Journal articles: 'Heterogeneous bank'

1

Berentsen, Aleksander, and Carlo Strub. "Central bank design with heterogeneous agents." European Economic Review 53, no. 2 (February 2009): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2008.03.007.

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Fontenla, Matías. "LIQUIDITY PROVISION AND BANKING CRISES WITH HETEROGENEOUS AGENTS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 13, S1 (May 2009): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509080146.

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The banking literature following Diamond and Dybvig [Journal of Political Economy 85, 191–206 (1983)] has assumed that all depositors are ex ante identical. This paper relaxes this assumption by introducing two types of agents. Whereas some agents are uncertain about their liquidity needs at the time they deposit in banks, other agents know exactly at what time they will want to withdraw their funds. Agents who know ex ante that they will want to withdraw in the short term will tend to disrupt the ability of a bank to serve customers who are uncertain about their timing of withdrawal. An adverse selection problem arises, where short-term deposits have the incentive to join the financial system and limit, or completely do away with, banks' liquidity provision service. On the other hand, potentially beneficial long-term funds will not be deposited in banks. Further, when unpredicted short-term withdrawal needs are sufficiently high, bank reserves are exhausted, and long-term investments need to be disrupted, causing a banking crisis.

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CACCIOLI, FABIO, THOMAS A. CATANACH, and J. DOYNE FARMER. "HETEROGENEITY, CORRELATIONS AND FINANCIAL CONTAGION." Advances in Complex Systems 15, supp02 (September 2012): 1250058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525912500580.

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We consider a model of contagion in financial networks recently introduced in Gai, P. and Kapadia, S. [Contagion in financial networks, Proc. R. Soc. A466(2120) (2010) 2401–2423], and we characterize the effect of a few features empirically observed in real networks on the stability of the system. Notably, we consider the effect of heterogeneous degree distributions, heterogeneous balance sheet size and degree correlations between banks. We study the probability of contagion conditional on the failure of a random bank, the most connected bank and the biggest bank, and we consider the effect of targeted policies aimed at increasing the capital requirements of a few banks with high connectivity or big balance sheets. Networks with heterogeneous degree distributions are shown to be more resilient to contagion triggered by the failure of a random bank, but more fragile with respect to contagion triggered by the failure of highly connected nodes. A power law distribution of balance sheet size is shown to induce an inefficient diversification that makes the system more prone to contagion events. A targeted policy aimed at reinforcing the stability of the biggest banks is shown to improve the stability of the system in the regime of high average degree. Finally, disassortative mixing, such as that observed in real banking networks, is shown to enhance the stability of the system.

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Vítor, Pereira. "Effects of Heterogeneous Institutional Investors on the Performance of Portuguese Banks." Studies in Business and Economics 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2022-0012.

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Abstract Effective corporate governance is fundamental to the correct operation of the banking sector. This study examines corporate governance in terms of the effects of different combinations of institutional investors on the performance of Portuguese banks. Effects based on kind (e.g. type of institutional investor) and degree (e.g. institutional investor experience) are considered. The results of a crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA) show that the simultaneous presence of banks and corporations as shareholders, and non-presence of financial companies can positively affect banks’ return on average assets (ROAA) and return on average equity (ROAE). This research provides a wider picture of possible impacts in terms of banks’ performance when there are different types of institutional owners. Lastly, the results are particularly relevant for the supervision protocols developed by the Bank of Portugal and the European Central Bank, in situations of changes of banks’ shareholders.

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Qiu, Meikang, Minyi Guo, Meiqin Liu, Chun Jason Xue, Laurence T. Yang, and Edwin H. M. Sha. "Loop scheduling and bank type assignment for heterogeneous multi-bank memory." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 69, no. 6 (June 2009): 546–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2009.02.005.

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Huang, Kun, and Qiuge Yao. "China’s Bank Balance Sheet and Financing of Heterogeneous Enterprises." Economies 6, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies6040065.

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Given the background of financial disintermediation and interest rate marketization, the assets of China’s commercial banks can be divided into traditional credit assets, whose rates of return are controlled by the supervision department, and financial assets, whose rates of return fluctuate according to market conditions. Direct financing enterprises are mainly state-owned enterprises with a good reputation, endorsed by the government, and they finance using the financial assets of commercial banks. Indirect financing enterprises are mainly private enterprises, which finance using credit assets. By introducing a financial intermediary sector with a balance sheet into dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, our model endogenously determines the leverage ratio and the ratio of the two assets of the bank. Model results show that the impact from the volatility of financial markets and other exogenous shocks can affect the banks’ asset proportions of the two asset types, asymmetrically affecting the production scale of enterprises with two types of financing. Further, the bank’s leverage ratio changes will have a magnifying effect on economic fluctuations.

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Nizamani, Abdul Rahman, Zulkefly Abdul Karim, Mohd Azlan Shah Zaidi, and Norlin Khalid. "Bank heterogeneity in interest rate pass-through: A panel evidence of Pakistan." Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance 17, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2021.17.2.5.

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This article examines the role of bank-level characteristics in determining the nature of interest rate pass-through from monetary policy rates to commercial banks’ lending rates in Pakistan. Several bank-level factors, namely market size, liquidity, capitalisation, profitability, and competition level, were used in analysing the pass-through mechanism. This study utilised a dynamic heterogeneous panel technique, namely the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation for the sample of 12 private commercial banks, over the time span 2003:Q2 to 2015:Q4. Banks of smaller size, large capital, and higher liquidity were significantly affecting the interest rate pass-through procedure. Thus, to improve monetary policy’s transmission mechanism, Pakistan’s central bank should limit bank capitalisation and draw out excess liquidity from the banking sector.

