Academic literature on the topic 'Herbivorous male'
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Journal articles on the topic "Herbivorous male"
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Beaumont, Kieren P., Duncan A. Mackay, and Molly A. Whalen. "Ant defence of a dioecious shrub, Adriana quadripartita (Euphorbiaceae), with extrafloral nectaries." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 6 (2016): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16034.
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Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) can function to indirectly reduce herbivory by attracting ants that interfere with or predate on herbivorous insects. So as to examine the efficacy of ants as defenders of plants with extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) against herbivores, an ant-exclusion experiment was conducted on plants of the dioecious species Adriana quadripartita (Euphorbiaceae). The experiment was conducted on Torrens Island, South Australia, and adds to previous work that examined the associations among adrianas, ants and invertebrate herbivores at several locations across Australia. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ants that tend EFNs reduce herbivore numbers and levels of herbivory, and whether this ant–plant–herbivore interaction differs between male and female A. quadripartita plants. The abundances of ants and invertebrate herbivores were overall greater on male than on female plants. The exclusion of ants from branches resulted in an increase in herbivore abundance on male and female plants; however, ant exclusion resulted in an increase of foliar damage on male plants only. Whereas previous research on A. tomentosa shows that ants can decrease herbivore abundance, the results here provide the first evidence that EFNs on adrianas can function to decrease foliar herbivory.
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Ismail, Mohannad, and Margot Brooks. "Male mating preference of two cryptic species of the herbivorous insectEccritotarsus catarinensis." Biocontrol Science and Technology 28, no. 6 (April 11, 2018): 529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2018.1461196.
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van Rooij, Jules M., Frederieke J. Kroon, and John J. Videler. "The social and mating system of the herbivorous reef fishSparisoma viride: one-male versus multi-male groups." Environmental Biology of Fishes 47, no. 4 (December 1996): 353–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00005050.
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Layeghi, Yeganeh, and Farzaneh Momtazi. "Ampithoe qeshmensis sp. nov. (Amphipoda: Ampithoidae), a new herbivorous amphipod from the Persian Gulf." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 3 (November 11, 2016): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001545.
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Herbivorous amphipods of the family Ampithoidae have an important role in marine ecosystems. Ampithoe qeshmensis sp. nov. is a new member of Ampithoidae from the Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf. The new species resembles A. kava, A. katae and A. cookana based on the second male gnathopod. Ampithoe qeshmensis sp. nov. is characterized by round and reduced distoventral spur on uropod 1 in male, mandibular palp article 3 longer than second one, robust seta on palm of second male gnathopod, and longer flagellum than peduncular article 5 on the second antenna.
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Kohda, M. "Does male-mating attack in the herbivorous cichlid, Petrochromis polyodon, facilitate the coexistence of congeners?" Ecology of Freshwater Fish 4, no. 4 (December 1995): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1995.tb00027.x.
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Takasaki, Ryuji, and Yoshitsugu Kobayashi. "Effects of diet and gizzard muscularity on grit use in domestic chickens." PeerJ 8 (November 12, 2020): e10277. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10277.
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The gizzard is the only gastrointestinal organ for mechanical processing in birds. Many birds use grit in the gizzard to enhance mechanical processing efficiency. We conducted an experiment to test the factors that affect chicken grit use in 68 male layer chicks of Gallus gallus domesticus, which were divided into two different groups in gizzard muscularity (high and low). Within each muscularity group, two different diets were provided (herbivory and non-herbivory) to test whether diet and gizzard muscularity affect grit characteristics including amount, size, and shape (circularity, roundness, and solidity) at different stages of digestion (ingested grit, grit in gizzard, and excreted grit). All animals ingested more grit than they excreted, possibly because excreted grit was below the detection size limit of 0.5 mm of the present study. The amounts of grit ingested and remained in the gizzard were larger in herbivorous groups, but these groups excreted less grit. Larger, rougher grit was selectively ingested by all chicks, but size preferences were especially pronounced in the herbivorous groups. Grit in the gizzard tended to be larger in herbivorous groups, but the grit in excreta was smaller, whereas the size of excreted grit was larger in groups with less muscular gizzards. Grit in the gizzard was much smoother than the offered and ingested grit, especially in the herbivorous, muscular gizzard groups. Excreted grit in all groups was smoother than the offered grit. These results show that diet affects the characteristics of ingested grit, grit in the gizzard, and excreted grit, whereas gizzard muscularity affects the characteristics of grit in the gizzard and excreted grit. The use of larger sizes and amounts of grit by herbivorous groups may be a response to the needs of digesting hard, coarse materials. The recovered behavioral flexibility of grit use might reflect the omnivorous nature of Gallus gallus domesticus and may aid smooth dietary shifts. The results also show that the shape of grit remaining in the gizzard does not reflect the initial shape of ingested grit, in contrast to previously published ideas. Instead, the shape of grit in the gizzard more closely reflects the diet and gizzard muscularity of chicks.
