Academic literature on the topic 'Heterogeneous electromagnetic field'

Algorithms for supercomputer modeling of the radiation electromagnetic field in heterogeneous materials of a complex finely-dispersed structure are constructed. A geometric model of a heterogeneous medium is created using Stilinger-Lubachevsky algorithms for multimodal structures. The model includes a system of detectors for statistical evaluation of functionals on the space of solutions of the photon-electron cascade transport equations. Algorithms for the three-dimensional approximation of the results of modeling the radiation transport in a fine-dispersed medium to an electrodynamic difference grid are developed. The approximation methods based on the technology of neural networks. The method of numerical solution of the complete system of Maxwell's equations for calculating the electromagnetic field in a fine-dispersed medium is worked out. The results of demonstration calculations of the electromagnetic field are presented. The results of the calculations show that the spatial distribution of the radiation electromagnetic field has a sharply inhomogeneous structure caused by the presence of boundaries of materials with different radiation properties.

The consistent physic-mathematical model of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a heterogeneous medium is constructed using the generalized wave equation and the Dirichlet theorem. Twelve conditions at the interfaces of adjacent media are obtained and justified without using a surface charge and surface current in explicit form. The conditions are fulfilled automatically in each section of counting schemes for calculations. A consistent physicomathematical model of interaction of nonstationaly electric and thermal fields in a layered medium with allowance or mass transfer is constructed. The model is based on the methods of thermodynamics and on the equations of an electromagnetic field and is formulated without explicit separation of the charge carriers and the charge of an electric double layer.

In this paper, we present the method for determination of effective electromagnetic parameters of complex building materials. By application of the proposed algorithm, it is possible to analyze electromagnetic field distribution for large-scale problems with heterogeneous materials. The two-dimensional numerical model of building components (hollow brick) with periodic boundary conditions was solved using the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) and discussed. On this basis, the resultant transmission coefficient was found and then the equivalent relative permeability and electric conductivity of heterogeneous dielectric structures, in the developed homogenization algorithm, were identified. The homogenization of material properties was achieved by performing a multi-variant optimization scheme and finally, selecting optimal electric parameters. Despite the analysis of heterogeneous building materials, the presented algorithm is shown as a tool for the homogenization of complex structures when scattering of a high-frequency electromagnetic field is considered.

Effective external field effects in spectroscopies of molecules in heterogeneous environments, i.e., the implications of the additional environment polarization induced by the probing electromagnetic field, can be significant and depart remarkably from the simple Onsager picture.

: Tunability in resonance wavelength and the enhancement of the electromagnetic field intensities around the surface are two unique properties which make metal as a plasmonic material. A theoretical investigation on the LSPR and field enhancement for heterogeneous dimer–trimer metallic nanostructure by constituting Al and Au as two different plamsonic materials has been studied. Since electrons in Al exhibit free behavior for LSPR of Au, therefore, they influence the electric field magnitude generated by Au LSPR. Methods: The electromagnetic simulations reported in this paper were performed using the FDTD Solutions (version 7.5.1), a product of Lumerical Solutions Inc., Vancouver, Canada. We adopted a cubic Yee cell of 1 nm side and a time step Δt= 1.31•10-18 s, bounded by Courant condition. Results: The extinction spectrum shows LSPR peak over UV-visible region for isotropic nanostructure which shifts to NIR region for anisotropic shape nanostructure. The spherical shape hetero dimer nanostructure shows enhancement factor ~ 3.9 X 105 whereas it increases to ~ 6.2 X 106 for anisotropic shape at 610 nm. The field distribution corresponding to the trimer nanostructure reveals a large dipolar field distribution on each of the three nanoparticles, oscillating approximately in-phase. The spherical shape Al-Au-Al shows enhancement factor ~ 8.5 X 106 at 571 nm. The anisotropic shape increase the enhancement factor to ~ 2.4 X 107 at peak wavelength 700 nm i.e. tuning the plasmon wavelength towards NIR region. Conclusion: The tunability in plasmon wavelength and field enhancement factor has been evaluated for heterogeneous nanostructure over wider spectrum range i.e. DUV-Visible-NIR using Au-Al dimer and trimer nanostructure. The isotropic shape Au-Al hetero nanostructure shows larger enhancement in the UV-visible region, whereas the anisotropic shape nanostructure contributes towards the NIR region.

