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1
Hurst, Thomas, and Paul I. Boon. "Agricultural weeds and coastal saltmarsh in south-eastern Australia: an insurmountable problem?" Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 4 (2016): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16027.
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It is often assumed that saline coastal wetlands experience environmental conditions so severe that they are largely immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The belief is implicit in many older reviews of threats to mangroves and coastal saltmarshes, where a limited range of vascular plant taxa, often focussing on *Spartina, (throughout the paper an asterisk denotes an introduced (exotic) species as per Carr 2012) have been invoked as the major species of concern. Even though the weed flora of southern Australia is derived largely from agriculture and horticulture, neither of which includes many species tolerant of waterlogged, variably saline environments, a recent assessment of Victorian saline coastal wetlands indicated that exotic plants were the third-most pervasive threat, after land ‘reclamation’ and grazing. Tall wheat grass, *Lophopyrum ponticum (Podp.) A.Love., is one of the most severe and widely distributed weeds of saline coastal wetlands in south-eastern Australia. It is promoted by the agricultural extension arm of the Victorian government as a salt-tolerant pasture grass; however, its broad ecological amplitude and robust life form make it a most serious invader of upper saltmarsh in Victoria. We assessed the effectiveness of different control measures, including slashing and herbicides, for the management of *L. ponticum infestations (and their side effects on saltmarsh communities) in the Western Port region of Victoria. A nominally monocot-specific herbicide widely used to control *Spartina, Fluazifop-P, was ineffective in controlling *L. ponticum. The broad-spectrum systemic herbicide glyphosate was more effective in controlling *L. ponticum, but had undesirable impacts on native plant species. Controlling weeds in coastal wetlands using available herbicides for use near coastal waterways would seem to remain problematic.
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Sene, Luciane, Attilio Converti, Geslaine Aparecida Ribeiro Secchi, and Rita de Cássia Garcia Simão. "New aspects on atrazine biodegradation." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53, no. 2 (April 2010): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000200030.
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The world practice of using agrochemicals for long periods, in an indiscriminated and abusive way, has been a concern of the authorities involved in public health and sustainability of the natural resources, as a consequence of environmental contamination. Agrochemicals refer to a broad range of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, and among them stands out atrazine, a herbicide intensively used in sugarcane, corn and sorghum cultures, among others. Researches have demonstrated that atrazine has toxic effects in algae, aquatic plants, aquatic insects, fishes and mammals. Due to the toxicity and persistence of atrazine in the environment, the search of microbial strains capable of degrading it is fundamental to the development of bioremediation processes, as corrective tools to solve the current problems of the irrational use of agrochemicals. This review relates the main microbial aspects and research on atrazine degradation by isolated microbial species and microbial consortia, as well as approaches on the development of techniques for microbial removal of atrazine in natural environments.
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Christesen, L. "Dairy farming and river condition: investigating the sustainable use of water resources in an agricultural area." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0375.
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This paper explores some of the factors that may contribute to the sustainable use of water on irrigated dairy farms in Victoria, Australia. The paper begins with a discussion of the principles of sustainable water use as they would apply to dairy farms in the Gippsland region of Victoria. A series of indicators are used to link aspects of sustainable water use at a regional scale, and the observable trends are discussed. Of particular interest is the way that local river systems contribute to the dairy industry in this region and the aspects of dairying and other significant regional factors that may be impacting on the sustainability of river systems in this area. The indicators are structured and analysed using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework developed by the OECD, most commonly used in State of the Environment reporting. The trends highlighted by the indicator set are discussed in terms of the implications that current patterns of water use may have for possible shifts towards more sustainable water use on individual dairy farms in Gippsland.
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Shumate, C. B., J. E. Johnson, D. A. Fitzpatrick, and C. Charan. "Automation of environmental ELISAs." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 16, no. 5 (1994): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s146392469400026x.
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ELISAs for pesticides and herbicides in environmental and agricultural samples are becoming very important in screening applications [1-3]. Traditional chromatographic methods are expensive and results need long turnaround times, making them incompatible with rapid on-site decision making. ELISA methods have been shown to meet or exceed the performance of gas chromatography—they offer rapid low-cost analysis, thereby increasing the frequency of sampling and enhancing data quality. Automated ELISA workstations allow the full benefit of these kits to be realized. Sample preparation, reagent pipetting, incubation, and photometric evaluation can be performed without user intervention. Reliability is increased through the elimination of operator error, better accuracy and precision, and often higher speed. Much larger batch sizes are possible and these systems can provide sample tracking with report generation for documentation requirements. In this paper the manual procedures and ELISA methods are compared and some critical aspects of automating these ELISA kits are discussed.
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Kempenaar, C., and L. A. P. Lotz. "Reduction of herbicide use and emission by new weed control methods and strategies." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 3 (February 1, 2004): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0180.
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Highlights of a multidisciplinary research program on innovative weed control are presented and discussed in this paper. The program was carried out from 1999 to 2002, and dovetailed most fundamental-strategic and applied research aspects in The Netherlands in that period with respect to weed management. The program was focused on both developing and implementing sustainable weed control strategies for agricultural and non-agricultural areas. Some projects in the program were on (1) developing and improving weed preventive and non-chemical methods, (2) methods that allow the farmer to apply lower dosage of herbicides than indicated on the label, e.g. the so-called “Minimum Lethal Herbicide Dose method” (MLHD), and (3) rational weed control on hard surfaces. The main results of these projects are presented. A successful development and implementation of new methods and systems of weed control that use considerably less herbicides, is determined by many factors. The role that these success factors played in the aforementioned projects is shortly discussed.
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Wright, W. J. "The low latitude influence on winter rainfall in Victoria, south-eastern Australia-I. Climatological aspects." Journal of Climatology 8, no. 5 (September 1988): 437–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370080502.
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Shulner, Itai, Evyatar Asaf, Zohar Ben-Simhon, Miri Cohen-Zinder, Ariel Shabtay, Zvi Peleg, and Ran Nisim Lati. "Optimizing Weed Management for the New Super-Forage Moringa oleifera." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061055.
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Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa hereafter) is cultivated as a new summer super-forage field crop in Israel, yet no weed control protocol has been developed for it. The objective of the study was to develop an integrated weed management (IWM) practice for the moringa agro-system in arid and semi-arid regions like the Mediterranean basin. We tested various herbicides applied pre (PRE) and post (POST) crop emergence and cultivation methods for weed control, with an emphasis on crop safety. The PRE herbicides were the most effective and safe control mean. Their application resulted in minor (<5%) crop fresh weight reductions and weed cover area, compared with the control. The POST herbicides were also effective, yet their crop safety level was lower and non-consistent in some treatments. Generally, the finger weeder was less effective than the herbicide treatments and caused higher fresh weight reduction. However, this means was more effective when applied at earlier stages. Management and environmental conditions had a high impact on the moringa growth; hence, these aspects should be considered. Our results show the potential use of different herbicides and non-chemical tools and set the basis for a future IWM protocol for moringa. The wide range of options offered here can ensure economic and environmentally viable solutions for this new crop.
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Granero, Adrian M., Héctor Fernández, María A. Zon, Sebastián N. Robledo, Gastón D. Pierini, Aylen Di Tocco, Roodney A. Carrillo Palomino, Sabrina Maccio, Walter I. Riberi, and Fernando J. Arévalo. "Development of Electrochemical Sensors/Biosensors to Detect Natural and Synthetic Compounds Related to Agroalimentary, Environmental and Health Systems in Argentina. A Review of the Last Decade." Chemosensors 9, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9110294.
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Electrochemical sensors and biosensors are analytical tools, which are in continuous development with the aim of generating new analytical devices which are more reliable, cheaper, faster, sensitive, selective, and robust than others. In matrices related to agroalimentary, environmental, or health systems, natural or synthetic compounds occur which fulfil specific roles; some of them (such as mycotoxins or herbicides) may possess harmful properties, and others (such as antioxidants) beneficial ones. This imposes a challenge to develop new tools and analytical methodologies for their detection and quantification. This review summarises different aspects related to the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors carried out in Argentina in the last ten years for application in agroalimentary, environmental, and health fields. The discussion focuses on the construction and development of electroanalytical methodologies for the determination of mycotoxins, herbicides, and natural and synthetic antioxidants. Studies based on the use of different electrode materials modified with micro/nanostructures, functional groups, and biomolecules, complemented by the use of chemometric tools, are explored. Results of the latest reports from research groups in Argentina are presented. The main goals are highlighted.
