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García, Sebastián, Diego F. Larios, Julio Barbancho, Enrique Personal, Javier M. Mora-Merchán, and Carlos León. "Heterogeneous LoRa-Based Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network Multiprocessor Platform for Environmental Monitoring." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 7, 2019): 3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163446.
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The acquisition of data in protected natural environments is subordinated to actions that do not stress the life-forms present in that environment. This is why researchers face two conflicting interests: autonomous and robust systems that minimize the physical interaction with sensors once installed, and complex enough ones to capture and process higher volumes of data. On the basis of this situation, this paper analyses the current state-of-the-art of wireless multimedia sensor networks, identifying the limitations and needs of these solutions. In this sense, in order to improve the trade-off between autonomous and computational capabilities, this paper proposes a heterogeneous multiprocessor sensor platform, consisting of an ultra-low power microcontroller and a high-performance processor, which transfers control between processors as needed. This architecture allows the shutdown of idle systems and fail-safe remote reprogramming. The sensor equipment can be adapted to the needs of the project. The deployed equipment incorporates, in addition to environmental meteorological variables, a microphone input and two cameras (visible and thermal) to capture multimedia data. In addition to the hardware description, the paper provides a brief description of how long-range (LoRa) can be used for sending large messages (such as an image or a new firmware), an economic analysis of the platform, and a study on energy consumption of the platform according to different use cases.
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Stevens, James D., and Andreas Klöckner. "A mechanism for balancing accuracy and scope in cross-machine black-box GPU performance modeling." International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 34, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 589–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342020921340.
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The ability to model, analyze, and predict execution time of computations is an important building block that supports numerous efforts, such as load balancing, benchmarking, job scheduling, developer-guided performance optimization, and the automation of performance tuning for high performance, parallel applications. In today’s increasingly heterogeneous computing environment, this task must be accomplished efficiently across multiple architectures, including massively parallel coprocessors like GPUs, which are increasingly prevalent in the world’s fastest supercomputers. To address this challenge, we present an approach for constructing customizable, cross-machine performance models for GPU kernels, including a mechanism to automatically and symbolically gather performance-relevant kernel operation counts, a tool for formulating mathematical models using these counts, and a customizable parameterized collection of benchmark kernels used to calibrate models to GPUs in a black-box fashion. With this approach, we empower the user to manage trade-offs between model accuracy, evaluation speed, and generalizability. A user can define their own model and customize the calibration process, making it as simple or complex as desired, and as application-targeted or general as desired. As application examples of our approach, we demonstrate both linear and nonlinear models; these examples are designed to predict execution times for multiple variants of a particular computation: two matrix-matrix multiplication variants, four discontinuous Galerkin differentiation operation variants, and two 2D five-point finite difference stencil variants. For each variant, we present accuracy results on GPUs from multiple vendors and hardware generations. We view this highly user-customizable approach as a response to a central question arising in GPU performance modeling: how can we model GPU performance in a cost-explanatory fashion while maintaining accuracy, evaluation speed, portability, and ease of use, an attribute we believe precludes approaches requiring manual collection of kernel or hardware statistics.
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Schulte, Ingrid, Juliana Eggers, Jonas Ø. Nielsen, and Sabine Fuss. "What influences the implementation of natural climate solutions? A systematic map and review of the evidence." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 013002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4071.
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Abstract Emergingresearch points to large greenhouse gas mitigation opportunities for activities that are focused on the preservation and maintenance of ecosystems, also known as natural climate solutions (NCS). Despite large quantifications of the potential biophysical and carbon benefits of these activities, these estimates hold large uncertainties and few capture the socio-economic bounds. Furthermore, the uptake of NCS remains slow and information on the enabling factors needed for successful implementation, co-benefits, and trade-offs of these activities remain underrepresented at scale. As such, we present a systematic review that synthesizes and maps the bottom-up evidence on the contextual factors that influence the implementation of NCS in the peer-reviewed literature. Drawing from a large global collection of (primarily case study-based, N = 211) research, this study (1) clarifies the definition of NCS, including in the context of nature-based solutions and other ecosystem-based approaches to addressing climate change; (2) provides an overview of the current state of literature, including research trends, opportunities, gaps, and biases; and (3) critically reflects on factors that may affect implementation in different geographies. We find that the content of the reviewed studies overwhelmingly focuses on tropical regions and activities in forest landscapes. We observe that implementation of NCS rely, not on one factor, but a suite of interlinked enabling factors. Specifically, engagement of indigenous peoples and local communities, performance-based finance, and technical assistance are important drivers of NCS implementation. While the broad categories of factors mentioned in the literature are similar across regions, the combination of factors and how and for whom they are taken up remains heterogeneous globally, and even within countries. Thus our results highlight the need to better understand what trends may be generalizable to inform best practices in policy discussions and where more nuance may be needed for interpreting research findings and applying them outside of their study contexts.
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Viviani, Marco, Nadia Bennani, and Elöd Egyed-Zsigmond. "G-Profile." Information Resources Management Journal 25, no. 3 (July 2012): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2012070103.
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In the digital world, many organizations are developing different applications (with different purposes) where users are generally represented by a heterogeneous set of attributes. From time to time, depending on the context, different attributes can provide different digital identities for the same user, often involved in the identification/authentication processes. In the personalized service provision perspective, the scope of identity management becomes much larger, and takes into account information susceptible to change such as user profile information as a whole. Many purely user-centric identity management systems has emerged in the few last years, among them the Higgins project that provides the user with a direct control over his/her data and covers some data security issues. However, a complete user-centric view of extended user identity management is not realistic, in our opinion. In this paper, the authors present G-Profile: a hybrid, open, general-purpose and flexible user modeling system for extended identity management in multi-application environments. G-Profile also tackles the trade-off between users’ and applications’ requirements.
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Ostrak, Andre, Jaak Randmets, Ville Sokk, Sven Laur, and Liina Kamm. "Implementing Privacy-Preserving Genotype Analysis with Consideration for Population Stratification." Cryptography 5, no. 3 (August 20, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography5030021.
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In bioinformatics, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are used to detect associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotypic traits such as diseases. Significant differences in SNP counts between case and control groups can signal association between variants and phenotypic traits. Most traits are affected by multiple genetic locations. To detect these subtle associations, bioinformaticians need access to more heterogeneous data. Regulatory restrictions in cross-border health data exchange have created a surge in research on privacy-preserving solutions, including secure computing techniques. However, in studies of such scale, one must account for population stratification, as under- and over-representation of sub-populations can lead to spurious associations. We improve on the state of the art of privacy-preserving GWAS methods by showing how to adapt principal component analysis (PCA) with stratification control (EIGENSTRAT), FastPCA, EMMAX and the genomic control algorithm for secure computing. We implement these methods using secure computing techniques—secure multi-party computation (MPC) and trusted execution environments (TEE). Our algorithms are the most complex ones at this scale implemented with MPC. We present performance benchmarks and a security and feasibility trade-off discussion for both techniques.
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Atkins, Justine L., George L. W. Perry, and Todd E. Dennis. "Effects of mis-alignment between dispersal traits and landscape structure on dispersal success in fragmented landscapes." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 181702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181702.
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Dispersal is fundamental to population dynamics and hence extinction risk. The dispersal success of animals depends on the biophysical structure of their environments and their biological traits; however, comparatively little is known about how evolutionary trade-offs among suites of biological traits affect dispersal potential. We developed a spatially explicit agent-based simulation model to evaluate the influence of trade-offs among a suite of biological traits on the dispersal success of vagile animals in fragmented landscapes. We specifically chose traits known to influence dispersal success: speed of movement, perceptual range, risk of predation, need to forage during dispersal, and amount of suitable habitat required for successful settlement in a patch. Using the metric of relative dispersal success rate, we assessed how the costs and benefits of evolutionary investment in these biological traits varied with landscape structure. In heterogeneous environments with low habitat availability and scattered habitat patches, individuals with more equal allocation across the trait spectrum dispersed most successfully. Our analyses suggest that the dispersal success of animals in heterogeneous environments is highly dependent on hierarchical interactions between trait trade-offs and the geometric configurations of the habitat patches in the landscapes through which they disperse. In an applied sense, our results indicate potential for ecological mis-alignment between species' evolved suites of dispersal-related traits and altered environmental conditions as a result of rapid global change. In many cases identifying the processes that shape patterns of animal dispersal, and the consequences of abiotic changes for these processes, will require consideration of complex relationships among a range of organism-specific and environmental factors.
