Academic literature on the topic 'Heritage and archaeology not elsewhere classified'

Junaluska is a historically Black community in the southern Appalachian town of Boone, North Carolina. In 2020, we began a collaborative archaeology project with the community-based Junaluska Heritage Association to address two community concerns: (1) identifying unmarked graves at the Clarissa Hill Cemetery and (2) learning more about the nineteenth and early twentieth-century origins of Junaluska. Here we present our ongoing work on these heritage issues, including a survey of local residents, archaeological geophysics and excavation, and public outreach. We argue that community archaeology in Junaluska can be a model for collaborative heritage management and antiracist scholarship elsewhere in the US.

AbstractAs in most European countries and elsewhere, Spanish commercial archaeology is a business model based on the theoretical and technical principles of safeguarding heritage that thrived during the 1990s and 2000s. However, nearly half of the Spanish archaeological companies closed by 2014, stressing the drama associated with the redundancy of its workforce in a mere five-year period and the threat to heritage protection and management. The current context of global crisis has impacted this sector, which is on the brink of extinction. This emphasizes the need for a new paradigm of archaeological heritage management in the 21st century. This breakdown calls into question the extent to which archaeology can generate initiatives of sustainable heritage management. By analysing data derived from an empirical study of Spanish archaeological companies between 2009 and 2017, this paper explores the underlying factors behind the collapse of commercial archaeology. In doing so, it contributes to the current global debate about the future possibilities of heritage management in a post-industrial context.

The reconstruction of central Beirut after the Lebanese civil war by Solidere is not gen-erally considered a success. It has resulted in a soulless, expensive and exclusive area aimed at tourists and wealthy overseas business people who have generally failed to ma-terialise; local people tend to go elsewhere, except when protesting (Ilyés 2015). Despite the fact that Beirut was known to be an ancient city with occupation stretching back to prehistoric times, the initial post-war plans were for a modern city centre built on a tabu-la rasa. Little thought was given to any cultural heritage. Subsequent protest at this planned destruction ensured changes to the original redevelopment plans to incorporate historic building conservation and some archaeological investigation but it was far from ideal, and often became tangled in the ongoing politico-religious conflicts (Sandes 2010). Aleppo is another such city; occupation can be traced back to the 10th century BCE, and its old city has World Heritage status. The ongoing Syrian war has caused dreadful de-struction of the city and its peoples, but in the rebuilding how important will this cultur-al heritage be considered? This paper examines the role of the built heritage, particularly archaeology, in the (post-) conflict urban reconstruction process and with reference to Beirut, examines what ar-chaeology has the potential to offer to the rebuilding and rehabilitation of Aleppo and its communities.

AbstractThis paper reviews the relationship between activities aimed at the underwater cultural heritage and marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone, in particular the question of whether or not underwater cultural heritage research can be classified as marine scientific research. The study examines the definitions, practice, and jurisdiction of each, according to the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, and States’ current practice. By revising the current interpretation of international law, underwater cultural heritage research can potentially be classified as marine scientific research. The inclusion of archaeology as marine science would have implications that would open up new rights and responsibilities of coastal and research States, as both fulfill their duties to protect and preserve archaeological and historical objects found on the seabed.

It must have been around ten years ago, when I was invited to present my -shaky then but promising- progress of PhD thesis at the University of Athens, on social and economic trends in heritage management, discussing island cultural resources and the role of the interested communities. I remember myself at the end of my talk, standing in front of a bewildered and intrigued (in equal doses) audience, only to experience the -somehow- apologetic comment of the organising professor to the audience: “I see that we need to look into these things now, that all became science”. I have talked about this memory elsewhere in detail (Lekakis 2015) mainly to pinpoint that even though 40 years of concrete bibliography have then lapsed -McGimsey, for example, produced his seminal volume in 1972- there was still a lack of information about the concept and practices of public archaeology, at least in the Greek academic context.

