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1
Garcia De Arevalo, Rafael C., Carmen A. Lusarreta, Carmen B. Neyra, Mercedes A. Sanchez, and Pedro J. H. Algarra. "Chemical Control of Annual Weeds in Field Beans (Vicia faba) in Central Spain." Weed Science 40, no. 1 (March 1992): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500057027.
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Field studies were conducted over 3 yr to investigate the effect of chemicals on field beans density and weed control. Predominant weed species were common lambsquarters, fumitory, henbit, corn poppy, prostrate knotweed, and wild mustard. All herbicide treatments except linuron injured field beans. Mean field beans survival at harvest was 78% in alachlor and 84% in alachlor containing treatments. Only 5% survived atrazine at 1.9 kg ai ha−1. Ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, simazine, terbutylazine plus terbutryn, and trifluralin treatments produced plant survival values of 56, 82, 86, 74, and 71%, respectively. Chemical control of the main weed species overshadowed the detrimental effect on field beans density, and thus most herbicide treatments except alachlor resulted in increased dry beans yield. The best overall results occurred with linuron, simazine, terbuthylazine plus terbutryn, and pendimethalin which increased dry beans yields 76, 63, 56, and 40%, respectively, over the control plots. Common lambsquarters was the dominant weed, and prostrate knotweed and corn poppy were the most difficult and the easiest species to control, respectively.
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Barua, Rajesh, Peter Boutsalis, Samuel Kleemann, Jenna Malone, Gurjeet Gill, and Christopher Preston. "Alternative Herbicides for Controlling Herbicide-Resistant Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in Turf." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112148.
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Poa annua is a cosmopolitan, cool-season grass species regarded as one of the most significant weeds of turfgrass. It is mainly controlled by herbicides; however, repeated use of herbicides in golf turf has resulted in the evolution of multiple-herbicide resistant P. annua. Four field experiments were performed in autumn and spring in golf turf to identify effective herbicide options to control multiple herbicide-resistant P. annua. In herbicide resistance screening, the trial site population (SA1) was found to be susceptible to amicarbazone and terbuthylazine, but resistant to simazine and metribuzin at the field rate of each herbicide. Consistent with the results of the pot study, the PSII-inhibiting herbicides amicarbazone and terbuthylazine provided the best control (80–100%) of P. annua in both autumn and spring trials with minimal damage to the turf. In contrast, the other two PSII-inhibiting herbicides, metribuzin and simazine, were relatively ineffective in controlling P. annua in the field. Indaziflam also performed well in both autumn trials and reduced P. annua occurrence by >75%. Pyroxasulfone and s-metolachlor only provided moderate weed control in both the autumn and spring trials, reducing P. annua occurrence by 50%. Among the nine different herbicides, amicarbazone and terbuthylazine were found to be most effective for spring and autumn application in turf. As resistance to some PSII-inhibiting herbicides has already evolved in this field population, the use of amicarbazone and terbuthylazine needs to be integrated with other herbicide modes of action and non-chemical tactics to delay the onset of resistance to them.
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Ronka, Sylwia. "Removal of triazine-based herbicides on specific polymeric sorbent: batch studies." Pure and Applied Chemistry 88, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-0906.
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AbstractThe triazine-based herbicides removal from aqueous solution on specific polymeric adsorbent was studied. Poly(divinylbenzene) modified with maleic anhydride in Diels-Alder reaction was selected for the sorption experiments because molecular structures of triazine derived herbicides exhibit complementarity to the arrangement of functional groups in the polymer. The presence of carboxyl groups in adsorbent structure resulted in specific directional interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, which can intensify adsorption ability towards triazines. In the case of both atrazine and terbuthylazine the effect is more intensive, whereas in sorption of simazine and propazine the non-specific interactions have higher importance than hydrogen bonds. Specific interactions in investigated systems are between the hydrogen atom of the amino group of triazine and the carbonyl oxygen atom of the carboxyl group of the modified poly(divinylbenzene) (O…H–N). Only in the case of terbuthylazine the creation of hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl hydrogen atom of carboxylic group and nitrogen atom containing free electron pair from triazine (O–H…N) was observed. The sorption of simazine, atrazine and propazine does not depend on pH in the acidic region, whereas in the case of terbuthylazine an increase in sorption efficiency is observed while pH decreases.