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Hoda, Nazmul, Zaied Talukder, Pravin Mishra, Md Mehedi Jaman, and Md Mahmudul Alam. "Occurrence of surgical affections in zoo herbivores: a retrospective study." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 5, no. 2 (September 9, 2018): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v5i2.38110.
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Correction: On 21st September 2018, the author 'Pravin Kumar Mishra' was changed to 'Pravin Mishra' - Editorial Board. The study has been directed to find out the occurrence of surgical affections in herbivorous zoo animals in National Zoological Garden, Dhaka, Bangladesh predicated on record books from 2012 to 2016. A total of 330 surgically affected animals were recorded. The overall occurrence of surgical affections was higher in Bovidae (34.85%) followed by Cervidae (25.45%), Equidae (13.94%), Cercopithecidae (10.61%), Giraffidae (4.85%), Elephantidae (4.55%) Hippopotamidae (4%), Rhinocerotidae (1.52%) and Macropodidae (0.61%). In this study, it is found a higher occurrence of surgically affected are male than female animals. The overall occurrence in male was 56.36% and those in female, it was 43.64%. In terms of different affections, the highest occurrence was wound (13.03% male, 16.67% female) and followed by lameness (14.55% in male, 11.82% in female), skin lesions (9.39% in male, 6.67% in female), myiasis (5.76% in male, 3.33% in female), Horn fracture 3.33% (Only in male), arthritis (2.42% male, 1.52% female), hoof injury (1.82% male, 1% female), abscess (1.52% male, 1.21% female), sore (0.61% male, 2.12% female), Fracture (1.21% male, 0.3% female), Paralysis (0.61% male, 0.3% female) and Corneal opacity (0.61% male, 0.3% female). This report may help to develop control strategies against major surgical affections reported in this study.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(2): 209-214, August 2018
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SZAWARYN, KAROL, and JULISSA CHURATA-SALCEDO. "Revision of Malagasy species of the genus Merma Weise (Coccinellidae: Epilachnini)." Zootaxa 5087, no. 4 (January 10, 2022): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.4.5.
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Malagasy Epilachnini are one of the least studied groups of the herbivorous ladybird beetles. Most of the species were described in the 19th and 20th centuries and their position within the modern classification has never been examined. Here we provide results of detailed study of two species Epilachna hovana Sicard, 1907 and Peralda quadriguttata, Sicard, 1909 which are proposed to be transferred to the genus Merma Weise (comb. nov.). Detailed morphological analysis, photographs of male and female genitalia and a key to species are also provided.
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Preston, Mark D., Matthew L. Forister, Jonathan W. Pitchford, and Paul R. Armsworth. "Impact of individual movement and changing resource availability on male–female encounter rates in an herbivorous insect." Ecological Complexity 24 (December 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2015.07.004.
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WU, SHU-PING, YAO-SUNG LIN, and CHUNG-CHI HWANG. "A new Satsuma species (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) endemic to Taiwan." Zootaxa 1608, no. 1 (October 5, 2007): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1608.1.8.
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A new species of camaenid land snail, Satsuma longkiauwensis sp. nov. from southern Taiwan is established. This large terrestrial and herbivorous snail inhabits the lowland forests with a narrow geographical distribution. The species is characterized by having a large shell, roundly angulated peripheries adjacent to the peristome, an open umbilicus, a robust flagellum, a weak expansion on male genitalia instead of a penial caecum externally and a hemispherical verge instead of an elongated pilaster internally. A key is provided for the first time to identify camaenids from Taiwan.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Herbivorous male"
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Chen, Chien-chung, and 陳建中. "Label study of gender - to "herbivorous males" and "the lost lady" as an example." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67581315039667338013.
