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1
Correia, N. M., E. H. Camilo, and E. A. Santos. "Sulfentrazone efficiency on Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as influenced by rain and sugarcane straw." Planta Daninha 31, no. 1 (March 2013): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582013000100018.
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The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of sulfentrazone applied in pre-emergence in controlling Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as a function of the time interval between herbicide application and the occurrence of rain, and the presence of sugarcane straw on the soil surface. Two greenhouse experiments and one field experiment were conducted. For the greenhouse experiments, the study included three doses of sulfentrazone applied by spraying 0, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ha-1, two amounts of straw on the soil (0 and 10 t ha-1), and five time intervals between the application of herbicide and rain simulation (0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 days). In the field experiment, five herbicide treatments (sulfentrazone at 0.6 and 0.9 kg ha-1, sulfentrazone + hexazinone at 0.6 + 0.25 kg ha-1, amicarbazone at 1.4 kg ha-1, and imazapic at 0.147 kg ha-1) and two controls with no herbicide were studied. Management conditions with or without sugarcane straw on the soil were also assessed. From the greenhouse experiments, sulfentrazone application at 0.6 kg ha-1 was found to provide for the efficient control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit in a dry environment, with up to 90 days between herbicide application and rain simulation. After herbicide application, 20 mm of simulated rain was enough to leach sulfentrazone from the straw to the soil, as the biological effects observed in I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit remained unaffected. Under field conditions, either with or without sugarcane straw left on the soil, sulfentrazone alone (0.6 or 0.9 kg ha-1) or sulfentrazone combined with hexazinone (0.6 + 0.25 kg ha-1) was effective in the control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit, exhibiting similar or better control than amicarbazone (1.4 kg ha-1) and imazapic (0.147 kg ha-1).
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Ogundari, K. "Resource-productivity, allocative efficiency and determinants of technical efficiency of rainfed rice farmers: A guide for food security policy in Nigeria." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 5 (June 13, 2008): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/246-agricecon.
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This paper analyses the resource-productivity, technical efficiency (TE) and allocative efficiency of rain fed farmers in Nigeria. The results of the parameters that enter the production function shows that herbicide has the highest elasticities, then seeds, followed by fertilizer and land while labour has the least contribution to output. Also, the result for the allocative efficiency based on the computed <i>MVP<sub>x</sub></i> = <i>P<sub>x</sub></i> show that none of the respondents optimally allocated the inputs. However, a greater number of the respondents were found to underutilized variables like land, seeds, fertilizer and herbicide (<i>MVP<sub>x</sub></i> < <i>P<sub>x</sub></i>) while a greater number of the farmers over utilized labour (<i>MVP<sub>x</sub></i> > <i>P<sub>x</sub></i>). But in both cases, it was revealed that the use of more labour decreased the rice production from the study faster than any of the selected variables. The mean TE index was found to be 0.75. This suggests that 0.25 of rice yield is forgone due to inefficiency. The significant gamma (γ) value of 0.873 establishes the fact that a high level of technical inefficiency exists among the sampled farmers. Extension contact and access to credit are found to be significant determinants of TE among the farmers. Hence, agricultural policy makers in Nigeria should focus on how farmers could follow appropriate farm practices in the course of technology adoption to prevent under utilization of farm inputs via the intensification of extension activities in the country and accessibility to credit by farmers should be given more priority. Pursuing these will raise the productivity and efficiency of rice production in the country in the long run.
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Zahoor, F., M. A. Malik, R. Anser, M. Shehzad, A. Saleem, M. Anser, M. H. Siddiqui, K. Mubeen, and S. H. Raza. "Water Use Efficiency and Rain Water Productivity of Wheat under Various Tillage-Glyphosate Interactive Systems." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 48, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2015-0014.