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Magnoli, Karen, Cecilia Soledad Carranza, Melisa Eglé Aluffi, Carina Elizabeth Magnoli, and Carla Lorena Barberis. "Herbicides based on 2,4-D: its behavior in agricultural environments and microbial biodegradation aspects. A review." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 31 (August 8, 2020): 38501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10370-6.
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Imoloame, Emmanuel Oyamedan, Ibrahim Folorunsho Ayanda, and Olayinka Jelili Yusuf. "Integrated weed management practices and sustainable food production among farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria." Open Agriculture 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2021-0221.
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Abstract A survey was conducted in the Kwara State of Nigeria to study the integrated weed management (IWM) practices by farmers. This was in view of the poor weed management practices adopted by farmers, which is a major factor responsible for low yields of many arable crops in Kwara State. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 480 respondents, and a structured interview schedule was used to elicit information from them. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Factor analysis was also carried out to examine the perception of farmers’ benefits of IWM. Results showed that the majority of farmers (29.4%) were youths, married (89.1%), and involved in medium-scale farming (47.2%). Furthermore, 50.8% of the farmers had primary or secondary education. Although farmers use different weed control methods, more than half of them (54.7%) use herbicides. Most farmers (92.6%) are engaged in the use of IWM, However, 73.5% of them use a combination of herbicides and hoe weeding. Although not properly practiced, farmers perceived IWM as having socio-environmental (29.229%) and techno-efficacious (23.495%) benefits over either hoe weeding or herbicides used alone. The findings suggest a need to train farmers on all aspects of IWM to achieve self-sufficiency in food production in Kwara State.
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Allinson, Mayumi, Shiho Kageyama, Daisuke Nakajima, Ryo Kamata, Fujio Shiraishi, Sumio Goto, Scott Andrew Salzman, and Graeme Allinson. "A pilot survey of 39 Victorian WWTP effluents using a high speed luminescent umu test in conjunction with a novel GC-MS-database technique for automatic identification of micropollutants." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.242.
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In 2007, samples of treated effluent were collected at point of discharge to the environment from 39 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located across Victoria, Australia grouped by treatment type. Sample genotoxicity was assessed with a high-throughput luminescent umu test method using Salmonella typhimurium TL210 strain, with and without addition of a commercially available metabolic activation system. Samples were also screened using a gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric mass-structure database recognition method. A genotoxic response was observed in half of the samples tested without metabolic activation system (<LOR – 0.19 μg/L 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide equivalents). On addition of metabolic activation system, 75% of samples elicited a genotoxic response, the majority of responses were stronger than without metabolic activation (<LOR – 2.97 μg/L benzo[a]pyrene equivalents). The type of WWTP had no effect on genotoxicity. A large number of chemicals were identified in the effluents, although none could be unambiguously tied to the genotoxicity observed. Chemicals observed in one or more effluents included food additives (e.g. dibenzylether), various alkyl phenols, tyre leachates (e.g. 2(3H)-benzothiazolone), antioxidants, flame retardants (e.g. tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate), insect repellents (e.g. diethyltoluamide), stimulants (e.g. caffeine) and anticonvulsants (e.g. carbamazepine). Of the 451 pesticides screened, carbamate insecticides (e.g. bendiocarb, propoxur), plant growth regulators (e.g. propham) and herbicides (e.g. atrazine, metolachlor, simazine) were amongst the compounds observed.
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Hall, Katrina, and Scott Chidgey. "Assessing the environmental impact of water discharge in a sensitive near-shore marine environment." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12026.
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Esso’s Long Island Point facility has been operating for more than 40 years beside Western Port in Victoria, and has discharged treated wastewater and storm water to the bay for most of these years. The 2001 State Environment Protection Policy Schedule F8 for Waters of Western Port is part of Victoria’s Environment Protection Authority’s (EPA) legal framework for licensing discharges to the waters of Victoria, and requires that discharges ‘cause no detrimental change in the environmental quality of the receiving waters, as determined by an environmental monitoring program’. As part of Esso’s ongoing commitment to continuous improvement, a major upgrade to the water treatment facility was completed to further improve the quality of waters discharged to Western Port. In conjunction with this upgrade, Esso is undertaking a study on the effects of the discharge on the environmental quality of Western Port. This peer-reviewed paper presents an example of the practical application of managing discharges to ensure that the stated environmental values of a receiving environment are protected. The environmental study focuses on four key aspects of marine-environment quality relevant to key Western Port ecosystem values in the vicinity of the facility’s effluent discharge, which are: ambient water quality; seagrass biomass; jetty pile epibiota; and, ecological risk through toxicity testing. The study demonstrates the implications of basing regulatory requirements on the quality of the site-specific environmental characteristics, rather than merely effluent quality and generalised water quality objectives. Furthermore, it validates the need for sound science to underpin regulatory limits and industry practices when operating in sensitive environments.
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Ervin, David, and Ray Jussaume. "Integrating Social Science into Managing Herbicide-Resistant Weeds and Associated Environmental Impacts." Weed Science 62, no. 2 (June 2014): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-13-00085.1.
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Controlling herbicide resistance (HR) and its associated environmental risks is impossible without integrating social and economic science with biophysical and technology aspects. Herbicide resistance is a dynamically complex and ill-structured problem involving coupled natural–human systems that defy management approaches based on simple scientific and technology applications. The existence of mobile herbicide resistance and/or herbicide tolerance traits add complexity because susceptibility to the herbicide is a resource open to all farmers, impacting the weed population. Weed scientists have extensively researched the biophysical aspects and grower perceptions of HR. They also recognize that the “tragedy of the commons” can appear when herbicide resistance is mobile across farms. However, the human structures and processes, especially private and public institutions that influence individual and group decisions about HR, have received little analysis. To start filling that gap, we discuss an integrative management approach to sustainable weed control that addresses the social complexity of farm heterogeneity. For example, the need for a private or public collective mechanism becomes apparent to address common-pool resource (CPR) aspects when one farmer's weed control actions influence their neighbors' situations. In such conditions, sole reliance on education, technical assistance, and other incentives aimed at changing individual grower behavior likely will fail to stem the advance of HR. Social science theories can be used to enrich the understanding of human interaction with the biophysical environment and identify key actors and social change processes influencing those interactions in the case of HR. The short-run economic advantages of herbicides such as glyphosate work against social change to address HR, including the development of collective actions when mobile HR conditions exist. We discuss seven design principles that can improve the efficacy and cost of such collective approaches and draw insights from CPR approaches outside of HR.
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Yılmaz, Hasan. "Economic and Toxicological Aspects of Pesticide Management Practices: Empirical Evidence from Turkey." International Letters of Natural Sciences 81 (February 2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.81.23.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the economics and toxicological aspects of pesticide management practices for sustainable chickpea production. The results of this study demonstrated that the average usage of pesticides is 877.30 g per hectare as an active ingredient in the chickpea growing. The average usages per hectare of active ingredient of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides were calculated to be 1.50 g, 638.80 g, and 237.00 g, respectively. Fungicides are the biggest pesticide group used with 72.81% of total weight of active ingredients. It was calculated that the crop protection cost was EUR 75.65 per hectare, having the portion of 12 % of average production cost. The study revealed that the most common pesticides used by the farmers in chickpea growing were moderately hazardous and non-acute hazard categories. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the government should carry out effective agro-environmental intervention policies and farmer extension programs should be aimed at balancing the amounts of pesticides used per hectare for the sustainable, dynamic environment and prevention of pesticide toxicity. Keywords: chickpea, pesticide practices, economic, toxicological, Turkey
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Yılmaz, Hasan. "Economic and Toxicological Aspects of Pesticide Management Practices: Empirical Evidence from Turkey." International Letters of Natural Sciences 81 (February 25, 2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-e58q73.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the economics and toxicological aspects of pesticide management practices for sustainable chickpea production. The results of this study demonstrated that the average usage of pesticides is 877.30 g per hectare as an active ingredient in the chickpea growing. The average usages per hectare of active ingredient of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides were calculated to be 1.50 g, 638.80 g, and 237.00 g, respectively. Fungicides are the biggest pesticide group used with 72.81% of total weight of active ingredients. It was calculated that the crop protection cost was EUR 75.65 per hectare, having the portion of 12 % of average production cost. The study revealed that the most common pesticides used by the farmers in chickpea growing were moderately hazardous and non-acute hazard categories. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the government should carry out effective agro-environmental intervention policies and farmer extension programs should be aimed at balancing the amounts of pesticides used per hectare for the sustainable, dynamic environment and prevention of pesticide toxicity. Keywords: chickpea, pesticide practices, economic, toxicological, Turkey
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Charcosset, Catherine. "Classical and Recent Developments of Membrane Processes for Desalination and Natural Water Treatment." Membranes 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030267.