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Bielecki, Krzysztof, and Henryk Skrabka. "Wplyiu niektórych herbicydów na fotosyntezę Spirodela polyrrhiza (Lemnaceae) [Effect of some herbicides on photosynthesis of Spirodela polyrrhiza (Lemnaceae)]." Acta Agrobotanica 29, no. 1 (2015): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1976.006.
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The effect of herbicides Afalon (linuron), CIPC, Gramoxone (paraquat), Krezamon (DNOC), Pielik (2,4-D • Na), Simazin (simazine) on photosynthesis of <i>Spirodela polyrrhiza (Lemnaceae)</i> was investigated with infra-red gas analyzer Infralyt III. Herbicides: Afalon, Gramoxone, Simazine inhibited photosynthesis, proportionally to used herbicide concentration. Krezamon inhibited CO<sub>2</sub> exchange directly after application, but later on photosynthesis increased. 2,4-D • Na and CIPC have no effect on photosynthesis even in higher concentrations.
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Sykut, Anna, and Wiesław Wójcik. "Badania wpływu herbicydów i nawożenia mineralnego na zawartość kwasów tłuszczowych w nasionach bobiku (Vicia faba) [Influence of herbicides and mineral fertilization on the fatty acids content in the seeds of the field bean (Vicia faba)]." Acta Agrobotanica 32, no. 2 (2015): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1979.014.
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The influence of the herbicides Afalon (active substance Linuron). Gesatop 50 (active substance simazine), Aretit (active substance dinoseb acetate) was tested concomitantly with two NPK fertilization levels on the crude lipid content and the fatty acids composition of field bean seeds.
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Richburg, Jacob T., Jason K. Norsworthy, Tom Barber, Trent L. Roberts, and Edward E. Gbur. "Tolerance of corn to PRE- and POST-applied photosystem II–inhibiting herbicides." Weed Technology 34, no. 2 (November 14, 2019): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.119.
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AbstractWeed control in corn traditionally has relied on atrazine as a foundational tool to control problematic weeds. However, the recent discovery of atrazine in aquifers and other water sources increases the likelihood of more strict restrictions on its use. Field-based research trials to find atrazine alternatives were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Fayetteville, AR, by testing the tolerance of corn to PRE and POST applications of different photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors alone or in combination with mesotrione or S-metolachlor. All experiments were designed as a two-factor factorial, randomized complete block, with the two factors being (1) PSII-inhibiting herbicide and (2) the herbicide added to create the mixture. The PSII-inhibiting herbicides were prometryn, ametryn, simazine, fluometuron, metribuzin, linuron, diuron, atrazine, and propazine. The second factor consisted of either no additional herbicide, S-metolachlor, or mesotrione. Treatments were applied immediately after planting in the PRE experiments and to 30-cm–tall corn for the POST experiments. For the PRE study, low levels of injury (<15%) were observed at 14 and 28 d after application and corn height was negatively affected by the PSII-inhibiting herbicide applied. PRE-applied fluometuron- and ametryn-containing treatments consistently caused injury to corn, often exceeding 5%. Because of low injury levels caused by all treatments, crop density and yield did not differ from that of the nontreated plants. For the POST study, crop injury, relative height, and relative yield were affected by PSII-inhibiting herbicide and the herbicide added. Ametryn-, diuron-, linuron-, propazine-, and prometryn-containing treatments caused at least 25% injury to corn in at least 1 site-year. All PSII-inhibiting herbicides, except metribuzin and simazine when applied alone, caused yield loss in corn when compared with atrazine alone. Diuron-, linuron-, metribuzin-, and simazine-containing treatments applied PRE and metribuzin- and simazine-containing treatments applied POST should be investigated further as atrazine replacements.
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James, T. K., and J. M. Follett. "Herbicides for weed control in the root crops Ullucus tuberosus and Amorphophallus konjac." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3710.