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Abstract Rainfed wheat is generally grown in rotation with summer fallow in medium to high rainfall zone of Pothwar plateau of Pakistan. The present study was, therefore, conducted to investigate the impact of shallow and deep tillage practices, with and without herbicide (glyphosate) application, on moisture conservation and subsequent wheat yields. The study also aimed to examine the feasibility of substituting intensive shallow tillage with single application of glyphosate. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replicates and net plot size of 14 m x 10 m, during 2007 and 2008 at two locations i.e high and medium rainfall. Wheat cultivar “GA-2002” was planted as a test crop. The data showed the superiority of conservation tillage in terms of conservation of moisture and increasing grain yields. Results also elaborated that tillage cannot be completely eliminated for profitable fallow management. However, deep ploughing with moldboard followed by single application of glyphosate proved potential option for substituting shallow tillage carried out during summer (kharif). The additional benefits under this tillage system included saving in fuel, labour and lower depreciation and maintenance costs for tillage machinery in addition to unquantifiable environmental benefits.
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István Kristó, István Makó, and Mária Gazdagné Torma. "Use of Clearfield technology in the sunflower." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 43 (October 30, 2011): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/43/2649.
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Sunflower is one of the most important cultivated plants in Hungary. We carried out our research in 2009 with eight imidazolinone resistant hybrids and one conventional variety in order to compare the efficiency and selectivity of Clearfield technology to the conventional system. In the trial the Clearfield hybrids were treated by 3,5 l/ha Wing-P (pre) and 1,2 l/ha Pulsar 40 SL(post). The plot of the conventional variety was sprayed by 4,0 l/ha Wing-P and 0,5 l/ha Goal Duplo (pre).Wing-P also had a poor effect because of the lack of rain. Pulsar 40 SL gave an excellent result against the 2-6 leaves of monocotyledonous and the dicotyledonous weeds. Only the well-developed Hibiscus trionum survived the treatment. The combination of Wing-P and the Goal Duplo herbicide provided poor result against the caracteristical weeds of the experimental area because of the lack of rain. Oxifluorfen with contact effect burned the leaves of the sunflower.
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van Eeden, T. C., and D. du Toit. "The effect of simulated rain on the efficiency of herbicides in the presence of maize stubble." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 5, no. 4 (January 1988): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1988.10634988.
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Souza, Guilherme Sasso Ferreira, Dagoberto Martins, Maria Renata Rocha Pereira, and Murilo Villas Boas Bagatta. "Action of rain on the efficiency of herbicides applied post-emergence in the control of Senna obtusifolia." Revista Ciência Agronômica 45, no. 3 (September 2014): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-66902014000300016.
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Dávid, István. "The Effect of Zanthium Extracts on Germination in Relation to Interior and Exterior Factors." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 13 (May 4, 2004): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/13/3384.
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In Hungary, the cocklebur species significantly endanger row crops (i.e. corn, sunflower, sugar beet). Their fast spreading is caused by many reasons: long-lasting emergence, reduced sensitivity to many kinds of herbicides, vigorous competitional ability, allelopathy, fast initial growth and changes in climate. The means of allelopathy is used by many species of plants in the competition with one another, as well as by the cockleburs. But the efficiency of this is influenced by many factors. Species with allelopathical effect could show different behaviour under different conditions: they can produce compounds with retarding and stimulating effects in different quantities or compositions. The actual condition of the acceptor plant and the mediator agent (i.e. soil) influence the final effect.In this experiment influence of phenology and rainfall was studied on allelopathy of cockleburs in May, July and September. A stronger inhibition was observed on growth of cress before rain in July than in May, but this retarding effect disappeared after rainfall. However, the samples collected in September have significant inhibitory effect after rain. Inhibition of sugarbeet’s germination was stronger in May than in July, and the difference increased after rain.
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Sudak, V. M., А. І. Horbatenko, V. L. Matiukha, and А. О. Kulyk. "The effectiveness of applying herbicides incorn growing technology." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0145.