Two generations ago, Sir Mortimer Wheeler made himself the master of public relations in archaeology. He found some of the funds for digging Maiden Castle from opening the site to the visitors, who were able to buy souvenirs for a few pennies. After a period when the public have seemed a nuisance on-site, the fashion has come back — with added urgency in Britain where the pipeline of funding from public sources no longer flows so easily and where responding to some apparent public demand is becoming a new essential.Flag Fen, in the wetland of eastern England, is being seen as a model of the new approach. It is conspicuous in the pages of Visitors welcome, the new English Heritage guide for excavators, which is reviewed warmly from across the Atlantic elsewhere in this issue. Here the Wheeler of the Fens explains what he is doing there and way.

The phenomenon of metal detecting in Romania is growing rapidly, with more and more cases being registered every year. In a context where there is less money for archaeological research, museums are relying more and more on discoveries made by metal detectorists in order to enrich their collections. This situation encourages the practice, and in time could have damaging effects on the archaeological heritage of Romania. Metal detecting represents an activity that has raised lots of debate, but the authorities have not yet taken action. Thus, this study is necessary: in order to find a middle ground between metal detectorists, archaeology, and the institutions responsible for the protection of heritage. Such a middle ground could be a bridge that leads to the better preservation of archaeological heritage in Romania. This study focuses on creating a policy to protect the archaeological sites of Romania, creating awareness among local communities as well as a policy that could be applicable elsewhere in other places that are also involved in this sort of activity.

In South America, as elsewhere, development projects have to go through environmental permitting, a component of which is the archaeological assessment of the areas to be impacted. Because such an assessment is paid for by the development companies seeking such a permit, it has come to be known as contract archaeology. Given the accelerated pace of development projects in the region, it is not surprising that contract archaeology has grown exponentially. The academic literature dealing with it and related fields has also witnessed a rapid growth, which this article seeks to review. In doing so, it discusses the literature that accepts and promotes contract archaeology ( a) as a part of environmental permitting; ( b) as the primary stimulus responsible for widening the job market, whose structure has transformed disciplinary practice to a large extent; and ( c) in terms of its relationship with the archaeological record and with heritage education. This article also reviews a growing literature, both supportive and critical, that assesses contract archaeology.

AbstractThe Ara Pacis Augustae or Altar of Augustan Peace, erected by the Emperor outside Rome in 9 B.C., expresses perhaps more clearly than any other monument the ideology of the Augustan Age: the peaceful union of Rome with her Empire. At the same time, in the iconography of the east and west fronts, and especially in the images on the altar table, pedestal and plinth, it contains several expressions whose structures appear consonant with the tripartite Indo-European ideology that was derived from the earliest phases of religion at Rome and elsewhere in the ancient Indo-European speaking domain by Georges Dumézil. Finally, this monument also appears to constitute a crystallized cognitive map-a visible set of reference points-in terms of which the Romans of the period could orient themselves to their contemporary circumstances, future expectations, and a past studded with subconscious echoes of their Indo-European heritage.

This paper explores how current challenges in the development-led system of archaeology in the UK are widely applicable elsewhere. Using the UK model, we explore the legislative and structural frameworks that enable archaeological work and the pressing need to better provide benefit for the wider public from that work. We believe that there is a focus on outputs rather than outcomes, which has perpetuated the idea that contracting archaeology is a product of development rather than a process that can instigate social value. We argue that the shift to public benefit and social value in UK policy should be encouraging practitioners operating within this industry to pay more attention to the links between their standard contracting practice and the benefits they deliver to people through their work. We explore why this could be a way of meeting policy priorities but also an opportunity to bridge the gaps between expert-identified heritage values and societal needs.