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碩士國立屏東教育大學
教育行政研究所
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This study aims to " herbivorous males " and " the lost lady " and other social phenomena, to explore respondents'' awareness of gender equality and views, and learn about the Japanese intention is different, and its recognition of the impact of low birth rate, trying to grazing in the deconstruction of traditional values in herbivorous males, the lost lady and other gender labels. The conclusions are summarized in the following: 1.The herbivorous male and the lost lady with the definition of failure is not clear in Taiwan. 2. Learning objects is not sure whether the reasons for the formation of herbivorous male; extramarital affairs do not determine the cause of lost lady. 3. The herbivorous male and the lost lady in the interview with the views of the object will affect thelow birth rate. 4. The herbivorous male and the lost lady grazing has a high awareness of gender equality.
Books on the topic "Herbivorous male"
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Herbivorous Butcher Cookbook: 75+ Recipes for Plant-Based Meats and All the Dishes You Can Make with Them. Chronicle Books LLC, 2022.
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Herbivorous Butcher Cookbook: 75+ Recipes for Plant-Based Deli Meats and All the Dishes You Can Make with Them. Chronicle Books LLC, 2022.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Herbivorous male"
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Kemp, T. S. "6. Herbivorous mammals." In Mammals: A Very Short Introduction, 65–81. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198766940.003.0006.
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Compared to a predator’s diet, plant food has two great advantages: it is abundant and it does not run away. ‘Herbivorous mammals’ explains how these advantages are matched by difficulties: plants are generally of low nutritional value and must be eaten in large amounts; leaves with protective abrasive particles can quickly wear down herbivores’ chewing teeth; and mammals cannot make their own cellulase enzymes for breaking down cellulose to sugars. The eating habits and the challenges of small herbivores (e.g. rodents, rabbits, and hyraxes) are considered, as well as those of large ungulates and elephants; marsupial herbivores (e.g. kangaroos, wombats, and koalas); and specialist herbivores (pandas, dugongs, and manatees).
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Myers, Judith H. "Predicting the Outcome of Biological Control." In Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131543.003.0035.
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The movement of humans around the earth has been associated with an amazing redistribution of a variety of organisms to new continents and exotic islands. The natural biodiversity of native communities is threatened by new invasive species, and many of the most serious insect and weed pests are exotics. Classical biological control is one approach to dealing with nonindigenous species. If introduced species that lack natural enemies are competitively superior in exotic habitats, introducing some of their predators (herbivores), diseases, or parasitoids may reduce their population densities. Thus, the introduction of more exotic species may be necessary to reduce the competitive superiority of nonindigenous pests. The intentional introduction of insects as biological control agents provides an experimental arena in which adaptations and interactions among species may be tested. We can use biological control programs to explore such evolutionary questions as: What characteristics make a natural enemy a successful biological control agent? Does coevolution of herbivores and hosts or predators (parasitoids) and prey result in few species of natural enemies having the potential to be successful biological control agents? Do introduced natural enemies make unexpected host range shifts in new environments? Do exotic species lose their defense against specialized natural enemies after living for many generations without them? If coevolution is a common force in nature, we expect biological control interactions to demonstrate a dynamic interplay between hosts and their natural enemies. In this chapter, I consider biological control introductions to be experiments that might yield evidence on how adaptation molds the interactions between species and their natural enemies. I argue that the best biological control agents will be those to which the target hosts have not evolved resistance. Classical biological control is the movement of natural enemies from a native habitat to an exotic habitat where their host has become a pest. This approach to exotic pests has been practiced since the late 1800s, when Albert Koebele explored the native habitat of the cottony cushion scale, Icrya purchasi, in Australia and introduced Vadalia cardinalis beetles (see below) to control the cottony cushion scale on citrus in California. This control has continued to be a success.
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"Human Uses." In The Chemistry of Plants and Insects: Plants, Bugs, and Molecules, 139–61. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781782624486-00139.