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Bianchi, Milo, and Philippe Jehiel. "Bundlers' dilemmas in financial markets with sampling investors." Theoretical Economics 15, no. 2 (2020): 545–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te3726.

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We study banks' incentive to pool assets of heterogeneous quality when investors evaluate pools by extrapolating from limited sampling. Pooling assets of heterogeneous quality induces dispersion in investors' valuations without affecting their average. Prices are determined by market clearing assuming that investors can neither borrow nor short‐sell. A monopolistic bank has the incentive to create heterogeneous bundles only when investors have enough money. When the number of banks is sufficiently large, oligopolistic banks choose extremely heterogeneous bundles, even when investors have little money and even if this turns out to be collectively detrimental to the banks. If, in addition, banks can originate low quality assets, even at a cost, this collective inefficiency is exacerbated and pure welfare losses arise. Robustness to the presence of rational investors and to the possibility of short‐selling is discussed.

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9

Hahn, Volker. "TRANSPARENCY IN MONETARY POLICY, SIGNALING, AND HETEROGENEOUS INFORMATION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, no. 2 (March 12, 2013): 369–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000429.

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We examine the welfare implications of two types of central-bank transparency: the publication of the information underlying the central bank's decision (decision transparency) and the release of the information that the central bank observes afterwards (postdecision transparency). Decision transparency does not make the public better informed in equilibrium. Even so, it may be socially desirable because it eliminates harmful equilibria. Postdecision transparency has ambiguous effects. It reduces output variance and the distortions stemming from heterogeneous information. In this sense, it can be used as a substitute for monetary policy. However, postdecision transparency generally raises the variance of inflation. We argue that a conflict of interests may arise between society and the central bank with regard to transparency.

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Ozhegov, Evgeniy M. "Heterogeneous preferences of Russian residential mortgage borrowers." Journal of European Real Estate Research 10, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-02-2016-0009.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the heterogeneity of preferences of mortgage borrowers of Russian state-owned suppliers of residential housing mortgages. Design/methodology/approach Analysis takes into account the underwriting process and the choice of contract terms of all loans originated from 2008 to 2012. The data set contains demographic and financial characteristics for all applications, loan terms and the performance information for all issued loans by one regional bank which operates government mortgage programs. The paper uses a multistep semiparametric approach to estimate the determinants of bank and borrower choice controlling for possible heterogeneity of preferences, sample selection and endogeneity of contract terms. Findings The study found that the demand of low-income households who are unable to afford to improve the housing conditions by other instruments than government mortgage is less elastic according to the change both in interest rate and maturity compared with higher-income households. Social implications Given lower elasticities of the demand, the low-income group of borrowers has higher potential cost of loan and is usually rejected by commercial banks. The presence of the Agency of Housing Mortgage Lending special programs with subsidized interest rate for special constrained categories (young families, teachers, researchers etc.) widens the access for housing conditions’ improvements as a part of housing affordability government program. Originality/value The main contribution to the literature is modeling choice of contract terms as interdependent by the structural system of simultaneous equations with heterogeneous marginal effects.

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11

Dang, Van Dan. "Economic Cycle and Bank Liquidity Hoarding: Are They Procyclical or Countercyclical?" Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies 58, no. 2 (December 5, 2021): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjes.vol58no2.3.

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The paper empirically examines bank liquidity hoarding fluctuations over the economic cycle and provides further evidence on the heterogeneous cyclicality of bank liquidity hoarding across different banks in Vietnam for the period 2007–2019. Using both static panel models with the fixed-effects regression using corrected Driscoll-Kraay standard errors and dynamic panel models with the two-step system generalized method of moments estimator, we find that the liquidity hoarding of banks is procyclical. Concretely bank liquidity hoarding on- and off-balance sheets tends to increase during economic upturns and decrease during economic downturns. Our additional analysis yields a consistent pattern that financially weaker banks are more procyclical than their stronger counterparts. During booms and busts, the behaviour of hoarding liquidity is more pronounced for banks with smaller sizes, less capital, more risk, and less profit. This heterogeneity also contributes to understanding the core mechanism behind our main findings, further confirming the precautionary motive of bank liquidity hoarding.

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Glindro, Eloisa, Jean Christine Armas, V. Bruce Tolentino, and Lorna Dela Cruz-Sombe. "Heterogenous impact of monetary policy on the Philippine rural banking system." Philippine Review of Economics 59, no. 2 (December 2022): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37907/4erp2202d.

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This paper shows the differential impact of monetary policy on the lending behavior of rural banks, with the bank lending channel being operational in small rural banks. While big rural banks are able to protect their lending portfolio from contractionary monetary policy by the size of their balance sheet, small rural banks with less diversified funding portfolio cannot. Moreover, highly capitalized rural banks are more inclined to protect their capital than expand their lending portfolio, following monetary tightening and higher capital requirement. The insignificance of gross domestic product (GDP) growth may reflect weakness in effective loan demand and lack of diversification that could have also impinged on the earning capacity of rural banks, as supported by initial estimates on the drivers of rural bank profitability. The finding on heterogeneous effects of monetary policy on rural banks has a secondary implication of lending credence to the principle of proportionality embodied in the BSP’s bank regulatory framework.

