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Journal articles on the topic 'Herding dogs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Ridgway, Marcella. "Herding Dogs." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 51, no. 4 (July 2021): 975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.04.013.

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2

Zykova, Svetlana, Roman Slobodyanik, Larisa Belova, Andrey Kryazhev, and Aleksey Savinkov. "Monitoring dirofilariasis spread: herding dogs in Armenia." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017503014.

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Dirofilariasis is distinguished by the causative agent provoking dirofilariasis: Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. In the territory of Armenia, dirofilariosis is studied little. The article addresses the evaluation of the spread and prevalence of dirofilariasis in Ararat Province of the Republic of Armenia. The research was focused on herding dogs. The research showed that 100% of cases were caused by D. immitis; the average prevalence among herding dogs in Ararat Province was 16,6%. Most dogs infected with Dirofilaria were aged 3 to 5 years. Therefore, in the territory of Armenia, there is an active local focus of dirofilariasis in carnivores with the active involvement of herding dogs in its spread
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3

Early, Jonathan, Elizabeth Arnott, Bethany Wilson, Claire Wade, and Paul McGreevy. "The Perceived Value of Behavioural Traits in Australian Livestock Herding Dogs Varies with the Operational Context." Animals 9, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070448.

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This study investigated the value that handlers and breeders assign to various behavioural traits in Australian livestock herding dogs. Data were obtained from 811 handlers and breeders through the ‘Australian Farm Dog Survey’. Respondents were asked to consider dogs within four contexts: utility (livestock herding in both paddocks and yards), mustering (livestock herding in paddocks and along livestock routes), yards (in and around sheds, sale-yards and transport vehicles), and trial (specifically a standard 3-sheep trial), and to rate the value of 16 working manoeuvres (movement sequences used in herding), 11 working attributes (skills or attributes used in herding) and five general attributes (personality traits ascribed to an individual dog). The most valued working manoeuvres were cast, force and gather. Bite, bark and backing were considered of little value in certain contexts, notably the trial context. Across all four contexts, the general attributes most valued in dogs were being trainable, motivated, confident and friendly, while control and trainability were the working attribute traits considered to be of most value. Excitability was revealed to be a ‘Goldilocks’ trait in that respondents preferred not too much or too little but a ‘just right’ amount in their preferred dog. Analysis indicated a handler preference for either specialised dogs for the utility context or dogs who are easy to work with because of a broad range of traits favoured in the yard context. These results reveal both generalities across and the need for specialisation within these four herding contexts. Further investigation may help to reveal how well handlers distinguish between innate and learnt behaviours when selecting and training livestock herding dogs. Identifying which group handlers fit into optimally may assist in selecting suitable dog–human dyads.
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Wilson, Bethany J., Elizabeth R. Arnott, Jonathan B. Early, Claire M. Wade, and Paul D. McGreevy. "Valued personality traits in livestock herding Kelpies—Development and application of a livestock herding dog assessment form." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): e0267266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267266.

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Livestock herding dogs contribute greatly to the rural economy of Australia. However, their selection currently lacks a cohesive or methodical approach. For example, there is no accessible tool for assessing Australian livestock herding dogs’ suitability for work. The purpose of the current study was to devise a herding dog assessment form, the Herding Dog Assessment Form–Personality (HDAF-P), to facilitate collection of data on relevant behavioural phenotypes of large numbers of working Kelpies and to apply the HDAF-P to identify personality traits needed for herding dog performance. The focus was on creating a succinct form that was salient and accessible to livestock herding dog owners. Wherever practical, terms and methods from published personality questionnaires were integrated. Seventeen terms were included as behavioural descriptors in the HDAF-P which was then used by 95 owners to assess a sample of 228 of their working Kelpies. Owners were also asked to rate the overall ability of their dog(s). Of these dogs, 210 (all twelve months or older) were fully described and their data were used in the analysis. Thus, the study was designed to reveal which personality traits are most critical to the overall ability of the herding dogs and to undertake an exploratory analysis of the patterns of dog behaviour revealed by the HDAF-P in non-juvenile dogs. The traits that showed the strongest correlations (using Kendall’s Tau correlation analysis) with overall ability were initiative (T = 0.41, p < 0.001), persistence (T = 0.36, p < 0.001), intelligence (T = 0.32, p < 0.001), confidence (T = 0.36, p < 0.001) and nervousness (T = -0.30, p < 0.001). An exploratory principal component analysis of trait scores revealed that 64.5% of the variance could be explained by four components that share several similarities with those reported by previous dog personality studies. These findings confirm that the HDAF-P has potential for the practical assessment of livestock herding dog personality and can elucidate traits that should be considered for prioritisation in training and breeding to optimise herding dog ability.
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5

Barrios, Natasha, César González-Lagos, Dayna L. Dreger, Heidi G. Parker, Guillermo Nourdin-Galindo, Andrew N. Hogan, Marcelo A. Gómez, and Elaine A. Ostrander. "Patagonian sheepdog: Genomic analyses trace the footprints of extinct UK herding dogs to South America." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): e1010160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010160.

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Most modern dog breeds were developed within the last two hundred years, following strong and recent human selection based predominantly on aesthetics, with few modern breeds constructed solely to maximize their work potential. In many cases, these working breeds represent the last remnants of now lost populations. The Patagonian sheepdog (PGOD), a rare herding breed, is a remarkable example of such a population. Maintained as an isolated population for over 130 years, the PGOD offers a unique opportunity to understand the genetic relationship amongst modern herding breeds, determine key genomic structure of the founder PGOD populations, and investigate how canine genomic data can mirror human migration patterns. We thus analyzed the population structure of 159 PGOD, comparing them with 1514 dogs representing 175 established breeds. Using 150,069 SNPs from a high-density SNP genotyping array, we establish the genomic composition, ancestry, and genetic diversity of the population, complementing genomic data with the PGOD’s migratory history to South America. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals that PGODs are most closely related to modern herding breeds hailing from the United Kingdom. Admixture models illustrate a greater degree of diversity and genetic heterogeneity within the very small PGOD population than in Western European herding breeds, suggesting the PGOD predates the 200-year-old construction of most pure breeds known today. We thus propose that PGODs originated from the foundational herding dogs of the UK, prior to the Victorian explosion of breeds, and that they are the closest link to a now-extinct population of herding dogs from which modern herding breeds descended.
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6

McCobb, EC, EA Brown, K. Damiani, and NH Dodman. "Thunderstorm phobia in dogs: an Internet survey of 69 cases." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 37, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-37-4-319.