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Studies conducted on the chernozems of the steppe zone of Ukraine have revealed a direct relationship between thephytosanitary condition of an agricultural ecosystem and the amount of productive moisture used by corn plants from the 0 to 150 cmsoil layer during the period from sowing to harvest. In absolutely cleancrops, corn plants used soil water to the 156 mm depth, while in the plotsfrom which the weeds were not removedsoil water was used to 203 mm and on theherbicide-treated soilto 168–171 mm depth. Full or partial control of weediness of crops makes it possible to save 320–470 m3/ha moisture reserves, which is equal to the average monthly precipitation that fell during the growing season (2018–2019). Effectiveness of the tested crop chemical protection systems was to a large extend determined by the hydrothermal conditions in April - May. High air temperature, lack of agronomically useful rains and dry winds caused drying out of the upper soil layer and decreasedphytotoxicity of pre-emergence herbicides. In this case (2018), the largest percentage of the first wave weeds (89.1 %) was destroyed by a tank mixture of crop protectionagents contained in Frontier Optima (0.8 l/ha + Stellar (0.8 l/ha) + Metolat (0.8 l/ha). In favorable weather, to ensure manifestation of toxicological properties of soil herbicides (2019), the following combined technological schemes for harmful species control in the first stages of corn organogenesis had an advantage: Dual Gold (1.5 l/ha) (before sowing), Stellar (1.25 l/ha) + Metolat (1.25 l/ha) (after emergence of seedlings) and Acris(3 l/ha) (before sowing), Kelvin Plus (0.35 kg/ha) + Hasten (1 l/ha) (after emergence of seedlings). The technical efficiency of the herbicide application reached 98–100 %. In 2018, the highest yield of corn grain (7.85 t/ha) in the protected plots was obtained after application (in the phase of development of 3–5 corn leaves) of the following tank mixture: Frontier Optima (0.8 l/ha) + Stellar (0.8 l/ha) + Metolat (0.8 l/ha). This combination turned out to be the most effective in terms of cost effectiveness of grain production, providing a profitability of 213 %. In 2019, we managed to increase the yields by combining soil and crop protection herbicides. Given the cost and consumption rate of the herbicides used per 1 ha, a combination of synthetic agrochemicals Avatar (2.5 l/ha) (before sowing) + Prima (0.5 l/ha) (after emergence of seedlings) was the best in terms of the main product cost (1579 UAH/t) and profitability (134 %). Key words: weeds, herbicidal system, technical efficiency, productivity, profitability of production.
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Bhurer, KP, DN Yadav, JK Ladha, RB Thapa, and KR Pandey. "Influence of Integrated Weed Management Practices on Dynamics and Weed Control Efficiency in Dry Direct Seeded Rice." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 14, no. 2 (May 15, 2014): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10413.
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Field experiment under dry direct seeded rice(Oryza sativa L.) was conducted during rainy season of 2010 and 2011 at Regional Agriculture Research Station (RARS), Parwanipur, Bara to develop appropriate weed management practices for dry direct- seeded rice. The trial was laid-out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated thrice. Observations were taken on weed, plant growth and yield attributing, yield, and socio-economic parameters. The weed density, dry weed weight and weed control efficiency resulted significantly different as influenced by integrated weed management practices. Low weed population density, low weed index and highest weed control efficiency resulted by pendimethalin followed by 2, 4- D followed by one hand weeding were at par with weed free check. Highest yield resulted from weed free plot followed by pendimethalin followed by two hand weeding and pendimethalin followed by 2, 4- D followed by one hand weeding. However, the net return per unit investment resulted highest in pendimethalin followed by 2, 4- D followed by one hand weeding. This proved that amid increasing wage rate and labour scarcity integrated weed management through pendimethalin 30 EC (Stomp) @1 kg a. i. /ha as pre- emergence herbicide application followed by 2, 4- D sodium salt 80 WP @ 0.5 kg a. i. /ha followed by one hand weeding or stale seed bed followed by pendimethalin 30 EC (Stomp) @1 kg a. i. /ha followed by bispyribac (Nominee gold) @25 g a. i. /ha 10% @200 ml/ha at 20 days of seeding resulted best alternative for manual hand weeding practices giving higher net return per unit investment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10413 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 33-42
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Saputra, Dwi, Dad RJ Sembodo, and Tumiar Katarina Manik. "Effect of Rainfall Intensity on Glyphosate Herbicide Effectiveness in Controlling Ageratum conyzoides, Rottboellia exaltata, and Cyperus rotundus Weeds." Agromet 34, no. 1 (April 14, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j.agromet.34.1.11-19.