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Water supply and water treatment are of major concern all around the world. In this respect, membrane processes are increasingly used and reported for a large range of applications. Desalination processes by membranes are well-established technologies with many desalination plants implemented in coastal areas. Natural water treatment is also well implemented to provide purified water for growing population. This review covers various aspects of desalination: membranes and modules, plants, fouling (scaling, biofouling, algal blooms), cleaning, pretreatment (conventional and membrane treatments), energy and environmental issues, renewable energies, boron removal and brine disposal. Treatment of natural water focuses on removal of natural organic matter, arsenic, iron, nitrate, fluoride, pesticides and herbicides, pharmaceutical and personal care products. This review underlines that desalination and natural water treatment require identical knowledge of membrane fouling, construction of large plants, cleaning procedures, energy and environmental issues, and that these two different fields can learn from each other.
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Sondhia, Shobha, Stephen O. Duke, Solomon Green, Nadezhda G. Gemejiyeva, Leonid K. Mamonov, and Charles L. Cantrell. "Phytotoxic Furanocoumarins from the Shoots of Semenovia Transiliensis." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 10 (October 2012): 1934578X1200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200701019.
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Discovery of novel, natural herbicides has become important to manage increasing weed resistance to synthetic herbicides and environmental issues. The systematic bioassay-guided fractionation and purification of the methylene chloride/methanol extract of the shoots of Semenovia transiliensis led to the isolation of several phytotoxic compounds. Lactuca sati v a L. (lettuce, a dicot) and Agrostis stolonifera L. (bentgrass, a monocot) bioassays were used to identify and isolate the phytotoxic fractions. A number of furanocoumarin compounds isolated from S. transiliensis shoots were phytotoxic to both test species. These included psoralen, isopsoralen, heratomin, isopentenyloxyisobergapten, imperatorin, bergapten, xanthotoxin, heraclenin, and heraclenol. All the active secondary metabolites isolated from the shoots of S. transiliensis were furanocoumarins. Identification of these was accomplished using mass spectrometry and 1- and 2-dimensional NMR techniques. Phytotoxic activity of isolated compounds was evaluated in a dose–response manner from 0.3 to 1000 μM. In general, all of the compounds were more active on A. stolonifera than L. sativa. Bergaptin and xanthotoxin were the most active of the compounds, with moderate activity at 100 μM. Imperatorin and xanthotoxin inhibited growth of Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. by 50% at 29 and 60 μM, respectively. Our results show that S. transiliensis is rich in furanocoumarins, which are probably involved in various aspects of the chemical ecology of the species. Unfortunately, the general cytotoxicity of furanocoumarins makes them an unlikely candidate for pesticide discovery.
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Outa, James Omondi, Chrispin O. Kowenje, Christof Plessl, and Franz Jirsa. "Distribution of arsenic, silver, cadmium, lead and other trace elements in water, sediment and macrophytes in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: spatial, temporal and bioindicative aspects." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 2 (November 20, 2019): 1485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06525-9.
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AbstractThis is the first detailed report on the distribution of Ni, As, Sr and Ag in water, sediments and macrophytes from Lake Victoria, complemented with recent data on the heavy metals Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. The study was conducted over an 11-month period at five sites in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: four sites in the Winam Gulf influenced by various anthropogenic pressures including a site near Kisumu City, and one in the main lake, perceived to have lesser direct anthropogenic influence. Compared with the main lake site, the water in Winam Gulf had significantly higher values for electrical conductivity and concentrations of dissolved components: organic carbon and bound nitrogen, as well as major and most trace elements. This contamination is also evident in surface sediments, which contained significantly higher levels of Cr, Zn, As, Ag, Cd and Pb compared with the main lake site. The mean levels of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ag and Pb exceeded probable effect levels at least at one of the gulf sites. The sediments at the Kisumu City site were classified as severely polluted with Cu (up to 259 mg/kg dw) and Pb (up to 1188 mg/kg dw). The sediment cores showed significantly higher levels of Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb in the surface (0–3 cm) versus subsurface (22–25 cm) layer at the Kisumu City site, indicating increasing pollution by these elements within the last 15 years. This is also the first report on trace elements in the emergent water plant Vossia cuspidata and submerged plant Ceratophyllum demersum from this lake. Even though the accumulation of most elements is comparable between C. demersum (whole plant) and V. cuspidata roots, the latter shows a better bioindicative potential. Contamination of the gulf with Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb is well mirrored in V. cuspidata roots. V. cuspidata strongly restricts the acropetal transport of trace elements, and hence using the shoots as fodder does not pose a risk to livestock.
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Gabrielides, G. P. "Pollution of the Meditterranean Sea." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 9-10 (November 1, 1995): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0663.
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The Mediterranean States adopted an action plan for the protection of their common sea from pollution as early as 1975. This comprehensive action plan is not limited to monitoring of marine pollution but includes all aspects relevant to environment and development. It is coordinated from the Athens-based Centre but regional offices also exist being responsible for the implementation of specific programmes. The scientific and technical component of the action plan (the MED POL programme) was the first one to be initiated involving more than 100 Mediterranean research and monitoring institutions. Selected results of the monitoring programme are presented shortly. The following parameters are dealt with: mercury, cadmium, copper and zinc, organohalogen compounds, organotins, organophosphorus compounds, herbicides and fungicides as well as synthetic persistent materials. The results have shown that pollution in the Mediterranean sea is limited to coastal areas where the sources, such as industries and population centres, are found. The north-western Mediterranean has shown higher pollutant concentrations either because of natural sources (case of mercury) or because of the industrial development of the region.
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Rogers, Vernon J. "Wastewater treatment utilizing submarine outfalls: the role of science, communications and public involvement in the decision-making process." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0062.
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In Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, sewage is discharged to the marine environment after preliminary treatment by screening. In 1992, the CRD undertook related technical investigations including studies of the ocean sediments in the area of the two main outfalls. The results of these investigations, together with information concerning other aspects of liquid waste management, were then described as part of a public involvement program which culminated in a referendum held in November 1992. The referendum invited the public to choose from three options for land-based sewage treatment. All three options included programs such as source control, that offered clear environmental benefits. The majority of voters (56%) decided in favour of the option which includes continuation of the existing level of sewage treatment. This paper describes the process followed, and shows how good science, effective communication, and public involvement can aid a rational approach to decision-making about marine environmental management and wastewater treatment utilizing submarine outfalls. It also highlights some important points concerning development of community and environmental priorities, identification of stakeholders, public involvement, and the role of independent scientific assessment.
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Rivas-Garcia, Tomas, Alejandro Espinosa-Calderón, Benjamin Hernández-Vázquez, and Rita Schwentesius-Rindermann. "Overview of Environmental and Health Effects Related to Glyphosate Usage." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 6868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116868.
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Since the introduction of glyphosate (N-(phosphomethyl) glycine) in 1974, it has been the most used nonselective and broad-spectrum herbicide around the world. The widespread use of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides is due to their low-cost efficiency in killing weeds, their rapid absorption by plants, and the general mistaken perception of their low toxicity to the environment and living organisms. As a consequence of the intensive use and accumulation of glyphosate and its derivatives on environmental sources, major concerns about the harmful side effects of glyphosate and its metabolites on human, plant, and animal health, and for water and soil quality, are emerging. Glyphosate can reach water bodies by soil leaching, runoff, and sometimes by the direct application of some approved formulations. Moreover, glyphosate can reach nontarget plants by different mechanisms, such as spray application, release through the tissue of treated plants, and dead tissue from weeds. As a consequence of this nontarget exposure, glyphosate residues are being detected in the food chains of diverse products, such as bread, cereal products, wheat, vegetable oil, fruit juice, beer, wine, honey, eggs, and others. The World Health Organization reclassified glyphosate as probably carcinogenic to humans in 2015 by the IARC. Thus, many review articles concerning different glyphosate-related aspects have been published recently. The risks, disagreements, and concerns regarding glyphosate usage have led to a general controversy about whether glyphosate should be banned, restricted, or promoted. Thus, this review article makes an overview of the basis for scientists, regulatory agencies, and the public in general, with consideration to the facts on and recommendations for the future of glyphosate usage.
