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1
Aldous, D. J. Probability approximations via the Poisson clumping heuristic. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
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2
Kindl, Mark R. A stochastic approach to the weighted-region problem: 1. the design of the path annealing algorithm. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1991.
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3
Gigerenzer, Gerd. Simple heuristics that make us smart. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
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Casas, Arturo. Procesos da historiografía literaria galega Para un debate crítico. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-530-8.
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Galician literary historiography shows links and ruptures that refer to the cultural history of Galicia itself and to the sequence of historical events that have delineated the social, economic and political development of the country since the nineteenth century. These coordinates comprise a series of processes, including the elaboration and propagation of ideologies aimed at achieving a way out of political subalternity and oriented towards the horizon of national emancipation. Those events and these processes also marked the connection of Galicia with modernity and the dynamics of historical change. As a result of the above, this book analyses critically the institutionalization processes of the history of Galician literature – with special emphasis on historiographic models such as that of Said Armesto, Carvalho Calero, Méndez Ferrín and others – and indicates the need to undertake a productive methodological innovation of the discipline in heuristic, organic and discursive terms. It further argues that this update should pay attention to substantive theoretical debates, not exclusively of specific cultural coordinates, such as Galician ones or any others that could be considered. Among these, the cooperation between history and sociology, the intellection of literary facts as historical facts, the review of the link between literary history and nation, the public uses of literary history, and the inquiry of discursive choices that promote a less self-indulgent and predictable historiography. This essentially involved a challenge, that of permanent dialogue with some of the most powerful critical reinterpretations of the Galician historiographic tradition and with alternative models constituted from feminist thought, postcolonial theories, the sociology of the literary field or the systemic theories of culture, as well as with the contributions made from a post-national understanding of the literary phenomenon.
5
Aldous, David. Probability Approximations via the Poisson Clumping Heuristic. Springer New York, 2010.
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Aldous, David. Probability Approximations Via the Poisson Clumping Heuristic. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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7
Evans, John Lebron. A heuristic procedure to evaluate investment decisions for flexible process equipment for electronic assembly: A dissertation. 1991.
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8
Kindt, Sara, Liesbet Goubert, Maarten Vansteenkiste, and Tine Vervoort. Chronic Pain and Interpersonal Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0007.
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This chapter argues that one particular type of a caregiver’s behavioral response to pain cannot, in and of itself, be considered adaptive or maladaptive. It contends that to understand the complexity of the interaction between caregivers and pain sufferers, a goal or need-based framework may be useful. Self-Determination theory (SDT) is presented as a heuristic framework that identifies three basic psychological needs as essential for successful adaption. Whether behavioral responses are supportive and helpful depends upon the extent to which these responses support the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness of the sufferer. Drawing on an affective-motivational account on interpersonal dynamics in the context of pain, the chapter highlights how observer attunement toward sufferers’ needs may depend upon the regulation of various goals for caregiving, including self-oriented versus other-oriented goals and associated emotions.
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Gerken, Mikkel. The Psychology of Knowledge Ascriptions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 surveys some empirical psychology and outlines some folk epistemological principles. By considering the heuristic and biases tradition, it is argued that ordinary knowledge ascriptions are standardly driven by heuristic processes and, therefore, associated with biases. This idea is integrated with a dual process framework for mental state ascriptions. On this basis, some of the central heuristic principles that govern intuitive judgments about knowledge ascriptions are articulated, and some of the biases associated with these principles are identified. The result is an account of an epistemic focal bias in intuitive judgments about knowledge ascription. Thus, Chapter 5 provides both a survey of relevant psychology and a development of the folk psychological principles governing knowledge ascriptions.
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Handbook of Research on Applied Optimization Methodologies in Manufacturing Systems. IGI Global, 2017.
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11
Braman, Eileen. Cognition in the Courts. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.31.
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This chapter critically evaluates how experiments are used to study cognitive processes involved in legal reasoning. Looking at research on legal presumptions, heuristic processing, and various types of bias in judicial decision-making, the analysis considers how experiments with judges, lay participants, and other legally trained populations have contributed to our understanding of the psychological processes involved in fact-finding and legal decision-making. It explores how behavioral economics, dual process models, cultural cognition, and motivated reasoning frameworks have been used to inform experimental research. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what findings add to our normative understanding of issues like accuracy and neutrality in decision-making and a call to better integrate knowledge gained through experimental methods across disciplinary boundaries.