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To learn more about predispositions for, signs, and progression of canine thunderstorm phobia, a survey for owners was posted on the Internet. Questions addressed signalment, age of onset, behavior during storms, and treatments tried. Sixty-nine responses were received. Herding dogs and herding crossbreeds accounted for the majority of dogs. Seventeen of 41 dogs with a known age of onset began exhibiting thunderstorm phobia &lt;1 year of age. Various characteristic responses of dogs to storms were described. Improved knowledge of the demographics of thunderstorm phobia, its development, and presentation will assist in understanding the genesis and progression of the condition.
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7

Early, Jonathan, Jessica Aalders, Elizabeth Arnott, Claire Wade, and Paul McGreevy. "Sequential Analysis of Livestock Herding Dog and Sheep Interactions." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020352.

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Livestock herding dogs are crucial contributors to Australian agriculture. However, there is a dearth of empirical studies of the behavioural interactions between dog and livestock during herding. A statistical approach that may reveal cause and effect in such interactions is lag sequential analysis. Using 48 video recordings of livestock herding dogs and sheep in a yard trial competition, event-based (time between behaviours is irrelevant) and time-based (time between behaviours is defined) lag sequential analyses identified several significant behavioural interactions (adjusted residuals greater than 2.58; the maximum likelihood-ratio chi-squared statistic for all eight contingency tables identified all sequences as highly significant (p < 0.001)). These sequences were: The dog ceasing all movement followed by the sheep also ceasing movement; the dog chasing the sheep and a group of sheep escaping the main flock; a single sheep escaping the flock and the dog chasing; sheep initiating movement followed by the dog following; foot-stamping followed by the dog ceasing all movement; and, foot-stamping by the sheep and the dog lip-licking in response. Log linear regression identified significant relationships among undesirable behaviours in sheep and both observed trial duration (p = 0.001) and trial score (p = 0.009). No differences in the herding styles of dogs were identified between sex of dog and frequency of sheep escape behaviours (p = 0.355) nor the sex of dog and competition level (p = 0.116). The identification of trial score as a predictor of efficient performance confirms the benefits of incorporating extant objective measures to assess livestock herding dogs.
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8

STAHL, CHRISTINA, CHRISTINE WACKER, URS WEBER, FRANCK FORTERRE, PAUL HECHT, JOHANN LANG, and DANIELA GORGAS. "MRI FEATURES OF GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCULOTENDINOPATHY IN HERDING DOGS." Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 51, no. 4 (March 22, 2010): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01677.x.

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9

McConnell, Patricia B., and Jeffrey R. Baylis. "Interspecific Communication in Cooperative Herding: Acoustic and Visual Signals from Human Shepherds and Herding Dogs." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 67, no. 1-4 (April 26, 2010): 302–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb01396.x.

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10

Arnott, ER, JB Early, CM Wade, and PD McGreevy. "Estimating the economic value of Australian stock herding dogs." Animal Welfare 23, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.23.2.189.

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11

Taylor, Susan, Cindy Shmon, Lillian Su, Tasha Epp, Katie Minor, James Mickelson, Edward Patterson, and G. Diane Shelton. "Evaluation of Dogs with Border Collie Collapse, Including Response to Two Standardized Strenuous Exercise Protocols." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 52, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6361.

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ABSTRACT Clinical and metabolic variables were evaluated in 13 dogs with border collie collapse (BCC) before, during, and following completion of standardized strenuous exercise protocols. Six dogs participated in a ball-retrieving protocol, and seven dogs participated in a sheep-herding protocol. Findings were compared with 16 normal border collies participating in the same exercise protocols (11 retrieving, five herding). Twelve dogs with BCC developed abnormal mentation and/or an abnormal gait during evaluation. All dogs had post-exercise elevations in rectal temperature, pulse rate, arterial blood pH, PaO2, and lactate, and decreased PaCO2 and bicarbonate, as expected with strenuous exercise, but there were no significant differences between BCC dogs and normal dogs. Electrocardiography demonstrated sinus tachycardia in all dogs following exercise. Needle electromyography was normal, and evaluation of muscle biopsy cryosections using a standard panel of histochemical stains and reactions did not reveal a reason for collapse in 10 dogs with BCC in which these tests were performed. Genetic testing excluded the dynamin-1 related exercise-induced collapse mutation and the V547A malignant hyperthermia mutation as the cause of BCC. Common reasons for exercise intolerance were eliminated. Although a genetic basis is suspected, the cause of collapse in BCC was not determined.
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12

Arvelius, Per, Sofia Malm, Kenth Svartberg, and Erling Strandberg. "Genetic analysis of herding behavior in Swedish Border Collie dogs." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, no. 6 (November 2009): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2009.04.013.

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13

Bionda, Arianna, Matteo Cortellari, Daniele Bigi, Vincenzo Chiofalo, Luigi Liotta, and Paola Crepaldi. "Selection Signatures in Italian Livestock Guardian and Herding Shepherd Dogs." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010003.

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Livestock guardian (LGD) and herding shepherd (HSD) dogs have distinct morphological and behavioural characteristics, long selected by farmers and breeders, to accomplish different tasks. This study aimed to find the genomic regions that best differentiate and characterise Italian LGD and HSD. Genomic data of 158 dogs of four LGD and five HSD breeds, obtained with the 170K canine SNPchip, were collected. The two groups were compared using FST and XP-EHH analyses, identifying regions containing 29 genes. Moreover, 16 islands of runs of homozygosity were found in LGD, and 15 in HSD; 4 of them were partially shared. Among the genes found that better differentiated HSD and LGD, several were associated with dog domestication and behavioural aspects; particularly, MSRB3 and LLPH were linked to herding behaviour in previous studies. Others, DYSK, MAP2K5, and RYR, were related to body size and muscle development. Prick ears prevailed in sampled HSD, and drop ears in LGD; this explains the identification of WIF1 and MSRB3 genes. Unexpectedly, a number of genes were also associated with eye development and functionality. These results shed further light on the differences that human selection introduced in dogs aimed at different duties, even in a limited geographic area such as Italy.
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14

Strömbom, Daniel, Richard P. Mann, Alan M. Wilson, Stephen Hailes, A. Jennifer Morton, David J. T. Sumpter, and Andrew J. King. "Solving the shepherding problem: heuristics for herding autonomous, interacting agents." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 100 (November 6, 2014): 20140719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0719.

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Herding of sheep by dogs is a powerful example of one individual causing many unwilling individuals to move in the same direction. Similar phenomena are central to crowd control, cleaning the environment and other engineering problems. Despite single dogs solving this ‘shepherding problem’ every day, it remains unknown which algorithm they employ or whether a general algorithm exists for shepherding. Here, we demonstrate such an algorithm, based on adaptive switching between collecting the agents when they are too dispersed and driving them once they are aggregated. Our algorithm reproduces key features of empirical data collected from sheep–dog interactions and suggests new ways in which robots can be designed to influence movements of living and artificial agents.
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15

Arnott, Elizabeth R., Jonathan B. Early, Claire M. Wade, and Paul D. McGreevy. "Environmental Factors Associated with Success Rates of Australian Stock Herding Dogs." PLoS ONE 9, no. 8 (August 19, 2014): e104457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104457.

