioethanol Production." In Handbook of Research on Microbial Tools for Environmental Waste Management, 1–33. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3540-9.ch001.
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This chapter contends that bioethanol has received the most attention over other fuels due to less emission of greenhouse gases and production from renewable sources. It is mainly produced from sugar containing feedstocks. Since feedstocks are utilized as food for humans, its consumption in bioethanol production creates a food crisis for the entire world. Bioethanol derived from agriculture waste, which is most abundant at global level, is the best option. Agriculture wastes contain lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses which creates hindrances during conversion to ethanol. Pretreatment of agriculture wastes remove lignin, hemicelluloses and then enzymatically hydrolyzed into sugars. Both pentose and hexose sugars are fermented to bioethanol. There are still various problems for developing an economically feasible technology but a major one is the resistance to degradation of the agricultural material. Use of two or more pretreatment methods for delignification and the use of genetically modified agricultural biomass can be developed for economically feasible ethanol production.
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Maitra, Sayantan, and Dibyendu Dutta. "Downregulation of hexose sugar metabolism in diabetes decreases the rate of wound healing." In Wound Healing, Tissue Repair, and Regeneration in Diabetes, 259–70. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816413-6.00013-7.
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Harrison, Roger G., Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge, and Demetri P. Petrides. "Introduction to Bioproducts and Bioseparations." In Bioseparations Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391817.003.0004.
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Bioproducts—chemical substances or combinations of chemical substances that are made by living things—range from methanol to whole cells. They are derived by extraction from whole plants and animals or by synthesis in bioreactors containing cells or enzymes. Bioproducts are sold for their chemical activity: methanol for solvent activity, ethanol for its neurological activity or as a fuel, penicillin for its antibacterial activity, taxol for its anticancer activity, streptokinase (an enzyme) for its blood clot dissolving activity, hexose isomerase for its sugar-converting activity, and whole Bacillus thuringiensis cells for their insecticide activity, to name a few very different examples. The wide variety represented by this tiny list makes it clear that bioseparations must encompass a correspondingly wide variety of methods. The choice of separation method depends on the nature of the product, remembering that purity, yield, and activity are the goals, and the most important of these is activity. This first chapter therefore reviews the chemical properties of bioproducts with themes and examples chosen to heighten awareness of those properties that must be recognized in the selection of downstream processes that result in acceptably high final purity while preserving activity. The final part of this chapter is an introduction to the field of bioseparations, which includes a discussion of the stages of downstream processing, the basic principles of engineering analysis as applied to bioseparations, and the various factors involved in developing a bioproduct for the marketplace. The pharmaceutical, agrichemical, and biotechnology bioproduct industries account for many billion dollars in annual sales—neglecting, of course, commodity foods and beverages. By “bioproduct” we mean chemical substances that are produced in or by a biological process, either in vivo or ex vivo (inside or outside a living organism). Figure 1.1 indicates a clear inverse relationship between bioproduct market size and cost. Owing to intense competition, cost, price, and value are very closely related, except in the case of completely new products that are thoroughly protected by patents, difficult to copy, and of added value to the end user.
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"Metabolism of Hexoses." In Dietary Sugars and Health, 174–85. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17849-15.
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