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Ullucus tuberosus and Amorphophallus konjac are new root crops being evaluated for commercial development in New Zealand Eighteen herbicides were screened in glasshouse experiments for pre or postemergence use in these crops Methabenzthiazuron chlorpropham diuron and linuron were well tolerated by Ullucus when applied preemergence while dimethanamid oryzalin and simazine warrant further study All the postemergence treatments damaged Ullucus although linuron might show acceptable tolerance at a lower rate Acetochlor chlopropham dimethanamid linuron methabenzthiazuron oryzalin oxadiazon oxyfluorfen and pendimethalin were all well tolerated by Amorphophallus when applied preemergence while asulam flumetsulam and tribenuron were safely used postemergence Bromoxynil was also safe on Amorphophallus if applied before leaves emerged from the developing shoot
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Kookana, RS, RG Gerritse, and LAG Aylmore. "Effect of organic cosolvent on adsorption and desorption of linuron and simazine in soil." Soil Research 28, no. 5 (1990): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900717.
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The adsorption and desorption of two herbicides, Linuron and Simazine, on a clay soil have been studied in mixtures of methanol and water. Adsorption of the herbicides decreased with increasing methanol content of the solution. An inverse log-linear relationship between the Freundlich adsorption coefficients for the two herbicides and the concentration of methanol was found. Adsorption of the herbicides in the presence of methanol followed the solvophobic theory, which describes the adsorption of hydrophobic organic compounds in soils. Values of the Freundlich adsorption coefficient for aqueous solutions, of the two herbicides extrapolated from adsorption data for the methanol/water mixtures, showed close agreement with those obtained experimentally. Hence, adsorption in aqueous solutions for pesticides of low aqueous solubility can readily be predicted on this basis. Hysteresis, observed after desorption in CaCl2 solution, decreased with increasing methanol contents for both herbicides. The decrease in hysteresis was ascribed to the swelling of the organic matter and the accompanying increased accessibility to solutes. The study showed that the presence of an organic solvent significantly affected not only the adsorption but also the desorption of herbicides in soils.
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Scheffer, J. J. C., J. A. Douglas, and C. M. Triggs. "Evaluation of some pre and postemergence herbicides for weed control in yacon." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3895.
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Weed control was investigated in yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Asteraceae) a herbaceous perennial that produces edible tubers Eight preemergence (alachlor acetochlor simazine diuron pendamethalin dimethanamid methabenzthiazuron and metribuzin) and two postemergence (linuron and methabenzthiazuron) herbicides were evaluated in field trials at Pukekohe All preemergence herbicides except metribuzin were tolerated by yacon but the best weed control was achieved with acetochlor metribuzin and dimethanamid Weeds in the untreated control caused a 62 reduction (Plt;005) in root weight relative to acetochlor alachlor metribuzin and dimethanamid The postemergence herbicides were both phytotoxic to yacon top growth but the plants subsequently recovered and plant crown production at harvest was not reduced relative to the control (P>005)
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Norsworthy, Jason K., Jacob Richburg, Tom Barber, Trenton L. Roberts, and Edward Gbur. "Tolerance of grain sorghum to PRE- and POST-applied photosystem II–inhibiting herbicides." Weed Technology 34, no. 5 (April 13, 2020): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.42.
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AbstractAtrazine offers growers a reliable option to control a broad spectrum of weeds in grain sorghum production systems when applied PRE or POST. However, because of the extensive use of atrazine in grain sorghum and corn, it has been found in groundwater in the United States. Given this issue, field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Fayetteville and Marianna, Arkansas, to explore the tolerance of grain sorghum to applications of assorted photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides in combination with S-metolachlor (PRE and POST) or mesotrione (POST only) as atrazine replacements. All experiments were designed as a factorial, randomized complete block; the two factors were (1) PSII herbicide and (2) the herbicide added to create the mixture. The PSII herbicides were prometryn, ametryn, simazine, fluometuron, metribuzin, linuron, diuron, atrazine, and propazine. The second factor consisted of either no additional herbicide, S-metolachlor, or mesotrione; however, mesotrione was excluded in the PRE experiments. Crop injury estimates, height, and yield data were collected or calculated in both studies. In the PRE study, injury was less than 10% for all treatments except those containing simazine, which caused 11% injury 28 d after application (DAA). Averaged over PSII herbicide, S-metolachlor–containing treatments caused 7% injury at 14 and 28 DAA. Grain sorghum in atrazine-containing treatments yielded 97% of the nontreated. Grain sorghum receiving other herbicide treatments had significant yield loss due to crop injury, compared with atrazine-containing treatments. In the POST study, ametryn- and prometryn-containing treatments were more injurious than all other treatments 14 DAA. Grain sorghum yield in all POST treatments was comparable to atrazine, except prometryn plus mesotrione, which was 65% of the nontreated. More herbicides should be evaluated to find a comparable fit to atrazine when applied PRE in grain sorghum. However, when applied POST, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, metribuzin, propazine, and simazine have some potential to replace atrazine in terms of crop tolerance and should be further tested as part of a weed control program across a greater range of environments.