The Christian cultural heritage of north Africa is ancient and rich, but at risk after recent political events. Many Christian minority communities living in Islamic environments feel at risk of persecution. This is a topical and timely PhD. The Christian, Coptic heritage of Egypt remains poorly studied from the perspective of heritage management and is also at risk from a number of factors. Using first-hand study and analysis based upon original fieldwork, the thesis offers a state of the art assessment to risks facing Coptic monuments in Egypt today. It does this by situating Egyptian heritage policy within the English framework, and it establishes theoretical approaches to value, significance, meaning, and interpretation in Egyptian heritage within a wider global framework. It is based on the analysis of three markedly different Egyptian Christian Coptic sites, each with their own unique management issues and it offers a series of solutions and ideas to preserve, manage and interpret this unique material culture and to emphasise community solutions as being the most viable and sustainable approaches, whilst taking into account the varied levels of significance of these monuments.

For most of the second half of the 20th century the world's political map was divided by the Cold War, a name given to the 40-year long standoff between the superpowers - the Unites States and the USSR - and their allies. Due to its geographical location and alliance with the United States, Britain was at the 'frontline' of the Cold War. As a response to increasing tensions, the British Government made arrangements by building hundreds of military sites and structures, which were often dismantled or abandoned as the technology on which they relied became rapidly ineffective. Nowadays, there is a growing (academic) recognition of Cold War sites and their new or contemporary uses, including as heritage attractions within a tourism context. This study has brought forward a constructionist approach as to investigate how heritage works as a cultural and social practice that constructs and regulates a range of values and ideologies about what constitutes Cold War heritage (and) tourism in Britain. It has done this by, firstly, exploring the dominant and professional 'authorised heritage discourse', which aims to construct mutually, agreed and shared concepts about the phenomenon of 'Cold War heritage' within a tourism context. The study identified a network of actors, values, policies and discourses that centred on the concept of 'Cold War heritage' at selected sites through which a 'material reality' of the past is constructed. Although various opposing viewpoints were identified, the actors effectively seem to privilege and naturalise certain narratives of cultural and social meanings and values through tourism of what constitutes Cold War heritage and the ways it should be manifested through material and natural places, sites and objects within society. Differences were particularly noticeable in the values, uses and meanings of Cold iii Cold War heritage (and) tourism War heritage within the contemporary context of heritage management in Britain. For some, the sites were connected with a personal 'past', a place to commemorate, celebrate or learn from the past. For others, the sites were a source of income, a tourism asset, or contrary, a financial burden as the sites were not 'old enough' or 'aesthetically pleasing' to be regarded as a monument to be preserved as heritage. Subsequently, the study also explored the (disempowered) role of visitors to the sites as passive receivers, leaving little room for individual reflections on the wider social and cultural processes of Cold War heritage. Although, most visitors believed that the stewardship and professional view of the Cold War representations at the sites should not directly be contested, this study has illustrated the idea that what makes places valuable and gives them meaning as heritage sites is not solely based on contemporary practices by a dominant heritage discourse. Despite the visitors' support for the sole ownership by site managers, and the selective representations of the Cold War and events, they did question or negotiate the idea of 'heritage' as a physical and sole subject of management practices. Despite having little prior knowledge about the Cold War era or events, by pressing the borders of the authorised parameters of 'Cold War heritage', visitors actively constructed their experiences as being, or becoming, part of their personal and collective moments of 'heritage'. By inscribing (new) memories and meaning into their identity, and therefore also changing the nature of that identity, they reflected upon the past, present and future, (some more critically than others). To conclude, understanding these discursive meanings of Cold War heritage (and) tourism, and the ways in which ideas about Cold War heritage are constructed, negotiated and contested within and between discourses also contributes to understandings about the philosophical, historical, conceptual and political barriers that exist in identifying and engaging with different forms of heritage.