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Дорофеев, Александр Александрович. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEMS OF PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS OF THE TVER REGION AND THE AUSTRALIAN STATE OF VICTORIA." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: География и геоэкология, no. 2(38) (June 17, 2022): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/2226-7719-2022-2-25-42.
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Одним из инструментов экологической политики в разных государствах является создание сети особо охраняемых природных территорий (ООПТ). Кроме сохранения биоразнообразия некоторые объекты ООПТ выполняют рекреационную функцию. Во многих странах система охраняемых территорий имеет два уровня: государственный и решиональный. В статье проводится сравнение системы ООПТ Австралии и России на примере двух территориально-административных образований этих государств: штата Виктория и Тверской области. Объектом анализа стали структура сети ООПТ и количество объектов. Затрагиваются вопросы организации и функционирования элементов сети ООПТ, предназначенных для туризма и рекреации. Выявлены положительные и отрицательные аспекты сформированной системы охраняемых природных объектов в обоих государствах. Сделаны предложения по совершенствованию сети ООПТ в Тверской области. One of the tools of environmental policy in different states is the creation of a network of specially protected natural areas (PAs). In addition to preserving biodiversity, some objects of protected areas perform a recreational function. In many countries, the system of protected areas has two levels: state and resolute. The article compares the system of protected areas of Australia and Russia on the example of two territorial-administrative entities of these states: the state of Victoria and the Tver region. The object of the analysis was the structure of the network of protected areas and the number of objects. The issues of organization and functioning of elements of the network of protected areas intended for tourism and recreation are touched upon. Positive and negative aspects of the formed system of protected natural objects in both states are revealed. Proposals were made to improve the network of protected areas in the Tver region.
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Alengebawy, Ahmed, Sara Taha Abdelkhalek, Sundas Rana Qureshi, and Man-Qun Wang. "Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications." Toxics 9, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030042.
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Environmental problems have always received immense attention from scientists. Toxicants pollution is a critical environmental concern that has posed serious threats to human health and agricultural production. Heavy metals and pesticides are top of the list of environmental toxicants endangering nature. This review focuses on the toxic effect of heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)) and pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) adversely influencing the agricultural ecosystem (plant and soil) and human health. Furthermore, heavy metals accumulation and pesticide residues in soils and plants have been discussed in detail. In addition, the characteristics of contaminated soil and plant physiological parameters have been reviewed. Moreover, human diseases caused by exposure to heavy metals and pesticides were also reported. The bioaccumulation, mechanism of action, and transmission pathways of both heavy metals and pesticides are emphasized. In addition, the bioavailability in soil and plant uptake of these contaminants has also been considered. Meanwhile, the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between heavy metals and pesticides and their combined toxic effects have been discussed. Previous relevant studies are included to cover all aspects of this review. The information in this review provides deep insights into the understanding of environmental toxicants and their hazardous effects.
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Cheng, I.-Hao, Jacquie McBride, Miriam Decker, Therese Watson, Hannah Jakubenko, and Alana Russo. "The Asylum Seeker Integrated Healthcare Pathway: a collaborative approach to improving access to primary health care in South Eastern Melbourne, Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 25, no. 1 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py18028.
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It is important to address the health needs of asylum seekers within the early stages of their arrival in Australia, as this impacts all aspects of their resettlement. However, asylum seekers face a range of barriers to accessing timely and appropriate health care in the community. In 2012, the increasing number of asylum seekers in Australia placed additional demand on health and social services in high-settlement regions. Health providers experienced a substantial increase in Medicare ineligible clients and avoidable presentations to Emergency Departments, and the health needs of new asylum seeker arrivals were not being fully addressed. In response, South Eastern Melbourne Medicare Local, Monash Health, the Australian Red Cross and local settlement support agencies collaborated to develop an integrated healthcare pathway in South Eastern Melbourne to facilitate healthcare access for asylum seekers released from detention. From September 2012 to December 2014, a total of 951 asylum seekers transitioned through the pathway. Seventy-eight percent required primary healthcare assistance, and were provided with a service appointment within 3 weeks of their arrival in Melbourne. This initiative has demonstrated the value of partnership and collaboration when responding to emergent asylum seeker health needs.
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Nicholson, E., J. Ryan, and D. Hodgkins. "Community data - where does the value lie? Assessing confidence limits of community collected water quality data." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0395.
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Waterwatch is a national community-based monitoring network that aims to involve community groups and individuals in the protection and management of waterways. Waterwatch Victoria has the dual objectives of catchment education and water quality monitoring. The educational outcomes are evident, with the Waterwatch programme facilitating over 9,000 students to monitor more than 2,000 sites in waterways in 2000. This paper aims to assess the scientific value of community-collected data, through examining differences between Waterwatch data and professionally collected data. The study looked at all aspects of volunteer data collection, including data confidence protocols, equipment, and data analysis. All professional data was collated by the Victorian Water Quality Monitoring Network (VWQMN). The parameters examined in this study were turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH and total phosphorus. The level of agreement between community-collected data and professional data varied temporally and spatially. Waterwatch data for EC and pH appeared to be very similar to professionally collected data. Equipment used by Waterwatch volunteers for turbidity and total phosphorus appeared to be limited in accuracy to moderate ranges. Overall the VWQMN professionally collected data showed less variance, suggesting greater variability, potentially due to inaccuracies, in volunteer collected data.
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Pinceratto, E. J. "THE MINERVA GAS FIELD EIA—A CASE STUDY OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN DECISIONMAKING." APPEA Journal 41, no. 1 (2001): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00045.
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The Minerva gas field is situated approximately 10 km offshore Port Campbell, Victoria, in the Southern Ocean in water depth of approximately 60 m. The development involves the drilling and completion of two wells, offshore pipelines to the coast, subterranean shore crossing and onshore pipelines to a gas treatment plant where liquids will be removed prior to exporting the gas.From the outset, the project attracted the interest of the local and wider community due to its proximity to the highly regarded Port Campbell National Park. The National Park is known for its unique geomorphological features, its fauna and flora and aboriginal heritage sites.The development has been subject to a dual jurisdiction, State and Federal, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. The process included the formation of a Community Consultative Committee consisting of representatives from government agencies, local community groups, environmental groups, industry associations and the proponent. The Committee provided input to the scope of the EIA and reviewed and endorsed the studies and report prior to public exhibition. An independent panel hearing and ministerial assessments followed public exhibition.A phased process was adopted in the selection of routes, sites and technologies to achieve the lowest practicable environmental impact. Each phase was supported by studies of environmental aspects, fauna, flora, heritage, visual and social impacts. The process commenced on a regional scale and progressively refined the concept and the study area. Detailed studies of key environmental aspects were conducted for the selected development options.The final development concept addressed the key findings of the baseline and subsequent environmental studies and was largely supported by an independent panel. However, there still remained concerns by sectors of the community on the issue of precedent and integrity of the National Park. The Ministerial assessment reflected the issues of community value above technical, environmental, archaeological and heritage considerations.
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Marble, S. Christopher, Andrew K. Koeser, and Gitta Hasing. "A Review of Weed Control Practices in Landscape Planting Beds: Part I–Nonchemical Weed Control Methods." HortScience 50, no. 6 (June 2015): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.6.851.
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Weed control continues to be one of the most expensive and time consuming aspects of landscape maintenance. Many homeowners are becoming more interested in nonchemical pest-management strategies due to increasing concern over the environmental impact of pesticide use. Nonchemical landscape weed control can be achieved using mechanical disruption (e.g., mowing, hand-pulling, hoeing, and tilling), physical barriers, or cultural control methods (e.g., mulching and plant selection). However, the best results are almost always achieved when employing a variety of methods (often involving chemical control methods). In adopting a weed control strategy, client expectations and weed tolerances must be addressed. While a virtually weed-free landscape is possible without the use of herbicides, this goal often requires a significant amount of time and money, and requires more planning to be successful. The goal of this manuscript is survey the literature pertaining to nonchemical weed control in landscape planting beds and determine: 1) the most effective strategies; 2) the advantages and disadvantages of common practices; and 3) highlight areas where research is needed or improvements could be made.