AbstractIn this paper we explore simulated responses of electromagnetic (EM) signals relative to in situ field surveys and quantify the effects that different values of conductivity in sea ice have on the EM fields. We compute EM responses of ice types with a three-dimensional (3-D) finite-volume discretization of Maxwell’s equations and present 2-D sliced visualizations of their associated EM fields at discrete frequencies. Several interesting observations result: First, since the simulator computes the fields everywhere, each gridcell acts as a receiver within the model volume, and captures the complete, coupled interactions between air, snow, sea ice and sea water as a function of their conductivity; second, visualizations demonstrate how 1-D approximations near deformed ice features are violated. But the most important new finding is that changes in conductivity affect EM field response by modifying the magnitude and spatial patterns (i.e. footprint size and shape) of current density and magnetic fields. These effects are demonstrated through a visual feature we define as ‘null lines’. Null line shape is affected by changes in conductivity near material boundaries as well as transmitter location. Our results encourage the use of null lines as a planning tool for better ground-truth field measurements near deformed ice types.

I present a pseudospectral explicit scheme that can simulate low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) propagation in the earth. This scheme solves linear periodic parabolic equations, having accuracy within machine precision, both temporally and spatially. The method is based on a Chebyshev expansion of the evolution operator, with the spatial derivatives computed via a staggered Fourier pseudospectral technique. The results match analytical solutions of the initial-value problem and the Green's function. An example of the EM field produced by a set of magnetic sources in a heterogeneous model illustrates the algorithm's performance.

When a horizontally polarized rotational mechanical wave (SH-wave) travels through a porous rock, acceleration of the rock frame induces a streaming current in the SH particle motion plane. This streaming current is parallel to the particle displacement and has an associated electromagnetic (EM) field. This phenomenon is often described as the electroseismic (EOS) conversion. Numerically, the EOS phenomenon can be simulated in either the frequency or the time domain. Frequency‐domain numerical simulation has huge memory and computational requirements. Traditional time‐domain simulation, on the other hand, must restrict the time steps to be very small to satisfy stability conditions, resulting in large workload. In this paper, we present a fast finite‐element (FE) method simulating the EOS conversion in the time domain. In our method, we decompose the large 2-D FE matrix equations into a set of 1-D matrix equations and solve the problem using the approximate 1-D multistep process. We present numerical examples of 1-D and 2-D models to illustrate the coevolution of the seismic and electromagnetic fields. Our simulation results show that the diffusive electrical field is induced from the spatial variations of mechanical and electrical properties of the porous media due to the imbalance of the induced electric current. Besides the direct SH-wave itself, the transmitted waves, multiple waves, reflected waves, and diffracted waves also induce diffusive electrical fields. The EOS conversion is potentially useful for reservoir characterization, but the EOS data may be difficult to interpret due to the complexity of the superposed wave fields. The diffusive nature of the induced EM fields suggests that antennas should be positioned close to the target of interest in in‐situ measurements. As a result, borehole EOS surveys are likely to be more practical than surface surveys.