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16

Barrios, Natasha, Alvaro Fuenzalida, Marcelo Gómez, Consuelo Heuser, Rodrigo Muñoz, Elaine A. Ostrander, Heidi G. Parker, and César González-Lagos. "The Patagonian Sheepdog: Historical Perspective on a Herding Dog in Chile." Diversity 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11120245.

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The “Patagonian Sheepdog” is a local working dog breed that was produced by selection from European working sheepdogs that arrived in the Magallanes region of southern Chile in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Currently, the Patagonian Sheepdog is most commonly found in the Chilean Patagonian region (43°12’ S to 56°30’ S), where it plays a fundamental role as a working dog in sheep and, to some extent, in cattle farming. Dog types that may have contributed to the Patagonian Sheepdog include the Old Welsh Grey and other old UK herding dogs. The modern Patagonian Sheepdog has been selectively bred by local sheep farmers to produce a herding dog that is well adapted to the area: a medium body size, long or semi-long fur, drooping or semi-erect ears, a docile character, and a great aptitude for sheep herding. Morphological studies have determined the body measurements, zoometric indices, coat color, and marking for Patagonian Sheepdogs. The objective of this investigation was to collect historical information related to the presence of this dog in Chilean Patagonia, providing general aspects of the morphology and behavior, all key factors for the recognition and conservation of this little-known herding dog.
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17

Dzikwi and Umoh. "KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTISE REGARDING DOGS AND RABIES AMONG FULANI CATTLE HERDING COMMUNITIES IN ZARIA ENVIRONS, NIGERIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i2.2017.1744.

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Rabies is a viral disease transmitted mainly following the bite of a rabid dog. Dogs are increasingly being kept for security of livestock among cattle herders. The study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practise regarding dogs and rabies among the cattle herding community to identify gaps regarding knowledge of rabies transmission and plan intervention. Questionnaires were prepared and administered by face to face interview among members of the communities. Responses were scored based on a marking scheme and observations documented. There was poor knowledge and bad practise regarding rabies and dog ownership. Most of the dogs were not vaccinated against rabies. Furthermore, there was a practice of swapping dogs for household items among members of the community and dog dealers. This has grave implication because it will drive reckless dog ownership for the sole purpose of obtaining desired household items. This coupled with poor vaccination of dogs will lead to increased chances of rabies transmission. There is a need for educating this group on the role of dogs in rabies and vaccination of the dogs in the community.
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18

Li, Xiaohui, Hailong Huang, Andrey V. Savkin, and Jian Zhang. "Robotic Herding of Farm Animals Using a Network of Barking Aerial Drones." Drones 6, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6020029.

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This paper proposes a novel robotic animal herding system based on a network of autonomous barking drones. The objective of such a system is to replace traditional herding methods (e.g., dogs) so that a large number (e.g., thousands) of farm animals such as sheep can be quickly collected from a sparse status and then driven to a designated location (e.g., a sheepfold). In this paper, we particularly focus on the motion control of the barking drones. To this end, a computationally efficient sliding mode based control algorithm is developed, which navigates the drones to track the moving boundary of the animals’ footprint and enables the drones to avoid collisions with others. Extensive computer simulations, where the dynamics of the animals follow Reynolds’ rules, show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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19

Hart, Katherine. "Multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene mutation in dogs." Veterinary Nurse 15, no. 5 (June 2, 2024): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2024.0019.

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The multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene mutation in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is an inherited condition most frequently observed in herding breeds. Dogs with the mutated gene are at risk of neurological toxicosis and life-threatening reactions if certain drugs are administered. Determining the MDR1 genotype of a dog via blood or buccal swab sampling will assist owners and veterinary professionals in understanding their risk of multidrug sensitivity. Some of the drugs known to be dangerous when administered to a dog with the mutation are used in everyday practice. To ensure patient safety, the student and registered veterinary nurse should have an understanding of this condition, particularly when dealing with the dog breeds at higher risk. This article aims to provide student and registered veterinary nurses with a comprehensive and logical analysis of the MDR1 gene mutation in dogs.
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20

Early, Jonathan B., Elizabeth R. Arnott, Claire M. Wade, and Paul D. McGreevy. "Interval dogs: Results and evaluation of Global Positioning System units in measuring athletic performance in stock-herding dogs." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 14 (July 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2016.06.009.

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21

Mirani, Farhad, Soraya Naem, and Mohammad Yakhchali. "Investigation of Intestinal Parasites in Guardian and Herding Dogs of Gilanegharb Suburb, Iran." International Journal of Livestock Research 6, no. 8 (2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20160718110004.

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22

Bigdeli, M., M. M. Namavari, F. Moazeni-Ju, S. Sadeghzade, and A. Mirzaei. "First Study Prevalence of Brucellosis in Stray and Herding Dogs South of Iran." Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2011.1322.1326.

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23

Hornok, S., R. Edelhofer, É. Fok, K. Berta, P. Fejes, A. Répási, and R. Farkas. "Canine neosporosis in Hungary: Screening for seroconversion of household, herding and stray dogs." Veterinary Parasitology 137, no. 3-4 (April 2006): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.030.

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24

Krause, Heike, Udo Ganslosser, and Nina Marie Hohlfeld. "Dog Training, Keeping and Selection around 1300, Using the Example of Albertus Magnus and Petrus de Crescentiis." Animals 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2023): 3698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13233698.

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Historical dog training methods reveal that dog training then and now might not have been that different. While some methods that would be considered unacceptable today have vanished over time, much of what we do today has been practiced historically for a long time. Albertus Magnus’ De animalibus and Petrus de Crescentiis’ Ruralia commodia deliver us historical evidence on how dogs were perceived, kept and trained by our ancestors. Not only were they already kept as pets, but they were also used in a wide range of professions. Dogs were utilized as guard and watchdogs, for hunting and for herding and livestock protection. Dogs are still trained in many of those professions today. From these historical records, we can learn how the perception and use of dogs has been similar or very different from our view on dogs today. We see how certain training methods have persisted over time, giving us an opportunity to ponder on new training and handling methods for man’s best friend.
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Riego del Castillo, Virginia, Lidia Sánchez-González, Adrián Campazas-Vega, and Nicola Strisciuglio. "Vision-Based Module for Herding with a Sheepdog Robot." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 5321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145321.