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13

Shokr, Mohamed Aseel. "Real interest rate, income and bank loans: panel evidence from Egypt." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 12, no. 2 (October 11, 2019): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-09-2018-0140.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of monetary policy on bank loans in Egypt using generalized method of moments (GMM) model. Also, it investigates the impact of bank level variables, namely, total assets, liquidity, capital and income on bank loans. It develops the equation of loans, which is introduced by Ehrmann et al. (2002) using bank level variables such as income and the interaction between income and interest rate. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines the impact of monetary policy shocks on bank loans in Egypt by applying the GMM technique and panel data from 1996 to 2014. Findings The results reveal that real interest rate has a significant impact on bank loans, which indicates that the bank lending channel is effective in Egypt. Furthermore, the bank level variables, namely, banks’ size, liquidity and income have significant effects on bank loans in Egypt, which sustains the heterogeneous effect of monetary policy on bank loans. Therefore, the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) can adjust interest rate to influence the bank loans and total demand. Research limitations/implications It does not examine the effect of monetary policy on small and large banks in Egypt. Practical implications The policy implications from this paper indicate that the monetary authority in Egypt should adjust interest rate to stabilize the bank loan supply. By stabilizing the bank loans, the monetary authority is able to stabilize investment, consumption and total demand. Social implications The relevance of bank lending channel indicates that the role of commercial banks is very important in transmitting monetary policy shocks to the real sector. Originality/value It is important for the CBE, banks and people because it shows the effectiveness of bank lending channel and the effect of global financial crisis on the Egyptian economy.

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Dreiseitl, Antonín, and Marta Zavřelová. "Non-Authenticity of Spring Barley Genotypes Revealed in Gene Bank Accessions." Plants 11, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 3059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11223059.

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Plant research and breeding depends on plant genotypes; therefore, genotype authenticity of accessions is the basic requirement for users of gene banks. Surprisingly, this extremely important topic is rarely reported in the scientific community. Non-authentic are accessions that are mislabelled and undesirable genotypes of heterogeneous accessions. In barley, we try to uncover both named problems on the basis of postulated major powdery mildew resistance genes. These are diverse, environmentally stable and their use is well documented and suitable for genotype characterization. In this contribution, we postulate resistance genes in 15 varieties represented by 157 derived lines of 32 accessions originating from seven foreign gene banks and compare these findings with previous results including those 15 identically labelled varieties from our domestic gene bank. We found that 37.5% of the gene bank accessions investigated herein were heterogeneous, and at least 20.0% were mislabelled. A large-scale molecular characterisation of varieties is now being carried out, and using authentic varieties must be one of the key requirements. Therefore, accessions of each variety from a minimum of three gene banks whose identity has been verified by reliable methods should be compared before starting new experiments. These will involve molecular varietal characterisation to serve as a foundation for future plant science research and effective crop improvement.

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Liu, Nianfeng, Man Zhang, Haiqing Li, Zhenan Sun, and Tieniu Tan. "DeepIris: Learning pairwise filter bank for heterogeneous iris verification." Pattern Recognition Letters 82 (October 2016): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2015.09.016.

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Dietrich, Diemo. "Monetary Policy Shocks and Heterogeneous Finance Decisions: A Model of Hidden Effort Choice and Financial Intermediation." German Economic Review 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 365–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00085.

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Abstract The paper investigates how monetary policy shocks influence the composition of firms’ external finance given that firms are heterogeneous. Heterogeneity stems from differences in the availability of internal funds and in the monitoring costs associated with bank finance. These costs are determined by the intensity of the lending relationship. By using a delegated monitoring approach it is found that bank loans serve as a substitute for internal funds if the lending relationship is sufficiently close. Moreover, banks with strong credit ties to their customers are not only able to protect borrowers from liquidity constraints following a monetary tightening but are even able to extend their business lending.

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Tadesse, Solomon. "Innovation, Information, and Financial Architecture." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 41, no. 4 (December 2006): 753–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109000002635.

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AbstractDoes a financial system architecture anchored on banks perform better than one centered on markets in fostering technological innovations as engines of growth? In a panel of industrial sectors across a large cross section of countries, I find that while market-based systems have a general positive effect on innovations in all economic sectors, bank-based systems foster more rapid technological progress in more information-intensive industrial sectors, suggesting a heterogeneous impact of financial architecture. Thus, the relative performance of bank-based systems vis-à-vis market-based systems depends on the industrial structure of the economy.

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Van Dan Dang. "Bank Liquidity and Lending Behavior: Evidence from the Vietnamese Banking System." International Journal of Business and Society 22, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 240–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3173.2021.

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The study investigates the impact of liquidity on lending behavior, in the form of loan growth, at Vietnamese commercial banks for the period of 2007–2017. Notably, we also explore heterogeneous effects with the support of the generalized method of moments (GMM) for the dynamic panel data models. The robust result confirmed by alternative techniques indicates that banks with more liquidity tend to expand lending more, implying the precautionary motive of liquidity storage to finance future investments. Further analysis documents that this effect seems to be stronger for state-owned banks and mitigated in the case of banks having higher capital ratios, while we find the inconclusive results for bank size. In addition to extending the existing literature, this study provides insightful implications for bank managers and policymakers in Vietnam and other emerging economies as well.

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Lv, Fang, Wei Wang, Yuliang Wei, Yunxiao Sun, Junheng Huang, and Bailing Wang. "Detecting Fraudulent Bank Account Based on Convolutional Neural Network with Heterogeneous Data." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (March 25, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3759607.

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Detecting fraudulent accounts by using their transaction networks is helpful for proactively preventing illegal transactions in financial scenarios. In this paper, three convolutional neural network models, i.e., NTD-CNN, TTD-CNN, and HDF-CNN, are created to identify whether a bank account is fraudulent. The three models, same in model structure, are different in types of the input features. Firstly, we embed the bank accounts’ historical trading records into a general directed and weighted transaction network. And then, a DirectedWalk algorithm is proposed for learning an account’s network vector. DirectedWalk learns social representations of a network’s vertices, by modeling a stream of directed and time-related trading paths. The local topological feature, generating by accounts’ network vector, is taken as input of NTD-CNN, and TTD-CNN takes time series transaction feature as input. Finally, the two kinds of heterogeneous data, being integrated into a novel feature matrix, are fed into HDF-CNN for classifying bank accounts. The experimental results, conducted on a real bank transaction dataset, show the advantage of HDF-CNN over the existing methods.