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Glyphosate is one of herbicide active ingredient which is mostly used to control weeds in crops. However, in rain season herbicide effectiveness decreases as it is washed by rain. This research aimed to study effect of rainfall intensity on the effectiveness of herbicide (Round up 486 SL 2.5 l/ha.) with isopropilamina glyphosate as the active ingredient in controlling specific weeds Ageratum conyzoides, Rottboellia exaltata, and Cyperus rotundus. The experiment was consisted of six treatments and arranged in randomized block design with 8 replications. The treatments were level of rain intensity which were 5 mm/hour, 10 mm/hour, 20 mm/hour, 40 mm/hour, no rain and control (no herbicide no rain). Rainfall intensity was determined by conducting simulation trials prior to the treatments and applied 30 minutes after herbicide applications. The results showed that herbicide effectiveness decreased as the rainfall intensity incresed, even though with longer time the herbicide was still able to control the weeds. The effect of rainfall intensity on herbicide effectiveness was different for different weeds. Up to intensity 40 mm/hour herbicide was capable to control weeds but with level of weeds destruction 20-60%.
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Oliveira, Maria Aparecida Peres, Edna Maria Bonfim Silva, Tonny José Araújo da Silva, Jefferson Vieira José, Káritta Saldanha Martins, and Pedro Alberto Giovanne Engelberg. "Vegetative characteristics of soybean (Glycine max L.) as bioindicator parameter of herbicide in the soil." JULY 2020, no. 14(7):2020 (July 20, 2020): 1171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.07.p2483.
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of the herbicide 2,4-D in the Neosol. We conducted the experiment in a greenhouse using the soybean crop as a bioindicator. A randomized block design with 5 x 3 factorial scheme composed of five application periods before sowing (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days) and three simulated rain (0 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm), with four repetitions was conducted. The herbicide dose was 1500 g a.i. ha-1, the rainfall was simulated one hour after pulverization. Twelve hours after the last rain simulation, Cv. TMG® ANTA 82 RR was sown, and pot moisture remained at 80% of pot capacity throughout the experiment. Herbicide in the soil was evaluated by visual plant phyto-intoxication, plant height, shoot fresh mass and root fresh mass, and shoot dry mass and root dry mass at 26 days after sowing. Statistical analysis was performed according to the polynomial regression model. The application of herbicides in dry soils that remained without rain during the first hours resulted in greater residual effect on the soil (0 mm of rain). The occurrence of higher humidity accelerated the degradation of the herbicide in the soil (30 mm of rain). Longer periods between application and sowing provided more significant increments. The herbicide’s toxic effects reduced linearly as started from 12 days before sowing. The 2,4-D showed low persistence in the soil, and 12 days was observed to represent a safe time length between spraying and sowing, regardless of the occurrence of rainfall. The soybean was a good indicator of 2,4-D.
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James, T. K., A. Rahman, J. M. Mellsop, and M. Trolove. "Effect of rainfall on the movement and persistence of metsulfuronmethyl and clopyralid applied to pasture." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6906.
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Metsulfuronmethyl and clopyralid are two herbicides frequently used in pasture The mobility and persistence of both have been previously reported and showed great variation between overseas and New Zealand results In a field trial the effect of simulated rain within the first 7 days of herbicide application on the persistence and movement of these chemicals was studied using bioassay methods Results show that 15 mm of simulated rain on either Day 1 3 or 7 after herbicide application had no apparent effect on the dissipation of metsulfuronmethyl but natural rainfall that occurred later in the experiment leached it to the 50100 mm soil layer Glasshouse bioassays of soil samples collected from the field showed that between 75 and 90 of the applied herbicide had degraded by Day 56 Clopyralid stayed in the top 50 mm of soil during the experiment but by Day 56 less than 10 of the applied herbicide remained
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Thompson, Brian E., and Juneho Jang. "Aerodynamic efficiency of wings in rain." Journal of Aircraft 33, no. 6 (November 1996): 1047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.47056.