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Yolande Epouse DATTE, AKE ASSI, GNONSORO Urbain Paul, KOUAKOU Konan Jean-Marie, KPAN KPAN Kouakou Gains, BIÉGO Godi Henri, and GNINGNINRI Hoglan Anne-Marie Lisette. "Pesticide Residues in Pineapple Juice in Abidjan, Cote D’ivoire." Academic Journal of Chemistry, no. 57 (August 8, 2020): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajc.57.91.97.
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The determination of pesticides in food products is an essential issue to guarantee food safety and minimize health risks of consumers. In this study, 30 pineapple juice samples were collected randomly from 30 seller through the city of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) and analyzed for the determination of pesticide residues. The aim of the work was to quantify 30 commonly used pesticides (Metolachlor, Chlorpropham, Parathion-methyl, Chlorfenvinphos, Vinclozolin, Parathion-ethyl, Fenuron, Aldicarb, Metoxuron, Monuron, Methabenzthiazuron, Chlortoluron, Monolinuron, Isoproturon, Diuron, Metobromuron, Metazachlor, Buturon, Linuron, Prometryn, Terbutryn, Desisopropylatrazine, Desethylatrazine, Simazine, Cyanazine, Atrazine, Propazine, Terbuthylazine, Metamitron, Crimidine and Metolachlor) in real samples of pineapple juice. The method used for the determination of these analytes in the complex matrices was high-performance liquid chromatography with UV/Visible detector. Results obtained indicate that 30% of the investigated pineapple juices samples are free of pesticides residues or have a level below Limit Of Detection......
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Ronka, Sylwia. "Removal of triazine-based herbicides on specific polymeric sorbent: fixed bed column studies." Pure and Applied Chemistry 88, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-0905.
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AbstractThe porous material containing carboxyl groups was investigated in fixed bed system for the triazine-based herbicides removal from aqueous solution. In order to obtain adsorbent capable of generating specific interactions with triazines, the poly(divinylbenzene) was synthesized in radical suspension polymerization and then was modified with maleic anhydride in Diels-Alder reaction with subsequent base hydrolysis. The introduction of carboxyl groups into polymer structure resulted in obtaining specific interactions, such as hydrogen bonds between modified poly(divinylbenzene) and triazines, therefore the selectivity and the high adsorption capacity towards terbuthylazine, propazine, atrazine and simazine was observed. The total and usable adsorptive capacities, the breakthrough and exhaustion times, the coefficients of sphericity of isoplanes, the heights of adsorption fronts and the mass exchange moving rates were calculated based on the analysis of the breakthrough curves. Results show that the best sorption parameters in dynamic conditions were achieved for terbuthylazine and propazine. For them the highest values of adsorptive capacities, the smallest heights of mass transfer fronts and their slow movement along the bed height were obtained. The use of ethanol for herbicides elution provided a high recovery degree of adsorbed substances. Reusability of investigated polymer bed was studied in three adsorption/desorption cycles.
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Jensen, Manfred, Kerstin Linke, Andreas Dickhäuser, and G. Benno Feige. "The Effect of Agronomic Photosystem-II Herbicides on Lichens." Lichenologist 31, no. 1 (January 1999): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1998.0134.
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AbstractThe sensitivity of Hypogymnia physodes, Lobaria pulmonaria and Peltigera aphthosa to six photosystem II herbicides and to DBMIB was tested in the laboratory by chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen-exchange measurements. In addition, experiments with freshly isolated photobiont cells from H. physodes and L. pulmonaria were performed. Generally, the lichens were most sensitive to the urea herbicides diuron and isoproturon, whereas the triazines atrazine, terbuthylazine, and simazine and the triazinone metamitron were less inhibitory. Among the three lichen species investigated, H. physodes was the most sensitive to the urea herbicides. For the other agents, no significant differences between lichen species could be found. The highest pI50 values obtained from dose response curves were around 6.5 for isolated photobionts, but most values for lichen thalli were in the range 5–6. Thus, there is no particular sensitivity of green algal lichen photobionts to photosystem II herbicides as compared to other algae, higher plant chloroplasts or protoplasts. In nature, we observed recovery from (damaging) treatment with 10−5 mol diuron 1−1 for H. physodes within weeks. Therefore, damage to lichens from the use of photosystem-II herbicides in agriculture is probably only of very local occurrence.