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Arouri, Mohamed El Hedi, Fredj Jawadi, and Duc Khuong Nguyen. "MODELING NONLINEAR AND HETEROGENEOUS DYNAMIC LINKS IN INTERNATIONAL MONETARY MARKETS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 16, S2 (May 1, 2012): 232–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510051100037x.

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We use daily short-term interbank interest rates of France, the United Kingdom, and the United States to examine the dynamic links of international monetary markets from 2004 to 2009. Results from vector error-correction models and smooth-transition error-correction models show strong evidence of nonlinear and heterogeneous causalities between the three interest rates. We also find that changes in the U.S. interest rate deviations from the long-run equilibrium led those in France and in the United Kingdom by one to two days. Finally, the national interest rate nexus appears to converge in nonlinear fashion toward a steady state because it is subject to structural change beyond a certain rate threshold. Our findings have important implications for the actions of leading central banks (ECB, Bank of England, and U.S. Fed) because the joint behavior of short-term interest rates can be viewed as an indicator of the degree of central banks' policy interdependence.

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Abbas, Faisal, Shoaib Ali, Imran Yousaf, and Wing-Keung Wong. "Economics of risk-taking, risk-based capital and profitability: Empirical evidence of Islamic banks." Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance 18, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2022.18.1.1.

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This study aims to explore the interrelationship between risk-based capital, risktaking, and profitability. This study employs two-stage least square (2SLS) methods on the annual data of 217 Islamic banks from 35 countries ranging from 2010 to 2019. We find that the relationship between risk-based capital and risk-taking behaviour is negative, and the results are heterogeneous across different regions concerning both signs and significance. Consistent with the theory of moral hazard, we find the negative relationship between risk-based capital and Islamic banks’ risk-taking behaviour, implying that managers in Islamic banks could increase their investment in risky assets and keep only smaller amounts of capital. The concept of profit and loss sharing motivates them to take a higher risk and aim to get a higher yield. This relationship is also in line with the agency theory, inferring that bank managers could take excessive risk to get higher compensation to align with higher profitability. The results also reveal a positive relationship between risk-taking and profitability, which is in line with the portfolio theory in finance. The findings in our paper would be useful for decision-makers and bank managers in understanding the interrelationship between risk, capital, and profitability and no factor alone could be good enough to ensure bank soundness. Furthermore, our findings imply that regulators and bank managers should not only focus on bank capital for increasing banks’ stability. They should also look into both profitability and capital ratios in addition to bank capital because all three factors could increase banks’ stability simultaneously.

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Bannier, Christina E. "Is there a Holdup Benefit in Heterogeneous Multiple Bank Financing?" Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 166, no. 4 (2010): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/093245610793524875.

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James, Jonathan G., and Phillip Lawler. "Heterogeneous private sector information, central bank disclosure, and stabilization policy." Southern Economic Journal 82, no. 2 (March 11, 2015): 620–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/soej.12028.

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Hamadi, Hassan, and Ali Awdeh. "Banking concentration and financial development in the MENA region." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 13, no. 4 (July 8, 2020): 675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-03-2019-0097.

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Purpose Bank consolidations in many Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries have been proceeding at a rapid pace, leading to a decline in the number of banks and an increase in market concentration. This may raise concerns regarding the impact of such increase in concentration on the behaviour of banks and consequently on the financial development. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of concentration on the financial development of MENA region. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts fully modified ordinary least squares model on a heterogeneous, non-stationary, cointegrated panel data set. The exploited panel is formed of 15 MENA countries and covers the period 1996–2014. Findings The empirical results show that concentration per se is not harmful for financial development. Nevertheless, concentration combined with bank market power may deteriorate the development of MENA financial systems. Originality/value In addition to considering an understudied region, the research presents very important findings, which suggest that if banks obtain market power, an increase in concentration following a wave of bank mergers, could weaken the financial development.

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CHARI, ANUSHA. "Heterogeneous Market-Making in Foreign Exchange Markets: Evidence from Individual Bank Responses to Central Bank Interventions." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 39, no. 5 (August 2007): 1131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2007.00060.x.

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Qu, Qiao, Cheng Liu, and Xinzhong Bao. "Financial Security Analysis of E-Commerce Platform Based on Supply Chain for Heterogeneous Network Location Verification." Journal of Sensors 2021 (December 13, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7952123.

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The development of supply chain finance, its pricing strategy for bilateral business cooperation between e-commerce, banking institutions, and fourth-party logistics services providers has gained the attention of researchers. This paper combines the heterogeneous network location verification technology, starting from information asymmetry and Rubens bargaining game ideas, and combines it with game theory methods to provide a reference for bilateral cooperation decision-making on e-commerce platforms. The experiment results indicated the pricing decisions of e-commerce platforms which are affected by the efforts of the other party and the ability of bargaining. The quoted price increases with the decrease of the bank’s ability and the increase of the service provider’s ability. The pricing decisions of banks and service providers are only affected by the direct proportion of their respective business costs. When considering the introduction of incentive mechanism conditions, it is found that appropriate incentive conditions can increase the quotation of the e-commerce platform. The price quoted by the e-commerce platform that chooses to bargain with the bank is higher than the price quoted by the bank after negotiating with the service provider, which will help to better realize the benefits. Finally, the paper numerically analyzes the results of the bargaining game between e-commerce platforms and banks and fourth-party logistics service providers, and the numerical results verify the better performance.