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Many plant–insect interactions crucially affect human lives, like pollination of crops or insect infestations of useful plants. Some directly benefit our lives. Honey bees produce honey from floral nectars. The composition of honey is discussed. Adulteration of honey can be detected by H-NMR techniques. The chemical composition of beeswax is described and compared with fats and oils and paraffin wax from crude oil. Silk is produced by silk moths whose larvae are raised on a diet of mulberry leaves. Silk, the strongest natural fiber, consists of two main proteins: fibroin and sericin. Several secondary plant metabolites in mulberry leaves make them attractive to silk moth caterpillars. Kermes, a red dye, is derived from the kermes scale insect Kermes vermilio that feeds on kermes oaks. Cochineal is a red dye obtained from the cochineal scale insect (Dactylopius coccus) that lives on cactus pads of the genus Opuntia. Both are anthraquinone dyes. Plant compounds that repel or kill herbivorous insects have diverse chemical structures. Azadirachtin from the neem tree and pyrethrins from the pyrethrum plant are examples of strong insect repellents from plants. Pyrethroids are synthetically derived from pyrethrins. Rotenone from the roots of Derris sp. is a broad-spectrum pesticide. Nicotine is a potent and highly toxic broad-spectrum insecticide. The natural compounds inspired the development of synthetic products.
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Mauli, Marcia M., Adriana M. Meneghetti, and Lúcia H. P. Nóbrega. "Terpenes Behavior in Soil." In Terpenoids: Recent Advances in Extraction, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 169–99. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681089645122010010.
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Soil is a complex and dynamic system in constant change due to its natural processes, as well as interaction among physical, chemical and biological characteristics that take part in it. However, the greatest transformation occurred due to the farm business and the adopted management system. Thus, man can manipulate some soil characteristics and make it more suitable for cropping development. Although anthropic action cannot fully control how soil characteristics interact, it is possible to track them. The action of chemical substances should not be disregarded, a product of the secondary metabolism of plants, since they interfere with plant's ability to compete and survive. Such substances can act out as protectors against herbivores and pathogens. They can be attractive or repellent agents in plant-plant competition and plant-microorganism symbiosis. They can also influence the interaction between plant matter and soil organisms. Among these substances, terpenoids are highlighted as the most structurally diverse chemical family in the class of secondary metabolites that are part of natural products. This knowledge allows a better understanding of nutrient decomposition and cycling processes, the influence of environmental factors on production and terpenoid variability in some plants with medicinal and economic importance.
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Scott, Andrew C. "Prometheus." In Burning Planet. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198734840.003.0010.
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It is sometimes said that humans were born of fire. While a wide range of animal species interact with fire, we appear to be the only species to have learned to tame it, and more importantly to make it. There is evidence that early humans were aware of fire and may have exploited naturally occurring fire, but only later did they control and manage it. Human interaction with fire must have proceeded through various levels, the first of which can be described as the opportunistic phase. In this phase, natural fire may have been exploited to help in hunting, for example. When, how, and why did this happen? It is widely agreed that our story begins in Africa. It is here that we see the evolution of hominins, a group of related genera that include the Australopithecines and later the genus Homo. How common would fire have been in the environments in which they lived? We already know from the study of fossil plants, as well as isotope data, that there were important changes in both the vegetation and climate over the past 10 million years. It is also during this time interval that hominins emerged from apes. Through the Oligocene and Miocene (30–8 million years ago), Africa was largely covered by tropical rainforest, where fire was present but infrequent, started both by lightning strikes and volcanic activity. As the climate began to dry and C4 grasses spread at the end of the Miocene Epoch, around 8 million years ago, habitats became more open. Fire became more frequent, and from an animal perspective would have become more visible, not just from flames but also smoke. Frequent fire in the landscape would have had many consequences for the early hominins, not just because game was more easily killed, but burned animals (naturally cooked meat) would have made a useful addition to the diet, and the new flush of growth following fire would also have attracted large herds of herbivores. Fire may have been conserved through adding fuel, including dung, which is slow burning.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Soil Biology and Microbiology." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0008.