У дисертаційній роботі представлені науково-технічні результати дослідження електромагнітного багатопараметрового перетворювача для визначення параметрів циліндричних металевих виробів, принцип роботи якого ґрунтується на виділенні амплітуди та фази просторових гармонік неоднорідного магнітного поля, представленого у вигляді ряду Фур'є. Об'єкт дослідження достатньо повно описаний в науковій літературі. Показано, що подальше збільшення інформаційних параметрів, які контролюються одним перетворювачем може здійснюватися декількома шляхами. Наприклад, використання для живлення перетворювача струмом різних частот з подальшою фільтрацією і виділенням амплітуди і фази на кожній частоті. Така реалізація багатопараметрових датчиків досить складна і не завжди відображає справжню картину процесів, що відбуваються в об'єкті контролю через різну глибину проникнення поля (скін-ефект). Показано, що застосування результатів дослідження дає можливість отримати більш повну інформацію про об'єкт контролю, яка не могла бути отримана при використанні традиційних методів. Тому, застосування розробленого методу, є перспективним. В роботі розроблена фізико-математична модель електромагнітного перетворювача з неоднорідним розподілом електромагнітного поля для провідника зі струмом, розташованого уздовж бічної поверхні циліндричного виробу на деякій відстані d від центра металевого циліндра радіуса a. Вирішена просторова задача розподілу змінного в часі магнітного поля і отримані вирази, за якими можна обчислити функції для будь-якої просторової гармоніки, за якими можна скласти картину розподілу поля в будь-який області (всередині виробу, між виробом і провідником зі струмом, а також поза цим провідником). Отримано математичні вирази для визначення напруженості магнітного поля для r-ї і φ-ї складової, створюваного струмом одного провідника (або полюса з кінцевими кутовими розмірами). Проведено облік товщини стрічки полюса з сумарним струмом, який призводить до заміни в формулах для напруженості поля значення r на деякий ефективний радіус. Отримано математичні вирази для амплітуди і фази n-ї просторової гармоніки сигналу перетворювача, що наводиться в вимірювальних обмотках, розташованих уздовж поверхні циліндричного об'єкту контролю з кутовою координатою φ на окружності радіуса d. Для підтвердження адекватності запропонованої моделі перетворювача проведені експерименти, які показали відмінність між розрахунковими і експериментально отриманими значеннями ЕРС вихідного сигналу перетворювача. Так, наприклад, для вимірювальних обмоток, з кутовими координатами φ = 0° і φ = 180° розбіжність значень напруг склала не більше 5%, а для обмоток з розташуванням по φ = 30°, 60°, 300° і 330° розбіжність склала не більше 10%. Запропоновано також прийоми і способи виділення необхідних просторових гармонік і приглушення гармонік з високими номерами. Останнє дозволяє знизити вплив вищих просторових гармонік до 1%. Для виключення з картини просторового розподілу поля парних або непарних гармонік запропоновано використовувати систему провідників з однаковими і протилежними напрямками струмів в них. Отримано універсальні функції перетворення для амплітуди і фази n-ї складової гармоніки для перетворювача. Розроблено метод спільного контролю електричних (σ), магнітних (μr) і геометричних (а) параметрів циліндричних виробів, на основі перетворювача з одним намагнічувальним полюсом при використанні 1-ї і 2-ї просторових гармонік, який дозволяє однозначно вирішувати задачу багатопараметрового контролю для широкого сортименту виробів, різних конструкцій і режимів роботи перетворювачів. Розроблено метод на основі електромагнітного перетворювача з двома намагнічувальними полюсами і різним напрямком струму. Отримано універсальні функції перетворення з використанням 1-ї і 3-ї просторових гармонік, а також запропонований алгоритм реалізації багатопараметрового контролю параметрів циліндричних виробів. Визначено чутливості методу і знайдено раціональні режими роботи перетворювача. Виконано розрахунок і показано вплив вищих гармонік поля на вихідні сигнали перетворювача. Так, наприклад, для перетворювача з одним збуджувальним провідником, відкидання 3-ї гармоніки призведе до похибки розрахунку результуючої ЕРС, яка дорівнює 5%, а для перетворювача з двома збуджувальними провідниками, при відкиданні 5-ї гармоніки, становить 1,5%. Розроблено макет лабораторної установки з електромагнітним перетворювачем з просторово-періодичною структурою поля і проведені експериментальні дослідження по визначенню μr σ, і а з імітаційними зразками різного сортаменту для підтвердження адекватності розробленого методу. Наведена конструкція електромагнітного перетворювача з двома збуджувальними полюсами і різним напрямком намагнічувального струму з використанням амплітуди 1-ї і 3-ї просторових гармонік і фази 1-ї гармоніки. Оскільки безпосередньо оцінити похибки контролю μr, σ і а для розробленого багатопараметрового перетворювача досить складно, в роботі проведено вимірювання цих же параметрів контрольними методами. Так для визначення а досліджуваного зразка використовувався мікрометр з діапазоном вимірювання діаметра (50 ± 0,01) мм, для визначення σ циліндричного зразка використовувався контактний електричний метод на базі потенціометра постійного струму Р363-3, з класом точності 0,005, а для визначення μr використовувався метод амперметра - вольтметра для кільцевого зразка. Показано, що застосування розробленого перетворювача дозволяє отримувати найбільш повну інформацію про стан повітряних ліній електропередач, тобто визначати μr, σ, і a циліндричних дротів, а також корельованих з ними механічним навантаженням, температурою, величиною струму, що протікає в лінії та визначення питомих електричних втрат при діагностиці стану повітряних ліній електропередач, що підтверджується актом впровадження від 18.12.2015р (договір № 377551 від 27.07.2015р між НТУ «ХПІ» та ПАТ «Укргідропроект» м. Харків).