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Montague, Meg, Ron Borland, and Craig Sinclair. "Slip! Slop! Slap! and SunSmart, 1980-2000: Skin Cancer Control and 20 Years of Population-Based Campaigning." Health Education & Behavior 28, no. 3 (June 2001): 290–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019810102800304.
Full textAbstract:
The Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria has been running sun protection programs for more than 20 years: Slip! Slop! Slap! from 1980 to 1988 and SunSmart from 1988 to the present. The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation has provided funding for the SunSmart program for the past 13 years. These programs have played an important role in changing the whole society’s approach to the sun and have resulted in marked reductions in sun exposure. This article describes the social, political, economic, and organizational context within which these programs developed. Then 10 areas are discussed that illustrate a critical aspect of the development and implementation of this successful systemwide health promotion program. These areas focus on key aspects of the context within which the program operates and on issues that derive from the experience of implementing program strategies. In summary, the success of the two programs is described as having been built on two key foundations: the vital integration of research and evaluation, on one hand, and a strong basis of consistency and continuity, on the other.
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Légère, Anne, and Nathalie Samson. "Relative influence of crop rotation, tillage, and weed management on weed associations in spring barley cropping systems." Weed Science 47, no. 1 (February 1999): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500090731.
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Generalizations concerning the effects of management practices on weed community dynamics often lack robustness, most likely because of the concomitant effects of agronomic and environmental factors. However, such generalizations, when valid, provide useful grounds for predictions and are thus desirable. This study attempted to evaluate the relative importance of crop rotation, tillage, and weed management as factors affecting weed communities and tested the hypothesis of an association between management practices and weeds from certain life cycle groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) of weed density data from a 4-yr field study conducted on a Kamouraska clay and a Saint-André gravelly sandy loam at La Pocatière QC, Canada, identified groups of weed species, while an analysis of variance (ANOVA) of PCA scores associated these groups with management factors. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) of regression coefficients describing time courses of density for each species confirmed treatment effects. Species segregated roughly according to life cycles. Interactions among weed management intensity, tillage, and crop rotation mostly explained species dominance in the various cropping systems. A first group of species, mostly annual dicots, largely dominated in minimum weed management treatments; their relative importance in each rotation varied with their level of susceptibility to postemergence herbicides. A second group included annuals and perennials, whose commonality seemed to be their tolerance to herbicides; these species also had a particular affinity for chisel and no-till treatments. A third group was formed by perennial species, each with a different response to tillage. The tenuous correspondence between commonly used classification schemes and management factors suggests that other aspects of weed biology (e.g., seed size, dispersal, production, germination requirements, and seedbank longevity) should be considered when trying to explain and predict the presence and dominance of certain weed species with regard to management practices.
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Cardoso, Ana Maria, Adriana Mascarette Labinas, and Marcos Roberto Furlan. "The profile and knowledge of pesticides of growers from Abaetetuba (PA)." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2529.
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Inadequate application of phytosanitary products in agricultural production can be the result of a number of factors, from the low level of education of the applicators to the lack of training regarding the correct application of chemical pesticides. Thus, this work explored the reality of a group olericulture producers in Colônia Nova, community of Abaetetuba (PA). The methodology organized the data based on responses to a questionnaire, with structured and closed questions answered by rural owners in order to help trace the profile of pesticide applicators at that location. Among the results obtained, there was a low level of education among producers and the production of crops of condiment and leafy plants, led by scallions, cabbage, lettuce and chicory. Among the categories of pesticides used by farmers, insecticides were the most used, followed by fungicides and herbicides. No interviewed owner participated in any training for specific work with pesticides and they were also unaware of any institution that could carry out this type of training. An on-site assessment revealed that, in relation to the use of PPE, with the exception of gloves and waterproof boots, the other items were just ordinary, everyday clothes, inappropriate for this activity. Therefore, this research demonstrated the difficulty faced by the farmers of Colônia Nova, mainly due to the low level of education that prevented them from knowing the safety and legal aspects regarding the use of agricultural pesticides, the triple washing and the correct destination of empty pesticide packaging.
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Tandon, Shishir, and Suman Lata Pal. "Residue Kinetics of Ethofumesate in Texturally Diverse Soils of Sugar Beet Crop under Field Conditions." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (July 20, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5566787.
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Indiscriminate use of pesticides and growing awareness of environmental and health problems had led to monitoring their residues in soil and crops. Ethofumesate is one of the widely used herbicides for controlling weeds in sugar beet. Dissipation kinetics and terminal residues of ethofumesate were investigated in two diverse soils under subtropical field conditions. Ethofumesate dissipated slowly after application and follows biphasic first-order kinetics in soils. The average half-life for initial and later phases in sandy loam soil, respectively, was 14.54 and 20.42 and 51.83 and 65.21 days, while for silty clay loam, it was 10.09 and 13.00 and 71.42 and 73.10 days, respectively. Recoveries in soil, leaves, and beetroot ranged from 78.15 to 88.05, 77.01 to 88.58, and 76.25 to 84.50%, respectively. The quantitation limit for soil, roots, and leaves was 0.002 μg g−1. At harvest, no residues were detected in soils, leaves, and sugar beetroots. Residues were below the maximum residue limits in sugar beetroots and leaves as set by EU (0.2 ppm). Ethofumesate is safe from weed control and environmental aspects as it does not persist for a long duration in soils and does not appear to pose any adverse effect on human/animal health under subtropical field conditions.
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Pan, Lixuan, Liangang Mao, Haonan Zhang, Pingping Wang, Chi Wu, Jun Xie, Bochi Yu, et al. "Modified Biochar as a More Promising Amendment Agent for Remediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soils: Modification Methods, Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Perspectives." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 11544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211544.
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With the acceleration of the process of agricultural modernization, many pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides) are applied to the field and finally brought into the soils, causing serious damage to the environment. The problem of pesticide pollution has become increasingly prominent. This has highlighted the urgent need for effective and efficient remediation treatment technology for pesticide-contaminated soils. Biochar has a high specific surface area, high porosity, and strong adsorption capacity, making it a soil amendment agent and carbon fixation agent that can improve soil health and enhance adsorption capacity for pesticides to remediate contaminated soils. Recently, efforts have been made to enhance the physicochemical and adsorption properties of biochar by preparing modified biochar, and it has been developed to expand the application of biochar. Specifically, the following aspects were reviewed and discussed: (i) source and modification methods of biochar for pesticide remediation; (ii) the effect of biochar on the environmental fate of remediating pesticides; (iii) the effect of biochar on pesticide-contaminated soils; and (iv) potential problems for the large-scale promotion and application of biochar remediation of pesticides. In conclusion, this review may serve as a reference and guide for pesticide remediation, hence reducing the environmental concerns associated with pesticides in soil.
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Cronshaw, Darren. "Exploring Local Church Praxis of Public Theology." International Journal of Public Theology 14, no. 1 (May 8, 2020): 68–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15697320-12341601.
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Abstract The Baptist Union of Victoria (BUV) encourages local churches to give priority to contributing to the well-being of their local neighbourhoods through community engagement and advocacy. This commitment to holistic mission and local community development is an integral part of the public theology of local churches, given Elaine Graham’s argument that ‘practical care and service constitutes the essential praxis of public theology’. But to what extent does the reality of BUV local church mission match this rhetoric? The 2016 National Church Life Survey (NCLS) helps identify what community service BUV churches and their members are involved in. This article discusses the statistical state-wide responses of Victorian Baptists from NCLS 2016, together with interview responses from church leaders. It explores aspects of community development most valued by attenders, where church members are volunteering, and how and where churches are providing social services, prophetic advocacy and environmental care. This denominational case study illustrates that churches offering social services and fostering advocacy and creation care are functioning as the local praxis of public theology.
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Western, Sally. "Preventing Childhood Injury: Developing a Home Safety Display in a Community Health Centre." Australian Journal of Primary Health 5, no. 1 (1999): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py99009.
