Books on the topic 'Heterogeneous solution'

Computational economics is a relatively new research technique in economics, but it is inexorably taking its place alongside the more traditional methods of general theory, abstract modeling, data analysis, and the more recent experimental economics. Perhaps because of its relative newness, the term computational economics currently has no determinate meaning. In contemporary use, it refers to a heterogeneous cluster of techniques implemented on concrete digital computers ranging from the numerical solution of the Black-Scholes partial differential equation for pricing options through automated trading strategies to agent-based computer simulations of the evolution of cooperation. Because of this heterogeneity, it is not possible to provide a comprehensive coverage of the topic in this article. Another reason for this restricted scope is that many of the methods used in computational economics have considerable technical interest but no particular philosophical relevance.

This chapter describes the evolution of India’s industrial structure. Unlike industrialization carried out through large state-owned firms, or industrialization through a cadre of large private corporations, or industrialization through a network of small firms, many alternative organizational dynamics play simultaneously in the Indian system. The system consists of many private businesses that constitute the large-scale industrial sector. Policies were put in place to develop the molecular economy and to develop State-owned firms investing in large-scale units. These policies led to the emergence of important and dynamic segments making up India’s heterogeneous model of capitalism. Each has been in coexistence with the other and added variety to the economy. In the quest for economic progress, if Indian society was to be industrialized, modernized, autonomous, self-reliant, able to defend itself, and an independent center of economic power, State-directed industrialization was realized as a key solution for national development.

This monograph is a continuation of the monograph by V.V. Sadovnikov. Lateral interaction. Moscow 2006. Publishing house "Anta-Eco", 2006. ISBN 5-9730-0017-6. In this work, the foundations of the theory of heterogeneous catalysis and the theory of chemisorption are more easily formulated. The book consists of two parts, closely related to each other. These are the theoretical foundations of heterogeneous catalysis and chemisorption. In the theory of heterogeneous catalysis, an experiment is described in detail, which must be carried out in order to isolate the stages of a catalytic reaction, to find the stoichiometry of each of the stages. This experiment is based on the need to obtain the exact value of the specific surface area of the catalyst, the number of centers at which the reaction proceeds, and the output curves of each of the reaction products. The procedures for obtaining this data are described in detail. Equations are proposed and solved that allow calculating the kinetic parameters of the nonequilibrium stage and the thermodynamic parameters of the equilibrium stage. The description of the quantitative theory of chemisorption is based on the description of the motion of an atom along a crystal face. The axioms on which this mathematics should be based are formulated, the mathematical apparatus of the theory is written and the most detailed instructions on how to use it are presented. The first axiom: an atom, moving along the surface, is present only in places with minima of potential energy. The second axiom: the face of an atom is divided into cells, and the position of the atom on the surface of the face is set by one parameter: the cell number. The third axiom: the atom interacts with the surrounding material bodies only at the points of minimum potential energy. The fourth axiom: the solution of the equations is a map of the arrangement of atoms on the surface. The fifth axiom: quantitative equations are based on the concept of a statistically independent particle. The formation energies of these particles and their concentration are calculated by the developed program. The program based on these axioms allows you to simulate and calculate the interaction energies of atoms on any crystal face. The monograph is intended for students, post-graduate students and researchers studying work and working in petrochemistry and oil refining.

This article shows a range of influences and eugenics measures in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. In this comparison of the history of eugenics in these countries it is readily evident how adaptable eugenic concepts were to local political, social, and cultural contexts. Because of the importance of the Cuban concept of homiculture on the Latin American movement, this article begins with a discussion of that country. It then focuses on Puerto Rico, in which colonial and domestic modernizing eugenics interacted. Eugenics appealed to some Puerto Ricans because of the potential for reform and improvement of the island's population, through healthy reproduction. Finally, this article examines the influence of eugenics on Mexico after the triumph of a socially progressive revolution and mentions that rejecting the Cuban approach Latin Americans sought to offer alternative understandings of eugenics and solutions to eugenic problems; understandings that depicted their heterogeneous populations as able to contribute to national development.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be a very disabling and distressing problem. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to be very effective in helping people to overcome OCD. OCD is a highly heterogeneous disorder, often complicated by contextual factors, and therapists are often left wondering how to apply their knowledge of treatment to the particular problems as they face them in clinical practice. This book guides the reader through understanding the background to and principles of using CBT for OCD in a clear practical ‘how to’ style. It also elucidates the particular challenges and solutions in applying CBT for OCD using illustrative case material and guidance on formulation-driven intervention. The book also addresses commonly occurring complexities in the treatment of OCD; for example, working with comorbidity, perfectionism, shame, and family involvement in symptoms. Throughout the book, tips are provided on receiving and giving supervision to troubleshoot commonly encountered problems. This book provides a guide to improved practice for clinicians at all levels of experience.