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Guerra Hernandez, Hector. Estudos africanos: abordagens e possibilidades heurísticas de uma área em construção interdisciplinar. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-990565-1-2.
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Scholars presently engaged in African History have to face obstacles inherent to the constraints which involve academic production and its regimens of truth. It is in the circle of academic debates that one may grasp the lack of epistemic autonomy not only in defining our own historical questions, but also our heuristic models and approaches. Being able to call into question such regimens of truth which sustain the production of knowledge about the African continent is contingent on the critical reframing of epistemic vantage points, in spite of the recognition that that the very conceptual frameworks and categorization systems remain embedded in Western epistemology. Critically grasping this fact represents a challenge of daunting proportions. Therefore, to make historical sense of African societies' constitutive processes it is imperative to provincialize the political historicism which insists in placing the State as a definitive, rational and consolidated form of political organization. The analytical gaze deployed in this book intends to set out of the inverse perspective by focusing upon processes of social mobility, associativism and conflict management as constitutive elements of these societies. It is posited that it is possible to approach these processes out of the usual paradigms of modern states - either colonial or contemporary - in order to build heuristic perspectives conducive to the uplifting of social agency and autonomy of African historical processes.
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Mandolini, Ricardo. Musical Heuristics: Contributions to the Understanding of Musical Creative Processes. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195394733.013.0019.
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Ko, Chun-Ho. Evaluation of scheduling heuristics for non-identical parallel processors. 1994.
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15
Rüpke, Jörg. Individualization and Privatization. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.47.
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This chapter discusses the concepts of individualization and privatization as heuristic rather than explanatory tools for an analysis of contemporary and past religion. It takes Thomas Luckmann’s concept of invisible religion as its point of departure and locates ‘privatization’ within the history of sociological theories in the 1960s. ‘Individualization’ is analyzed as a part of sociological rather than historical theorizing about overarching social processes that were thought to be a defining part of ‘modernity.’ A critique of such views as part of auto-stereotypes of Western concepts of modernity and superiority leads to the suggestion to take up the potential of ‘individualization’ for comparative and historical analyses also for premodern and non-Western societies. It is suggested to distinguish different, and even contradictory, types of individuality. Finally, the problem of the paradoxical coupling of processes of individualization and de-individualization is discussed.
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de Jong, Albert. The Disintegration and Death of Religions. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.53.
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This chapter attempts to design lines of thought that will enable scholars to establish and explain the phenomenon of ‘religion death.’ This requires some academic courage: in order to explain disappearance, presence needs to be established first. And establishing presence requires the resurrection of the notion of distinctiveness for concrete religious traditions. Once this heuristic step has been taken, it becomes possible to outline patterns of attrition, code-switching, and extinction. Two extreme cases form the book-ends of these processes: genocide on the one hand and mass conversion on the other. In between is a richly varied range of options in which outside forces and internal developments can be seen at work in continuing processes of change and adaptation that may lead to the disappearance of a particular religion. The chapter concludes with brief reflections on the responsibilities of scholars who work with religious communities that are rapidly disappearing.
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Verschaffel, Lieven, Fien Depaepe, and Wim Van Dooren. Individual Differences in Word Problem Solving. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.040.
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There is currently a rather broad consensus that the competencies that are required to solve word problems involve: (a) a well-organized and flexibly accessible knowledge base involving the relevant factual, conceptual, and procedural knowledge that is relevant for solving word problems; (b) heuristic methods, i.e. search strategies for problem analysis and transformation which increase the probability of finding a solution; (c) metacognition, involving both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive skills; (d) positive task-related affects, involving positive beliefs, attitudes, and emotions; and (e) meta-affect, involving knowledge about one’s affects and skills for regulating one’s affective processes. The present chapter reviews and discusses research that provides a view on how individual differences in performance on word problems can be related to each of these components.
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Cicchetti, Dante, and Fred A. Rogosch. A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Substance Use. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0002.
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In this chapter, a developmental psychopathology conceptualization of child maltreatment is presented as an overarching heuristic with relevance for understanding the development of alcohol and substance use and abuse. This chapter also provides illustrations from research on how child maltreatment contributes to problem substance use in adolescence. Child maltreatment represents an extreme failure of the caregiving environment to provide many of the expectable experiences necessary to facilitate normal developmental processes. Maltreatment ushers in a probabilistic epigenesis for children characterized by an increased likelihood of failure and disruption in the successful resolution of major developmental tasks. These repeated disruptions lead to compromised developmental organizations of diverse developmental systems that increase the probability of the emergence of maladaptation, psychopathology, and substance abuse as negative transactions between the child and the environment ensue. Person-centered personality organizations and genetic moderation of maltreatment risk on substance use outcomes are also highlighted.