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Childhood injury is a major health issue, with approximately 20,000 children under five hospitalised each year in Australia. The home is a common site for childhood injuries, with some of the more frequent episodes including falls, poisoning, burns, cuts and crush injuries. A regional initiative to develop a coordinated approach towards minimising injuries sustained by children between 0-4 years, resulted in the development of 'Childsafe Now', a health promotion program which involved training of child care providers, and the establishment of several home safety displays in the Eastern metropolitan region of Victoria. One of the home safety displays was developed in a Community Health Centre, utilising a pre-existing child care facility and the multidisciplinary skills of the staff. Community Health Centres were established with a focus on health promotion - encouraging illness and injury prevention through a holistic combination of education, community involvement, behavioural and social modification and multi-disciplinary primary health care services - yet the opportunity to establish a permanent, functional display which combines all of these aspects of health promotion is becoming increasingly rare. However, the skills and knowledge which have traditionally been nurtured within the Community Health Program make Community Health Centres a particularly appropriate location for establishing a Home Safety Display.
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Swerissen, Hal, and Linda Tilgner. "Development and Validation of the Primary Care Consumer Opinion Survey." Australian Journal of Primary Health 7, no. 1 (2001): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py01005.
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Using past measures of consumer feedback, the aim of the present study was to construct a consumer opinion survey for use in community health centre settings; to pilot the survey instrument across a number of community health centres; and to validate the instrument. A total of 950 consumers attending one of six targeted services (physiotherapy, dental, podiatry, counselling/social work, dietetics, and speech pathology) across four northern metropolitan community health centres in Victoria were invited to participate. Returned surveys were analysed using principal component analysis and the extracted scales were tested for internal consistency and validity. Out of the 950 surveys distributed 471 were returned (response rate of 50%). The survey instrument was found to measure consumer opinion regarding satisfaction with centre environment and satisfaction with service provision. The centre environment scale consisted of one factor, with a Cronbach alpha of .80. The service provision scale consisted of two factors: 'aspects of the service provider' and 'benefits of the visit'. Reliability for the total scale was .93. The two scales correlated moderately with a validity item measuring overall satisfaction. The Primary Health Care Consumer Opinion Survey is a reliable and valid measure, which provides the potential for the establishment of norms to assess consumer opinion.
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Jas, E. P., and A. T. McPhee. "A STATE-OF-THE-ART SHORE CROSSING." APPEA Journal 45, no. 1 (2005): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04042.
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An insight is provided into the design and construction of the shore crossing of the export pipeline system for the Otway Gas Project in Western Victoria. The development of the Otway Gas Project, which is now underway, requires the installation of a 20-inch gas pipeline and a 4-inch glycol service line across the shoreline in the Port Campbell National Park along the Great Ocean Road, one of the major tourist attractions in Australia. An account is given of the landfall site selection process, the collection of required site data, the identification of geo-hazards, the development of a unique construction method based on a combination of retractable micro-tunnelling and horizontal directional drilling, and an outline of the construction challenges. These include the complex geo-technical conditions, the ever present high-energy Southern Ocean swell, and the environmental significance of the site. The design and construction work performed demonstrates that trenchless technology can successfully be applied for the installation of pipelines across shorelines provided detailed attention is paid to a number of design and construction aspects; bearing in mind that horizontal directional drilling design guidelines are generally limited with respect to these crossings.
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Turner, Lucas, and David Prismall. "Developing an in-depth understanding of PFAS to deliver an effective remediation strategy." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S81—S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21103.
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Esso Australia Resources Pty Ltd and BHP Petroleum (Bass Strait) Pty Ltd own a range of offshore and onshore hydrocarbon production facilities, which have been operated by Esso Australia Pty Ltd (Esso) for over 50 years. The Longford Fire Training Ground (FTG) is located adjacent to the Longford Plants and has been utilised by Esso for many years to train personnel in practical hydrocarbon firefighting skills, including applying firefighting foams to extinguish liquid hydrocarbon pool fires. In line with historical standard oil-field practices, per and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) containing firefighting foams were used at the Longford FTG. In response to the reported use of these foams and the potential for contamination associated with historical site operations, the Longford premises were the subject of recent environmental audit and clean-up plans with oversight by an EPA Victoria auditor. Esso engaged a broad range of experts to complete the environmental investigation and develop a remediation action plan that complied with the PFAS National Environmental Management Plan. Key aspects of this project included: understanding the location and setting, with respect to geological conditions and groundwater impacts; development of remediation objectives and strategy; identification of practical remediation methods including short-term and longer-term measures to mitigate priority PFAS sources within the FTG; and a planning framework for future management of the premises. This paper shares how a responsible operator applies a disciplined and scientifically based environmental approach to further the state of knowledge on practical PFAS remediation methods and achieve a sustainable environmental outcome in the communities that they operate in.
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Reagan, Leslie J. "Representations and Reproductive Hazards of Agent Orange." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, no. 1 (2011): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00549.x.
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United States Air Force planes fly across mountains of green forest; behind them, fine white streams of chemical spray fill the sky. The planes fly alone or in formation covering wide swaths of the entire landscape. These images of the herbicide spraying during the United States-Vietnam War are ubiquitous in media material about Agent Orange, the most heavily used of the fifteen herbicides sprayed during the war. This representation of the war does not include guns, grenades, tanks, bombs, or dead bodies. Instead, contemporary documentary filmmakers offer images of airplanes and chemical barrels to provide evidence of another weapon of war, pan dead and leafless forests in an otherwise lush landscape of green, and zero in on children’s deformed bodies to show the lasting environmental and health effects of Agent Orange. In this essay I share preliminary thoughts from my new project on Agent Orange and film in the United States and Vietnam. The bulk of social science writing on Agent Orange has focused on American veterans and their fight to secure benefits, while film scholars have analyzed the Vietnam War in Hollywood movies and television. I investigate documentary film, the transnational activism that generates these films, and the representations of gender, disabilities, bodies, history and culture within them. Here I offer a close reading of two turn-of-the-twenty-first-century documentaries about Agent Orange in Vietnam.
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Scavo, Aurelio, and Giovanni Mauromicale. "Integrated Weed Management in Herbaceous Field Crops." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040466.
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Current awareness about the environmental impact of intensive agriculture, mainly pesticides and herbicides, has driven the research community and the government institutions to program and develop new eco-friendly agronomic practices for pest control. In this scenario, integrated pest management and integrated weed management (IWM) have become mandatory. Weeds are commonly recognized as the most important biotic factor affecting crop production, especially in organic farming and low-input agriculture. In herbaceous field crops, comprising a wide diversity of plant species playing a significant economic importance, a compendium of the specific IWM systems is missing, that, on the contrary, have been developed for single species. The main goal of this review is to fill such gap by discussing the general principles and basic aspects of IWM to develop the most appropriate strategy for herbaceous field crops. In particular, a 4-step approach is proposed: (i) prevention, based on the management of the soil seedbank and the improvement of the crop competitiveness against weeds, (ii) weed mapping, aiming at knowing the biological and ecological characteristics of weeds present in the field, (iii) the decision-making process on the basis of the critical period of weed control and weed thresholds and iv) direct control (mechanical, physical, biological and chemical). Moreover, the last paragraph discusses and suggests possible integrations of allelopathic mechanisms in IWM systems.
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Mwainge, Venny Mziri, Caleb Ogwai, Christopher Mulanda Aura, Alice Mutie, Veronica Ombwa, Hilda Nyaboke, Kennedy Ngoko Oyier, and Joseph Nyaundi. "An overview of fish disease and parasite occurrence in the cage culture of Oreochromis niloticus: A case study in Lake Victoria, Kenya." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.01.08.
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Abstract Cage aquaculture has been on a steady rise in Lake Victoria, Kenya, since 2016, resulting in the current culturing of over 3,600 cages of Tilapia (O. niloticus) (Orina et al., 2018). Unfortunately, there has been limited, if any, focus on fish health aspects. Rise in intensification and commercialization predisposes fish stocks to disease due to rise in stress levels and consequent reduction in the fish immunity. Nutrient rich surroundings create a conducive environment for rapid proliferation of bacterial and saprophytic fungal growth leading to net clogging and consequently a low biological oxygen demand. Such conditions predispose the stocks to infections. This study was conducted to provide a baseline analysis of the health conditions/status of the cultured fish in this region. It encompassed studies from 2016 to 2018 on tilapia of the genus O. niloticus using both experimental (using standard procedures and protocols) and socio-economic studies (using structured questionnaires, see annexure 1). Results found the following occurrences; bacterial infections (10%), fungal infestations (12.5%), myxosporean parasites in the gills (5%), parasitic copepods (10%) and fin rot (2.5%) in the stocks. There were no significant differences between abiotic parameters in the cage locations and the wild (p > 0.05). Additionally, 90% of the respondents had no fish disease training or clue on the treatment action necessary whenever fish diseases struck. Findings from this study put to the fore the significance of fish diseases in a cage culture system in light of commercialization of the industry and the importance of biosecurity and maintenance of optimal environmental conditions within the scope of Blue Economy growth in this region. This study did not detect any disease or parasite of zoonotic importance.