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Livestock farming is assisted more and more by technological solutions, such as robots. One of the main problems for shepherds is the control and care of livestock in areas difficult to access where grazing animals are attacked by predators such as the Iberian wolf in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. In this paper, we propose a system to automatically generate benchmarks of animal images of different species from iNaturalist API, which is coupled with a vision-based module that allows us to automatically detect predators and distinguish them from other animals. We tested multiple existing object detection models to determine the best one in terms of efficiency and speed, as it is conceived for real-time environments. YOLOv5m achieves the best performance as it can process 64 FPS, achieving an mAP (with IoU of 50%) of 99.49% for a dataset where wolves (predator) or dogs (prey) have to be detected and distinguished. This result meets the requirements of pasture-based livestock farms.
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Hao, Lili, Aiguo Yang, Dongbo Yuan, Li Guo, Wei Hou, Qian Mo, Zhiping Lu, and Chunying Nie. "Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in domestic dogs of Shiqu County in the summer herding." Parasitology Research 117, no. 6 (April 11, 2018): 1965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5862-2.

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27

Bionda, Arianna, Matteo Cortellari, Luigi Liotta, and Paola Crepaldi. "The Shepherd and the Hunter: A Genomic Comparison of Italian Dog Breeds." Animals 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2023): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13152438.

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Shepherd and hunting dogs have undergone divergent selection for specific tasks, resulting in distinct phenotypic and behavioural differences. Italy is home to numerous recognized and unrecognized breeds of both types, providing an opportunity to compare them genomically. In this study, we analysed SNP data obtained from the CanineHD BeadChip, encompassing 116 hunting dogs (representing 6 breeds) and 158 shepherd dogs (representing 9 breeds). We explored the population structure, genomic background, and phylogenetic relationships among the breeds. To compare the two groups, we employed three complementary methods for selection signature detection: FST, XP-EHH, and ROH. Our results reveal a clear differentiation between shepherd and hunting dogs as well as between gun dogs vs. hounds and guardian vs. herding shepherd dogs. The genomic regions distinguishing these groups harbour several genes associated with domestication and behavioural traits, including gregariousness (WBSRC17) and aggressiveness (CDH12 and HTT). Additionally, genes related to morphology, such as size and coat colour (ASIP and TYRP1) and texture (RSPO2), were identified. This comparative genomic analysis sheds light on the genetic underpinnings of the phenotypic and behavioural variations observed in Italian hunting and shepherd dogs.
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Armstrong Oma, Kristin. "On the Fringe: Sheepdogs and Their Status Within Bronze Age Ontologies in Scandinavia." Current Swedish Archaeology, no. 28 (December 14, 2020): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2020.05.

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This contribution draws mainly on images of dogs, humans and sheep from Nordic Bronze Age rock art sources, but living arrangements within the household and depositional patterns of dog bones on settlements are also considered to extrapolate an understanding of the physical reality and ontological role of sheepdogs within the social aspects of the practice of herding. I use theories from the interdisciplinary field of human-animal studies to understand how socialisation, habituation and trust create a seamless choreography between human, dog and sheep.
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Baranyiová, E., A. Holub, and M. Tyrlík. "Behavioural Traits of Four Dogs Breeds in Czech Households." Acta Veterinaria Brno 76, no. 4 (2007): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200776040627.

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Our study was aimed at the behavioral aspects of coexistence with people of four canine breeds in Czech households. From the original set of data in 305 earlier analyzed dogs we selected 89 animals, i.e. those concerning the four most numerous breeds, (34 Dachshunds, 16 Schnauzers, 23 German Shepherd Dogs and 16 Poodles), and compared their 85 behavioural traits and interactions with their household members. The results were evaluated using the chi-square test. Dogs belonging to these four breeds differed significantly in only 28 (32.9%) of the indicators under study. Except for a few German Shepherd Dogs all members of our group were considered to be companion animals and household members. They were no longer used as earth dogs or hunting, guarding/herding dogs. Breed characteristics were taken into consideration only exceptionally. People kept them for pleasure and not for their original skills, once carefully selected for and modified. On the contrary, these skills became undesirable in urban environment. Despite that, dog breeds are designated by their original functions and use, even though the anthropomorphic selection pressures continue. People want their dogs to adapt more and more to the intimate co-existence in rural and urban environments. Thus, canine behaviour is under massive selection pressures.
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30

RAUSCH, R. L. "Cystic echinococcosis in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic." Parasitology 127, S1 (October 2003): S73—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003664.

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The northern biotype of Echinococcus granulosus occurs throughout the holarctic zones of tundra and taiga, from eastern Fennoscandia to the Bering Strait in Eurasia and in North America from arctic Alaska approximately to the northern border of the United States. The cycle of the cestode is complex in taiga at lower latitudes, because of the greater diversity of potential hosts. In the Arctic and Subarctic, however, four patterns of predator/prey relationships may be discerned. Two natural cycles involve the wolf and wild reindeer and the wolf and elk (moose), respectively. Where deer of the two species coexist, both are prey of the wolf; the interactions of the wolf and elk are here described on the basis of long-term observations made on Isle Royale (in Lake Superior near the southern limit of taiga), where only the wolf and elk serve as hosts for E. granulosus. A synanthropic cycle involving herding-dogs and domesticated reindeer caused hyperendemicity of cystic echinococcosis in arctic Eurasia, mainly in northeastern Siberia. The 4th pattern, a semi-synanthropic cycle, formerly existed in Alaska, wherein sled-dogs of the indigenous hunters became infected by consuming the lungs of wild reindeer. The sequence of changes in life-style inherent in the process of acculturation affected the occurrence of cystic echinococcosis among nomadic Iñupiat in arctic Alaska. When those people became sedentary, the environs of their early villages soon became severely contaminated by faeces of dogs, and cases of cystic echinococcosis occurred. Compared to cystic echinococcosis caused by E. granulosus adapted to synanthropic hosts (dog and domestic ungulates), the infection produced by the northern biotype is relatively benign. Nearly all diagnosed cases of cystic echinococcosis (>300) in Alaska have occurred in indigenous people; only one fatality has been recorded (in a non-indigenous person). After sled-dogs were replaced by machines, cases have become rare in Alaska. A similar effect has been observed in Fennoscandia, in the Saami and domesticated reindeer. Recent records indicate that the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis is increasing in Russia, suggesting that dogs are used there in herding.
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Lippi, Giuseppe, and Mario Plebani. "Diabetes alert dogs: a narrative critical overview." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 57, no. 4 (March 26, 2019): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-0842.