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Kim, Jinyong, and Yong-Cheol Kim. "Heterogeneous patterns of income diversification effects in U.S. bank holding companies." International Review of Economics & Finance 69 (September 2020): 731–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2020.07.003.

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Menguy, Séverine. "Dilemma of One Common Central Bank in a Heterogeneous Monetary Union." Journal of Economic Integration 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2008): 791–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2008.23.4.791.

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Bannier, Christina E. "Heterogeneous multiple bank financing: does it reduce inefficient credit-renegotiation incidences?" Financial Markets and Portfolio Management 21, no. 4 (December 2007): 445–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11408-007-0062-6.

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James, Christopher. "Heterogeneous creditors and the market value of bank LDC loan portfolios." Journal of Monetary Economics 25, no. 3 (June 1990): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(90)90057-b.

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Ekpu, Victor, and Alberto Paloni. "Business lending and bank profitability in the UK." Studies in Economics and Finance 33, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 302–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-04-2015-0097.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of business lending as a source of bank profits in the UK banking system. The paper also examines whether the profitability of business lending is mostly driven by heterogeneous characteristics of individual banks or whether it is affected by systematic characteristics such as bank size and ownership structure. Design/methodology/approach The study uses bank level data from BankScope for a total sample of 83 UK banks and building societies. The period under consideration extends from 2005 to 2009. Econometric estimation is by panel fixed effects. Findings Our empirical results show that business lending is a statistically significant determinant of bank profits. However, this average effect masks important systematic differences among banks. In particular, we find strong size effects: the profitability of business lending is considerable for small banks but negligible for large banks. In contrast, we could not detect any ownership effects for domestic and foreign banks. These findings persist when the occurrence of the financial crisis is accounted for. Research limitations/implications Interestingly, our study relates these findings to the process of financialisation. Yet, the extent of the latter and its impact on various groups of banks (i.e. large, small, domestic and foreign banks) have not been examined. Further research in this area would make an important contribution to the literature. Practical implications Our findings suggest that business lending is not a driving factor of profitability for large banks. One possible policy implication – which may be of interest especially to regulators and policy makers – is that capital injections into the larger banks per se are unlikely to lead to an expansion of credit to business. Originality/value There is very little research in the literature on the questions addressed in this paper, especially for the UK banking system. Moreover, the process of financialisation, which motivates the enquiry of this paper, is a growing area of research. Thus, the contribution of this paper is twofold.

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Fegatelli, Paolo. "A central bank digital currency in a heterogeneous monetary union: Managing the effects on the bank lending channel." Journal of Macroeconomics 71 (March 2022): 103392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103392.

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Mendomo Meye, Serges, Guowei Li, Zhenzhong Shen, Lei Gan, and Liqun Xu. "Research on Seepage Field and Slope Stability Considering Heterogeneous Characteristics of Waste Piles: A Less Costly Way to Reduce High Leachate Levels and Avoid Accidents." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (April 26, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9069991.

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Due to the characteristics of high heap and large volume, the complex layers of waste, high-water level of leachate, environmental pollution, and slope instability are easily produced. Although many researchers have studied landfill two-dimensional leachate migration law, three-dimensional seepage and stability of landfill sites have been rarely studied. This paper focuses on the heterogeneous characteristics of the landfill piles and analyzes the seepage field and slope stability of the landfill using statistical and numerical analysis methods. The calculated results are compared with the field measurement and literature research data to verify the reliability of the model, which may provide the basis for the design and safe and eco-friendly operation of the landfill. Taking an actual landfill as the research object, the saturated–unsaturated transient model of heterogeneous waste is applied to practical engineering. Considering the landfill process and heterogeneous permeability, the calculated maximum water level is higher. Compared with the homogeneous material, the difference in the water level of each waste layer is about 0.08∼1.88 m, which is not good for the stability of the landfill. Combined with the engineering characteristic distribution of a landfill, the heterogeneous stability model is applied to the actual project to study the influence of different unit weight and shear strength distribution on landfill stability. The established model is suitable for the study of two-dimensional and three-dimensional slope stability of landfill sites. Through the slope stability analysis of the three-dimensional landfill site, it is found that the bank slope of the reservoir is steep and prone to instability failure. In most studies, only the instability of the landfill is of concern, but the bank failure is ignored. In the process of landfill operation and management, while considering the capacity of the landfill, the stability of the bank slope should also be paid attention to, and if necessary, bank slope reinforcement or slope ratio improvement should be carried out.

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Moudud-Ul-Huq, Syed. "Can BRICS and ASEAN-5 emerging economies benefit from bank diversification?" Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 27, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-02-2018-0026.

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Purpose This paper aims to empirically investigate the impact of bank diversification on performance and risk-taking behavior. The analysis uses an unbalanced panel data set covering the period between 2007 and 2015 for a total of 1,397 banks from ASEAN-5 and BRICS economies. Design/methodology/approach Dynamic panel generalized method of moments (GMM) has been used primarily to examine the relationship between bank diversification on performance and risk-taking and later, validate the core results by incorporating two-stage least squares (2SLS). Findings Similar to the results of previous studies based on the developed economy, this study also confirms the hypothesis of the portfolio diversification. The key robust result is that the benefits from revenue and assets diversification are heterogeneous and the BRICS banks achieve higher benefit from using both diversification strategies. On the other hand, ASEAN-5 banks fail to show the significant advantage from assets diversification. Among the diverse sources of income, interest is not a major determinant of efficiency and bank’s stability, while ASEAN-5 banks should foster commission and others income as mechanisms for diversification benefit in the region. Originality/value A few studies are available in the current literature which examines the impact of revenue and assets diversification on either bank performance or risk-taking in the developed economy’s context. However, very few studies are found that examine the relationship between bank diversification, performance and risk-taking together. Moreover, to the best of the author’s knowledge, there is a dearth of literature on this topic that built on the comparative analysis between two regions, i.e. ASEAN-5 and BRICS. As a result, the empirical results of this research provide useful information to the stakeholders so that they can enhance bank diversification strategy and implement them successfully by considering the other factors.