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Hao, Guang-You, Mary E. Lucero, Stewart C. Sanderson, Elizabeth H. Zacharias, and N. Michele Holbrook. "Polyploidy enhances the occupation of heterogeneous environments through hydraulic related trade-offs inAtriplex canescens(Chenopodiaceae)." New Phytologist 197, no. 3 (December 3, 2012): 970–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12051.
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López-Matencio, Pablo, Javier Vales-Alonso, and Juan J. Alcaraz. "LBTM: Listen-before-Talk Protocol for Multiclass UHF RFID Networks." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082313.
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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is considered one of the pioneering technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT). It allows to bind physical environments to information processing systems, adding new capabilities like automatic inventorying, location, or sensing with batteryless tags. Indeed, many data flows of physical objects can be tracked using this technology, and it is common to find heterogeneous traffics present in the same facility, each managed by different sets of readers. For example, in a grocery store, typically we have two kinds of readers: those carrying out a continuous inventory, whose goal is knowing the contents of the shelves as accurately as possible; and a set of checking-out readers at exit gates for the billing process that has to minimize the waiting time of customers. Another example of multiclass traffic is a hospital, where new families of sensing tags allow staff to wirelessly monitor patients—which obviously must be done as a priority—and coexist with other readers aimed at precisely knowing the location of equipment or drugs. Even with the same goal, there could be readers requiring different setups, for example in the hospital case, readers located at doors for inventorying purposes have a short time available to identify passing-by objects or people, and thus they have to work with a higher priority than regular readers performing inventorying tasks. In this work, we investigate a modification of the standard listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol for RFID networks which can support this kind of multipriority environment, by offering different qualities of service to each traffic. Results demonstrate that by tuning the protocol setup, it is possible to establish a trade-off between the performance of each traffic. This is shown for the two cited examples, the grocery shop and the hospital, using a simulation tool allowing us to implement a full-scale RFID model. In addition, we present a greedy mechanism for online reader setup. Instead of selecting offline a hard priority level, this greedy algorithm is able to adapt the priority to achieve the required quality-of-service (QoS) level.
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Liu, Miao, Helena Korpelainen, and Chunyang Li. "Sexual differences and sex ratios of dioecious plants under stressful environments." Journal of Plant Ecology 14, no. 5 (April 20, 2021): 920–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtab038.
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Abstract Dioecious plants exhibit sexual dimorphism in both sexual features (reproductive organs) and secondary sex characteristics (vegetative traits). Sexual differences in secondary traits, including morphological, physiological and ecological characters, have been commonly associated with trade-offs between the cost of reproduction and other plant functions. Such trade-offs may be modified by environmental stressors, although there is evidence that sexually dimorphic responses to stress do not always exist in all plant species. When sexual dimorphism exists, sexually different responses appear to depend on the species and stress types. Yet, further studies on dioecious plant species are needed to allow the generalization of stress effects on males and females. Additionally, sexual dimorphism may influence the frequency and distribution of the sexes along environmental gradients, likely causing niche differentiation and spatial segregation of sexes. At the present, the causes and mechanisms governing sex ratio biases are poorly understood. This review aims to discuss sex-specific responses and sex ratio biases occurring under adverse conditions, which will advance our knowledge of sexually dimorphic responses to environmental stressors.
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Dutta, Anik, Fanny E. Hartmann, Carolina Sardinha Francisco, Bruce A. McDonald, and Daniel Croll. "Mapping the adaptive landscape of a major agricultural pathogen reveals evolutionary constraints across heterogeneous environments." ISME Journal 15, no. 5 (January 15, 2021): 1402–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00859-w.
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AbstractThe adaptive potential of pathogens in novel or heterogeneous environments underpins the risk of disease epidemics. Antagonistic pleiotropy or differential resource allocation among life-history traits can constrain pathogen adaptation. However, we lack understanding of how the genetic architecture of individual traits can generate trade-offs. Here, we report a large-scale study based on 145 global strains of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici from four continents. We measured 50 life-history traits, including virulence and reproduction on 12 different wheat hosts and growth responses to several abiotic stressors. To elucidate the genetic basis of adaptation, we used genome-wide association mapping coupled with genetic correlation analyses. We show that most traits are governed by polygenic architectures and are highly heritable suggesting that adaptation proceeds mainly through allele frequency shifts at many loci. We identified negative genetic correlations among traits related to host colonization and survival in stressful environments. Such genetic constraints indicate that pleiotropic effects could limit the pathogen’s ability to cause host damage. In contrast, adaptation to abiotic stress factors was likely facilitated by synergistic pleiotropy. Our study illustrates how comprehensive mapping of life-history trait architectures across diverse environments allows to predict evolutionary trajectories of pathogens confronted with environmental perturbations.
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Mierzejewski, Monika K., Collin J. Horn, and Lien T. Luong. "Ecology of fear: environment-dependent parasite avoidance among ovipositing Drosophila." Parasitology 146, no. 12 (July 15, 2019): 1564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019000854.
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AbstractHabitat avoidance is an anti-parasite behaviour exhibited by at-risk hosts that can minimize exposure to parasites. Because environments are often heterogeneous, host decision-making with regards to habitat use may be affected by the presence of parasites and habitat quality simultaneously. In this study we examine how the ovipositing behaviour of a cactiphilic fruit fly, Drosophila nigrospiracula, is affected by the presence of an ectoparasitic mite, Macrocheles subbadius, in conjunction with other environmental factors – specifically the presence or absence of conspecific eggs and host plant tissue. We hypothesized that the trade-off between site quality and parasite avoidance should favour ovipositing at mite-free sites even if it is of inferior quality. We found that although flies avoided mites in homogeneous environments (86% of eggs at mite-free sites), site quality overwhelmed mite avoidance. Both conspecific eggs (65% of eggs at infested sites with other Drosophila eggs) and host plant tissue (78% of eggs at infested sites with cactus) overpowered mite avoidance. Our results elucidate the context-dependent decision-making of hosts in response to the presence of parasites in variable environments, and suggest how the ecology of fear and associated trade-offs may influence the relative investment in anti-parasite behaviour in susceptible hosts.
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Norris, Noele, Naomi M. Levine, Vicente I. Fernandez, and Roman Stocker. "Mechanistic model of nutrient uptake explains dichotomy between marine oligotrophic and copiotrophic bacteria." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e1009023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009023.
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Marine bacterial diversity is immense and believed to be driven in part by trade-offs in metabolic strategies. Here we consider heterotrophs that rely on organic carbon as an energy source and present a molecular-level model of cell metabolism that explains the dichotomy between copiotrophs—which dominate in carbon-rich environments—and oligotrophs—which dominate in carbon-poor environments—as the consequence of trade-offs between nutrient transport systems. While prototypical copiotrophs, like Vibrios, possess numerous phosphotransferase systems (PTS), prototypical oligotrophs, such as SAR11, lack PTS and rely on ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which use binding proteins. We develop models of both transport systems and use them in proteome allocation problems to predict the optimal nutrient uptake and metabolic strategy as a function of carbon availability. We derive a Michaelis–Menten approximation of ABC transport, analytically demonstrating how the half-saturation concentration is a function of binding protein abundance. We predict that oligotrophs can attain nanomolar half-saturation concentrations using binding proteins with only micromolar dissociation constants and while closely matching transport and metabolic capacities. However, our model predicts that this requires large periplasms and that the slow diffusion of the binding proteins limits uptake. Thus, binding proteins are critical for oligotrophic survival yet severely constrain growth rates. We propose that this trade-off fundamentally shaped the divergent evolution of oligotrophs and copiotrophs.
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Marinoni, Lorena, Juan M. Zabala, R. Emiliano Quiroga, Geraldina A. Richard, and José F. Pensiero. "Seed Weight and Trade-Offs: An Experiment in False Rhodes Grasses under Different Aridity Conditions." Plants 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 2887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212887.
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The false Rhodes grasses [Leptochloa crinita (Lag.) P.M. Peterson and N.W. Snow and Leptochloa pluriflora (E. Fourn.) P.M. Peterson and N.W. Snow] are considered valuable native forage resources for arid and semiarid rangelands in Argentina and the United States. Effectively using plant materials as forage under aridity conditions requires understanding their resource allocation under those conditions. In the present study, plant functional traits were evaluated in six populations of each false Rhodes grass species from different geographic origin in a humid and an arid region. The evaluation was focused on seed weight, due to the key role of this trait in plant survival. The implication of seed weight in germination under osmotic stress and trade-off relationships between functional traits were also analysed. A fixed ontogenetic variation was found in both species, since populations maintained a stable seed weight across environments. The tolerance to osmotic stress at germination stage was more related to seed weight than to population origin or maternal environment of seeds; heavier-seeded populations produced heavier seedlings instead of a higher number of germinated seeds or higher germination rates. Some traits varied between environments but other traits exhibited a fixed response. Variation patterns among populations were similar within environments and in some cases even for populations from the same geographic origin, revealing a fixed ontogenetic variation; this phenomenon was clearer in L. crinita than in L. pluriflora. Moreover, several different trade-off strategies were detected in both species. These results reinforce the knowledge about the key role of seed weight in survival and performance of seedlings at initial growth stages under arid conditions; however, at advanced stages, other traits would have an important function in growth and development of false Rhodes grasses.