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AbstractOwing to their virtually incomparable olfactory apparatus and the mutual loving relationship with man, the use of dogs for assisting humans in many activities has become commonplace. Dogs have been used for long for livestock herding, hunting and pulling. More recently, they have been employed for servicing or assisting people with disabilities, for rescuing, for pet therapy and, last but not least, for detecting a vast array of volatile organic compounds related to drugs, narcotics, explosives and foods. Although cancer detection seems the most distinguished use of “man’s best friends” in science and medicine, increasing emphasis is being placed on their capacity to perceive chemical changes or human expressions associated with harmful, even life-threating, blood glucose variations. The evidence available in the current scientific literature attests that diabetes alerting dogs (DADs) have a heterogeneous efficiency for warning owners of episodes of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, with sensitivities and specificities ranging between 0.29–0.80 and 0.49–0.96, respectively. Although the adoption of DADs seems effective for improving the quality of life of many diabetics patients, some important drawbacks can be highlighted. These typically include adoption and keeping expenditures, lack of certification or accreditation of dog providers, poor harmonization of training procedures, significant inter-breed, intra-breed and intra-dog variabilities, wide-ranging alert behaviors, ability of owners to identify dog’s alerts, as well as lack of quality assessment of a dog’s “diagnostic” performance. Overcoming many of these limitations shall probably make DADs more efficient tools for improving diabetes management.
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Hide, Mallorie, Gregory Michel, Kevin Legueult, Raphaelle Pin, Susana Leonard, Loïc Simon, Anne-Laure Bañuls, Pascal Delaunay, Pierre Marty, and Christelle Pomares. "Asymptomatic Leishmania infantum infection in dogs and dog owners in an endemic area in southeast France." Parasite 31 (2024): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024019.

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The prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis in dogs and their owners in the main endemic areas of France has not been studied to date. The objective of this study was to quantify asymptomatic Leishmania infantum infection in southeast France in healthy people and their dogs using molecular and serological screening techniques. We examined the presence of parasitic DNA using specific PCR targeting kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and specific antibodies by serology (ELISA for dogs and Western blot for humans) among immunocompetent residents and their dogs in the Alpes-Maritimes. Results from 343 humans and 607 dogs were included. 46.9% (n = 161/343) of humans and 18.3% (n = 111/607) of dogs were PCR positive; 40.2% of humans (n = 138/343) and 9.9% of dogs (n = 60/607) were serology positive. Altogether, 66.2% of humans (n = 227) and 25.7% of dogs (n = 156) had positive serologies and/or positive PCR test results. Short-haired dogs were more frequently infected (71.8%, n = 112) than long-haired dogs (12.2%, n = 19) (p = 0.043). Dogs seemed to be more susceptible to asymptomatic infection according to their breed types (higher infection rates in scenthounds, gun dogs and herding dogs) (p = 0.04). The highest proportion of dogs and human asymptomatic infections was found in the Vence Region, corresponding to 28.2% (n = 20/71) of dogs and 70.5% (n = 31/44) of humans (4.5/100,000 people). In conclusion, the percentage of infections in asymptomatic humans is higher than in asymptomatic dogs in the studied endemic area. It is questionable whether asymptomatic infection in humans constitutes a risk factor for dogs.
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Riede, Felix. "Adaptation and niche construction in human prehistory: a case study from the southern Scandinavian Late Glacial." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1566 (March 27, 2011): 793–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0266.

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The niche construction model postulates that human bio-social evolution is composed of three inheritance domains, genetic, cultural and ecological, linked by feedback selection. This paper argues that many kinds of archaeological data can serve as proxies for human niche construction processes, and presents a method for investigating specific niche construction hypotheses. To illustrate this method, the repeated emergence of specialized reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ) hunting/herding economies during the Late Palaeolithic ( ca 14.7–11.5 kyr BP) in southern Scandinavia is analysed from a niche construction/triple-inheritance perspective. This economic relationship resulted in the eventual domestication of Rangifer . The hypothesis of whether domestication was achieved as early as the Late Palaeolithic, and whether this required the use of domesticated dogs ( Canis familiaris ) as hunting, herding or transport aids, is tested via a comparative analysis using material culture-based phylogenies and ecological datasets in relation to demographic/genetic proxies. Only weak evidence for sustained niche construction behaviours by prehistoric hunter–gatherer in southern Scandinavia is found, but this study nonetheless provides interesting insights into the likely processes of dog and reindeer domestication, and into processes of adaptation in Late Glacial foragers.
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Baumgartner, Gerda, Simone Busley, Julia Fritzinger, and Sara Martin. "Das Anna und ihr Hund." Linguistik Online 107, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.107.7689.

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In numerous German dialects and in Luxembourgish women or girls are referred to in the neuter. This raises the question whether this is also the case for female animals. Based on data from the research project “Das Anna und ihr Hund – Weibliche Rufnamen im Neutrum”, the present article examines the gender of names and pronouns referring to dogs. Dogs today are no longer kept primarily to perform functions (guard dog, herding dog) but rather as pets and companions. This is also reflected in the fact that dogs are given names. In general, these clearly mark the sex of the dog. In the dialects we investigated pronouns, which refer to female dogs, are predominantly masculine, not feminine or neuter. Sex-specific appellatives are not used either. In addition, the assignment of the neuter gender to dogs’ names (e. g. s Frida) occurs much less frequently than to first names of women (e. g. s Anna). The functions of the socio-pragmatic neuter when referring to women, such as marking age, status, or gender roles, rarely appear to play a role when referring to dogs. Only in Luxembourgish, where the neuter primarily marks female sex, are female animals referred to more often with neuter forms.
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Taylor, Susan, Katie Minor, Cindy L. Shmon, G. Diane Shelton, Edward E. Patterson, and James R. Mickelson. "Border Collie Collapse: Owner Survey Results and Veterinary Description of Videotaped Episodes." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 52, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6436.

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ABSTRACT Completed surveys were obtained from owners of 165 border collies experiencing repeated episodes of abnormal gait or collapse during strenuous exercise. Unremarkable veterinary evaluation and lack of disease progression over time made common systemic, cardiac, and neurologic causes of exercise intolerance unlikely. Survey questions addressed signalment, age of onset, description of episodes, and owner perception of factors associated with collapse. Most dogs were young adults (median 2 yr) when episodes began, and they had experienced from 2 to more than 100 episodes (median 6) prior to their owners completing the survey. Retrieving was the activity most commonly associated with episodes (112/165 dogs, 68%), followed by herding stock (39/165 dogs, 24%). Owners reported that high environmental temperatures (111/165 dogs, 67%) and excitement (67/165 dogs, 41%) increased the likelihood of their dog having an episode during strenuous activity. Veterinary evaluation of videotapes of presumed border collie collapse (BCC) episodes (40 dogs) were used to provide a description of the typical features of BCC episodes. Altered mentation, symmetrical ataxia affecting all four limbs, increased pelvic limb extensor tone and toe scuffing or knuckling, truncal swaying, and falling to the side were common features, suggesting that BCC may be an episodic diffuse central nervous system disorder.
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Anderson, Katherine H., Yufan Yao, Pamela J. Perry, Julia D. Albright, and Katherine A. Houpt. "Case Distribution, Sources, and Breeds of Dogs Presenting to a Veterinary Behavior Clinic in the United States from 1997 to 2017." Animals 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050576.