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Herman, David. Coda: Toward a Bionarratology; or, Storytelling at Species Scale. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850401.003.0009.
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The coda to the book puts forward the hypothesis that narrative, even though it is grounded in and optimally calibrated for meso-level, human-scale phenomena, furnishes routes of access to emergent structures and processes extending beyond the size limits of the lifeworld, including species transformations at the macro level of phylogenetic history. In this way, the coda suggests how the study of what can be called storytelling at species scale constitutes an important aspect of narratology beyond the human. Focusing on the heuristic potentials of “multiscale narration” across a range of fictional and nonfictional examples, the chapter explores how narrative provides structural affordances that can be used to trace out pathways between, on the one hand, localized environments in which temporally and spatially bounded events involving particular animals or groups of animals take place, and, on the other hand, more or less massively distributed transformations at species scale.
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Karoly, Paul. A Goal-Centered, Self-Regulatory Model of Motivation and Its Relevance for Advancing the Study of Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0001.
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This chapter presents an account of goal constructs and of self-regulatory processes as critical mediators and/or moderators of chronic pain’s effects on diverse aspects of human performance and adjustment. The joint influence of goal cognition and the assorted mechanisms of self-regulation provides a unique platform for adaptive failure or vulnerability when operating at low levels of effectiveness and efficiency, and for adaptive resilience when functioning at its peak. Organized around a motivational model dubbed the Goal-Centered, Self-Regulatory, Automated, Social Systems Psychology (GRASSP) perspective, the chapter considers the nature, functioning, and measurement of goals and a variety of potentially supportive regulatory mechanisms. Illustrating the explanatory and heuristic potency of a motivational framework, the chapter addresses both the deleterious effects of persistent pain on goal-related thinking and striving and the facilitative role of effective goal-based self-regulation in maintaining day-to-day performance and well-being in the face of chronic pain.
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Karoly, Paul. Chronic Pain and Psychopathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0010.
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This chapter presents a motivational model designed to forge conceptual and empirical links among chronic pain perception, cognitive-affective pain processing, everyday task performance, and the emergence of psychopathology. Organized around the GRASSP perspective (introduced in chapter 1), the current chapter first addresses the nature of multi-leveled (top-down and bottom-up) regulatory/control systems and the hypothesized motivational mechanisms around which such systems are organized. Based on the twin premises that (a) dysfunctions of the goal-guided, self-regulatory system underlie most forms of psychopathology, and (b) chronic pain can disrupt goal- and self-regulatory system functioning, the chapter seeks to locate chronic pain and two prominent forms of psychological disturbance—depression and anxiety—within a broad, heuristic “motivational context.” Among the key explanatory building blocks of the hypothesized model are goal episodes, extended goal striving processes, and four moderation pathways hypothesized to connect pain-related disruptions of self-regulation to the eventual emergence of depression and/or anxiety.
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Gender and Ethnicity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0042.
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Gender and ethnicity have played large roles throughout the history of able-bodied sport and in disability sport they are important considerations for understanding engagement in sport and exercise. This chapter discusses the interactions among gender, disability, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sexuality, and other myriad factors. For heuristic and empirical purposes sport-related gender and ethnic issues are discussed separately from exercise-related issues. One example of gender and ethnic discriminatory attitudes and how one athlete and her support team overcame them is presented through the case of a Malaysian powerlifting Paralympian. In terms of exercise, women with disabilities often feel vulnerable because of their disability so exercise behavior is curtailed. Muslim women sometimes have to reschedule exercise and sport from daylight to nighttime in order to reduce how much they are observed being active. At the same time, acculturation processes in the United States may override religious influences for some Arab Americans.
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Héritier, Adrienne. Fritz W. Scharpf, “The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration”. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.32.