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Taborsky, Barbara. "The influence of juvenile and adult environments on life-history trajectories." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1587 (December 6, 2005): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3347.
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There is increasing evidence that the environment experienced early in life can strongly influence adult life histories. It is largely unknown, however, how past and present conditions influence suites of life-history traits regarding major life-history trade-offs. Especially in animals with indeterminate growth, we may expect that environmental conditions of juveniles and adults independently or interactively influence the life-history trade-off between growth and reproduction after maturation. Juvenile growth conditions may initiate a feedback loop determining adult allocation patterns, triggered by size-dependent mortality risk. I tested this possibility in a long-term growth experiment with mouthbrooding cichlids. Females were raised either on a high-food or low-food diet. After maturation half of them were switched to the opposite treatment, while the other half remained unchanged. Adult growth was determined by current resource availability, but key reproductive traits like reproductive rate and offspring size were only influenced by juvenile growth conditions, irrespective of the ration received as adults. Moreover, the allocation of resources to growth versus reproduction and to offspring number versus size were shaped by juvenile rather than adult ecology. These results indicate that early individual history must be considered when analysing causes of life-history variation in natural populations.
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Nakayama, Satoshi, and Takahisa Miyatake. "Genetic trade-off between abilities to avoid attack and to mate: a cost of tonic immobility." Biology Letters 6, no. 1 (August 18, 2009): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0494.
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Consistent individual differences in correlated behaviours across contexts or situations, that is, behavioural syndromes, have recently been identified as an important factor shaping the evolution of behavioural traits, because of their potential for explaining trade-offs in behavioural responses. We examined a genetic link between abilities to mate and to avoid predation from the viewpoint of two genetically correlated behavioural traits; tonic immobility (TI), which is considered to be an antipredator behaviour, and activity levels in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum . Males derived from two strains artificially selected for divergent durations of TI were used in the present study: the L strain (with longer duration and higher frequency of TI) and the S strain (shorter duration and lower frequency of TI). We found that males of the L strain had higher survival rates in predatory environments than those of the S strain, and lower mating success even in predator-free environments. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study showing a genetic trade-off between abilities to mate and to avoid predation in relation to behavioural syndromes, using individuals exhibiting different behavioural strategies.
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Ovesen, Aril Bernhard, Tor-Arne Schmidt Nordmo, Håvard Dagenborg Johansen, Michael Alexander Riegler, Pål Halvorsen, and Dag Johansen. "File System Support for Privacy-Preserving Analysis and Forensics in Low-Bandwidth Edge Environments." Information 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12100430.
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In this paper, we present initial results from our distributed edge systems research in the domain of sustainable harvesting of common good resources in the Arctic Ocean. Specifically, we are developing a digital platform for real-time privacy-preserving sustainability management in the domain of commercial fishery surveillance operations. This is in response to potentially privacy-infringing mandates from some governments to combat overfishing and other sustainability challenges. Our approach is to deploy sensory devices and distributed artificial intelligence algorithms on mobile, offshore fishing vessels and at mainland central control centers. To facilitate this, we need a novel data plane supporting efficient, available, secure, tamper-proof, and compliant data management in this weakly connected offshore environment. We have built our first prototype of Dorvu, a novel distributed file system in this context. Our devised architecture, the design trade-offs among conflicting properties, and our initial experiences are further detailed in this paper.
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Wagh, Sameer, Paul Cuff, and Prateek Mittal. "Differentially Private Oblivious RAM." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2018, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/popets-2018-0032.
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Abstract In this work, we investigate if statistical privacy can enhance the performance of ORAM mechanisms while providing rigorous privacy guarantees. We propose a formal and rigorous framework for developing ORAM protocols with statistical security viz., a differentially private ORAM (DP-ORAM). We present Root ORAM, a family of DP-ORAMs that provide a tunable, multi-dimensional trade-off between the desired bandwidth overhead, local storage and system security. We theoretically analyze Root ORAM to quantify both its security and performance. We experimentally demonstrate the benefits of Root ORAM and find that (1) Root ORAM can reduce local storage overhead by about 2× for a reasonable values of privacy budget, significantly enhancing performance in memory limited platforms such as trusted execution environments, and (2) Root ORAM allows tunable trade-offs between bandwidth, storage, and privacy, reducing bandwidth overheads by up to 2×-10× (at the cost of increased storage/statistical privacy), enabling significant reductions in ORAM access latencies for cloud environments. We also analyze the privacy guarantees of DP-ORAMs through the lens of information theoretic metrics of Shannon entropy and Min-entropy [16]. Finally, Root ORAM is ideally suited for applications which have a similar access pattern, and we showcase its utility via the application of Private Information Retrieval.
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Graz, Jean-Christophe, and Christophe Hauert. "Beyond the transatlantic divide: the multiple authorities of standards in the global political economy of services." Business and Politics 16, no. 1 (April 2014): 113–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2012-0009.
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This paper explores the plurality of institutional environments in which standards for the service sector are expected to support the rise of a global knowledge-based economy. A wide range of international bodies is able to define standards affecting the internationalization of services. Relying on global political economy approaches, the analysis uncovers the power relations underpinning the various forms of standards supporting a deeper integration of the market for services. Service standards are conceived as heterogeneous forms of transnational hybrid authority. The empirical study focuses on recent developments in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the European Union, and the US. In contrast to conventional views opposing the American system to the ISO/European framework, the paper argues that institutional developments of service standards are likely to face trade-offs and compromises reflecting contrasting models of standardization, not only between, but also across, those systems. While this undermines the conventional analysis of a transatlantic divide in standardization, it also shows that the variance between product and service standards is much greater in the European context and the ISO system than in the US, where it is hardly debated.
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Meftah, Souhail, Shuhao Zhang, Bharadwaj Veeravalli, and Khin Mi Mi Aung. "Revisiting the Design of Parallel Stream Joins on Trusted Execution Environments." Algorithms 15, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15060183.
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The appealing properties of secure hardware solutions such as trusted execution environment (TEE) including low computational overhead, confidentiality guarantee, and reduced attack surface have prompted considerable interest in adopting them for secure stream processing applications. In this paper, we revisit the design of parallel stream join algorithms on multicore processors with TEEs. In particular, we conduct a series of profiling experiments to investigate the impact of alternative design choices to parallelize stream joins on TEE including: (1) execution approaches, (2) partitioning schemes, and (3) distributed scheduling strategies. From the profiling study, we observe three major high-performance impediments: (a) the computational overhead introduced with cryptographic primitives associated with page swapping operations, (b) the restrictive Enclave Page Cache (EPC) size that limits the supported amount of in-memory processing, and (c) the lack of vertical scalability to support the increasing workload often required for near real-time applications. Addressing these issues allowed us to design SecJoin, a more efficient parallel stream join algorithm that exploits modern scale-out architectures with TEEs rendering no trade-offs on security whilst optimizing performance. We present our model-driven parameterization of SecJoin and share our experimental results which have shown up to 4-folds of improvements in terms of throughput and latency.
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Garcia, Angela R., Aaron D. Blackwell, Benjamin C. Trumble, Jonathan Stieglitz, Hillard Kaplan, and Michael D. Gurven. "Evidence for height and immune function trade-offs among preadolescents in a high pathogen population." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2020, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoaa017.
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Abstract Background In an energy-limited environment, caloric investments in one characteristic should trade-off with investments in other characteristics. In high pathogen ecologies, biasing energy allocation towards immune function over growth would be predicted, given strong selective pressures against early-life mortality. Methodology In the present study, we use flow cytometry to examine trade-offs between adaptive immune function (T cell subsets, B cells), innate immune function (natural killer cells), adaptive to innate ratio and height-for-age z scores (HAZ) among young children (N = 344; aged 2 months–8 years) in the Bolivian Amazon, using maternal BMI and child weight-for-height z scores (WHZ) as proxies for energetic status. Results Markers of adaptive immune function negatively associate with child HAZ, a pattern most significant in preadolescents (3+ years). In children under three, maternal BMI appears to buffer immune and HAZ associations, while child energetic status (WHZ) moderates relationships in an unexpected direction: HAZ and immune associations are greater in preadolescents with higher WHZ. Children with low WHZ maintain similar levels of adaptive immune function, but are shorter compared to high WHZ peers. Conclusions Reduced investment in growth in favor of immunity may be necessary for survival in high pathogen contexts, even under energetic constraints. Further, genetic and environmental factors are important considerations for understanding variation in height within this population. These findings prompt consideration of whether there may be a threshold of investment into adaptive immunity required for survival in high pathogen environments, and thus question the universal relevance of height as a marker of health. Lay Summary Adaptive immune function is negatively associated with child height in this high pathogen environment. Further, low weight-for-height children are shorter but maintain similar immune levels. Findings question the relevance of height as a universal health marker, given that costs and benefits of height versus immunity may be calibrated to local ecology.