The dissertation presents the scientific and technical results of the study of the electromagnetic multi-parameter transducer for the cylindrical metal products parameters determining, which principle is based on the allocation of the amplitude and phase of the spatial harmonics of a nonuniform magnetic field presented in the form of a Fourier series. The object of the study is in the full extent described in the scientific literature. It is shown that further increase of information parameters controlled by one transducer can be carried out in several ways. For example, the use of different frequency to power the transducers, signal filtering and separation of amplitude and phase at each frequency. Such implementation of multiparameter sensors is quite complicated and does not always give the true picture of the processes taking place in the controlled object due to the different depth of field penetration (skin effect). It has been shown that the application of the study results provides an opportunity to obtain more information about the studied object that could not be obtained by using traditional methods. Therefore, the application of the developed method is promising. The physic-mathematical model of an electromagnetic transducer with non-uniform distribution of an electromagnetic field for a conductor with a current located along the lateral surface of a cylindrical product at a distance d from the center of a metallic cylinder of radius a. The spatial problem of the distribution of a magnetic field variable in time is solved and expressions allowing calculating the functions for any spatial harmonic are obtained and it is possible to make a picture of the distribution of the field in any area (inside the product, between the product and conductor with current, as well as beyond this conductor). Mathematical expressions are obtained to determine the intensity of the magnetic field for r-th and φ-th components, generated by the current of one conductor (or pole with finite angular dimensions). The thickness of the pole with a total current is taken into account, which leads to the replacement of r quantity in the formulas for field strength by effective radius. Mathematical expressions are obtained to determine amplitude and phase of transducer’s signal n-th spatial harmonics, which are generated in the measuring windings located along the surface of the cylindrical object with the angular coordinate φ on a circle of radius d. Experiments have been carried out to confirm the adequacy of the transducer’ proposed model, which showed the difference between the calculated and experimentally obtained values of the EMF of the transducer’ output signal. For instance, for measuring windings with angular coordinates φ = 0° і φ = 180° difference of voltage values is less than 5% and for measuring windings with angular coordinates φ = 30°, 60°, 300° і 330° difference is less than 10%. Methods and algorithms of allocating the necessary spatial harmonics and eliminating harmonics with high numbers are offered also. The latter allows us to reduce the influence of the higher spatial harmonics down to 1%. To exclude from the spatial distribution of the field odd or even harmonics it is suggested to use a system of conductors with the same and opposite directions of currents in them. The universal transformation functions for the amplitude and phase of the n-th harmonic component for the transducer are obtained. Method is developed for simultaneous testing electrical (σ), magnet (μr) and geometrical (а) parameters of cylindrical objects, by the use of transducer with on magnetizing pole considering 1-st and 2-nd spatial harmonics, which allows unambiguously solve the task of multi-parameter testing for a wide variety of products, various designs and modes of operation of transducers. The method based on the electromagnetic transducer with two magnetized poles and a different direction of current is developed. The universal functions of conversion with use of 1-st and 3-rd spatial harmonics are obtained, also the algorithm of realization of cylindrical wares’ parameters multi-parameter control is offered. The sensitivity of the method is determined and rational modes of transducer operation are found. The calculation is performed and the effect of the higher harmonics of the field on the output signals of the transducer is shown. For example, for a transducer with one excitation wire, the rejection of the 3-rd harmonic will result in an error of the resulting EMF calculation equal to 5%, and for a transducer with two excitatory wires, when the 5-th harmonic is rejected, it is 1.5%. A layout of a laboratory unit with an electromagnetic transducer with a spatial-periodic field structure was developed and experimental studies were carried out to determine μr σ, and а with simulation samples of different sorts to confirm the adequacy of the developed method. The construction of an electromagnetic transducer with two excitation poles and a different direction of the magnetizing current with the use of the amplitude of the 1-st and 3-rd spatial harmonics and the 1-st harmonic phase is presented. As soon as direct estimation of error of testing μr, σ and а for the developed multi-parameter transducer is quite complicated, in the work the measurements of these parameters were carried out by control methods. So, to estimate а of the studied sample micrometer with a diameter measuring range (50 ± 0,01) mm was used, to estimate σ of a cylindrical sample, a contact electric method was used based on the potentiometer of direct current Р363-3 (R363-3), having accuracy class of 0,005, to estimate μr the method of an ammeter – voltmeter for a ring sample was used. It is shown that implementation of the developed transducer allows to receive the most complete information about the condition of electric power lines, that is to define μr, σ, and a of cylindrical wires, as well as the mechanical load, temperature, magnitude of the current flowing in the line correlated with them and the determination of specific electrical losses during the diagnosis of the state of electric power lines, as evidenced by the implementation act dated 18.12.2015 (agreement № 377551 dated 27.07.2015 between NTU “KhPI” and PJSC “Ukrhydroproekt” city of Kharkiv).