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Zhang, Quanda, Rashmi Arora, and Sisira Colombage. "The determinants of bank branch location in India: an empirical investigation." International Journal of Bank Marketing 39, no. 5 (March 12, 2021): 856–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-07-2020-0395.

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PurposeBank branching plays a significant role in a wide range of economic activities. Existing studies on determinants of bank branching activities largely focus on developed countries; studies devoted to developing countries are scant. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of bank branching activities in one of the largest developing country India.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ a unique longitudinal data to study the determinants of bank branch location in India. These data are collected at the state level covering 25 Indian states for the period 2006–2017. The authors employ Poisson regression that are better suited for modeling counted dependent variable.FindingsFirst, region and bank specific factors such as size of population and bank deposits influence location of bank branches. Second, the relationship between these factors and branch locations is heterogeneous across different types of banks and across states with different business environments.Practical implicationsFirst, from the view of banks, considering the factors of branch location are crucial in order to set out branching strategy. Irrespective of policy measures aimed at promoting financial inclusion in India, the authors show that banks consider economic activities in the region in locating their branches. Second, from the view of policy makers and regulators, such branching strategy could potentially contribute to financial exclusion. As a result, population in the less developed regions may be excluded from accessing financial services. Hence, policy makers and regulators should take into this account when formulating policies aimed at promoting financial inclusion.Originality/valueFirst, while existing studies largely focus on developed countries, studies devoted to developing countries are scant. To the best of our knowledge, the authors have not come across any study that investigates the determinants of bank branch location in India, so the authors reasonably believe that this study is a first-of-its-kind. Second, the study provides a new perspective concerning how regional and bank specific factors influence banks of different ownership in locating branches. Third, while traditional regression used to be a method of choice among early studies, the authors employ Poisson regression that is better suited for modeling counted dependent variable.

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Fang, Juan, Mengxuan Wang, and Zelin Wei. "A memory scheduling strategy for eliminating memory access interference in heterogeneous system." Journal of Supercomputing 76, no. 4 (January 10, 2020): 3129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-019-03135-7.

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AbstractMultiple CPUs and GPUs are integrated on the same chip to share memory, and access requests between cores are interfering with each other. Memory requests from the GPU seriously interfere with the CPU memory access performance. Requests between multiple CPUs are intertwined when accessing memory, and its performance is greatly affected. The difference in access latency between GPU cores increases the average latency of memory accesses. In order to solve the problems encountered in the shared memory of heterogeneous multi-core systems, we propose a step-by-step memory scheduling strategy, which improve the system performance. The step-by-step memory scheduling strategy first creates a new memory request queue based on the request source and isolates the CPU requests from the GPU requests when the memory controller receives the memory request, thereby preventing the GPU request from interfering with the CPU request. Then, for the CPU request queue, a dynamic bank partitioning strategy is implemented, which dynamically maps it to different bank sets according to different memory characteristics of the application, and eliminates memory request interference of multiple CPU applications without affecting bank-level parallelism. Finally, for the GPU request queue, the criticality is introduced to measure the difference of the memory access latency between the cores. Based on the first ready-first come first served strategy, we implemented criticality-aware memory scheduling to balance the locality and criticality of application access.

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Mu, Pei, Tingqiang Chen, Kun Pan, and Meng Liu. "A Network Evolution Model of Credit Risk Contagion between Banks and Enterprises Based on Agent-Based Model." Journal of Mathematics 2021 (November 22, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6593218.

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Credit risk contagion between banks and firms is one of the important triggers of financial crisis, and the credit linkage network is the way of systemic risk contagion triggered by external shocks. Considering the heterogeneity of behavioral rules, learning rules, and interaction rules, this paper constructs a bank-firm credit matching network model based on ABM (agent-based model) model and reinforcement learning algorithm to analyze the interaction behavior and credit risk network contagion mechanism. The results show that (1) macroeconomic cycles are the result of the interaction between banks and enterprises and the interaction of microentities under complex financial conditions; (2) enterprises are heterogeneous and the asset size follows a power-law distribution; (3) the greater the sensitivity of banks and enterprises to market performance, the lower the bank failure rate and enterprise default rate; and (4) shocks to the largest banks and enterprises in terms of assets and entry can all intensify the risk contagion between banks and enterprises. Therefore, the regulation of financial institutions that are “too big to fail” is not sufficient but should be a comprehensive regulation of the banking system.

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Deng, Shiming, Chaocheng Gu, Gangshu (George) Cai, and Yanhai Li. "Financing Multiple Heterogeneous Suppliers in Assembly Systems: Buyer Finance vs. Bank Finance." Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 20, no. 1 (February 2018): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0677.

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Lv, Fang, Junheng Huang, Wei Wang, Yuliang Wei, Yunxiao Sun, and Bailing Wang. "A two-route CNN model for bank account classification with heterogeneous data." PLOS ONE 14, no. 8 (August 19, 2019): e0220631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220631.

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Bouvatier, Vincent. "Heterogeneous bank regulatory standards and the cross-border supply of financial services." Economic Modelling 40 (June 2014): 342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.04.013.

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Buono, Ines, and Sara Formai. "The heterogeneous response of domestic sales and exports to bank credit shocks." Journal of International Economics 113 (July 2018): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.03.001.