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This chapter examines the joint decision trap (JDT), a decision-making mechanism developed in 1988 by Fritz Scharpf to show the link between higher level government’s decisions and the unanimous or consensus agreement of lower level governments. JDT explains how the interlinking of decision-making processes translates to suboptimal policy outcomes because higher level decisions can be blocked by each lower level actor. The chapter discusses how the concept and theory of JDT offer important insights into the dynamic of European decision-making, but by no means all of its aspects. It considers the definition of JDT and its important contribution to theoretical and empirical and research on European decision-making. It then evaluates some of the arguments against JDT and the limits of its explanatory power, as well as Scharpf’s alternative to the theoretical debate between (liberal) intergovernmentalism and neofunctionalism. The chapter concludes by assessing the continuing heuristic value of JDT.
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Cowan, Douglas E. New Religious Movements. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0008.
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New religious movements (NRMs), which are often popularly and pejoratively labeled “cults,” frequently become the sites for a multitude of conflicting emotions; they are cultural lightning rods as much for anger, shame, and guilt as for joy, excitement, and a sense of release and relief. Throughout NRM narratives, however, whether primary sources or secondary, whether affirmative accounts of one's affiliation and conversion or post-affiliation critiques of the group in question, two principal affective aspects emerge: emotional fulfillment and emotional abuse. As a heuristic framework to consider these more specific aspects of emotion in NRMs, this article uses the trajectory of participation suggested by David Bromley's affiliation-disaffiliation model. In particular, it examines the roles played by emotion and affect in the recruitment processes of different groups, focusing on affective enticement, affective coercion, and affective bonding. It also explores the link between affect and religious practices, the confirmation of religious beliefs, disaffiliation, and post-affiliation.
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Lee, Juneseok, and Jonathan Keck, eds. Embracing Analytics in the Drinking Water Industry. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062380.
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Abstract Analytics can support numerous aspects of water industry planning, management, and operations. Given this wide range of touchpoints and applications, it is becoming increasingly imperative that the championship and capability of broad-based analytics needs to be developed and practically integrated to address the current and transitional challenges facing the drinking water industry. Analytics will contribute substantially to future efforts to provide innovative solutions that make the water industry more sustainable and resilient. The purpose of this book is to introduce analytics to practicing water engineers so they can deploy the covered subjects, approaches, and detailed techniques in their daily operations, management, and decision-making processes. Also, undergraduate students as well as early graduate students who are in the water concentrations will be exposed to established analytical techniques, along with many methods that are currently considered to be new or emerging/maturing. This book covers a broad spectrum of water industry analytics topics in an easy-to-follow manner. The overall background and contexts are motivated by (and directly drawn from) actual water utility projects that the authors have worked on numerous recent years. The authors strongly believe that the water industry should embrace and integrate data-driven fundamentals and methods into their daily operations and decision-making process(es) to replace established “rule-of-thumb” and weak heuristic approaches – and an analytics viewpoint, approach, and culture is key to this industry transformation. ISBN: 9781789062373 (paperback) ISBN: 9781789062380 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789062397 (ePub)
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Jue, Melody, and Rafico Ruiz, eds. Saturation. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478013044.
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Bringing together media studies and environmental humanities, the contributors to Saturation develop saturation as a heuristic to analyze phenomena in which the elements involved are difficult or impossible to separate. In ordinary language, saturation describes the condition of being thoroughly soaked, while in chemistry it is the threshold at which something can be maximally dissolved or absorbed in a solution. Contributors to this collection expand notions of saturation beyond water to consider saturation in sound, infrastructure, media, Big Data, capitalism, and visual culture. Essays include analyses of the thresholds of HIV detectability in bloodwork, militarism's saturation of oceans, and the deleterious effects of the saturation of cellphone and wi-fi signals into the human body. By channeling saturation to explore the relationship between media, the environment, technology, capital, and the legacies of settler colonialism, Saturation illuminates how elements, the natural world, and anthropogenic infrastructures, politics, and processes exist in and through each other. Contributors. Marija Cetinić, Jeff Diamanti, Bishnupriya Ghosh, Lisa Yin Han, Stefan Helmreich, Mél Hogan, Melody Jue, Rahul Mukherjee, Max Ritts, Rafico Ruiz, Bhaskar Sarkar, John Shiga, Avery Slater, Janet Walker, Joanna Zylinska
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Godsey, William D., and Petr Maťa, eds. The Habsburg Monarchy as a Fiscal-Military State. British Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267349.001.0001.