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The purpose of this retrospective case study was to evaluate trends over time in case distribution, sources, and breeds of dogs presenting to the behavioral medicine service at a veterinary college referral hospital in the United States. For case distribution and sources, the available records from the behavior service (n = 1923) from 1997 to 2017 were evaluated. Breeds of dogs presenting to all services (n = 51,052) were compared to behavior cases (n = 822) from 2007 to 2016. Over twenty years, 72.2% of dogs presented for aggression, 20.1% for anxieties/fears/phobias, and 7.4% for miscellaneous behavioral problems. Dogs acquired from breeders decreased and dogs from shelters, rescues, or adopted as a stray increased over twenty years (p < 0.0001). The Herding (p = 0.0124) and Terrier (p < 0.0001) groups were overrepresented for behavior problems as compared to all other services over ten years. Variations in terminology and diagnostic approach made comparisons with earlier studies difficult, which underscores a need for a more consistent methodology in veterinary behavioral medicine. Understanding trends in sources of dogs could direct resources aimed at guiding owners when acquiring a pet dog and preventing behavioral problems. Findings related to breeds could help guide research focused on the genetic contributions to behavior.
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Muñiz de Miguel, Susana, Francisco Javier Diéguez, Joao Pedro da Silva-Monteiro, Beatriz Parra Ferreiro-Mazón, and Ángela González-Martínez. "Study of Behavioural Traits in Can de Palleiro (Galician Shepherd Dog)." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113198.

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The Can de Palleiro (CP) is an autochthonous canine breed from Galicia (NW Spain). Interestingly, no previous research has been published about the behaviour of this breed. Thus, the aim of the present study was to obtain a deeper understanding of CP behavioural and temperamental traits and detect any potentially problematic behaviour by using the Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) and the Socially Acceptable Behaviour (SAB) test. Behavioural information was obtained from 377 dogs—177 CPs and 200 general population (GP) dogs—using the C-BARQ. Additionally, 32 dogs were enrolled to perform the SAB test (19 CPs and 13 GP dogs) in order to directly evaluate their temperament. Our results indicated that CP dogs had a lower tendency to show aggressiveness towards their owners (0.18 times lower, p = 0.033) and less fear of other dogs (by 0.43 times, p = 0.001), as well as higher trainability levels (2.56 times higher, p < 0.001) when compared to GP dogs. CP dogs also had increased odds of showing chasing behaviour (3.81 times higher, p < 0.001). Conversely, CPs had reduced odds of non-social fear, separation-related problems and excitability (by 0.42, 0.35 and 0.48 times, respectively; p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.002). The current research represents a starting point for the study of the behaviour of CPs, which appear to be a working breed, with guarding and, especially, herding characteristics.
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Cobb, ML, A. Lill, and PC Bennett. "Not all dogs are equal: perception of canine welfare varies with context." Animal Welfare 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.29.1.027.

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Community attitudes drive societal expectations, influencing government and industry regulations that determine standards of care for industries reliant on animals. It is important for dog industry stakeholders to understand public perceptions and attitudes, to inform management strategy priorities relating to animal welfare. This study sought to determine if the welfare status of dogs (Canis familiaris) is important to people and whether the perceived level of welfare varies with dog context (eg companion, protection, stock herding, assistance, sporting, free-roaming, wild, etc). Over 2,000 self-selected adults completed a voluntary, internet-based questionnaire. Responses were received from more than twelve countries and from a range of stakeholders with varied experiences. Perceived welfare status of dogs varied significantly across 17 dog contexts and roles, from extremely low (eg fighting dogs) to very high (eg guide dogs). Over 95% of respondents agreed that the welfare of dogs was very important to them. Demographic features of respondents did not relate to meaningful differences in reported importance of canine welfare or ratings of perceived welfare of dogs. The constructs underlying how people perceive the welfare of dogs appear complex and multi-dimensional. As public scrutiny forces reassessment of the welfare status of animals used in various contexts, proactive management of perceived welfare issues by companion and working dog industry stakeholders, including government, industry organisations, advocacy groups, and animal welfare researchers, is likely to be key to the sustainable participation of dogs in these roles.
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Kudinova, Maria A. "Images of Dogs in Chinese Rock Art." Oriental Studies 19, no. 10 (2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-10-23-34.

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The paper analyzes images of dogs in rock art of China. According to the semantics of compositions the following groups can be distinguished: hunting dogs, herding dogs, guard dogs, using of dogs in rituals, mythological and folklore motifs and other images. According to the distribution of different thematic groups of images, two big areas – northern and south-western – can be seen. In northern regions of China (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Gansu Province) the scenes of practical use of dogs (hunting, grazing, guarding herds and dwellings) prevail, which can be explained by the characteristics of the economic structure of the nomadic peoples who inhabited these territories. The images of a horseman followed by a dog and a bird of prey seen in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia can be interpreted as depictions of some motifs of heroic epos of Central Asian nomadic peoples. Other compositions in northern regions have been found to depict not only “realistic”, but “mytho-ritual” interpretations as well. In south-western regions (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province, Sichuan Province) the images of dogs in ritual and/or a mythological context are more common. It is likely connected with the less practical importance of dogs in the agricultural economy and the higher status of this animal in the spiritual culture of the peoples of Southern China. Rock paintings in Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province, is an exception that combines the images belonging to both traditions, namely a picture of a hunting dog and a dog as a sacrificial animal. Some images cannot yet be deciphered unequivocally.
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Kolm, Niclas, Hans Temrin, Ádám Miklósi, Enikő Kubinyi, and László Zsolt Garamszegi. "The link between selection for function and human-directed play behaviour in dogs." Biology Letters 16, no. 9 (September 2020): 20200366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0366.

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Human-directed play behaviour is a distinct behavioural feature of domestic dogs. But the role that artificial selection for contemporary dog breeds has played for human-directed play behaviour remains elusive. Here, we investigate how human-directed play behaviour has evolved in relation to the selection for different functions, considering processes of shared ancestry and gene flow among the different breeds. We use the American Kennel Club (AKC) breed group categorization to reflect the major functional differences and combine this with observational data on human-directed play behaviour for over 132 breeds across 89 352 individuals from the Swedish Dog Mentality Assessment project. Our analyses demonstrate that ancestor dogs already showed intermediate levels of human-directed play behaviour, levels that are shared with several modern breed types. Herding and Sporting breeds display higher levels of human-directed play behaviour, statistically distinguishable from Non-sporting and Toy breeds. Our results suggest that human-directed play behaviour played a role in the early domestication of dogs and that subsequent artificial selection for function has been important for contemporary variation in a behavioural phenotype mediating the social bond with humans.
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Martinez, Edilberto, Clarice Cesário, Ita de Oliveira e. Silva, and Vanner Boere. "Domestic dogs in rural area of fragmented Atlantic Forest: potential threats to wild animals." Ciência Rural 43, no. 11 (November 2013): 1998–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782013001100013.