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Tuzimski, Tomasz, and Tomasz Rejczak. "Determination of Pesticides in Sunflower Seeds by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with a Diode Array Detector." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 1012–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sgetuzimski.
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Abstract The application of RP-HPLC with a diode array detector for identification and quantitative analysis of pesticides in sunflower seed samples is demonstrated. An HPLC procedure on C18 RP column has been developed for analysis of selected pesticides from different chemical groups: simazine, isoproturon, terbuthylazine, linuron, captan, terbutryn, procymidone, fenitrothion, clofentezine, and bromopropylate. We investigated the possibility of expanding the scope of the four analyte extraction procedures for isolation of pesticides from plant matrixes with high levels of lipids. The following procedures were tested: A, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) and SPE; B, dispersive-SPE (d-SPE); C, UAE and d-SPE; and D, UAE/SPE/d-SPE. Average recoveries from spiked samples at different concentrations in the range from 0.1 to 1.40 μg/g in the plant materials and the SDs for C18 cartridges and solvents by the proposed RP-HPLC-DAD method after the extraction procedures are also presented. The efficiency of procedures A–D was evaluated using real food samples from Hungary, Bulgaria, and Poland. The quantity of terbuthylazine determined was in the range of 7.1–12.7 ng/g (n = 6), whereas the quantity of procymidone determined was in the range of 3.7–5.7 ng/g (n = 3) in plant materials. The quantities of pesticides determined in sunflower seeds were below the maximum residue levels (excluding captan) established in the European Union legislation. The method was validated for precision and accuracy.
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Wójcik, Wiesław, and Anna Sykut. "Effect of herbicides and various NPK dosage on ß-carotene content in the leaves of Vicia faba L. ssp. minor." Acta Agrobotanica 36, no. 1-2 (2013): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1983.012.
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Effect of herbicides Afalon (linuron), Aretit (dinoseb acetate), Gesatop 50 (simazine) was tested concemitantly with two NPK fertilization levels (N - 0, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> - 36 kg/ha, K<sub>2</sub>O - 60 kg/ha and N - 70 kg/ha, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> - 72 kg/ha, K<sub>2</sub>O - 120 kg/ha) on the <i>ß</i>-carotene content of field bean leaves. The carotenoids content was determined by thin-layer chromatography on magnesium oxide in the system petroleum ether: acetone (88 : 12 v/v). An increase of <i>ß</i>-carotene content in the field bean leaves at the flower-bud formation stage was found, after application of above mentioned herbicides and high dosage NPK fertilization levels. No influence of herbicides and mineral fertilization on the (<i>ß</i>-carotene content in the plant leaves could be demonstrated at the full pods stage.
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Rodríguez-González, Noelia, Elisa Beceiro-González, María José González-Castro, and Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo. "Application of a Developed Method for the Extraction of Triazines in Surface Waters and Storage Prior to Analysis to Seawaters of Galicia (Northwest Spain)." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/536369.
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A simple method based on solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of nine triazine herbicides (ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, prometryn, propazine, simazine, simetryn, terbuthylazine, and terbutryn) in surface water samples was developed and validated. Under optimized conditions, 50 mL of water sample was pumped through the Oasis HLB cartridge, and triazines were eluted with 3 mL acetone. Finally the extract was concentrated to dryness, reconstituted with 1 mL methanol : water (1 : 1) and injected into the HPLC-DAD system. The stability of the herbicides on the cartridges at −18 and 4°C was also evaluated, and the recoveries obtained after three weeks of storage were satisfactory for all compounds. The analytical features of the proposed method were satisfactory: repeatability and intermediate precision were <10% and recoveries in spiked river water and seawater samples were higher than 93% for all compounds studied. Limits of quantification (varied from 0.46 to 0.98 µg L−1) were adequately allowing the determination of these compounds at the levels requested by the 2008/105/EC Directive. Finally, this method was applied to the analysis of 50 seawater samples from Galicia (northwest Spain).