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Doppler, T., L. Camenzuli, G. Hirzel, M. Krauss, A. Lück, and C. Stamm. "Spatial variability of herbicide mobilisation and transport at catchment scale: insights from a field experiment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 2 (February 22, 2012): 2357–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-2357-2012.
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Abstract. During rain events, herbicides can be transported from their point of application to surface waters where they may harm aquatic organisms. Since the spatial pattern of mobilisation and transport is heterogeneous, the contributions of different fields to the herbicide load in the stream may differ considerably within one catchment. Therefore, the prediction of contributing areas could help to target mitigation measures efficiently to those locations where they reduce herbicide pollution the most. Such spatial predictions require sufficient insight into the underlying transport processes. To improve the understanding of the process chain of herbicide mobilisation on the field and the subsequent transport through the catchment to the stream, we performed a controlled herbicide application on corn fields in a small agricultural catchment (ca. 1 km2) with intensive crop production in the Swiss Plateau. For two months after application in 2009, water samples were taken at different locations in the catchment (overland flow, tile drains and open channel) with a high temporal resolution during rain events. We also analysed soil samples from the experimental fields and measured discharge, groundwater level, soil moisture and the occurrence of overland flow at several locations. Several rain events with varying intensities and magnitudes occurred during the study period. Overland flow and erosion were frequently observed in the entire catchment. Infiltration excess and saturation excess overland flow were both observed. However, the main herbicide loss event was dominated by infiltration excess. This is in contrast to earlier studies in the Swiss Plateau, demonstrating that saturation excess overland flow was the dominant process. Despite the frequent and wide-spread occurrence of overland flow, most of this water did not directly reach the channel. It mostly got retained in small sinks in the catchment. From there, it reached the stream via macropores and tile drains. Manholes of the drainage system and catch basins for road and farmyard runoff acted as additional shortcuts to the stream. Although fast flow processes like overland and macropore flow reduce the influence of herbicide properties due to short travel times, sorption properties influenced the herbicide transfer from ponding overland flow to tile drains (macropore flow). However, no influence of sorption was observed during the mobilisation of the herbicides from soil to overland flow. These two observations on the role of herbicide properties contradict, to some degrees, previous findings. They demonstrate that valuable insight can be gained by spatially detailed observations along the flow paths.
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Nestorović, Marko, and Branko Konstantinović. "Assessment of herbicide efficiency in potato crops." Herbologia an International Journal on Weed Research and Control 14, no. 1 (June 2014): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/herb.14.1.05.
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Newsom, Larry J., and David R. Shaw. "Effects of Rain-Free Intervals and Herbicide Rate on Sicklepod (Cassia Obtusifolia) Control and Absorption with AC 263,222." Weed Technology 8, no. 3 (September 1994): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039798.
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Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of a 2.5-cm simulated rainfall 0.05, 0.25, 0.5,1, 3, 6, and 24 h after POST applications of AC 263,222 to sicklepod. Fresh weight reductions were directly related to increasing AC 263,222 rates and rain-free intervals. Fresh weight reductions with 9, 18, 36, 54, and 72 g ai/ha AC 263,222 were 32, 47, 55, 59, and 67%, respectively, with the rain-free treatment. A simulated rainfall 0.05 h after POST application lowered fresh weight reductions with 9, 18, 36, 54, and 72 g/ha AC 263,222 to 5, 7, 19, 23, and 28%, respectively, of the untreated control. As AC 263,222 rates increased, a simulated rainfall shortly after POST application was less detrimental. At 18 g/ha of AC 263,222, a 3-h rain-free interval was necessary for fresh weight reductions equivalent to the rain-free control. As the rate of AC 263,222 increased to 54 g/ha, the rain-free interval for fresh weight reductions equivalent to the rain-free control was reduced to 1 h. Radiolabeled studies indicated that at 3 h after application an equivalent amount of14C was accumulated in the plant as compared with the rain-free control. The correlation coefficients for fresh weight reductions and14C in the plant were r = 0.53, 0.75, 0.68, 0.74, and 0.70 at rates of 9, 18, 36, 54, and 72 g/ha AC 263,222, respectively.