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DARNAUDERY, MARIE, PATRICK FOURNIER, and MATHIEU LÉCHAUDEL. "LOW-INPUT PINEAPPLE CROPS WITH HIGH QUALITY FRUIT: PROMISING IMPACTS OF LOCALLY INTEGRATED AND ORGANIC FERTILISATION COMPARED TO CHEMICAL FERTILISERS." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 2 (April 20, 2016): 286–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000284.
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SUMMARYFruit and vegetable farming generally involves high levels of chemical inputs despite the fact that consumers are increasingly concerned about the sanitary and organoleptic aspects of fruit quality. Pineapple is largely subject to these issues since it is dominated by conventional monocropping with high levels of agrochemical inputs due to nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilisation, weed management, crop protection and flowering induction. However, low-input pineapple cropping systems are both rare and little documented. Our study aimed at replacing all or part of the chemical fertilisers used with local organic fertilisers. It was conducted on the cultivar ‘Queen Victoria’, without pesticides or herbicides, in Reunion Island. We compared the impacts of three fertilisation treatments on pineapple growth and yield, fruit quality traits, symptoms of two major fungal diseases in fruit and production costs and labour times: (i) conventional: NPK fertiliser at recommended doses (265.5 kg ha−1 N–10.53 kg ha−1 P–445.71 kg ha−1 K); (ii) integrated: Mucuna pruriens green manure (240.03 kg ha−1 N, 18.62 kg ha−1 P, 136.11 kg ha−1 K) incorporated into the soil and a half-dose of NPK fertiliser and (iii) organic: M. pruriens green manure incorporated into the soil and foliar applications of sugarcane vinasse from a local distillery, rich in K (14.44 g L−1). Our results showed that NPK fertilisation could be replaced by organic fertilisers as well as by integrated fertilisation. ‘D’-leaf analysis showed that vinasse supplies a largely sufficient K level for growing pineapples. With organic fertilisation, pineapple growth was slower, 199 days after planting vs. 149 days for integrated or conventional fertilisations, and fruit yield was lower, 47.25 t ha−1 vs. 52.51 and 61.24 t ha−1, probably because M. pruriens green manure provided an early increase in soil mineral N, whereas N requirements are much higher four months after planting. However, the fruit weight (709.94 ± 123.53 g) was still within the size range required for the export market (600–900 g). Interestingly, organic fertilisation significantly reduced Leathery Pocket disease and produced the best quality fruit with the highest total soluble solids contents (TSS) and the lowest titratable acidity (TTA). Fruit quality was also significantly improved with integrated fertilisation, with fruit weight similar to that of conventional fertilisation. To conclude, these findings have implications for the sustainability of pineapple production and could lead to low-input innovative cropping systems that reduce production costs and develop local organic inputs.
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Liszbinski, Bianca Bigolin, Eliane Spacil de Mello, Maria Margarete Baccin Brizolla, Argemiro Luís Brum, Tiago Zardin Patias, and Daniel Knebel Baggio. "Sustainability in Soybean Production from the Perspective of the Producers." Journal of Management and Sustainability 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v10n1p138.
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This study aims to analyze the sustainability in the context of soybean cultivation by the cultivators’ perspective. The research is descriptive, with quantitative evidences operationalized through the application of questionnaires to a sample of soybean producers in the state of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. It was executed descriptive analysis of the profiles of the soybean farmers and the properties and technical-agronomic aspects profiles, then subsequently, a correlation analysis between variables from the producers and properties profiles with the environmental, social and economic of sustainability dimension. By the result of the research, it was observed that the majority of soybean producers have been doing this work for 30 years, with low schooling. In addition, regarding the structure of the properties, the area intended for soybeans varies in the sample from 5 to 2,300 hectares, with 25.1% of producers allocating more than 296 hectares for this cultivation. In the production process, it was noticed that most producers use different inputs, such as herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers, besides the care with the soil through the use of no-tillage system and search from crop diversification. In producers’ perspective of the sustainability, it is identified some significant associations between certain producers’ profiles and property variables with environmental, economic and social topics. However, the evidences, it is suggested a wariness from these analyses, since there is a disagreement in the literature on sustainability in agricultural activities, such as soybeans, because of the complexity of assessing the performance of farmer perception and sustainability indicators.
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McConachy, Diana, and Karalyn McDonald. "Issues for Primary, Informal, Home-based Carers of People Living with AIDS." Australian Journal of Primary Health 5, no. 1 (1999): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py99004.
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Central to the Australian national strategic response to HIV/AIDS is the need for training and support for volunteer carers of people with HIV/AIDS. However, the role of primary, informal, home-based carers of people with AIDS (PWA) is not clearly defined and the research about carers undertaken in Australia has not specifically looked at this group. The aim of the study described was to examine the experiences of primary, home-based carers of people with AIDS in order to inform policy and program development. Data were collected from 47 carers in New South Wales and Victoria between August and November, 1996. A short self-administered questionnaire collecting demographic information was followed by a longer questionnaire with mostly closed questions on preparation for caregiving, caregiving tasks, symptom management, service use, coping strategies, and impact of caregiving. Open-ended questions were about the provision of emotional support by the carer to the PWA, the carer's health and positive aspects of caregiving. Two key findings emerge from the content and thematic analyses. The first relates to the study respondents, who differ from the national profile of informal carers in two areas, gender and age. The second relates to the diverse nature of the caregiving experience, including the vast array of symptoms and diseases that an AIDS diagnosis can entail, the complexity of the relationship between the carer and care recipient and the experience of multiple caregiving. These findings highlight the difficulty in identifying simple, singular strategies for carer support and information.
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Siegloff, Shari, and Rosalie Aroni. "Mental illness and "self"-management in rural Australia: caregivers' perspectives." Australian Journal of Primary Health 9, no. 3 (2003): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py03029.
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Current models of chronic disease self-management incorporate an understanding that people with chronic illnesses, their carers and clinicians need to work together in addressing illness management issues (Von Korff, Gruman, Schaefer, Curry, & Wagner, 1997) and that this process enhances personal control of health (Lorig, Ritter et al., 2000). The question we ask is whether the understandings in these models, both implicit and explicit, apply to those people living with mental illness in rural areas in Australia. In-depth interviews were used to explore and examine the way in which carers of people living with mental illness in rural Victoria experienced and perceived the nature of chronic disease self-management. Our findings indicate that illness management in rural areas occurs predominantly as a partnership between the person with mental illness and the family members who act as caregivers, rather than a partnership with health professionals. This confirms that the lack of resources in the rural mental health care system results in a crisis-oriented service rather than a service that is able to respond to preventative and ongoing mental health care. This is recognised as a considerable burden for many families and requires further examination. In addition, a finding of considerable clinical and policy importance in this arena is the experience of family caregivers as partners in not only the support of the ?management? aspects of self-management of mental illness, but also in supporting the person living with mental illness in the maintenance of the ?self? aspect of self-management.
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STROE, CRISTINA ELENA, TEODOR SARBU, VASILICA MANEA, FLOAREA BURNICHI, DUMITRU MITEL TOMA, and CATALINA TUDORA. "Study on soil burial biodegradation behaviour on polylactic acid nonwoven material as a replacement for petroleum agricultural plastics." Industria Textila 72, no. 04 (September 1, 2021): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.04.1847.
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Currently, the issues related to environmental pollution with plastics are a major concern. Agriculture is a vital area forhuman existence, but it generates large amounts of plastic waste. These result from agricultural practices that usesystems and support materials which help facilitate the work of farmers and offer a better yield of production and qualityof crops, in relation to the smaller areas of agricultural land. An alternative can be the use of sustainable textiles thatcan bring multiple benefits to the agricultural sector, including: pollution reduction, biodegradation potential, reducedconsumption of agricultural inputs like pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers and water, high retention potential for water andgood ventilation, increased productivity and quality for the agricultural crops, etc.First of all, this paper discusses the potential use of bio-based and eco-friendly polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA),in the form of fibres for the production of non-woven textile structures that can be used as a support element inagricultural practices and for the replacement of conventional plastics obtained from oil resources. Secondly, consideringthe advantage of the biodegradation property of this material, the durability and the influence of the location depth in adegrading natural environment such as soil, were the target of experiments to highlight the positive aspects of polylacticacid use in the context of the circular economy. To demonstrate the proposed objectives, different physico-mechanicalanalyses were performed to determine the morphological characteristics of the fibres, the tensile strength, the materialthickness and the possible loss of mass due to microbial activity.