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Bakulin, Andrey, Ilya Silvestrov, and Maxim Protasov. "Evaluating strategies for estimation of local kinematic parameters in noisy land data: quality versus performance trade-offs." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 2021): 890–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxab060.
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Abstract Modern land seismic data are typically acquired using high spatial trace density with small source and receiver arrays or point sources and sensors. These datasets are challenging to process due to their massive size and relatively low signal-to-noise ratio caused by scattered near-surface noise. Therefore, prestack data enhancement becomes a critical step in the processing flow. Nonlinear beamforming had proved very powerful for 3D land data. However, it requires computationally intensive estimations of local coherency on dense spatial/temporal grids in 3D prestack data cubes. We present an analysis of various estimation methods focusing on a trade-off between computational efficiency and enhanced data quality. We demonstrate that the popular sequential «2 + 2 + 1» scheme is highly efficient but may lead to unreliable estimation and poor enhancement for data with a low signal-to-noise ratio. We propose an alternative algorithm called «dip + curvatures» that remains stable for such challenging data. We supplement the new strategy with an additional interpolation procedure in spatial and time dimensions to reduce the computational cost. We demonstrate that the «dip + curvatures» strategy coupled with an interpolation scheme approaches the «2 + 2 + 1» method's efficiency while it significantly outperforms it in enhanced data quality. We conclude that the new algorithm strikes a practical trade-off between the performance of the algorithm and the quality of the enhanced data. These conclusions are supported by synthetic and real 3D land seismic data from challenging desert environments with complex near surface.
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Radeta, Marko, Claudio Rodrigues, Francisco Silva, Pedro Abreu, João Pestana, Ngoc Thi Nguyen, Agustin Zuniga, Huber Flores, and Petteri Nurmi. "Lost in the Deep?" Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 7, no. 2 (June 12, 2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3596245.
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Computing research is increasingly addressing underwater environments and examining how computing can support diving and other activities. Unlike on land, where well-established positioning methods are widely available, underwater environments lack a common positioning mechanism, which is a prerequisite for many applications. Dead reckoning, the use of angle and distance estimates to track position changes from a known point of origin, is a promising candidate for underwater positioning as it does not rely on wireless signals (which decay rapidly in underwater environments) and as there is a wide range of literature and algorithms freely available. Yet, currently it is unclear whether the existing techniques can be adopted in underwater environments or whether the differences in medium and environment affect the performance of the dead reckoning techniques. We contribute by evaluating and systematically analyzing the performance and trade-offs associated with dead reckoning techniques in underwater environments. We present AEOLUS, a prototype unit comprising of a low-cost microcontroller and inertial measurement unit, to perform experiments on the ground and in underwater environments to assess how well the performance of different techniques translates from ground-based use cases to underwater environments. We benchmark 15 different algorithms and compare their performance in such environments to identify common patterns and dissimilarities, and identify root causes for these differences. The results show that displacement and turn errors can be estimated to within 5% error but that the best performing methods vary between land and underwater environments. We also show that the performance depends on the shape of the motion patterns with some algorithms performing better for hard turns whereas others perform better for gradual, more continuous turns.
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McNichol, Bailey H., and Sabrina E. Russo. "Plant Species’ Capacity for Range Shifts at the Habitat and Geographic Scales: A Trade-Off-Based Framework." Plants 12, no. 6 (March 9, 2023): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12061248.
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Climate change is causing rapid shifts in the abiotic and biotic environmental conditions experienced by plant populations, but we lack generalizable frameworks for predicting the consequences for species. These changes may cause individuals to become poorly matched to their environments, potentially inducing shifts in the distributions of populations and altering species’ habitat and geographic ranges. We present a trade-off-based framework for understanding and predicting whether plant species may undergo range shifts, based on ecological strategies defined by functional trait variation. We define a species’ capacity for undergoing range shifts as the product of its colonization ability and the ability to express a phenotype well-suited to the environment across life stages (phenotype–environment matching), which are both strongly influenced by a species’ ecological strategy and unavoidable trade-offs in function. While numerous strategies may be successful in an environment, severe phenotype–environment mismatches result in habitat filtering: propagules reach a site but cannot establish there. Operating within individuals and populations, these processes will affect species’ habitat ranges at small scales, and aggregated across populations, will determine whether species track climatic changes and undergo geographic range shifts. This trade-off-based framework can provide a conceptual basis for species distribution models that are generalizable across plant species, aiding in the prediction of shifts in plant species’ ranges in response to climate change.
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Siddall, Robert, Alejandro Ortega Ancel, and Mirko Kovač. "Wind and water tunnel testing of a morphing aquatic micro air vehicle." Interface Focus 7, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 20160085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0085.
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Aerial robots capable of locomotion in both air and water would enable novel mission profiles in complex environments, such as water sampling after floods or underwater structural inspections. The design of such a vehicle is challenging because it implies significant propulsive and structural design trade-offs for operation in both fluids. In this paper, we present a unique Aquatic Micro Air Vehicle (AquaMAV), which uses a reconfigurable wing to dive into the water from flight, inspired by the plunge diving strategy of water diving birds in the family Sulidae . The vehicle's performance is investigated in wind and water tunnel experiments, from which we develop a planar trajectory model. This model is used to predict the dive behaviour of the AquaMAV, and investigate the efficacy of passive dives initiated by wing folding as a means of water entry. The paper also includes first field tests of the AquaMAV prototype where the folding wings are used to initiate a plunge dive.
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Hu, Kevin, and Feng Fu. "Evolutionary Dynamics of Gig Economy Labor Strategies under Technology, Policy and Market Influence." Games 12, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g12020049.
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The emergence of the modern gig economy introduces a new set of employment considerations for firms and laborers that include various trade-offs. With a game-theoretical approach, we examine the influences of technology, policy and markets on firm and worker preferences for gig labor. Theoretically, we present new conceptual extensions to the replicator equation and model oscillating dynamics in two-player asymmetric bi-matrix games with time-evolving environments, introducing concepts of the attractor arc, trapping zone and escape. While canonical applications of evolutionary game theory focus on the evolutionary stable strategy, our model assumes that the system exhibits oscillatory dynamics and can persist for long temporal intervals in a pseudo-stable state. We demonstrate how changing market conditions result in distinct evolutionary patterns across labor economies. Informing tensions regarding the future of this new employment category, we present a novel payoff framework to analyze the role of technology on the growth of the gig economy. Regarding governance, we explore regulatory implications within the gig economy, demonstrating how intervals of lenient and strict policy alter firm and worker sensitivities between gig and employee labor strategies. Finally, we establish an aggregate economic framework to explain how technology, policy and market environments engage in an interlocking dance, a balancing act, to sustain the observable co-existence of gig and employee labor strategies.
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Silva, Luiz A. Z. da, Vinicius F. Vidal, Leonardo M. Honório, Mário A. R. Dantas, Milena Faria Pinto, and Miriam Capretz. "A Heterogeneous Edge-Fog Environment Supporting Digital Twins for Remote Inspections." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 5296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185296.
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The increase in the development of digital twins brings several advantages to inspection and maintenance, but also new challenges. Digital models capable of representing real equipment for full remote inspection demand the synchronization, integration, and fusion of several sensors and methodologies such as stereo vision, monocular Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), laser and RGB-D camera readings, texture analysis, filters, thermal, and multi-spectral images. This multidimensional information makes it possible to have a full understanding of given equipment, enabling remote diagnosis. To solve this problem, the present work uses an edge-fog-cloud architecture running over a publisher-subscriber communication framework to optimize the computational costs and throughput. In this approach, each process is embedded in an edge node responsible for prepossessing a given amount of data that optimizes the trade-off of processing capabilities and throughput delays. All information is integrated with different levels of fog nodes and a cloud server to maximize performance. To demonstrate this proposal, a real-time 3D reconstruction problem using moving cameras is shown. In this scenario, a stereo and RDB-D cameras run over edge nodes, filtering, and prepossessing the initial data. Furthermore, the point cloud and image registration, odometry, and filtering run over fog clusters. A cloud server is responsible for texturing and processing the final results. This approach enables us to optimize the time lag between data acquisition and operator visualization, and it is easily scalable if new sensors and algorithms must be added. The experimental results will demonstrate precision by comparing the results with ground-truth data, scalability by adding further readings and performance.