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Soil organisms are fauna and flora that spend all or part of their life in the soil. They play a vital role in the maintenance of soil fertility through processes such as the accumulation of soil organic matter, soil aggregation, and the mineralization of organic matter which releases nutrients available to higher plants. Moreover, many antibiotics are produced from microorganisms isolated from soils. Soil fauna include macrofauna (> 2 mm in width, such as mice, earthworms, termites, and millipedes), through mesofauna (0.2-2 mm, such as collembola and mites), to microfauna (<0.2 mm, such as nematodes and protozoa). Soil flora include macroflora (such as the roots of higher plants), and microflora (such as algae, fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria). The activities of soil fauna and flora are intimately related in what ecologists call a food chain or, more accurately, a food web. Higher plants play the role of primary producers by using water and energy from the sun, and carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide to make organic molecules and living tissues. Soil organisms that eat live plants, such as mice or termites, are called herbivores. Most soil organisms, however, use the debris of dead tissues left by plants and animals (detritus) as their source of food, and are called detritivores. Soil organisms that consume live animals, such as centipedes, mites, spiders, or nematodes, are predators and are called carnivores. Some organisms that live off, but do not consume, other organisms are called parasites. Mycrophytic feeders are organisms that use microflora as their source of food, and include certain collembola, mites, termites, nematodes, and protozoa. The actions of soil fauna in the food web are both physical and chemical, while those of the microflora are mostly biochemical. The actions of mesofauna and macrofauna enhance the activities of the microflora in several ways. First, the chewing action fragments the litter to expose the more easily decomposed cell contents for microbial digestion. Second, the fragmented plant tissues are thoroughly mixed with microorganisms in the animal gut, where conditions are ideal for microbial action. Third, the mobile animals carry microorganisms with them and help them to disperse and find new food sources.
Reports on the topic "Herbivorous male"
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Steffens, John C., and Eithan Harel. Polyphenol Oxidases- Expression, Assembly and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571358.bard.
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Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) participate in the preparation of many plant products on the one hand and cause considerable losses during processing of plant products on the other hand. However, the physiological functions of plant PPO were still a subject of controversy at the onset of the project. Preliminary observations that suggested involvement of PPOs in resistance to herbivores and pathogens held great promise for application in agriculture but required elucidation of PPO's function if modulation of PPO expression is to be considered for improving plant protection or storage and processing of plant products. Suggestions on a possible role of PPO in various aspects of chloroplast metabolism were also relevant in this context. The characterization of plant PPO genes opened a way for achieving these goals. We reasoned that "understanding PPO targeting and routing, designing ways to manipulate its expression and assessing the effects of such modifications will enable determination of the true properties of the enzyme and open the way for controlling its activity". The objective of the project was to "obtain an insight into the function and biological significance of PPOs" by examining possible function(s) of PPO in photosynthesis and plant-pest interactions using transgenic tomato plants; extending our understanding of PPO routing and assembly and the mechanism of its thylakoid translocation; preparing recombinant PPOs for use in import studies, determination of the genuine properties of PPOs and understanding its assembly and determining the effect of PPO's absence on chloroplast performance. Results obtained during work on the project made it necessary to abandon some minor objectives and devote the effort to more promising topics. Such changes are mentioned in the 'Body of the report' which is arranged according to the objectives of the original proposal. The complex expression pattern of tomato PPO gene family was determined. Individual members of the family are differentially expressed in various parts of the plant and subjected to developmentally regulated turnover. Some members are differentially regulated also by pathogens, wounding and chemical wound signals. Wounding systemically induces PPO activity and level in potato. Only tissues that are developmentally competent to express PPO are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA. Down regulation of PPO genes causes hyper susceptibility to leaf pathogens in tomato while over expression regulation of PPO expression in tomato plants is their apparent increased tolerance to drought. Both the enhanced disease resistance conferred by PPO over expression and the increased stress tolerance due to down regulation can be used in the engineering of improved crop plants. Photosynthesis rate and variable fluorescence measurements in wild type, and PPO-null and over expressing transgenic tomato lines suggest that PPO does not enable plants to cope better with stressful high light intensities or reactive oxygen species. Rather high levels of the enzyme aggravate the damage caused under such conditions. Our work suggests that PPO's primary role is in defending plants against pathogens and herbivores. Jasmonate and ethylene, and apparently also salicylate, signals involved in responses to wounding and defense against herbivores and pathogens, enhance markedly and specifically the competence of chloroplasts to import and process pPPO. The interaction of the precursor with thylakoid membranes is primarily affected. The routing of PPO shows other unusual properties: stromal processing occurs in two sites, resulting in intermediates that are translocated across thylakoids by two different mechanisms - a DpH- and a Sec-dependent one. It is suggested that the dual pattern of processing and routing constitutes a'fail safe' mechanism, reflecting the need for a rapid and flexible response to defense challenges. Many of the observations described above should be taken into consideration when manipulation of PPO expression is contemplated for use in crop improvement.