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Lešnik, M. "The impact of maize stand density on herbicide efficiency." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 1 (December 10, 2011): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4086-pse.
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The impact of maize stand density (4, 8 and 12 plants per m<sup>2</sup>) on herbicide efficiency (in %) and cob yield loss (in %) was studied in four field trials. The mixture of soil-applied herbicides (HS) isoxaflutole and S-metolachlor and the mixture of foliar-applied herbicides (HF) dicamba and rimsulfuron was applied in two dosages (100 and 75% of dose recommended by manufacturers). The 100% dose of HS was (75 g isoxaflutole + 960 ml S-metolachlor) per ha and 100% dose of HF was (12.5 g rimsulfuron + 240 ml dicamba) per ha. In all four trials, the studied factors (stand density, herbicide type and dose) had significant impact on herbicide efficiency and on maize cob yield loss. The herbicide efficiency decreased significantly, when herbicides were applied to maize of lower stand density and the maize yield losses increased. When weed population was composed predominantly of annual seed weeds higher efficiency was obtained by HS herbicides, conversely, when the weed population was composed predominantly of perennial weeds the HF herbicides provided better control. The reduction of herbicide dose always caused the significant reduction in herbicide efficiency and increase in maize yield loss.
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Green, Jerry M. "Maximizing Herbicide Efficiency with Mixtures and Expert Systems." Weed Technology 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 894–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00034059.
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A practical and objective system is needed to determine the lowest rates of the most efficacious herbicides to meet each producer's specific weed control problems. Determining which method of weed control to utilize is difficult today with increasing product choices, the growing use and complexity of herbicide mixtures, regulatory pressures to reduce rates, and the closer integration of weed control with other crop decisions. Expert computer systems could improve current practices and use herbicide mixtures as a tool to increase herbicide efficiency. Such systems would account for herbicide dose and mixture responses; select most economical herbicides; optimize adjuvants; recommend control at economic thresholds; and vary rates according to weed spectrum, density, and local environmental conditions. An example using chlorimuron and thifensulfuron illustrates how these systems could use quantitative dose response and mixture information.
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M?ller, K., M. Trolove, T. K. James, and A. Rahman. "Herbicide runoff studies in an arable soil under simulated rainfall." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3889.
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Runoff potential of five herbicides (acetochlor atrazine hexazinone pendimethalin and terbuthylazine) was investigated on a fallow Hamilton clay loam soil with a 10 slope Twentyfour hours after the herbicide application simulated rainfall was applied at three intensities Sediment amounts and herbicide concentrations were determined in the water phase of runoff samples Herbicide residues attached to sediment were estimated using Kdvalues determined locally for the Hamilton clay loam soil Pesticide concentrations were the highest in the first runoff samples and decreased exponentially with further rain Results show that herbicides were primarily transported in their dissolved forms in runoff and that losses are dependent on the time to runoff and runoff rates Rainfall intensity had no significant effect on herbicide losses In all cases losses were
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Ogg, Alex G., and Frank L. Young. "Effects of Preplant Treatment Interval and Tillages on Herbicide Toxicity to Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Weed Technology 5, no. 2 (June 1991): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00028128.