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Hengartner, Michael P. "The Evolutionary Life History Model of Externalizing Personality: Bridging Human and Animal Personality Science to Connect Ultimate and Proximate Mechanisms Underlying Aggressive Dominance, Hostility, and Impulsive Sensation Seeking." Review of General Psychology 21, no. 4 (December 2017): 330–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000127.
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The present work proposes an evolutionary model of externalizing personality that defines variation in this broad psychobiological phenotype resulting from genetic influences and a conditional adaptation to high-risk environments with high extrinsic morbidity-mortality. Due to shared selection pressure, externalizing personality is coadapted to fast life history strategies and maximizes inclusive fitness under adverse environmental conditions by governing the major trade-offs between reproductive versus somatic functions, current versus future reproduction, and mating versus parenting efforts. According to this model, externalizing personality is a regulatory device at the interface between the individual and its environment that is mediated by 2 overlapping psychobiological systems, that is, the attachment and the stress-response system. The attachment system coordinates interpersonal behavior and intimacy in close relationships and the stress-response system regulates the responsivity to environmental challenge and both physiological and behavioral reactions to stress. These proximate mechanisms allow for the integration of neuroendocrinological processes underlying interindividual differences in externalizing personality. Hereinafter I further discuss the model's major implications for personality psychology, psychiatry, and public health policy.
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Jiao, Liang, Yi Zhou, Xuerui Liu, Shengjie Wang, and Fang Li. "Driving Forces Analysis of Non-structural Carbohydrates for Phragmites australis in Different Habitats of Inland River Wetland." Water 12, no. 6 (June 14, 2020): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061700.
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Habitat variation in non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) reflects the resource allocation trade-offs for clonal plants, and its driving force analysis embodies the ecological adaptation strategy of clonal plants to heterogeneous environments. In this paper, the reed (Phragmites australis) in the northwestern inland wetlands of China, as a typical example of clonal plants, was used as the research object. The content and distribution of NSC in reeds and their response characteristics to soil environmental factors were compared under three different environmental gradients with wet, salt marsh and desert habitats. The results showed: (1) the content of NSC and starch gradually increased and the content of soluble sugar gradually decreased from wetland to desert habitats, and the ratio of soluble sugar to starch increased significantly (p < 0.05), which demonstrated that reeds converted more NSC into starch to adapt to harsh environments as the environment changed. (2) Reeds tended to invest more NSC in underground architectures to achieve survival and growth with the increase in environmental stress, providing the evidence that NSC were transferred from leaf to rhizome, and root, stem and rhizome received more soluble sugar investment. The ratio of soluble sugar to starch of reed stem and rhizome increased significantly with the increasing content of soluble sugar and the decreasing content of starch, and more starch was converted into soluble sugar to resist the harsh environment. (3) Soil water, soil bulk density and salinity were the main driving forces for the NSC content and the distribution characteristics of reeds using the relative importance analysis. The study results clarified the habitat variation law, and the main environmental driving forces of NSC for reeds in inland river wetlands, which provided the significant references for enriching the ecology research theory of clonal plants and protection measures in the fragile and sensitive wetlands in arid regions.
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Walsh, Matthew R., Whitnee Broyles, Shannon M. Beston, and Stephan B. Munch. "Predator-driven brain size evolution in natural populations of Trinidadian killifish ( Rivulus hartii )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1834 (July 13, 2016): 20161075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1075.
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Vertebrates exhibit extensive variation in relative brain size. It has long been assumed that this variation is the product of ecologically driven natural selection. Yet, despite more than 100 years of research, the ecological conditions that select for changes in brain size are unclear. Recent laboratory selection experiments showed that selection for larger brains is associated with increased survival in risky environments. Such results lead to the prediction that increased predation should favour increased brain size. Work on natural populations, however, foreshadows the opposite trajectory of evolution; increased predation favours increased boldness, slower learning, and may thereby select for a smaller brain. We tested the influence of predator-induced mortality on brain size evolution by quantifying brain size variation in a Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii , from communities that differ in predation intensity. We observed strong genetic differences in male (but not female) brain size between fish communities; second generation laboratory-reared males from sites with predators exhibited smaller brains than Rivulus from sites in which they are the only fish present. Such trends oppose the results of recent laboratory selection experiments and are not explained by trade-offs with other components of fitness. Our results suggest that increased male brain size is favoured in less risky environments because of the fitness benefits associated with faster rates of learning and problem-solving behaviour.
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JANILA, PASUPULETI, S. N. NIGAM, R. ABHISHEK, V. ANIL KUMAR, S. S. MANOHAR, and R. VENUPRASAD. "Iron and zinc concentrations in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds and their relationship with other nutritional and yield parameters." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 6 (June 27, 2014): 975–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614000525.
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SUMMARYBiofortification (delivery of micronutrients via micronutrient-dense crops) can be achieved through plant breeding and offers a cost-effective and sustainable approach to fighting micronutrient malnutrition. The present study was conducted to facilitate the initiation of a breeding programme to improve the concentration of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds. The experiment was conducted with 64 diverse peanut genotypes for 2 years in eight different environments at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India to assess the genetic variation for Fe and Zn concentrations in peanut seeds and their heritability and correlations with other traits. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes and environments for Fe (33–68 mg/kg), Zn (44–95 mg/kg), protein (150–310 mg/g) and oil (410–610 mg/g) concentration in seeds and their heritability was high, thus indicating the possibility of improving them through breeding. As seen in other plants, a significant positive association between concentrations of Fe and Zn was observed. Trade-offs between pod yield and Fe and Zn concentrations were not observed and the same was also true for oil content. Besides being high yielding, genotypes ICGV 06099 (57 mg/kg Fe and 81 mg/kg Zn) and ICGV 06040 (56 mg/kg Fe and 80 mg/kg Zn) had stable performance for Fe and Zn concentrations across environments. These are the ideal choices for use as parents in a breeding programme and in developing mapping populations.
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Tiwari, Atul Kumar, Anunay Tiwari, and Cherian Samuel. "Supply chain flexibility: a comprehensive review." Management Research Review 38, no. 7 (July 20, 2015): 767–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-08-2013-0194.
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Purpose – Changes are inevitable in risky and uncertain business environments of today’s volatile supply chains. The concept of flexibility originates from this need to mitigate the ill-effects of risks and uncertainty in supply chains. In this paper, an attempt is made to present an exhaustive review on supply chain flexibility (SCF) and its implementation to gain strategic advantages. Design/methodology/approach – A citation analysis method is employed in this paper to discuss, analyse and apprehend the conceptual, empirical, analytical and simulation studies done in this field. In this paper, about 110 papers on flexibility from many reputed journals are examined to study and assimilate various aspects of flexibility. Findings – SCF embraces a unified process-based view including the core processes such as procurement, sourcing, distribution and logistics and mitigates uncertainty or risks involved. The review helps to assimilate the key knowledge about relevant practices in SCF and helps to draw implementing strategies while offering managerial insight on the subject. Research limitations/implications – Citation and co-citation analysis is done to review the SCF literature. Efforts are made to investigate relevant papers from various journals regarding its ability to mitigate risk or aid in making strategic decision. The study, however, is limited to certain industries in the papers as per chosen approach here. The strategies described in here may further be verified by the researchers and practitioners pertaining to their study or industries focused. Practical implications – It provides managerial insight for practitioners on how to use flexibility within the firm and across supply chain while considering various trade-offs. Originality/value – This paper is unique as a review paper, as it encompasses various kinds of studies done on SCF from conceptual models to mathematical models. Further, it briefs with the current practices in industries/SC towards being flexible. It talks of various trade-offs in pursuit of flexibility and concludes while suggesting numerous research gaps and opening new dimensions for SCF research. It offers many managerial and academic implications.
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Kamei, Miho, Alessio Mastrucci, and Bas J. van Ruijven. "A Future Outlook of Narratives for the Built Environment in Japan." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041653.