Technocrats claim to know how to solve the social and economic problems of complex modern societies. But this would require predicting how people will act once technocrats impose their policy solutions. Power Without Knowledge argues that people’s ideas, w hich govern their deliberate actions, are too heterogeneous for their behavior to be reliably predicted. Thus, a technocracy of social-scientific experts cannot be expected to accomplish its objectives. The author also shows that a large part of contemporary mass politics, even populist mass politics, is technocratic, as members of the general public often assume that they are competent to decide which policies or politicians will be able to solve social and economic problems. How, then, do “citizen-technocrats” make these decisions? Drawing on political psychology and survey research, the author contends that people often assume that the solutions to social problems are self-evident, such that politics becomes a matter of vetting public officials for their good intentions and strong wills, not their knowledge. Turning to the more conventional meaning of technocracy, the author argues that social scientists, too, drastically oversimplify technocratic realities, but in an entirely different manner. Neoclassical economists, for example, theorize that people respond rationally to the incentives they face. This theory is simplistic, but it creates the appearance that people’s behavior is predictable. Without such oversimplifications, the author argues, technocracy would be seen by technocrats themselves to be chimerical.

The turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has been a very dynamic period of change in Poland and around the world; also a period of change in thinking about the economy and agriculture. The present work is a study of the decline, divestments and development of agriculture in the areas of fragmented farming structure. The reflections presented herein, upon the processes of the remodelling of agrarian structures, of divestments in farming, and disagrarisation, are mostly anchored in the achievements of the theory of spatial economy (land management), and the microeconomic theories of choice, including the theory of an agricultural holding (farm) and land rent theories. The work focuses on the economic issues of remodelling the agrarian structure, but due to the nature of the issues discussed herein, specifically in relation to family-owned farms, the social and environmental aspects also needed to be taken into account – in response to the need for a heterogeneous approach, which is increasingly stressed in economic sciences today. The main objective of the research was to diagnose and assess the scale and scope of the mechanisms and processes that inform the decline and growth of agricultural holdings in the areas with fragmented farming structure. The study covered the area comprising four regions (provinces) of south-eastern Poland, which – according to the FADN nomenclature – form the macro region of Małopolska and Pogórze. The study of subject literature has been enriched with an analysis of available statistics; data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN); information obtained from the Department of Programming and Reporting at the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture; and author’s own research conducted among farm owners. The information thus obtained made it possible to: • Determine the theoretical premises for the spatial diversity of agriculture, and the role of small farms in the shaping of agrarian structure. • Adapt the concept of “divestment” for the description and analysis of the phenomena occurring in agriculture. • Indicate the role and importance of the processes of divestment and disagrarisation in the restructuring of agriculture. • Assess the natural, social and economic determinants of the process of restructuring agriculture in areas with fragmented farming structure. • Assess selected aspects of economic efficiency of agriculture in areas with fragmented farming structure, with the focus on small and micro farms. • Carry out an ex ante evaluation of the impact of agricultural policy instruments on the process of restructuring of agriculture in the macro region of Małopolska and Pogórze. • Identify the indicators of decline and fall, and barriers to the liquidation of farms. • Assess the relationship between the level of socio-economic development, the structure of farming, and the quality of agricultural production space in a given territorial unit, versus the intensity of the economic and production disagrarisation processes in agricultural holdings. • Propose targeted solutions conducive to the improvement of the farming structure in areas with a high framentation of agriculture. Observation of the processes occurring in agriculture, and the scientific theories created on the basis thereof, have shown that even the smallest farms have a chance to continue in existence, provided that we are able to positively verify their adaptation to the changing conditions in the environment. Carrying out farming activity is a prerequisite for implementing the economic, social and environmental functions associated with family farms. At the same time, based on the analyses performed, we need to assume that the advanced processes of the production and economic disagrarisation of agricultural holdings are to a greater extent determined by the anatomical features of agriculture, and by the natural conditions, than by the level of socio-economic development of the given territorial unit. In the current economic climate, the remodelling of the agrarian structure is only possible with the active participation of the institutions responsible for the creation of economic growth and agricultural policy development. It is extremely important from the point of view of environmental protection, and the viability of rural areas, to support small farms engaged in agricultural activities, and to introduce such instruments that will enable the replacement of an economic collapse with divestments, carried out in a planned manner, and allowing for thus released agricultural resources to find alternative application in units with a higher development potential. The area of theoretical research requiring further exploration includes the issues such as transactional costs of the liquidation of agricultural holdings, and the assessment of the economic effectiveness of conducting divestments.