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This volume offers a fresh interpretative agenda for thinking about the Vienna-based Habsburg Monarchy’s development, coherence, functionality, and domestic legitimacy under the impact of enduring international rivalry and armed conflict across a period spanning nearly two centuries, from the Thirty Years War to the Napoleonic wars. It does so in a wider European comparative perspective and by engaging closely with the concept of the ‘fiscal-military state’, rendering it both greater depth and precision and elaborating heuristic potential. This volume firmly returns the maintenance of a permanent standing army to the centre of the Habsburg government’s concerns between 1648 and 1815. In an exemplary way, it spotlights a broad range of structures, practices, and actors on both the financial and military sides that sustained the Habsburg fiscal-military state over time. These include the General War Commissariat, foreign subsidies and other external support, the provincial Estates and diets, taxation and borrowing, recruitment and the enrolment of officers, supply and provisioning as well as individual noble families, brokers, and contractors. In also applying the idea of ‘composite monarchy’ to the Habsburg polity, the volume additionally calls attention to both symmetries and asymmetries in the processes of state formation that occurred under the impact of fiscal-military exigency. Consolidation was accompanied by the emergence of new forms of particularism.
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Shabaev, Yu P. Regionalism and Ethnicity in Russia: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Political Practices. FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/89606-023.
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The monograph is devoted to the analysis of Russian regionalism. Various forms of regionalism are considered and it is shown that the formation and expansion of the Russian state inevitably strengthened the regionalist and proto-federal forms of organizing the government of the country and interaction between the central government and individual regions. Moreover, an analysis of the early forms of regionalization, and especially the forms of management of ethnic territories, shows that the "imperial discourse", with the help of which many researchers try to explain the features of the economic, social and cultural development of the country in the imperial, Soviet and post-Soviet periods of its history, has limited heuristic capabilities. The authors argue that in the history of Russia, regionalization and centralization were not mutually exclusive directions of development, but complementary. The processes of regionalization peaked in the 1990s, after which, instead of a loose treaty federation, a solid constitutional federation began to form, which was facilitated by the strengthening of the centralization of power. Nevertheless, the obvious need to strengthen the role of the regions leads to the fact that in recent years there has been an active search for a new model of regional policy of the federal authorities and a new nature of interaction between the Center and the regions. The ethnic factor still plays a significant role in this process. The main attention in the work is paid to the consideration of the ideology and political practices associated with regionalism, the inextricable connection of Russian regionalism with ethnicity is shown. Considerable space is devoted to the characteristics of the origins and political evolution of regionalist ideas in Russia, as well as to the analysis of the peculiarities of Soviet and post-Soviet regionalism. The necessity of improving the regional policy of the federal authorities is substantiated.
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Harvey, Allison G., Edward Watkins, Warren Mansell, and Roz Shafran. Reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198528883.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 discusses reasoning. This includes the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, self-report paradigms, cognitive-experimental paradigms, attributions, expectancies and heuristics, covariation and illusory correlation, and the evidence for the presence of these reasoning processes across psychological disorders (anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance-related disorders).
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May, Joshua. Defending Moral Judgment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811572.003.0004.
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Wide-ranging debunking arguments aim to support moral skepticism based on empirical evidence (particularly of evolutionary pressures, framing effects, automatic emotional heuristics, and incidental emotions). But such arguments are subject to a debunker’s dilemma: they can identify an influence on moral belief that is either substantial or defective, but not both. When one identifies a genuinely defective influence on a large class of moral beliefs (e.g. framing effects), this influence is insubstantial, failing to render the beliefs unjustified. When one identifies a main basis for belief (e.g. automatic heuristics), the influence is not roundly defective. There is ultimately a trade-off for sweeping debunking arguments in ethics: identifying a substantial influence on moral belief implicates a process that is not genuinely defective. We thus lack empirical reason to believe that moral judgment is fundamentally flawed. Our dual process minds can yield justified moral beliefs despite automatically valuing more than an action’s consequences.
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Vogel, Jason, David N. Cherney, and Elizabeth A. Lowham. The Policy Sciences as a Transdisciplinary Approach for Policy Studies. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.29.
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The policy sciences tradition is a comprehensive transdisciplinary approach to develop insight into real-world decision-making, resolve problems, and improve policy outcomes. The policy sciences draw freely from the methods of many conventional disciplines, as well as offer a framework to integrate the insights from those disciplines into a more holistic understanding of any policy process. This unique approach to policy analysis uses a set of interdisciplinary frameworks and propositions as a heuristic device or “mental model” that provides a transdisciplinary instrument for integrating the insights of policy scholarship, social research, and practical experience across disciplines and substantive specialties. This facilitates the integration of knowledge and practice to improve problem solving and policy analysis by calling attention to the potentially relevant parts of any problem, decision process, or social context. This chapter reviews the history and development of the policy sciences and provides an overview of some key frameworks and propositions.