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The evolution of long-term sustainable societies is closely connected to the transformation of the physical built environment in which those societies operate. In this paper, we present a comprehensive set of narratives for the built environment in Japan, consistent with the shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) framework, to assess the future evolution of the adaptation and mitigation challenges. We focus on the linkage between sustainability factors and human living environments including urban form, buildings, and basic infrastructures. We introduce a new, sixth narrative to the SSPs, an alternative interpretation of SSP1. Whereas the original SSP1 assumes high societal and environmental sustainability combined with relatively high economic growth, the SSP1 variant does not highly rely on economic growth and is oriented towards a lower and more locally oriented consumption lifestyle. Nature-based solutions are integrated and examined in the new SSP1 narrative, which is aligned with the adaptation to the digital era with freedom of location. Recent global crises such as climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic may accelerate the transformation of societies. Therefore, this study attempts to imply the benefits and trade-offs of alternative pathways for the built environment.
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Tehrani, Nathan A., and Jason N. Gross. "Performance Trades for Multiantenna GNSS Multisensor Attitude Determination Systems." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4871239.
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We present various performance trades for multiantenna global navigation satellite system (GNSS) multisensor attitude estimation systems. In particular, attitude estimation performance sensitivity to various error sources and system configurations is assessed. This study is motivated by the need for system designers, scientists, and engineers of airborne astronomical and remote sensing platforms to better determine which system configuration is most suitable for their specific application. In order to assess performance trade-offs, the attitude estimation performance of various approaches is tested using a simulation that is based on a stratospheric balloon platform. For GNSS errors, attention is focused on multipath, receiver measurement noise, and carrier-phase breaks. For the remaining attitude sensors, different performance grades of sensors are assessed. Through a Monte Carlo simulation, it is shown that, under typical conditions, sub-0.1-degree attitude accuracy is available when using multiple antenna GNSS data only, but that this accuracy can degrade to degree level in some environments warranting the inclusion of additional attitude sensors to maintain the desired level of accuracy. Further, we show that integrating inertial sensors is more valuable whenever accurate pitch and roll estimates are critical.
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Raza, Ali, Hongguang Sui, Kittisak Jermsittiparsert, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, and Pawel Sobczak. "Trade Liberalization and Environmental Performance Index: Mediation Role of Climate Change Performance and Greenfield Investment." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179734.
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At present, concerns regarding climate change are common, especially in countries more vulnerable to environmental degradation. Greenhouse gases, including carbon emissions, are mainly considered to deteriorate the environment. Despite substantial agreement on many environmental issues, there are also important differences between regions and countries, and often, within nations. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the environmental performance of South and East Asian countries and its association with trade and other economic variables. Panel regression techniques and robust checks are used to examine the data, which covers 15 years from 2002 to 2016. The findings suggest an extensive negative association between trade liberalization and the environmental performance of selected countries. It is also shown that climate change performance is an important channel for the overall environmental change. The results regarding heterogeneous differences affirm the concept of sustainability and the pollution halo hypothesis. However, it is suggested that each country should make an effort to improve its environmental performance along with economic development. The role of green innovation and renewable energy is very crucial in this regard. The outcomes of this study could be helpful for researchers and policymakers to form better policies regarding the environment and climate change.
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Oliveira, Helder F. A., Alisson V. Brito, Joseana M. F. R. Araujo, and Elmar U. K. Melcher. "An Approach for Power Estimation at Electronic System Level using Distributed Simulation." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 11, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v11i3.440.
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The present research aims to develop an approach using HLA (High Level Architecture), enabling the cre-ation of a distributed and heterogeneous environment, composed by different tools and models to obtain a better trade-off between accuracy and run time in power estimation. These models can be described in different languages and/or abstraction levels, as well as use different power estimation approaches. The use of HLA enables the synchronized and distributed simulation of the elements that compose the simulation environment. The approach must allow the collecting and grouping of power estimation data in a centralized manner. As a case study, an MPSoC (MultiProcessor System-on-Chip) ESL/TLM model, described in C++/SystemC, and an ESL model, created on Ptolemy framework, have been used. The experimental results show the flexibility of the approach, which promotes an integrated view of power estimation data.
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Evenhuis, C., A. Lenton, N. E. Cantin, and J. M. Lough. "Modelling coral calcification accounting for the impacts of coral bleaching and ocean acidification." Biogeosciences 12, no. 9 (May 5, 2015): 2607–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2607-2015.
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Abstract. Coral reefs are diverse ecosystems that are threatened by rising CO2 levels through increases in sea surface temperature and ocean acidification. Here we present a new unified model that links changes in temperature and carbonate chemistry to coral health. Changes in coral health and population are explicitly modelled by linking rates of growth, recovery and calcification to rates of bleaching and temperature-stress-induced mortality. The model is underpinned by four key principles: the Arrhenius equation, thermal specialisation, correlated up- and down-regulation of traits that are consistent with resource allocation trade-offs, and adaption to local environments. These general relationships allow this model to be constructed from a range of experimental and observational data. The performance of the model is assessed against independent data to demonstrate how it can capture the observed response of corals to stress. We also provide new insights into the factors that determine calcification rates and provide a framework based on well-known biological principles to help understand the observed global distribution of calcification rates. Our results suggest that, despite the implicit complexity of the coral reef environment, a simple model based on temperature, carbonate chemistry and different species can give insights into how corals respond to changes in temperature and ocean acidification.
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Agrawal, Ankit, and Jane Cleland-Huang. "Explaining Autonomous Decisions in Swarms of Human-on-the-Loop Small Unmanned Aerial Systems." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 9 (October 4, 2021): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v9i1.18936.
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Rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence have shifted the focus from traditional human-directed robots to fully autonomous ones that do not require explicit human control. These are commonly referred to as Human-on-the-Loop (HotL) systems. Transparency of HotL systems necessitates clear explanations of autonomous behavior so that humans are aware of what is happening in the environment and can understand why robots behave in a certain way. However, in complex multi-robot environments, especially those in which the robots are autonomous and mobile, humans may struggle to maintain situational awareness. Presenting humans with rich explanations of autonomous behavior tends to overload them with lots of information and negatively affect their understanding of the situation. Therefore, explaining the autonomous behavior of multiple robots creates a design tension that demands careful investigation. This paper examines the User Interface (UI) design trade-offs associated with providing timely and detailed explanations of autonomous behavior for swarms of small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) or drones. We analyze the impact of UI design choices on human awareness of the situation. We conducted multiple user studies with both inexperienced and expert sUAS operators to present our design solution and initial guidelines for designing the HotL multi-sUAS interface.
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Lorion, Julien, Steffen Kiel, Baptiste Faure, Masaru Kawato, Simon Y. W. Ho, Bruce Marshall, Shinji Tsuchida, Jun-Ichi Miyazaki, and Yoshihiro Fujiwara. "Adaptive radiation of chemosymbiotic deep-sea mussels." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1770 (November 7, 2013): 20131243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1243.
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Adaptive radiations present fascinating opportunities for studying the evolutionary process. Most cases come from isolated lakes or islands, where unoccupied ecological space is filled through novel adaptations. Here, we describe an unusual example of an adaptive radiation: symbiotic mussels that colonized island-like chemosynthetic environments such as hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and sunken organic substrates on the vast deep-sea floor. Our time-calibrated molecular phylogeny suggests that the group originated and acquired sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in the Late Cretaceous, possibly while inhabiting organic substrates and long before its major radiation in the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene. The first appearance of intracellular and methanotrophic symbionts was detected only after this major radiation. Thus, contrary to expectations, the major radiation may have not been triggered by the evolution of novel types of symbioses. We hypothesize that environmental factors, such as increased habitat availability and/or increased dispersal capabilities, sparked the radiation. Intracellular and methanotrophic symbionts were acquired in several independent lineages and marked the onset of a second wave of diversification at vents and seeps. Changes in habitat type resulted in adaptive trends in shell lengths (related to the availability of space and energy, and physiological trade-offs) and in the successive colonization of greater water depths.
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Evenhuis, C., A. Lenton, N. E. Cantin, and J. M. Lough. "Modeling coral calcification accounting for the impacts of coral bleaching and ocean acidification." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2014): 187–249. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-187-2014.
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Abstract. Coral reefs are diverse ecosystems threatened by rising CO2 levels that are driving the observed increases in sea surface temperature and ocean acidification. Here we present a new unified model that links changes in temperature and carbonate chemistry to coral health. Changes in coral health and population are able to explicitly modelled by linking the rates of growth, recovery and calcification to the rates of bleaching and temperature stress induced mortality. The model is underpinned by four key principles: the Arrhenius equation, thermal specialisation, resource allocation trade-offs, and adaption to local environments. These general relationships allow this model to be constructed from a range of experimental and observational data. The different characteristics of this model are also assessed against independent data to show that the model captures the observed response of corals. We also provide new insights into the factors that determine calcification rates and provide a framework based on well-known biological principles for understanding the observed global distribution of calcification rates. Our results suggest that, despite the implicit complexity of the coral reef environment, a simple model based on temperature, carbonate chemistry and different species can reproduce much of the observed response of corals to changes in temperature and ocean acidification.