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Glyphosate plus 2,4-D at 0.3 + 0.5 or 0.4 + 0.7 kg ae ha-1applied 31 to 1 d before seeding did not affect wheat yields or grain test weights, in field experiments in conventionally tilled and no-till winter wheat. In the conventionally-tilled system in each of two years and in the no-till system in a year with 48 mm rain within 7 d before wheat was seeded, picloram applied at 0.14 kg ai ha-1from 31 to 1 d before seeding reduced crop yields by 7 to 8%. In the conventionally-tilled system in a year with only 2 mm rain within 7 d before wheat was seeded, 2,4-D at 3.4 kg ae ha-1and dicamba at 0.14 kg ae ha-1applied 30 to 1 d before seeding, reduced wheat yields by 7 and 4%, respectively. Grain test weights in both tillage systems were increased slightly by picloram at 0.14 kg ha-1, but were decreased slightly by dicamba at 0.14 kg ha-1, in the year with little rain before sowing. Test weights did not differ among herbicides or tillage systems in the year with significant rain a few days before seeding.
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Doppler, T., L. Camenzuli, G. Hirzel, M. Krauss, A. Lück, and C. Stamm. "Spatial variability of herbicide mobilisation and transport at catchment scale: insights from a field experiment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 6, 2012): 1947–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1947-2012.
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Abstract. During rain events, herbicides can be transported from their point of application to surface waters, where they may harm aquatic organisms. Since the spatial pattern of mobilisation and transport is heterogeneous, the contributions of different fields to the herbicide load in the stream may vary considerably within one catchment. Therefore, the prediction of contributing areas could help to target mitigation measures efficiently to those locations where they reduce herbicide pollution the most. Such spatial predictions require sufficient insight into the underlying transport processes. To improve the understanding of the process chain of herbicide mobilisation on the field and the subsequent transport through the catchment to the stream, we performed a controlled herbicide application on corn fields in a small agricultural catchment (ca. 1 km2) with intensive crop production in the Swiss Plateau. Water samples were collected at different locations in the catchment (overland flow, tile drains and open channel) for two months after application in 2009, with a high temporal resolution during rain events. We also analysed soil samples from the experimental fields and measured discharge, groundwater level, soil moisture and the occurrence of overland flow at several locations. Several rain events with varying intensities and magnitudes occurred during the study period. Overland flow and erosion were frequently observed in the entire catchment. Infiltration excess and saturation excess overland flow were both observed. However, the main herbicide loss event was dominated by infiltration excess. Despite the frequent and wide-spread occurrence of overland flow, most of this water did not reach the channel directly, but was retained in small depressions in the catchment. From there, it reached the stream via macropores and tile drains. Manholes of the drainage system and storm drains for road and farmyard runoff acted as additional shortcuts to the stream. Although fast flow processes such as overland and macropore flow reduce the influence of the herbicide's chemical properties on transport due to short travel times, sorption properties influenced the herbicide transfer from ponding overland flow to tile drains (macropore flow). However, no influence of sorption was observed during the mobilisation of the herbicides from soil to overland flow. These observations on the role of herbicide properties contradict previous findings to some degree. Furthermore, they demonstrate that valuable insight can be gained by making spatially detailed observations along the flow paths.
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Valverde, Bernal E., Lilliana Chaves, Israel Garita, Fernando Ramírez, Erick Vargas, Jesús Carmiol, Charlie R. Riches, and John C. Caseley. "Modified herbicide regimes for propanil-resistant junglerice control in rain-fed rice." Weed Science 49, no. 3 (May 2001): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0395:mhrfpr]2.0.co;2.
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Tanji, Abbes, and Mohamed Boutfirass. "Effective Preemergence Herbicides for Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) Control in Irrigated Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p79.
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Three on-farm weed control experiments were conducted in irrigated bread wheat in the Doukkala perimeter, Morocco, in 2015-16 and 2016-17 in order to study the efficacy of 4 pre-emergence herbicide treatments for controlling rigid ryegrass that is resistant to 13 post-emergence herbicides. Results showed that 3 pre-emergence herbicides [i) chlorotoluron, 2000 g/ha + isoxaben, 74.8 g/ha; ii) prosulfocarb, 4000 g/ha; iii) prosulfocarb, 2000 g/ha + s-metolachlor, 300 g/ha] reduced rigid ryegrass shoot biomass by > 90% 1 to 3 months after treatments (MAT). Pendimethalin (1320 g ha-1) achieved 83-99% rigid ryegrass control 1 to 3 MAT. The four herbicide treatments were safe on wheat in one experiment, but reduced wheat density in 2 other experiments due to heavy rain (about 100 mm) after herbicide treatments and before crop emergence. Grain yields in sprayed plots ranged from 6.6 to 9.8 t ha-1, 4.4 to 7.4 t ha-1, 7.3 to 8.9 t ha-1 in experiments 1 to 3, respectively. Straw yields were 11.4 to 15.4, 9.6 to 15.8, and 10.1 to 14.5 t ha-1 in the 3 experiments, respectively. These preemergence herbicides need to be used by wheat growers as part of an integrated weed management program. Further research is needed to explore ways to avoid wheat injury, that could be occasionally caused by heavy rain or irrigation, after preemergence herbicide application and before crop emergence.