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Wociór, Stanisław, Justyna Wieniarska, Irena Wójcik, and Salwina Palonka. "Influence of herbicides on growth of one-year-old trees of sour cherry cv. Łutówka." Acta Agrobotanica 53, no. 1 (2013): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2000.005.
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The studies performed in 1997 - 1999 have shown that herbicides such as Azotop 50 (simazine, 6-chloro-N, N-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) in the dose lkg ha<sup>-1</sup> or Afalon 50 WP (linuron, N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)N-methoxy-N-methylurea) in dose 1,5 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> or its mixture with Dual 960 EC (metolachlor, 2-chloro-N(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide) in dose 1,5 l ha<sup>-1</sup> applied in early spring significantly decreased number of weeds in nursery of sourcherry trees cv. Lut6wka budded on <em>Prunus mahaleb</em> L rootstocks as compared with mechanical weed control. Both, Azotop 50 and Azotop 50 in mixture with Dual 960 EC eliminated weeds for the longer period than Afalon 50 WP and Afalon 50 WP with Dual 960 EC. Herbicides did not affect tree trunk diameter (at 30 cm. from the ground level), the number and total length of shoots of one-year-old sour cherry trees in comparison with mechanical control of weeds.
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Uno, Tomohide, Satoru Kaji, Tatsushi Goto, Hiromasa Imaishi, Masahiko Nakamura, Kengo Kanamaru, Hiroshi Yamagata, Yoshio Kaminishi, and Takao Itakura. "Metabolism of the herbicides chlorotoluron, diuron, linuron, simazine, and atrazine by CYP1A9 and CYP1C1 from Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica)." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 101, no. 2 (October 2011): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.08.005.
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Lambropoulou, Dimitra A., Ioannis K. Konstantinou, and Triantafyllos A. Albanis. "Factors Affecting Multiresidue Determination of Priority Herbicides when Using Solid-Phase Microextraction." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, no. 2 (March 1, 2002): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.2.486.
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Abstract A solid-phase microextracton (SPME) procedure was developed for the determination of 10 selected organonitrogen herbicides (s-ethyl dibropylthiocarbamate [EPTC], molinate, propachlor, trifluralin, simazine, atrazine, propazine, terbuthylazine, alachlor, and prometryn) and was tested with various natural waters. Gas chromatography coupled with flame thermionic and mass spectrometric detection was used for quantitation. For this purpose, polydimethylsiloxane and polyacrylate fibers were used and the factors affecting the SPME process such as pH, ionic strength, methanol content, memory effect, stirring rate, and adsorption-time profile were investigated and optimized. By using spiked liquid chromatography water, optimal factors were determined to be 25% salt, <0.5% methanol, stirring rate of 960 rpm, pH 4, and an equilibrium time of 30 min. These conditions were used in further studies of the fibers and in analysis of natural water samples. The method was applied to spiked natural waters such as ground water, sea water, lake water, and river water at a concentration range of 0.5–10 μg/L. Limits of detection ranged from 5 to 90 ng/L, and precision ranged from 5 to 15% (as relative standard deviation), depending on the pesticide, fiber, and detector used. The recoveries of herbicides were 70.2–118.4%, and the average r2 values of the calibration curves were >0.99 for all analytes. The results demonstrate the suitability of the SPME method to determine these organonitrogen herbicides in various natural waters. River water samples originating from the Epirus region (Northwestern Greece) were analyzed to verify the performance of the optimized method by comparing the results obtained by SPME with those obtained by using conventional solid-phase extraction of the selected herbicides.
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Mahajan, Gulshan, and Bhagirath S. Chauhan. "Evaluation of Preemergent Herbicides for Chloris virgata Control in Mungbean." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081632.