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Domestic dogs' skills such as hunting and herding shifted as man migrated from rural areas to developing urban centers and led to a change in human-dog relationship and in the purpose of these animals in the properties. The countryside of Viçosa is characterized by small coffee farms surrounded by borders with fragments from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The close proximity of these environments favors the encounter between domestic and wild animals which may lead to dog attacks to wild animals and, consequently, disease transmission. The aim of this study was to understand the role of dogs in the rural environment and assess the possible risks they offer to native fauna. The data were obtained from structured questionnaires answered by dogs' owners from rural Viçosa. Results regarding the socioeconomic status of the owners revealed that the majority belonged to either the middle class or low educational level categories. In addition, it was observed that there is a preference for male dogs due to its guard activity and that most dogs live unconstrained. Even though most dogs are provided with good food management, 58% of them prey on wildlife. However, more than half of the dogs do not consume their prey which can be explained by the inherited ability of artificial selection but 36.5% of them have scavenger diet. Most of the dogs were immunized against rabies, whereas, only 28.8% were immunized against infectious diseases such as leptospirosis, distemper and parvovirus. In conclusion, the management of dogs by rural owners, mainly unrestrained living, and allied to inadequate vaccination coverage suggest that dogs are predators of Viçosa's rural wildlife and potential disseminators of disease.
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van Bommel, Linda, and Chris N. Johnson. "Olfactory communication to protect livestock: dingo response to urine marks of livestock guardian dogs." Australian Mammalogy 39, no. 2 (2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15049.

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The behavioural mechanisms by which livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) protect livestock from wild predators are not yet fully understood. LGD urine could play a part, as scent-marking the boundaries of a territory could signal occupation of the area to predators. Past selection for dogs that were most effective in deterring predators could have resulted in LGDs that produce urine with predator-deterrent properties. In this research, 28 captive dingoes (14 male and 14 female) were tested for their response to urine marks of LGDs (Maremma sheepdogs), herding dogs (Border Collies) and other dingoes, with distilled water used as a control. The response of the dingoes to the scents was measured using eight variables. For most variables, the response to the test scents was not statistically different from the response to the control. Test minus control was calculated for each test scent category, and used to compare responses between different test scents. The response to Maremma urine was similar to the response to Border Collie urine, and resembled a reaction to a conspecific. We found no evidence of predator-repellent properties of LGD urine. Our results suggest that dingoes readily engage in olfactory communication with Maremmas. It therefore seems likely that they would recognise territorial boundaries created by working Maremmas.
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Marelli, Stefano Paolo, Michele Polli, Stefano Frattini, Matteo Cortellari, Rita Rizzi, and Paola Crepaldi. "Genotypic and allelic frequencies of MDR1 gene in dogs in Italy." Veterinary Record Open 7, no. 1 (June 2020): e000375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2019-000375.

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BackgroundA mutation in the canine multidrug resistance MDR1 gene (also referred as ABCB1), encoding for the multidrug resistance (MDR) P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transponder, causes a pathological condition known as ‘ivermectin toxicosis’. The causative mutation, known since 2001, has been described to affects sheep herding breeds related to collie lineage. The present study is a retrospective investigation of the presence of MDR1 mutated allele in Italian dog populations in a 5 years’ time lapse. The aim of the research is to offer a deep knowledge in MDR1 allelic and genotypic frequencies in canine breeds and populations raised in Italy.MethodsGenotype data for the 4-bp deletion (c296_299del4) in MDR1 gene from 811 dogs belonging to 32 breeds/populations were collected.ResultsThe mutated allele has been found in 9 out of 31 breeds: Rough Collie, Smooth Collie, Border Collie, Bearded Collie, Shetland Sheepdog, Australian Shepherd, White Swiss Shepherd, Old English Sheepdog, Whippet and also in crossbreed. The breeds with the highest allelic mutation frequency are Smooth and Rough Collies with 75 per cent and 66 per cent of mutant MDR1 allele, respectively.ConclusionsThe results support the usefulness of this genetic analysis to optimise medical care in dogs at risk of multidrug resistance and to create an objective basis in breeding programme definition and in the risk evaluation in different breeds.
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Dostál, J., P. Horák, A. Hrdlicová, and A. Stratil. "Simplified PCR analysis of a mutation in the NHEJ1 gene causing collie eye anomaly in some dog breeds." Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 8 (August 19, 2010): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/259/2009-cjas.

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Collie eye anomaly (CEA) is an inherited eye disease affecting development of the choroids and sclera segregating in several, mostly herding breeds of dog. Phenotypic development of the disease varies greatly in the affected animals. Genetic control of its clinical variation is unknown so far. Affected dogs share a 7.8 kb deletion in intron 4 of the NHEJ1 gene. We report here population studies of 379 dogs (Australian Shepherd, Border Collie, Rough Collie, Smooth Collie, Shetland Sheep Dog, and Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever) from breeders in the Czech Republic. A simple PCR method using a Piko<sup>TM</sup> Thermal Cycler and unclotted blood samples was employed for the analysis of the NHEJ1 gene. No isolation of DNA from blood samples before PCR was needed. The method is time-saving and gives excellent results. Frequencies of the disease allele in each breed were calculated (0.045, 0.194, 0.797, 0.367, 0.429 and 0.244, respectively). An improvement of genetic health of the breeds on the basis of allele frequencies is discussed.
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Anvari, Davood, Adel Spotin, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Ahmad Daryani, Shahabbedin Sarvi, and Shirzad Gholami. "First Phylogenetic Perspective on Molecular Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Dogs in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Southeastern Border of Iran." Research in Molecular Medicine 9, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/rmm.9.3.1225.1.

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Background: Echinococcosis or Hydatid disease is a zoonotic disease that is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The disease is a high public health concern in Iran, but there is little known about the genetic diversity and epidemiology of Echinococcus spp. in Iranian shepherd dogs. Materials and Methods: Fifty shepherd dogs were investigated for the adult worm of E. granulosus from May 2020 to April 2021 in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, the southeastern border of Iran. DNA extraction of samples and amplifying was done, and sequence analysis of mitochondrial genes (Cox1 and Nad1) was performed. Results:Out of 50 shepherd dogs, 11 cases (22%) were infected with E. granulosus. No significant difference was observed regarding demographic factors (P>0.05). The phylogenetic analyses of Cox1 and Nad1 sequences demonstrated G1 genotype (sheep strains) in all isolates. Based on sequence analyses, a low (Cox1, Hd [haplotype diversity: 0.200; Hn [number of haplotypes]: 2) to moderate (Nad1, Hd: 0.533; Hn: 4) genetic (haplotype) diversity of E. granulosus G1 genotype and low nucleotide diversity (π: 0.00052-0.00243) were observed. Conclusion: The first identification of a sheep strain (G1) in the final host in Sistan and Baluchestan Province indicates that potential intermediate hosts play a secondary role in preserving the biology of the dog-sheep cycle. The present study’s findings enrich our knowledge about the prevalence of E. granulosus, the classification of strains, and the genetic diversity of the parasite in Iranian herding dogs. This information helps develop strategies and programs for monitoring and controlling infection in stray dogs in the region
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Jung, Christoph, and Daniela Pörtl. "How old are (Pet) Dog Breeds?" Pet Behaviour Science, no. 7 (May 1, 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/pbs.v0i7.11494.