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Howard-Williams, Clive, Ian Hawes, and Shulamit Gordon. "The environmental basis of ecosystem variability in Antarctica: research in the Latitudinal Gradient Project." Antarctic Science 22, no. 6 (December 2010): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000829.
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AbstractAfter a decade of research, New Zealand’s Latitudinal Gradient Project (LGP) now includes primary sites from Cape Hallett (72°S) to the Darwin Glacier (80°S), while additional observations extend the latitudinal transect from 84°S to sub-Antarctic regions. The LGP has been structured around a hypothesis that, in a frigid continent, ice dynamics is the key ecosystem variable. For terrestrial environments, two aspects of ice dynamics appear to underlie much of the observed variability. Firstly, the aridity of the region makes the transition from ice to water a key ecological factor, and secondly, the legacy of ice dynamics dating as far back as the Pliocene is imprinted on biogeography. These factors operate at difference temporal and spatial scales and neither is monotonically related to latitude. Both are also complicated by meso-scale cross gradients of altitude and distance from the sea and micro-scale local variability. Whilst climate does vary on a broad-scale, differences within the northern and central parts of Victoria Land that the LGP has so far examined are insufficient to impose any overarching effect that can overwhelm these more local effects. The result is a multiple-scale patchwork of habitats and communities, more or less replicated across the transect, in which variability at any given latitude generally exceeds variability between latitudes. A lesser quantum of research has been directed at marine ecosystems, but here there is a similar picture of local variability dominating within the Ross Sea, with significant latitude-scale effects only emerging when transects are extended into maritime- and sub-Antarctic regions. It is implicit, but not specifically recognized in the LGP context, that a further confounding effect on the interpretation of ‘transect’ information is the multiple stressor concept that requires a simultaneous analysis of interacting (synergistic or antagonistic) factors and environmental responses. As the LGP continues to extend further south, climate is expected to become more extreme, and water availability may change sufficiently for loss of habitat and species diversity to occur. Here we discuss options for refining the LGP approach to optimize its potential for understanding variability, and the factors underpinning this, in the Ross Sea Sector.
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Huse, Oliver, Claire Palermo, Monica Evans, and Anna Peeters. "Factors influencing healthy eating and physical activity amongst school staff." Health Promotion International 35, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day100.
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Summary Limited research has explored teachers’ perceptions of the role that schools can play in supporting staff members’ healthy eating and physical activity. We aimed to identify barriers to healthy eating and physical activity within the school context, and to conclude on potential strategies for supporting staff to pursue these healthier behaviours. A convenience sampling strategy was used to recruit eleven schools from across Victoria to participate in this study, through contacts known to the researchers. The researchers facilitated focus groups involving staff from schools. Focus groups ranged in size from 3 to 12 participants (total 82) and lasted between 40 and 75 min. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes and sub-themes which were identified by staff as being important for healthy eating and physical activity. Schools that were perceived by staff to support healthy eating and physical activity offered opportunities, through initiatives and the physical environment, to support staff in accessing environments and facilities that supported them in being healthy. Further supportive elements were identified as a culture of health behaviours amongst staff members and leadership which supported health behaviours. Workplace stressors were reported to impact many aspects of staff health and wellbeing. Potential actions by schools to better support staff to pursue healthy eating and physical activity were identified from the themes emerging from this study. Alignment between these themes and elements of the World Health Organisation’s healthy workplace framework suggest it will be important for health promotion models to account for these themes.
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Konowalik, Kamil, and Marta Kolanowska. "Climatic niche shift and possible future spread of the invasive South African Orchid Disa bracteata in Australia and adjacent areas." PeerJ 6 (December 20, 2018): e6107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6107.
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Orchids are generally regarded as plants with an insignificant invasive potential and so far only one species has proved to be harmful for native flora. However, previous studies on Epipactis helleborine and Arundina graminifolia indicate that the ecological aspects of range extension in their non-native geographical range are not the same for all species of orchids. Disa bracteata in its native range, South Africa, is categorized as of little concern in terms of conservation whereas in Australia it is naturalized and considered to be an environmental weed. The aim of this research was to determine the ecological preferences enabling the spread of Disa bracteata in Western and South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania and to evaluate the effect of future climate change on its potential range. The ecological niche modeling approach indicates that most of the accessible areas are already occupied by this species but future expansion will continue based on four climate change scenarios (rcp26, rcp45, rcp60, rcp85). Further expansion is predicted especially in eastern Australia and eastern Tasmania. Moreover, there are some unpopulated but suitable habitats in New Zealand, which according to climate change scenarios will become even more suitable in the future. The most striking result of this study is the significant difference between the environmental conditions recorded in the areas which D. bracteata naturally inhabits and invasive sites—that indicates a possible niche shift. In Australia the studied species continues to populate a new niche or exploit habitats that are only moderately represented in South Africa.
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SCHOFIELD, HILARY, BARBARA MURPHY, HELEN E. HERRMAN, SIDNEY BLOCH, and BRUCE S. SINGH. "Carers of people aged over 50 with physical impairment, memory loss and dementia: a comparative study." Ageing and Society 18, no. 3 (May 1998): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x98006965.
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While studies investigating factors associated with carer burden suggest that intellectual impairment and behavioural disturbance in the care recipient are more demanding for the carer than physical impairment, comparative research findings are equivocal. Family carers of people with a long-term illness or disability were identified through a survey of 26,000 households in Victoria, Australia. Focusing on carers of those aged over 50 years, three subsamples were selected: 186 carers of relatives with physical impairment only, 182 carers of those with diagnosed memory loss and 117 carers of those with intellectual impairment diagnosed as dementia. Carers of physically impaired relatives reported better health, greater life satisfaction, and less overload, negative affect, family conflict, anger and resentment than carers of those with intellectual impairment, whether labelled as dementia or not. Despite lower impairment levels in the care recipient, carers of those with undiagnosed memory loss reported more resentment about their caring role than carers of those with a diagnosed dementia. The effects on the carer of significantly greater impairment in the dementia care recipient group may be ameliorated by having a diagnosis, bringing with it the potential for increased understanding and tolerance. Fortunately, negative feelings predictive of a sense of burden are subject to a range of interventions: providing information to promote understanding; counselling to tackle negative feelings and family conflict; guidelines to deal with behaviour problems and physical aspects of caring; and community services to reduce overload.
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Niones, Jennifer T., Ryan T. Sharp, Dindo King M. Donayre, Eula Gems M. Oreiro, Alice E. Milne, and Ricardo Oliva. "Dynamics of bacterial blight disease in resistant and susceptible rice varieties." European Journal of Plant Pathology 163, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02452-z.
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AbstractBacterial blight (X. oryzae pv. oryzae) is a serious disease in rice across the world. To better control the disease, it is important to understand its epidemiology and how key aspects of this (e.g. infection efficiency, and spatial spread) change according to environment (e.g. local site conditions and season), management, and in particular, variety resistance. To explore this, we analysed data on the disease progress on resistant and susceptible varieties of rice grown at four sites in the Philippines across five seasons using a combination of mechanistic modelling and statistical analysis. Disease incidence was generally lower in the resistant variety. However, we found no evidence that the primary infection efficiency was lower in resistant varieties, suggesting that differences were largely due to reduced secondary spread. Despite secondary spread being attributed to splash dispersal which is exacerbated by wind and rain, the wetter sites of Pila and Victoria in south Luzon tended to have lower infection rates than the drier sites in central Luzon. Likewise, we found spread in the dry season can be substantial and should therefore not be ignored. In fact, we found site to be a greater determinant of the number of infection attempts suggesting that other environmental and management factors had greater effect on the disease than climate. Primary infection was characterised by spatially-random observations of disease incidence. As the season progressed, we observed an emerging short-range (1.6 m–4 m) spatial structure suggesting secondary spread was predominantly short-range, particularly where the resistant variety was grown.