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Chloris virgata is a problematic weed in mungbean crops due to its high seed production, resistance to glyphosate and high dispersal ability. Pot and field experiments were conducted in 2020 and 2021 to evaluate a range of preemergent (PRE) herbicides for C. virgata control in mungbean. In the field and pot studies, isoxaflutole 75 g ai ha−1 caused crop injury, and in the field experiment, it reduced mungbean yield by 61% compared with the best treatment (pyroxasulfone 100 g ai ha−1). In the field and pot experiments, dimethenamid-P 720 g ai ha−1, pyroxasulfone 100 g ai ha−1 and S-metolachlor 1400 g ai ha−1 provided >88% control of C. virgata (for reduced biomass) and in the field experiment, these herbicides resulted in improved yield by 230%, 270% and 170%, respectively, compared with nontreated control (250 kg ha−1). Similarly, pendimethalin 1000 g ai ha−1 and trifluralin 600 g ai ha−1 provided >89% control (biomass) of C. virgata, and in the field experiment, these resulted in improved yields of 230% and 160%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control. PRE herbicides such as diuron 750 g ai ha−1, linuron 1100 g ai ha−1, metribuzin 360 g ha−1, terbuthylazine 750 g ai ha−1, imazapic 48 g ai ha−1 and imazethapyr 70 g ha−1 although did not cause crop injury; however, these herbicides did not control C. virgata. Flumioxazin 90 g ai ha−1 caused reduced biomass of C. virgata by 80% compared with the nontreated control, and in the field experiment, it resulted in improved yield by 140% compared with the nontreated control. This study suggests the potential use of herbicides, such as dimethenamid-P, pyroxasulfone and S-metolachlor in addition to pendimethalin and trifluralin, for C. virgata control in mungbean. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of dimethenamid-P, S-metolachlor and pyroxasulfone for controlling other troublesome weeds in mungbean.
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Kleppe, Craig D., and Robert G. Harvey. "Postemergence-Directed Herbicides Control Wild-Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) in Sweet Corn (Zea mays)." Weed Technology 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00033790.
Full textAbstract:
Thirty-six postemergence-directed (PDIR) herbicide treatments, applied with a precision PDIR sprayer, were evaluated for wild-proso millet (PANMI) control in sweet corn field trials in Wisconsin from 1987 to 1990. The performance of butylate and cyanazine (B + C), applied to suppress PANMI early in the season and to provide a height differential between corn and PANMI, greatly influenced PANMI control with PDIR treatments. PDIR treatments controlled PANMI greater than 90% when PANMI was effectively suppressed by B + C, but poor PANMI suppression reduced PDIR herbicide efficacy. Generally, PDIR treatments of paraquat or sethoxydim most effectively controlled PANMI. Paraquat alone at 545 g ha–1or combined with simazine or sethoxydim at 57 and 114 g ha–1, and sethoxydim at 170 and 227 g ha–1plus an adjuvant controlled PANMI greater than 95%. PDIR applications of ametryn, linuron, sethoxydim at 57 to 227 g ha–1alone, sethoxydim at less than 114 g ha–1plus an adjuvant, and sethoxydim at 114 g ha–1tank mixed with either of four other herbicides controlled less than 86% of PANMI. Tank mixing a photosynthetic inhibitor or sethoxydim with paraquat did not improve PANMI control compared with paraquat alone. PANMI control with sethoxydim plus an adjuvant at 114 g ha–1was similar to 227 g ha–1. There was no difference in PANMI control with sethoxydim applied with crop oil concentrate or BCH-815. With the exception of glyphosate at 318 g ha–1and sethoxydim at 227 g ha–1plus an adjuvant, PDIR treatments did not injure sweet corn in 1987, 1988, or 1990. However, sethoxydim in 1989 at all rates severely injured corn.
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Abass, Khaled, Olavi Pelkonen, and Arja Rautio. "Chloro-s-triazenes – toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, human exposure, and regulatory considerations." Current Drug Metabolism 22 (July 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200222666210701164945.
Full textAbstract:
: Chloro-s-triazenes - atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, simazine, and terbuthylazine - are structurally similar herbicides, differing only in specific s-triazine 4- and 6-N alkyl substituents. It is generally regarded that their toxicokinetics, including metabolic pathways, biological effects and toxicities, also share more similar features than differences. Consequently, it is useful to compare their characteristics to potentially find useful structure-activity relationships or other similarities or differences regarding different active compounds, their metabolites, and biological effects, including toxic outcomes. The ultimate goal of these exercises is to apply the knowledge summarized, as far as it is possible regarding a patchy and often inadequate database, to cross the in vitro-in vivo and animal-human borders and integrate the available data to enhance toxicological risk assessment for the benefit of humans and ecosystems.