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de la Serna Buzon, Sofia M., Ryan A. Martin, and David W. Pfennig. "Carryover effects and the evolution of polyphenism." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 3 (September 9, 2020): 622–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa133.
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Abstract An individual’s early-life environment and phenotype often influence its traits and performance as an adult. We investigated whether such ‘carryover effects’ are associated with alternative, environmentally-induced phenotypes (‘polyphenism’), and, if so, whether they influence the evolution of polyphenism. To do so, we studied Mexican spadefoot toads, Spea multiplicata, which have evolved a polyphenism consisting of two, dramatically different forms: a carnivore morph and an omnivore morph. We sampled both morphs from a fast-drying and a slow-drying pond and reared them to sexual maturity. Larval environment (pond) strongly influenced survival as well as age and size at metamorphosis and sexual maturity; i.e. environment-dependent carryover effects were present. By contrast, larval phenotype (morph) did not affect life-history traits at sexual maturity; i.e. phenotype-dependent carryover effects were absent. These results are consistent with theory, which suggests that by amplifying selective trade-offs in heterogenous environments, environment-dependent carryover effects might foster the evolution of polyphenism. At the same time, by freeing selection to refine a novel phenotype without altering the existing form, the absence of phenotype-dependent carryover effects might enable polyphenism to evolve in the first place. Generally, carryover effects might play an underappreciated role in the evolution of polyphenism.
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Silva, Ana Carolina, Catarina Moreira Marques, and Jorge Pinho de Sousa. "A Simulation Approach for the Design of More Sustainable and Resilient Supply Chains in the Pharmaceutical Industry." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (April 27, 2023): 7254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097254.
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In a world facing unprecedented challenges, such as climate changes and growing social problems, the pharmaceutical industry must ensure that its supply chains are environmentally sustainable and resilient, guaranteeing access to key medications even when faced with unanticipated disruptions or crises. The core goal of this work is to develop an innovative simulation-based approach to support more informed and effective decision making, while establishing reasonable trade-offs between supply chain robustness and resiliency, operational efficiency, and environmental and social concerns. Such a decision-support system will contribute to the development of more resilient and sustainable pharmaceutical supply chains, which are, in general, critical for maintaining access to essential medicines, especially during times of crises or relevant disruptions. The system will help companies to better manage and design their supply chains, providing a valuable tool to achieve higher levels of resilience and sustainability. The study we conducted has two primary contributions that are noteworthy. Firstly, we present a new advanced approach that integrates multiple simulation techniques, allowing for the modeling of highly complex environments. Secondly, we introduce a new conceptual framework that helps to comprehend the interplay between resiliency and sustainability in decision-making processes. These two contributions provide valuable insights into understanding complex systems and can aid in designing more resilient and sustainable systems.
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Yerimbetova, Aigerim, and Assem Ayapbergenova. "Project management technology in creating a business process management information system at the present stage of development of the telecommunications sector of Kazakhstan." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 3(119) (October 30, 2022): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.261091.
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The results of the study and the development of an effective business process management information system (IS) made it possible to conduct an analysis in the experimental conditions of an information technology (IT) company using project management tools in the field of information technology in the sphere of telecommunications. A wide analysis of the mechanisms, models and systems for processing distributed spatial information using information technologies has been carried out, and it has been determined that none of the presented tools can fully satisfy the requirements for processing heterogeneous data when creating information systems. A model for processing and managing heterogeneous spatial information based on data access technologies is constructed, a diagram of information flows is presented, and a mechanism for effective data management is described. The algorithm of the data processing module is presented, which allows access to any sources of information necessary for making a management decision. The methodology for designing an information system has been improved using a model for processing heterogeneous spatial information, taking into account the requirements for a decision support system. This is done so that in the digital age, people focus on the production and trade of products and services through digitized data, information and knowledge. This new infrastructure not only helps people to do better and faster than in previous eras, but opens up new ways of control, coordination, and cooperation in activities with lower costs, regulated by the law of decreasing costs. That is, due to the properties of digital goods, the cost of a unit of marginal or additional output is gradually decreasing, while the number of all other factors of production remains constant.
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Colléony, Agathe, and Assaf Shwartz. "Beyond Assuming Co-Benefits in Nature-Based Solutions: A Human-Centered Approach to Optimize Social and Ecological Outcomes for Advancing Sustainable Urban Planning." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 4924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184924.
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Urbanization deletes and degrades natural ecosystems, threatens biodiversity, and alienates people from the experience of nature. Nature-based solutions (NbS) that are inspired and supported by nature have the potential to deliver multifunctional environmental and social benefits to address these challenges in urban areas under context-specific conditions. NbS implementation often relies on a one-size-fits-all approach, although interventions that maximize one benefit (e.g., biodiversity conservation) may have no influence on, or even negatively affect, others (e.g., social justice). Furthermore, the current pathways from NbS to various benefits do not rely on a deep understanding of the underlying processes, prohibiting the identification of optimal solutions that maximize synergies across pathways. We present a comprehensive socio-ecological framework that addresses these issues by recognizing that cities are human-dominated environments that are foremost built and maintained to support humans. Our framework demonstrates how we can use experiments and niche species models to understand and predict where species will be and where people will be healthy and happy in a comparable manner. This knowledge can then be integrated into decision support tools that use optimization algorithms to understand trade-offs, identify synergies, and provide planners with the tools needed to tailor context-specific NbS to yield greener, more resilient cities with happier people and reduced inequality.
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AREIAS, MIGUEL, and RICARDO ROCHA. "Table space designs for implicit and explicit concurrent tabled evaluation." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 18, no. 5-6 (July 27, 2018): 950–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147106841800039x.
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AbstractOne of the main advantages of Prolog is its potential for theimplicit exploitation of parallelismand, as a high-level language, Prolog is also often used as a means toexplicitly control concurrent tasks. Tabling is a powerful implementation technique that overcomes some limitations of traditional Prolog systems in dealing with recursion and redundant sub-computations. Given these advantages, the question that arises is if tabling has also the potential for the exploitation of concurrency/parallelism. On one hand, tabling still exploits a search space as traditional Prolog but, on the other hand, the concurrent model of tabling is necessarily far more complex, since it also introduces concurrency on the access to the tables. In this paper, we summarize Yap's main contributions to concurrent tabled evaluation and we describe the design and implementation challenges of several alternative table space designs for implicit and explicit concurrent tabled evaluation that represent different trade-offs between concurrency and memory usage. We also motivate for the advantages of usingfixed-sizeandlock-freedata structures, elaborate on the key role that the engine'smemory allocatorplays on such environments, and discuss how Yap's mode-directed tabling support can be extended to concurrent evaluation. Finally, we present our future perspectives toward an efficient and novel concurrent framework which integrates both implicit and explicit concurrent tabled evaluation in a single Prolog engine.
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Kazemzadeh, Emad, José Alberto Fuinhas, Matheus Koengkan, and Fariba Osmani. "The Heterogeneous Effect of Economic Complexity and Export Quality on the Ecological Footprint: A Two-Step Club Convergence and Panel Quantile Regression Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 11153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811153.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to answer two fundamental questions of the present time: First, what is the impact of the increasing complexity of economic structures and the production of complex goods on the environment? Second, can increasing export quality lead to the improvement of the environment? Given that the relationship of the ecological footprint and its determinants has been revealed to be nonlinear, the use of the quantile approach is supported. This finding led us to the central hypothesis of this research: economic complexity and export quality first deteriorate the ecological footprint (i.e., in lower quantiles), and the middle and higher quantiles contribute to reducing or mitigating environmental damage. The effect of economic complexity and export quality on the ecological footprint was researched using a two-step approach. First, club convergence was applied to identify the countries that follow a similar convergence path. After this, panel quantile regression was used to determine the explanatory power of economic complexity and export quality on the ecological footprint of 98 countries from 1990 to 2014. The club convergence revealed four convergent groups. Panel quantile regression was used because the relationship between the ecological footprint and its explanatory variables was shown to be nonlinear for the group of countries identified by the club convergence approach. GDP, nonrenewable energy consumption, and the population damage the environment. Urbanisation contributes to reducing the ecological footprint. Export quality and trade openness reduce the ecological footprint, but not at all quantiles. The effect of trade openness mitigating the ecological footprint is lost at the 90th quantile. Export quality becomes a reducer of the ecological footprint in the 50th quantile or above, and in the higher quantiles, its contribution to reducing the footprint is vast. Economic complexity aggravates the ecological footprint in low quantiles (10th), becomes non-statistically significant in the 25th quantile, and reduces the ecological footprint in higher quantiles. Policymakers must identify the impact of the ecological footprint and consider the demand and supply side of economics.