With the arrival of the Spaniards in the New World, the way of living of the indigenous population who habited Mesoamerica was blended with the traditions and customs of the European settlers who arrived as conquerors, and the emigrants from Europe that arrivedlater searching for fortune or a better kind of life from the one they had left behind in their land of origin. This encounter of cultures gave rise also to a technical and cultural exchange, and in the case of Mexico, this clash of cultures and techniques is well represented by the printing press, which was established in 1539 with the specific aim of accelerating the evangelisation and education of the Indians. As a consequence of this development, Mexico was turned into a centre of innovation, with the first printing press using movable metal type to be set up outside Europe, and other trades that support printing, such as bookbinding, were also developed. This thesis investigates the influence of the Spanish and other European bookbinding practices on sixteenth-century Mexican limp, laced-case parchment bindings by the analysis of the features of the bindings of Mexican printed books from that period. In addition, by the analysis of the materials and techniques used to bind these books, as well as the specific structural characteristics of the bindings, the patterns of work that could be described as typically Mexican in the sixteenth-century, are also identified. The research is divided into two parts: the first, theoretical, explains the historical context of Mexico during the sixteenth century when the printing press and bookbinding were developed. The second part concerns the archaeological study of the books as artefacts. For this purpose, thirty-nine sixteenth-century Mexican printed books bound in limp, laced caseparchment covers were analysed. The analysis of the features of these bindings, which form the majority of the whole sample, made possible the identification of Mexican patterns of work in the sixteenth century. Given the lack of information and of complete studies of the craft of bookbinding in Mexico in the sixteenth century, this thesis aims to enhance our current knowledge of the historyof bookbinding as well as of the booktrade and the market for books in Mexico.

Presents a biographical study of Peter Fitzallan MacDonald, native-born pioneer pastoralist and businessman of Central Queensland. The squatting experience in Central Queensland remains a rich source for historical research. Whilst aspects of the pastoral industry have become familiar in the telling, the unique circumstances of a particular place and era are significant to contemporary society and its use of that region. This dissertation presents a biographical study of Peter Fitzallan MacDonald, native-born pioneer pastoralist and businessman of Central Queensland. The main thrust of the thesis concerns the discovery of MacDonald the man, his personality and attitudes reflected in action and reaction throughout his life circumstances, these set within the moving frame of social change. Research was based on the vast resource of MacDonald's MSS, predominantly letterbooks, and including diaries and station books. Complementary research extended to other private MSS and to public archives, colonial historical records, parliamentary papers, district and supreme court reports, newspapers, genealogical records and oral history. The MacDonald family experience, pivotal to this study, reached back to eighteenth century convict society in New South Wales. His land exploration, speculation and squatting interests, the European!Aboriginal frontier conflict, and the division of capital and labour including the Central Queensland shearing experience were further topics of research. Investigation of his fifteen year law suit for damages against the government in a land case raised questions regarding nineteenth century regional politics and the system of jurisdiction. Intense research of his term as member of the Legislative Assembly revealed the manipulation of the political process, as well as MacDonald's own approach to politics. The conclusions drawn indicate an attempt to understand another and to provide an interpretation of a life. They confmn the premise that the contribution of every individual to society, a region and a social milieu, is significant to the history of a time.

In history, the progress of a city's water supply often parallels the growth of the city, and in Rockhampton's case, also reflects a number of adversities that the local councillors had to overcome. This dual local and water history dissertation explores the history of Rockhampton's water supply. In doing so it engages with themes within local history such as politics, local government, adversity, resilience and identity. This history also reveals patterns of local power relations. These themes are set against the backdrop of broader Australian history in order to provide context.1 Rockhampton sits astride the large Fitzroy

River, but despite this fortune of geography, the c;ity has had a history of challenges in securing a safe and reliable water supply. The forethought of mayors and local government officers was an integral feature of directing Rockhampton away from using unhygienic lagoon water, to having possibly one of the safest and best water supply systems in Australia, and this can only be appreciated by understanding the history of this local area. The development of Rockhampton was a phenomenon unlike most towns in Queensland. The duffer's gold rush at Canoona, bringing in hundreds of people almost instantly,

prevented Rockhampton developing slowly like other towns, which depended mainly on agriculture. The challenge for the leading citizens in a new town that virtually grew

overnight was to source adequate drinking water for a town on the bank of a salty river.