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук (доктора філософії) зі спеціальності 05.11.13 – прилади і методи контролю та визначення складу речовин. Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019. В роботі розроблена фізико-математична модель електромагнітного перетворювача з неоднорідним розподілом електромагнітного поля провідника зі струмом, розташованого уздовж бічної поверхні циліндричного виробу на деякій відстані d від центра металевого циліндра радіуса a. Отримано математичні вирази для визначення напруженості магнітного поля для r-ї і φ-ї складової, створюваного струмом одного провідника або полюса. Проведено облік товщини стрічки полюса, який призводить до заміни в формулах для напруженості поля значення r на деякий ефективний радіус. Отримано математичні вирази для амплітуди і фази n-ї просторової гармоніки сигналу перетворювача, що наводиться в вимірювальних обмотках, розташованих уздовж поверхні циліндричного об'єкту контролю з кутовою координатою φ по колу радіуса d. Для підтвердження адекватності запропонованої моделі перетворювача проведені експерименти, які показали хороший збіг між розрахунковими і експериментальними значеннями ЕРС сигналу перетворювача. Так, наприклад, для вимірювальних обмоток, з кутовими координатами φ = 0° і φ = 180° розбіжність значень напруг склала не більше 5%, а для обмоток з розташуванням по φ = 30°, 60°, 300° і 330° розбіжність склала не більше 10%. Розроблено метод на основі електромагнітного перетворювача з двома полюсами і різним напрямком струму. Отримано універсальні функції перетворення з використанням 1-ї і 3-ї просторових гармонік, а також запропонований алгоритм реалізації багатопараметрового контролю параметрів циліндричних виробів.
Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences (doctor of philosophy) in specialty 05.11.13 – instruments and methods of substance composition control and determination. National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The physic-mathematical model of an electromagnetic transducer with non-uniform distribution of an electromagnetic field for a conductor with a current located along the lateral surface of a cylindrical product at a distance d from the center of a metallic cylinder of radius a. Mathematical expressions are obtained to determine the intensity of the magnetic field for r-th and φ-th components, generated by the current of one conductor (or pole with finite angular dimensions). The thickness of the pole with a total current is taken into account, which leads to the replacement of r quantity in the formulas for field strength by effective radius. Mathematical expressions are obtained to determine amplitude and phase of transducer’s signal n-th spatial harmonics, which are generated in the measuring windings located along the surface of the cylindrical object with the angular coordinate φ on a circle of radius d. Experiments have been carried out to confirm the adequacy of the transducer’ proposed model, which showed the difference between the calculated and experimentally obtained values of the EMF of the transducer’ output signal. For instance, for measuring windings with angular coordinates φ = 0° і φ = 180° difference of voltage values is less than 5% and for measuring windings with angular coordinates φ = 30°, 60°, 300° і 330° difference is less than 10%. The method based on the electromagnetic transducer with two magnetized poles and a different direction of current is developed. The universal functions of conversion with use of 1-st and 3-rd spatial harmonics are obtained, also the algorithm of realization of cylindrical wares’ parameters multi-parameter control is offered.