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Liu, Laura, Hyungsik Roger Moon, and Frank Schorfheide. "Forecasting with a panel Tobit model." Quantitative Economics 14, no. 1 (2023): 117–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1505.

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We use a dynamic panel Tobit model with heteroskedasticity to generate forecasts for a large cross‐section of short time series of censored observations. Our fully Bayesian approach allows us to flexibly estimate the cross‐sectional distribution of heterogeneous coefficients and then implicitly use this distribution as prior to construct Bayes forecasts for the individual time series. In addition to density forecasts, we construct set forecasts that explicitly target the average coverage probability for the cross‐section. We present a novel application in which we forecast bank‐level loan charge‐off rates for small banks.

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Motta, Giorgio, and Patrizio Tirelli. "MONEY TARGETING, HETEROGENEOUS AGENTS, AND DYNAMIC INSTABILITY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 19, no. 2 (January 7, 2014): 288–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100513000394.

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The limited asset-market participation hypothesis has triggered a debate on DSGE models' determinacy when the central bank implements a standard Taylor rule. We reconsider the issue here in the context of an exogenous money supply rule, documenting the role of nominal and real frictions in determining these results. A general conclusion is that frictions matter for stability insofar as they redistribute income between Ricardian and non-Ricardian households when shocks hit the economy. Finally, we extend the model to allow for the possibility that consumers who do not participate in the market for interest-bearing securities hold money. In this case, endogenous monetary transfers between the two groups make it possible to smooth consumption differences, and the model is determinate, provided that the non-negativity constraint on individual money holdings is satisfied.

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AlKhouri, Ritab, and Houda Arouri. "The effect of diversification on risk and return in banking sector." International Journal of Managerial Finance 15, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 100–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-01-2018-0024.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of revenue diversification, non-interest income and asset diversification on the performance and stability of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) conventional and Islamic banking systems.Design/methodology/approachThe authors implement a panel of 69 conventional and Islamic banks listed in six GCC markets over the period of 2003–2015, using the System Generalized Method of Moments methodology.FindingsNon-interest income diversification has a negative impact on GCC banks’ performance, while asset-based diversification affects banks performance positively. However, Investors tend to penalize the value of the banks’ assets, which are highly diversified. Government intervention, lack of competition, legal protection and high control of Central banks on GCC banks’ have positive impact on performance. Contrary to the results on conventional banks, asset diversification adds value to Islamic banks. Overall, both banks’ revenue and non-interest diversification have negative impact on GCC banks’ stability, while asset diversification improves Islamic banks’ stability.Research limitations/implicationsThe analysis is limited to a sample of banks, which are listed in the GCC stock exchanges. The lack of data on private and foreign banks operating in the region made the analysis and, consequently, the results specific to shareholding companies. Also, the authors’ measures of bank stability might not be appropriate to use for Islamic banks, given their banking models implemented.Practical implicationsResearch results provide important implications for regulators, bank managers and policy makers, as to the expected ways to support economic diversification through bank diversification strategies.Originality/valueUnlike related studies, the authors’ sample of homogeneous banks has a market structure that is different from the samples in the literature covering either developed countries or heterogeneous samples from both developed and developing countries. Furthermore, using an efficient econometric methodology, the authors deal with two types of banks: conventional banks and Islamic banks. The research determines which type of bank is more able to benefit from different types of diversification. Unlike previous research, this research explores the sensitivity of the results both to the regulatory environment of the GCC market and to general market conditions.

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Angori, Gabriele, David Aristei, and Manuela Gallo. "Determinants of Banks’ Net Interest Margin: Evidence from the Euro Area during the Crisis and Post-Crisis Period." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 3785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143785.

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This paper analyses the determinants of net interest margin during the period 2008–2014 in the Euro Area. The starting point of the analysis is the premise that this variable is a gauge of financial institutions’ health and stability. In particular, since the outbreak of the global financial crisis, difficulties in achieving sustainable levels of profitability, mainly due to the vulnerable margins from the banks’ traditional activity, have significantly increased the fragility of the European banking system. Besides considering the main bank-level drivers affecting the net interest margin such as market power, capitalization, interest risk and the level of efficiency, we explicitly account for the effects of regulatory and institutional settings. The results show a persistence in the vulnerability of the banks’ sustainable profitability, even though this negative trend has been partly mitigated by the European Central Bank (ECB)’s recent monetary policies. The increase in non-traditional activities as well as the heterogeneous efficiency levels characterizing banking systems across the Euro Area, where operating costs remain generally high, have significantly contributed to the slowdown in bank margins from traditional activity. Finally, the regulatory environment is an important driver of the net interest margin, which remained lower in countries with higher capital requirements and greater supervisory power.

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Miklaszewska, Ewa, Krzysztof Kil, and Marcin Idzik. "How the COVID-19 Pandemic Affects Bank Risks and Returns: Evidence from EU Members in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe." Risks 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9100180.

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The purpose of this study was to examine banks’ strategic adjustments to the challenges brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. It examines how deep and pressing the necessary transformations are, based on an analysis of the banking sectors of Central, Eastern, and Northern European countries (CENE): the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The main research question posed asks how the pandemic and the subsequent economic crisis have changed banks’ sources of profits and risks, forcing banks to speed up structural transformations. In particular, the study identified and verified the following hypotheses: that the initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on banks in the analyzed region was heterogeneous and that the pandemic has intensified the challenges of digitalization and forced banks to speed up the digital transformations of their business models. The methodology employed was the dynamic panel data model—generalized method of moment (GMM-SYS version), using an adjusted dataset from the BankFocus database for unconsolidated bank data for the 2016–2020 period. The econometric analysis was supplemented with a CENE bank survey, researching bank attitudes and the stage of digital transformation. The results of the survey revealed that the majority of the surveyed banks consider themselves digitalization leaders, with a clearly articulated and implemented digitalization strategy. The main finding of the study was that the digital focus may help large banks in CENE to address and offset problems revealed by the panel data model: that traditional sources of incomes, based on intermediation and interest-related incomes, no longer contribute positively to profitability but also to stability.