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Dogs are our Pets. Everybody knows dog breeds. A dog is often understood only as a specimen of a breed or a mongrel of several breeds. Some scholars argue, that dog breeds would be created as an artificial product starting 150 years ago in the Victorian era. The original dog would be an uniform dog type called “village dog”, hanging around human settlements while scavenging human waste and faeces. Astonishingly we only find very little research on evolution and history of dog breeds and dog breeding. In our article we will search for evidence. We found many records in history, archaeology and genetics pointing out that dog breeds have a long history likely starting in prehistoric times or at least in antiquity. Dog breeds shape no static monuments over thousands of years. We should understand dog breeds as steadily evolving populations in changing ecologies - like each species. Dogs’ ecological niches were made primarily by human. We are able to identify and clearly differ dogs in breeds, each breed fitting to its special niches. We are using dogs’ different traits since thousands of years. Dogs always had and have their jobs as hunting-, herding-, sledding-partners or as pets. Thus, dogs have been shaped to fit optimally to each job. Eventually, they evolved with their changing jobs in continually evolving human societies. Breeds have not been simply invented. Breeds did not derive artificially during some decades in the Victorian era. Victorian dog breeding culture only switched the focus from the behaviour to the appearance and that mainly with regard to fashion dogs. Even standardized modern purebred dogs on the official shows are continuously changing their traits and appearance following human fashions. Dog breeds may be understood as a reflection of human culture. Understanding the history of dog breeds is helpful for a better understanding of our dogs, the human-dog bonding and ourselves.
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Xu, Fangzheng, Shuwen Shan, Susan Sommerlad, Jennifer M. Seddon, and Bertram Brenig. "A Missense Mutation in the KLF7 Gene Is a Potential Candidate Variant for Congenital Deafness in Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dogs." Genes 12, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040467.

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Congenital deafness is prevalent among modern dog breeds, including Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dogs (ASCD). However, in ASCD, no causative gene has been identified so far. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of affected and normal individuals. For GWAS, 3 bilateral deaf ASCDs, 43 herding dogs, and one unaffected ASCD were used, resulting in 13 significantly associated loci on 6 chromosomes, i.e., CFA3, 8, 17, 23, 28, and 37. CFA37 harbored a region with the most significant association (−log10(9.54 × 10−21) = 20.02) as well as 7 of the 13 associated loci. For whole genome sequencing, the same three affected ASCDs and one unaffected ASCD were used. The WGS data were compared with 722 canine controls and filtered for protein coding and non-synonymous variants, resulting in four missense variants present only in the affected dogs. Using effect prediction tools, two variants remained with predicted deleterious effects within the Heart development protein with EGF like domains 1 (HEG1) gene (NC_006615.3: g.28028412G>C; XP_022269716.1: p.His531Asp) and Kruppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) gene (NC_006619.3: g.15562684G>A; XP_022270984.1: p.Leu173Phe). Due to its function as a regulator in heart and vessel formation and cardiovascular development, HEG1 was excluded as a candidate gene. On the other hand, KLF7 plays a crucial role in the nervous system, is expressed in the otic placode, and is reported to be involved in inner ear development. 55 additional ASCD samples (28 deaf and 27 normal hearing dogs) were genotyped for the KLF7 variant, and the variant remained significantly associated with deafness in ASCD (p = 0.014). Furthermore, 24 dogs with heterozygous or homozygous mutations were detected, including 18 deaf dogs. The penetrance was calculated to be 0.75, which is in agreement with previous reports. In conclusion, KLF7 is a promising candidate gene causative for ASCD deafness.
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Overall, Karen, Steven P. Hamilton, Melanie Lee Chang, Jennifer S. Yokoyama, Donna J. Dyer, Arthur E. Dunham, Nicholas Branson, and Soraya Juarbe-Diaz. "Noise reactivity in three breeds of herding dogs: What the crossroads of demography, ethology, and genetics can tell us." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, no. 2 (March 2009): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.09.024.

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Ostrander, Elaine A. "Abstract IA021: Studies of aging, morphology, and cancer in the domestic dog." Cancer Research 83, no. 2_Supplement_1 (January 15, 2023): IA021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.agca22-ia021.

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Abstract:
Abstract Each of the nearly 450 domestic dog breeds in existence today has a unique history and genetic profile. Early in the domestication process, dogs were bred to perform specific tasks such as herding, guarding and hunting. Later, fanciers developed hundreds of breeds, often displaying variation in body morphology, including shape and size, in addition to coat color, skull shape, leg length, etc. We are interested in understanding the genetic underpinnings of that variation, and applying those results to studies of growth regulation, normal and abnormal behavior and disease susceptibility. Dogs are a naturally-occurring model for many complex human disorders, including cancer. One in two dogs that live to be ten or older will develop cancer in their lifetimes, with most common human cancers occur spontaneously in dogs. This offers unique opportunities to study cancer susceptibility, progression and treatment response. The high rate of single types of cancer in some breeds, such as histiocytic sarcoma in Bernese Mountain Dogs or invasive bladder cancer in Scottish Terriers offers specific advantages for genetic studies that do not exist in human population studies. As with cancer, domestic dogs present interesting opportunities for studies of aging. Surprisingly, small breeds typically live longer than larger breeds, offering the chance to study the interaction between morphology and lifespan. To take advantage of these opportunities, we have assembled the largest and most diverse dataset of dog breeds and other canines to date, with canines originating from six continents, reflecting the extensive phenotypic variation and heritage that coalesce in modern dogs, and identified over 90 million single nucleotide variants. In this presentation we explore the genetics of cancer and aging in dogs, drawing parallels to the human condition. Citation Format: Elaine A. Ostrander. Studies of aging, morphology, and cancer in the domestic dog [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Aging and Cancer; 2022 Nov 17-20; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;83(2 Suppl_1):Abstract nr IA021.
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50

Mealey, Katrina L., Kylie A. Munyard, and Steven A. Bentjen. "Frequency of the mutant MDR1 allele associated with multidrug sensitivity in a sample of herding breed dogs living in Australia." Veterinary Parasitology 131, no. 3-4 (August 2005): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.004.

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