Dans les environnements militaires, et plus particulièrement dans le domaine terrestre, de nombreux systèmes radioélectriques HF (de 3 à 30 MHz), VHF (de 30 à 300 MHz) et UHF (de 300 à 3000 MHz) sont utilisés. Ces systèmes remplissent plusieurs fonctions (communication longue et courte distance, brouillage, radar, etc ...) et peuvent parfois cohabiter sur un même porteur. Ces différentes fonctions utilisent plusieurs antennes et augmentent les risques de surexposition électromagnétique des opérateurs. Des normes civiles et militaires proposent des limites sur les champs électromagnétiques appliqués et sur des grandeurs dosimétriques (débit d'absorption spécifique DAS, densité de courant et champs électriques internes) pour limiter ces risques entre 0 et 300 GHz. Ces travaux de thèse ont deux objectifs principaux. Le premier est d'étudier les normes civiles et militaires afin de comprendre comment elles ont été développées et si elles sont réellement adaptées aux fréquences HF et VHF. Le deuxième est de proposer et valider une nouvelle méthode de validation des produits radio Thales. Pour cela, nous caractérisons numériquement le comportement électromagnétique et thermique du corps humain lors d'une exposition électromagnétique en bandes HF et VHF. L'étude des couplages entre le corps et les champs électromagnétiques externes nous permet de proposer pour la première fois des formules calculant les DAS dans le corps d'un fantôme homogène à partir, soit des courants induits le long du corps pour une exposition quelconque, soit du champ électrique appliqué pour une exposition en onde plane
In military environments, especially land field, high frequencies (HF, 3 - 30 MHz), very high frequencies (VHF, 30 - 300 MHz) and ultra high frequencies (UHF, 300 - 3000 MHz) have been used for long range and shortrange communications, for communication interference or for detection. To have all those functions on the same carrier, they require many antennas, therefore they are increasing the operator's electromagnetic overexposure risk. Civilian and military standards were published providing limits on external electromagnetic fields and dosimetric quantities (specific absortion rate SAR, current density and internal electric field) to limit this overexposure risk between 0 and 300 GHz. The PhD thesis project has two main objectives. First, civilian and military standards are studied to understand how they were developed and if they are really suited for HF and VHF frequencies. Second, a new validation method of Thales radio product is proposed and validated. This PhD thesis project have characterized numerically the human body electromagnetic and thermal behavior during electromagnetic exposure in HF and VHF. Then, by studying couplings between external electromagnetic fields, induced current and human body, formulas to calculate both whole-body averaged SAR and local SAR 10 g in homogeneous body are proposed for the first time