Local history narratives like this rely on the stories of people in the area. This local history narrative encompasses some local political history, although Councillors were not politically aligned in the early days of Rockhampton. The significant water history events that are explored in this thesis include the following, and each represents progress in ideas and technology. The first resolution passed by the first Council in 1861, was to apply to the Queensland Colonial Government for permission to cart water from Yeppen Yeppen Lagoon, later known as Yeppen Lagoon as the town water supply. In 1875 a more sophisticated reservoir was built to supply water to approximately 1,400 houses with lagoon water and by the 1926, a pumping station and water treatment works were built at Yaamba and potable water was piped the thirty-five kilometres to Rockhampton. In 1970 a barrage was built across the Fitzroy River at the "Rocks" to prevent tidal salt water contaminating the fresh Fitzroy River water. Subsequently, a new pumping station and water treatment works were built within the city at Glenmore in 1971. The thesis argues that the people who progressed Rockhampton's water supply faced adversity in achieving a continuous articulated potable water supply for the city. The city is adjacent to a saltwater river, yet the incremental progress made encouraged large businesses and even adjacent towns to eventually flourish, as well as helped to green Rockhampton. Furthermore, this water history shows Rockhampton's distinctive identity when it obtained its iconic Council-owned Barrage.

This dissertation explores motivation in Japanese American learners of their heritage language. This area of study is significant because existing research primarily looks at heritage language learners as “balanced bilinguals” and limits their learning purpose to professional motivations. Also, research on “passive” or “receptive” bilinguals and the impact of history and ethnicity on motivation builds new knowledge in the field from which other scholars can construct their own studies. Through my interview-based case studies and autoethnography, I found that historical, social, and ethnic identity factors contribute considerably to the motivation to maintain or reject the heritage language. My findings reveal that the traumatic events of WWII such as the forced incarceration of over 110,000 people of Japanese descent led to the loss of the heritage language and a denial of the heritage culture. I also discovered that third generation Japanese Americans are motivated to learn Japanese for professional reasons whereas fourth generation Japanese Americans study Japanese to gain a stronger sense of ethnic identity.

Human action recognition continues to evolve and is examined better using deep learning techniques. Several successes have been recorded in the field of action recognition but only very few has focused on dance. This is because dance actions and, especially Traditional African dance, are long and involve fast movement of body parts. This research proposes a novel framework that applies data science algorithms to the field of cultural preservation by applying various deep learning techniques to identify, classify and model Traditional African dances from videos. Traditional African dances are important part of the African culture and heritage. Digital preservation of these dances in their myriad forms is a problem. The dance dataset was constituted using freely available YouTube videos. Three Traditional African dances – Adowa, Bata and Swange – were used for the dance classification process. Two Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models were used for the classification and they achieved an accuracy of 97% and 98% respectively. Sound classification of Adowa, Bata and Swange drum ensembles were also carried out; an accuracy of 96% was achieved. Human Pose Estimation Algorithms were applied to the Sinte dance. A model of Sinte dance, which can be exported to other environments, was obtained.

This thesis systematically examines vital socio-political factors which are impediments to democracy in Pakistan since 1947. The object is not to reach a single verdict on whether or not the whole regime can legitimately be called democratic, but to determine by empirical observation how democratic it is in its various parts. Democratic audit is a systematic, qualitative assessment of the performance of a regime's many parts against agreed democratic standards.

The thesis is an examination of Aboriginal cultural tourism based on interviews with national and international tourists. The research found that the opportunity for tourists to share personal intimacy with Aboriginal people often outweighed the attraction to the cultural aspects of the tours and that this can contribute to the discourse of reconciliation.

The physical remains of the ships that came to an untimely end at the shores of the southern African region represent an important part of the maritime cultural heritage. Yet, very few scientific investigations into this heritage have been undertaken to date, as a result, no archival record or archaeological evidence of local vessels being produced here exists. The known potential of shipwrecks therefore consists of vessels that originated from elsewhere. The first part of this article sketches the physical geographic setting of the region's shores and the adjacent coastal waters. Following this, some aspects relating to southern African shipwreck archaeological investigations are discussed. This article also gives information aspects of specific studies in maritime archaeology that have been undertaken in the southern African region so far.