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Barbosa, Romina Vanessa, Cédric Bacher, Fred Jean, and Yoann Thomas. "Linking individual and population patterns of rocky-shore mussels." PeerJ 9 (December 24, 2021): e12550. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12550.
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Individual traits and population parameters can be used as proxies of processes taking place within a range of scales, thus improving the way we can evaluate species response to environmental variability. In intertidal rocky shores, patterns at the within-site scale, i.e., between centimeters to hundreds of meters, are important for understanding the population response into these highly variable environments. Here, we studied a rocky-shore mussel population at the within-site spatial scale (1) to test how intertidal height and orientation of the shore affect individual traits and population parameters, (2) to infer the link between individual and population level features, and (3) to explore the upscaling mechanisms driving population structure and processes. We analyzed the patterns of six population parameters: density, biomass, crowding, median individual size, recruitment and mortality rate, and four individual traits: growth rate, spawning phenology, size and condition index. Crowding was defined as the degree of overlapping of individuals within a given area, for which we created a “crowding index”. Mussels were studied along the intertidal height gradient in two rocky shores with contrasted orientation at one site over a full year. Our results showed a significant effect of intertidal height and shore orientation on most of individual traits and population parameters studied. In contrast, biomass contained in a full covered surface did not vary in space nor in time. This pattern likely results from relatively constant crowding and a trade-off between median individuals’ size and density. We hypothesize that growth, mortality and recruitment rates may all play roles in the stability of the crowding structure of mussel aggregations. Variation in spawning phenology between the two shores in the study site was also observed, suggesting different temporal dynamics of microclimate conditions. Interestingly, despite the different population size distribution between the two shores, our estimates indicate similar potential reproductive output. We hypothesize that the structure of the patches would tend to maintain or carry a maximum of biomass due to trade-offs between density and size while maintaining and maximizing the reproductive output. The patterns of spatial variability of individual traits and population parameters in our study site suggest that heterogeneous within-site conditions influence variation in individual performance and population processes. These results provide insights about the relationship between individual traits and how these relationships make patterns at the population level emerge. They provide baseline information necessary to improve models of metapopulation with spatially explicit processes.
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Saur, Karla, Tara Mirmira, Konstantinos Karanasos, and Jesús Camacho-Rodríguez. "Containerized execution of UDFs." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 15, no. 11 (July 2022): 3158–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3551793.3551860.
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User-defined functions (UDFs) have long been used as the de facto way to extend the capabilities of data management systems. However, they are restricted to the specificities of each DBMS, and recent demands for advanced analytics have increased the need for complex UDFs that may require execution of arbitrary computation written in any programming language, management of library dependencies, portability across environments and engines, and resource isolation. These requirements go beyond what traditional UDFs were designed for, and have given rise to containerized UDFs that enable encapsulation and portability. However, this approach is nascent and can result in significant performance penalties and usability issues. In this paper, we present the first study that spans all stages of containerized UDFs' life cycle, performance bottlenecks in their execution, and extensibility to support different engines. Our experiments show that the performance of containerized UDF execution can be greatly affected by system design choices and that there are many trade-offs to consider. For example, regarding the method of communication with the containerized UDF, we show that binary-based implementations minimize overheads and are more than 2.4x faster than widely used text-based ones. Adopting a newer general-purpose communication method such as Arrow Flight can improve performance dramatically, causing a minimal ~10% slowdown compared to non-containerized UDFs. Additionally, containerized UDF start times vary wildly due to program size and complexity, from .07s to 7s in our experiments. Our insights can help DBMS developers make appropriate choices based on individual use cases when designing their systems.
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Saisubramanian, Sandhya, Ece Kamar, and Shlomo Zilberstein. "Avoiding Negative Side Effects of Autonomous Systems in the Open World." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 74 (May 10, 2022): 143–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.13581.
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Autonomous systems that operate in the open world often use incomplete models of their environment. Model incompleteness is inevitable due to the practical limitations in precise model specification and data collection about open-world environments. Due to the limited fidelity of the model, agent actions may produce negative side effects (NSEs) when deployed. Negative side effects are undesirable, unmodeled effects of agent actions on the environment. NSEs are inherently challenging to identify at design time and may affect the reliability, usability and safety of the system. We present two complementary approaches to mitigate the NSE via: (1) learning from feedback, and (2) environment shaping. The solution approaches target settings with different assumptions and agent responsibilities. In learning from feedback, the agent learns a penalty function associated with a NSE. We investigate the efficiency of different feedback mechanisms, including human feedback and autonomous exploration. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective Markov decision process such that optimizing the agent’s assigned task is prioritized over mitigating NSE. A slack parameter denotes the maximum allowed deviation from the optimal expected reward for the agent’s task in order to mitigate NSE. In environment shaping, we examine how a human can assist an agent, beyond providing feedback, and utilize their broader scope of knowledge to mitigate the impacts of NSE. We formulate the problem as a human-agent collaboration with decoupled objectives. The agent optimizes its assigned task and may produce NSE during its operation. The human assists the agent by performing modest reconfigurations of the environment so as to mitigate the impacts of NSE, without affecting the agent’s ability to complete its assigned task. We present an algorithm for shaping and analyze its properties. Empirical evaluations demonstrate the trade-offs in the performance of different approaches in mitigating NSE in different settings.
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Zaghloul, Moustafa Mahmoud Yousry, Karen Steel, Martin Veidt, and Michael T. Heitzmann. "Wear behaviour of polymeric materials reinforced with man-made fibres: A comprehensive review about fibre volume fraction influence on wear performance." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 41, no. 5-6 (October 1, 2021): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07316844211051733.
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In the mineral processing, mining, oil and gas industries, it is not uncommon to find mechanical components exposed to degradation and wear from slurries. Polymeric matrix composites (PMCs) are considered as potential alternatives to replace metallic materials in such severe environments because of their high strength to weight ratio, ease of production, high wear resistance and good corrosion/chemical resistance. Often, seemingly erratic wear behaviour is observed making preventive maintenance and time-to-failure difficult to manage. A major culprit is the complex physical and chemical interaction with the slurry, such as exposure to high temperatures, high alkalinity, high slurry density, insoluble inorganic contents, high hardness of suspended particles and humidity. It is well understood that the addition of reinforcing fibres greatly improves the stiffness and strength of polymeric matrix composites. However, the effect the reinforcement has on the wear performance is far less established and a framework to analyse the effect of fibre volume fraction is yet to be established. The difficulties in establishing such a framework lay in the multi-factorial contributions and the potential trade-offs with mechanical performance. This makes it much more difficult to isolate clear trends. The objective of the present work is to present a comprehensive review on the influence reinforcing fibres play on wear behaviour of PMCs. The influence of fibre volume fraction on wear performance of polymeric composites reinforced with man-made fibres is presented. The applied load, fibre length, coefficient of friction and chemical treatment of fibres are analysed with respect to wear performance of PMCs. Future trends in the use of fibre-reinforced polymeric composites in wear critical applications are identified. Research gaps in designing composites for wear applications are explained, aiming at motivating future research to address these gaps.
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Li, Yuxin, Pingyu Zhang, Kevin Lo, Juntao Tan, and Qifeng Yang. "Borderland Economic Resilience under COVID-19: Evidence from China–Russia Border Regions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 13042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013042.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact on the global economy and trade, and border regions have been hit severely because of their high dependency on foreign trade. To understand better the economic impact of COVID-19 on border regions, we developed a COVID-19 economic resilience analytical framework and empirically examined 10 Chinese-Russian border cities in Northeast China. We quantitatively analyzed five dimensions of economic resilience, distinguished four types of shock, and examined the determinants of economic resilience. The results show that: (1) the COVID-19 pandemic has wide-ranging impacts in the border areas, with import–export trade and retail sales of consumer goods being the most vulnerable and sensitive to the shock. The whole economy of the border areas is in the downward stage of the resistance period; (2) from a multi-dimensional perspective, foreign trade and consumption are the most vulnerable components of the borderland economic system, while industrial resilience and income resilience have improved against the trend, showing that they have good crisis resistance; (3) borderland economic resilience is a spatially heterogeneous phenomenon, with each border city showing different characteristics; (4) economic openness, fiscal expenditure, and asset investment are the key drivers of economic resilience, and the interaction between the influencing factors presents a nonlinear and bi-factor enhancement of them. The findings shed light on how border economies can respond to COVID-19, and how they are useful in formulating policies to respond to the crisis.