The electromagnetic interferences (EMI) are threats that affect the reliability of the railway signalling systems. Consequently, the identification of the reliability requirements dependent on environment conditions is a major issue for signalling systems designers, and therefore for evaluators, and testing and certification bodies. Signalling systems work in the complex and heterogeneous railway environment, where low power electronics have to work together with high voltages and currents from trains and railway infrastructure. This chapter presents the relationship between the railway electromagnetic interoperability and the reliability assessment by analyzing the signalling systems and the associated inter-dependencies with other components of the rolling stock. It is composed of two main sections; the first gathers an exhaustive state of the art approach to the issue of electromagnetic interoperability and railway industry. This subsection steers towards the combination of electromagnetic interferences and the signalling systems present in the rolling stock noise environment. That is the basis of the second section that finally sets how to establish the reliability requirement for a communication path in this environment. This requirement is established because of the electromagnetic noise environment, as well as the radiated and conducted fields, which are a combination of all the surrounding threats a focused railway system has to face. It also depends on the modulation of the communication signal under study.

The chapter presents the results of research carried out in Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences that were focused on validation and application of design diagrams, methods and systems for measuring stresses under the modes of Tokamak instillation cooling and management of electromagnetic fields during startups. The examples of tensometric systems and results of measurements of stresses under cryogenic temperatures and strong magnetic fields as well as results of analysis of the states of stresses and strains of structurally heterogeneous components of load-bearing and conductive structures are presented. Operation conditions and limit states of Tokamak components are considered. Results of research summarized in the chapter demonstrate the correctness of the adopted design solutions, which result in a relatively low level of local stresses in the load-bearing components of the thermonuclear installations.

The superficial electromagnetic methods are widely applied for non-destructive control of pipeline technical condition. For this purpose we have developed the theory and field technology for the pipeline inspection that allows: 1) determining the pipeline trajectory (plane position and depth), 2) delimitation of pipeline intervals with an insulation coating damage, and 3) estimating the condition of a cathodic protection system. The proposed method is based on the approximation of a metallic pipeline by a heterogeneous transmission line with variable distributed parameters: resistance and inductance along a tube (tube wall thickness) and leakage conductance. The field operations consist in measurements of magnetic field above a pipeline and voltage only on the control posts. The interpretation process includes the iterative inversion of the magnetic component in order to determine the pipeline depth and current distribution along pipeline. The current difference corresponds to leakage current and allow estimate the leakage resistance. We illustrate the practical application of this method using the obtained results for pipeline inspections in Mexico. Based on the voltage and current simulations for the infralow-frequency band (0–1kHz) we have evaluated the feasibility of the time lapse measurements of the magnetic field in some fixed points for the early prediction of an insulation damaging process.

Abstract Radio frequency (RF) heating is recognized as a technique having the potential to thermally enhance remediation of hydrocarbon-impacted soil. RF heating delivers electromagnetic (EM) power to a targeted body of soil, resulting in an increased soil temperature that enhances the in-situ remediation processes such as biodegradation. Antennas are placed either on the ground or installed in the soil near the ground surface. The antennas operate in the hundreds of kHz to MHz range. To model the RF heating process, we successfully coupled a reservoir simulator with a 3-dimensional (3D) EM solver to evaluate the ability of RF technology to heat soil in situ. The coupled reservoir/EM simulator solves the EM fields and associated heating for a heterogeneous reservoir or soil volume in the presence of multiple antennas. The coupling was accomplished through a flexible interface in the reservoir simulator that allows the runtime loading of third-party software libraries with additional physics. This coupled workflow had been previously used for studying RF heating for heavy oil recovery (Li 2019). An RF heating simulation case study was performed in support of a soil remediation field test designed to demonstrate the ability to heat soils using EM energy. The study included field test data analysis, simulation model building, and history matching the model to test data. Results indicate, on average, the soil was heated ∼2-3°C above the initial formation temperature after approximately two days (52 hours) of RF heating. We found that the RF heating was local, and our simulation model, after tuning input parameters, was able to predict a temperature profile consistent with the field test observations. With properly designed RF heating field pilots and tuning of EM and reservoir parameters in simulation models, the coupled reservoir/EM simulator is a powerful tool for the calibration, evaluation, and optimization of RF heating operations.

Abstract At present most work treats radiative transport in heterogeneous media as if it were a homogeneous medium, then relies on different methods to simulate the medium heterogeneity or uses similar governing equations with assigned distributions for coefficients. This approach is widely used although almost never found in other fields of heat and mass transport. The lack of generality in present theoretical treatments of radiative transport in heterogeneous media is addressed by rigorous development of a set of governing equations. The new rigorous equations for radiation transport in heterogeneous media are presented for the first time. As part of the development of the new set of equations for electromagnetic and spectral intensity fields, the diffusion approximation is explored.