As archaeology has matured as a discipline, a variety of challenges emerge about the purpose, methods, and products of the enterprise, including intellectual property (IP) concerns pertaining to the products of archaeological research and related heritage control issues. This chapter examines the complex nature of IP in the context of archaeology. The two central questions addressed are: (1) What constitutes IP in the context of archaeology?; and (2) Who has the right to interpret, benefit from, or control access to information and objects from the past, whether they represent one’s own heritage or, more often, someone else’s. These questions are explored through a series of broad themes, coupled with specific examples to illustrate some of the methodological challenges, their consequences, and how IP-related issues can be avoided or at least mitigated. An overarching consideration is the significant differences in how IP and intangible heritage are defined and distinguished in countries where the ancestral population relates to the dominant population today, as contrasted to those where the modern population has come from elsewhere.

Although Nelson Rebanda—the archaeologist working for the electricity company (EDP) that was building a dam in the Côa river—probably discovered the first Côa Valley engraved surface with Palaeolithic motifs (the now well-known Rock 1 of Canada do Inferno) in November 1991, the find was only revealed to the public in November 1994 (Jorge 1995; Rebanda 1995). Subsequently, the first reports on ‘important archaeological finds in the Côa Valley’ started to appear in the newspapers. The Canada do Inferno engravings were located upstream and very near to the construction site of the Côa dam. The construction work advanced at a good pace and the completion of the dam would irremediably destroy the engravings. The public revelation of the find instantly triggered a huge controversy since the first specialists to visit the site immediately classified the engravings as being of Palaeolithic style. As a result of the media attention on the Côa and right after the broadcast of the first TV reports, a pilgrimage to the Côa Valley rock-art surfaces began. Reacting to the first news on an affair that was starting to be known as ‘the Côa scandal’, IPPAR (the state body that, at the time, was in charge of managing archaeology in Portugal) created, at the end of November 1994, a committee to follow the archaeological rescue work being done in the Côa. Nevertheless, and considering the serious problem created by the construction of the dam (and the construction work continued), it rapidly became evident that IPPAR was gradually losing control over the situation as it shifted to the public domain. In December 1994, IPPAR asked UNESCO for an expert opinion to challenge the efforts of EDP (the Portuguese Power Company responsible for the construction of the dam and at the time totally state owned) to demonstrate that the Côa findings were not of Palaeolithic chronology. Throughout 1995, this would be a crucial issue since some defended the position that, if the engravings were not Palaeolithic, their patrimonial value would not be very important and, therefore, the dam could be built!

The term Virtual Archaeology was coined 30 years ago when personal computing and the first wave of digital devices and associated technologies became generally available to field archaeologists (Reilly 1991; 1992). The circumstances that led to the origin of Virtual Archaeology have been recounted elsewhere. Put briefly, Virtual Archaeology was intended for reflexive archaeological practitioners “to be a generative concept and a provocation allowing for creative and playful improvisation around the potential adoption or adaptation of any new digital technology in fieldwork; in other words to explore how new digital tools could enable, and shape, new methodological insights and interpretation, that is new practices” (Beale, Reilly 2017). Digital creativity in archaeology and cultural heritage continues to flourish, and we can still stand by these aspirations. However, in 2021, the definition and extent of this implied “archaeological” community of practice and its assumed authority seems too parochial. Moreover, the archaeological landscape is not under the sole purview of archaeologists or cultural heritage managers. Consequently, experimentation with novel modes and methods of engagement, the creation of new forms of analysis, and different ways of knowing this landscape, are also not their sole prerogative. This applies equally to Virtual Archaeology and digital creativity in the realm of cultural heritage more generally. We assert that other affirmative digitally creative conceptions of, and engagements with, artefacts, virtual archaeological landscapes and cultural heritage assemblages – in their broadest sense – are possible if we are willing to adopt other perspectives and diffract them through contrasting disciplinary points of view and approaches. In this paper we are specifically concerned with interlacing artistic and virtual archaeology practices within the realm of imaging, part of something we call Virtual Art/Archaeology.