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Puranam, Phanish. Division of labor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672363.003.0003.
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Division of labor involves task division and task allocation. An extremely important consequence of task division and allocation is the creation of interdependence between agents. In fact, division of labor can be seen as a process that converts interdependence between tasks into interdependence between agents. While there are many ways in which the task structure can be chunked and divided among agents, two important heuristic approaches involve division of labor by activity vs. object. I show that a choice between these two forms of division of labor only arises when the task structure is non-decomposable, but the product itself is decomposable. When the choice arises, a key criterion for selection between activity vs. object-based division of labor is the gain from specialization relative to the gain from customization.
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Yeske, Dave, and Elissa Buie. Psychological Aspects of Financial Planning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0015.
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This chapter discusses personal financial planning, which is an interdisciplinary practice that employs a six-step process to develop integrated strategies for individuals and families to efficiently mobilize their human and financial capital to achieve their life goals. Financial planning draws from various disciplines, including counseling, psychology, finance, economics, and law. It includes budgeting and cash flow planning, risk management, insurance planning, investment planning, retirement and employee benefits planning, tax planning, and estate planning. The strategic process whereby financial planners develop integrated strategies that draw from all these fields in pursuit of client goals is the profession’s unique domain. Heuristics and mental biases to which clients may be prone overlay the entire financial planning process, however. Financial planners should understand and consider these issues when developing recommendations uniquely suited to each client, maximizing the probability that the client will embrace and implement the recommended strategies.
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Minelli, Alessandro. Evolvability and Its Evolvability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199377176.003.0007.
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No universally accepted notion of evolvability is available, focus being alternatively put onto either genetic or phenotypic change. The heuristic power of this concept is best found when considering the intricacies of the genotype→phenotype map, which is not necessarily predictable, expression of variation depending on the structure of gene networks and especially on the modularity and robustness of developmental systems. We can hardly ignore evolvability whenever studying the role of cryptic variation in evolution, the often pervious boundary between phenotypic plasticity and the expression of a genetic polymorphism, the major phenotypic leaps that the mechanisms of development can produce based on point mutations, or the morphological stasis that reveals how robust a developmental process can be in front of genetic change. Evolvability is subject itself to evolution, but it is still uncertain to what extent there is positive selection for enhanced evolvability, or for evolvability biased in a specific direction.
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Fiedler, Klaus, and Florian Kutzner. Pseudocontingencies. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.14.
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In research on causal inference and in related paradigms (conditioning, cue learning, attribution), it has been traditionally taken for granted that the statistical contingency between cause and effect drives the cognitive inference process. However, while a contingency model implies a cognitive algorithm based on joint frequencies (i.e., the cell frequencies of a 2 x 2 contingency table), recent research on pseudocontingencies (PCs) suggests a different mental algorithm that is driven by base rates (i.e., the marginal frequencies of a 2 x 2 table). When the base rates of two variables are skewed in the same way, a positive contingency is inferred. In contrast, a negative contingency is inferred when base rates are skewed in opposite directions. The chapter describes PCs as a resilient cognitive illusion, as a proxy for inferring contingencies in the absence of solid information, and as a smart heuristic that affords valid inferences most of the time.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Geostrophic Adjustment and Wave–Vortex (Non)Interaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0008.
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The fundamental process of geostrophic adjustment is treated by the method of multi-scale asymptotic expansions in Rossby number and fast-time averaging (which is explained), first in the barotropic one-layer case, and then in the baroclinic two-layer case. Together with the standard quasi-geostrophic regime of parameters, the frontal (or semi-) geostrophic regime is considered. Dynamical separation of slow and fast motions is demonstrated in both regimes. The former obey quasi-geostrophic or frontal-geostrophic equations, thus providing formal justification of the heuristic derivation of Chapter 5. Fast motions are inertia-gravity waves in quasi-geostrophic case, and inertial oscillations in the frontal-geostrophic case. Geostrophic adjustment is also considered in the presence of coastal, topographic, and equatorial wave-guides, and, again, separation of fast and slow motions is demonstrated, the latter now including long Kelvin waves in the first case, long topographic waves in the second case, and long Kelvin and Rossby waves in the third case.