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Tékouabou, Stéphane Cédric Koumétio, Ştefan Cristian Gherghina, Hamza Toulni, Pedro Neves Mata, Mário Nuno Mata, and José Moleiro Martins. "A Machine Learning Framework towards Bank Telemarketing Prediction." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 6 (June 16, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15060269.

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The use of machine learning (ML) methods has been widely discussed for over a decade. The search for the optimal model is still a challenge that researchers seek to address. Despite advances in current work that surpass the limitations of previous ones, research still faces new challenges in every field. For the automatic targeting of customers in a banking telemarketing campaign, the use of ML-based approaches in previous work has not been able to show transparency in the processing of heterogeneous data, achieve optimal performance or use minimal resources. In this paper, we introduce a class membership-based (CMB) classifier which is a transparent approach well adapted to heterogeneous data that exploits nominal variables in the decision function. These dummy variables are often either suppressed or coded in an arbitrary way in most works without really evaluating their impact on the final performance of the models. In many cases, their coding either favours or disfavours the learning model performance without necessarily reflecting reality, which leads to over-fitting or decreased performance. In this work, we applied the CMB approach to data from a bank telemarketing campaign to build an optimal model for predicting potential customers before launching a campaign. The results obtained suggest that the CMB approach can predict the success of future prospecting more accurately than previous work. Furthermore, in addition to its better performance in terms of accuracy (97.3%), the model also gives a very close score for the AUC (95.9%), showing its stability, which would be very unfavourable to over-fitting.

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LI, SHOUWEI, and JIANMIN HE. "THE IMPACT OF BANK ACTIVITIES ON CONTAGION RISK IN INTERBANK NETWORKS." Advances in Complex Systems 15, supp02 (September 2012): 1250086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525912500865.

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In this paper, we investigate how contagion risk is affected by bank activities in four types of interbank network structures, that is, random, small-world, scale-free and tiered networks. We vary the key parameters that define bank activities in the interbank market — including the size of interbank exposures, the size of liquid assets, the heterogeneity of the size of credit lending and the heterogeneity of banks — and analyze the impact of these parameters on contagion risk. First, we find that the size of interbank exposures is the main factor in determining the effect of contagion risk, that increases in the size of interbank exposures may lead to an increase in the threat of contagion risk, that after the size of interbank exposures rises beyond a threshold, the effect of contagion risk in small-world networks is the most significant, followed by that in tiered, random and scale-free networks, respectively. Second, increases in the size of liquid assets can decrease the effect of contagion risk. Third, the impact of the heterogeneity of the size of credit lending on contagion risk varies with interbank network structures. Finally, the effect of contagion risk among heterogeneous banks is stronger than that among homogeneous banks, and there is a positive relationship between the effect of contagion risk and the heterogeneity of banks.

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Park, Keundug, and Heung-Youl Youm. "Proposal of Decentralized P2P Service Model for Transfer between Blockchain-Based Heterogeneous Cryptocurrencies and CBDCs." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 6, no. 4 (December 19, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6040159.

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This paper proposes a solution to the transfer problem between blockchain-based heterogeneous cryptocurrencies and CBDCs, with research derived from an analysis of the existing literature. Interoperability between heterogeneous blockchains has been an obstacle to service diversity and user convenience. Many types of cryptocurrencies are currently trading on the market, and many countries are researching and testing central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). In this paper, existing interoperability studies and solutions between heterogeneous blockchains and differences from the proposed service model are described. To enhance digital financial services and improve user convenience, transfer between heterogeneous cryptocurrencies, transfer between heterogeneous CBDCs, and transfer between cryptocurrency and CBDC should be required. This paper proposes an interoperable architecture between heterogeneous blockchains, and a decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) service model based on the interoperable architecture for transferring between blockchain-based heterogeneous cryptocurrencies and CBDCs. Security threats to the proposed service model are identified and security requirements to prevent the identified security threats are specified. The mentioned security threats and security requirements should be considered when implementing the proposed service model.

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Sakouvogui, Kekoura. "A comparative approach of stochastic frontier analysis and data envelopment analysis estimators: evidence from banking system." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 7 (May 4, 2020): 1787–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-01-2019-0051.

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PurposeThe consistency of stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) cost efficiency measures using a sample of 650 commercial and domestic banks in the United States is investigated based on cluster analysis while accounting for the yearly variation in banks.Design/methodology/approachDue to the importance of efficiency measures for policy and managerial decision-making, the cost efficiency measures of SFA and DEA estimators are examined according to four criteria: levels, rankings, stability over time and stability over clustering groups. In this paper, we present two clustering methods, Gap Statistic and Dindex, that involve SFA and DEA cost efficiency measures. The clustering approach creates homogeneous groups of banks offering a similar mix of efficiency levels. Hence, each evaluated bank knows the cluster to which it belongs. Furthermore, this paper provides nonparametric statistical tests of SFA and DEA cost efficiency measures estimated with and without a clustering approach.FindingsThe results suggest that the clustering approach plays a considerable role in the rankings of US banks. Furthermore, the average SFA and DEA cost efficiency measures over time of the homogeneous US banks are substantially higher than those of the heterogeneous US banks.Originality/valueThis research is the first to provide comparative efficiency measures needed for desirable policy conclusions of heterogeneous and homogeneous US banks.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Heterogeneous bank'

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