Abstract This study evaluates physical and chemical changes induced by high thermal gradients on the formation and their impact to the stability. The heat sources that effect the formation’s stability are varied, including drilling (due to drilling bit friction), perforation, electromagnetic heating (laser or microwave), and thermal recovery or stimulation (steam, resistive heating, combustion, microwave, etc.). This study uses an integrated approach to characterize rock heterogeneity and mapping heat propagation from different heat sources. The information obtained from the study is vital to accurately design and enhance well completion and stimulation This is an integrated analysis approach combining different advanced characterization and visualization techniques to map heat propagation in the formation. Advanced statistical analysis is also used to determine the key parameters and build fundamental prediction algorithms. Characterization on the samples was performed before, during, and after the exposure to thermal sources; it comprised thin-section, high speed infrared thermography (IR), differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analyzer (DTA/TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), uniaxial stress, and autoscan (provide hardness, composition, velocity, and spectral absorption). The results are integrated, and machine learning is used to derive a predictive algorithm of heat propagation and mapping in the formation with reference to the key formation variables and heterogeneity distribution. Rock heterogeneity affects the rate and patterns of heat propagation into the formation. Within the rock sample, minerals, laminations, and cementations lead to a heterogeneous, and sometimes anisotropic, distribution of thermal properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity, diffusivity, etc.). These properties are also affected by the rock structure (porosity, micro-cracks, and fractures) and saturation distribution. The results showed the impact of heat on the mechanical properties of the rocks are due to clays dehydration, mineral dissociations, and micro cracks. High speed thermal imaging provides a unique visualization of heat propagation in heterogeneous rocks. Statistical analysis identified key parameters and their impact on thermal propagation; the output was used to build a machine learning algorithm to predict heat distributions in core samples and near-wellbore. Characterizing rock properties and understanding how heterogeneity modifies heat propagation in rocks enables the design of optimal completion and stimulation strategies. This paper discusses how advanced characterization and analysis, combined with novel algorithms, can improve this understanding, and unleash innovation and optimization. The data and information gathered are critical to develop numerical models for field-scale applications.

Abstract Recent developments in Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) technology have enabled high-resolution borehole imaging in oil-base mud that used to be a long-standing challenge. New applications to enhance image interpretation and maintain feature-integrity were developed with feedback from Abu Dhabi field examples of recently deployed LWD dual imager where hostile drilling conditions impacted the high-resolution ultrasonic image quality. The new dual imager has 4 ultrasonic sensors and 2 electromagnetic sensors (for resistivity image) mounted on a 15-ft sub in the drilling bottom-hole assembly (BHA). It provides ultrasonic amplitude and travel-time images at two central frequencies in addition to apparent resistivity images composed of four operating frequency measurements. A long lateral of around 8000-ft was drilled with this new imager through challenging heterogeneous carbonates and data was analyzed for geological interpretation. Based on the feedback for data quality improvement in certain intervals, the impact of shock & vibration on high-resolution (0.2") ultrasonic images was analyzed in time domain with simulated data first to understand the behavior of causative factors independently. Afterwards, the new algorithms were developed and deployed to maintain feature integrity of the data. The validation on field-data provided much-needed validation for the results in hostile drilling conditions. Resistivity images provided all the bedding and textural information (vugs, stylolites) with high confidence images at around 0.8" resolution. Higher resolution (0.2") ultrasonic images provided concrete information about vugs distribution for secondary porosity with quantitative interpretation on vug-indices. In addition, feedback provided from real time data was incorporated in subsequent processing and development of an image processing app that effectively fixes the depth-filtering related to drilling-induced events and stick-slip. Re-processing of the data provided high quality images that were used for high-resolution geological interpretation. Confident feature recognition was input into interpretation application hitherto available only in water-base mud while drilling. Results of this study with feedback incorporated to field-data from Abu Dhabi helped better the geological interpretation in hostile drilling condition as well, minimizing the need for e-line imaging.