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Jones, Sam, and Ricardo Santos. Updating great expectations: The effect of peer salary information on own-earnings forecasts. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/895-5.
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How jobseekers set their earnings expectations is central to job search models. To study this process, we track the evolution of own-earnings forecasts over 18 months for a representative panel of university-leavers in Mozambique and estimate the impact of a wage information intervention. We sent participants differentiated messages about the average earnings of their peers, obtained from prior survey rounds. Demonstrating the stickiness of (initially optimistic) beliefs, we find an elasticity of own-wage expectations to this news of around 7 per cent in the short term and 16 per cent over the long term, which compares to a 22 per cent elasticity in response to unanticipated actual wage offers. We further find evidence of heterogeneous updating heuristics, where factors such as the initial level of optimism, cognitive skills, perceived reliability of the information, and valence of the news shape how wage expectations are updated. We recommend institutionalizing public information about earnings.
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Böschen, Stefan, Armin Grunwald, Bettina-Johanna Krings, and Christine Rösch, eds. Technikfolgenabschätzung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748901990.
Full textAbstract:
The complexity of socio-technological challenges and the uncertainty of decisions are both increasing. Therefore, there is a need for knowledge-based and option-oriented assessment and advice. Technology assessment (TA) can offer alternative approaches to and perspectives on current decision-making processes. This handbook provides guidance in developing new answers to the problems under investigation. It pursues three objectives. Firstly, it reflects on TA by looking at developments in TA. Secondly, it serves as a compass for orientation by providing heuristics for the systematic contextualisation of TA knowledge. Thirdly and finally, it reveals the prospects for the future development of TA. With contributions by Suzana Alpsancar, Manuel Baumann, Richard Beecroft, Alexander Bogner, Stefan Böschen, Helmut Breitmeier, Andrés Checa, Kerstin Cuhls, Bert Droste-Franke, Elisabeth Ehrensperger, Torsten Fleischer, Antje Grobe, Armin Grunwald, Reinhard Grünwald, Martina Haase, Julia Hahn, Christiane Hauser, Roger Häußling, Leonhard Hennen, Nils Heyen, Regine Kollek, Kornelia Konrad, Jürgen Kopfmüller, Bettina-Johanna Krings, Miltos Ladikas, Roh Pin Lee, Annette Leßmöllmann, Peter Letmathe, Ralf Lindner, Andreas Lösch, Jacob Manderbach, Martin Meister, Linda Nierling, Maren Paegert, Oliver Parodi, Walter Peissl, Witold-Roger Poganietz, Christine Rösch, Maximilian Roßmann, Martin Sand, Jens Schippl, Jan C. Schmidt, Christoph Schneider, Jan-Felix Schrape, Ingo Schulz-Schaeffer, Sandra Schwindenhammer, Hans-Jörg Sigwart, Mahshid Sotoudeh, Magdalena Tanzer, Helge Torgesen, Peter Wehling, Christina Wulf, Petra Zapp and Silke Zimmer-Merkle.
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Ågren, J. Arvid. The Gene's-Eye View of Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862260.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
To many evolutionary biologists, the central challenge of their discipline is to explain adaptation, the appearance of design in the living world. With the theory of evolution by natural selection, Charles Darwin elegantly showed how a purely mechanistic process can achieve this striking feature of nature. Since Darwin, the way many biologists think about evolution and natural selection is as a theory about individual organisms. Over a century later, a subtle but radical shift in perspective emerged with the gene’s-eye view of evolution in which natural selection was conceptualized as a struggle between genes for replication and transmission to the next generation. This viewpoint culminated with the publication of The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins (Oxford University Press, 1976) and is now commonly referred to as selfish gene thinking. The gene’s-eye view has subsequently played a central role in evolutionary biology, although it continues to attract controversy. The central aim of this accessible book is to show how the gene’s-eye view differs from the traditional organismal account of evolution, trace its historical origins, clarify typical misunderstandings and, by using examples from contemporary experimental work, show why so many evolutionary biologists still consider it an indispensable heuristic. The book concludes by discussing how selfish gene thinking fits into ongoing debates in evolutionary biology, and what they tell us about the future of the gene’s-eye view of evolution. The Gene’s-Eye View of Evolution is suitable for graduate-level students taking courses in evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary genetics, as well as professional researchers in these fields. It will also appeal to a broader, interdisciplinary audience from the social sciences and humanities including philosophers and historians of science