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Müller, K., M. Trolove, T. K. James, and A. Rahman. "Herbicide loss in runoff: effects of herbicide properties, slope, and rainfall intensity." Soil Research 42, no. 1 (2004): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03090.
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Runoff potential of 5 herbicides (acetochlor, atrazine, hexazinone, pendimethalin, and terbuthylazine) was evaluated in a small-scale study under simulated rainfall on a cultivated Hamilton clay loam soil. At 24 h after herbicide application, rainfall events of different intensities were simulated to 0.5-m2 field plots with 20% (70, 88, and 111 mm/h) and 30% (60, 70, and 80 mm/h) slope, respectively. The objective of this study was to compare the behaviour of pesticides covering a range of properties under identical hydrodynamic conditions. Sediment amounts and herbicide concentrations were determined in the runoff samples. As the transported sediment amounts were not sufficient for chemical analyses, herbicide residues attached to sediment were estimated using Kd values determined locally for the soil. Whereas pendimethalin concentrations followed no noticeable pattern, the concentrations for the other herbicides were highest in the first runoff samples, and decreased exponentially with further rain. Results show that herbicides were primarily transported in their dissolved form with the exception of pendimethalin. Slope affected cumulative runoff, sediment, and herbicide losses significantly (P < 0.05). The impact of increased rainfall intensity on runoff initiation followed a similar trend, but herbicide losses from plots exposed to different intensities were not always significant. Losses dissolved in runoff from plots with 20% slope were ≤1% of the applied herbicide, whereas on plots with 30% slope the maximum recorded loss was 65%. Here, losses for all herbicides ranged between 1 and 7% at 60 mm/h and 8 and 65% at 80 mm/h. Exports of herbicides with moderate solubility were negatively correlated with their Kd values and their water solubility.
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Anderson, Monte D., and W. Eugene Arnold. "Rainfall Effects on Desmedipham and Phenmedipham Performance." Weed Science 33, no. 3 (May 1985): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500082485.
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The effect of rainfall on the performance of a tank mixture of desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate(ester)] and phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate) applied postemergence to redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE), wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensisL. ♯ SINAR) and sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) was evaluated in field studies. The occurrence of 1 mm of rain immediately after herbicide application significantly decreased the control of redroot pigweed and wild mustard. A rainfall quantity of 1 mm also reduced injury symptoms on sunflower. Simulating a 12.7-mm rain less than 18 h after desmedipham and phenmedipham application effectively reduced toxicity to redroot pigweed and sunflower. Toxicity to these two species increased at a lesser rate than for wild mustard as the time interval prior to rain was increased. A rain-free period of 6 h was predicted for near-maximum control of wild mustard with these herbicides.
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Gannon, Travis W., and Fred H. Yelverton. "Effect of Simulated Rainfall on Tall Fescue (Lolium Arundinaceum) Control with Glyphosate." Weed Technology 22, no. 3 (September 2008): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-07-158.1.
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Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of simulated rainfall after glyphosate application on tall fescue control. Three glyphosate formulations, three simulated rainfall amounts, two application rates, and three rain-free periods were evaluated. Glyphosate formulations evaluated included Roundup Original®, Roundup Pro®, and Roundup ProDry®. Herbicide drying periods, or rain-free intervals, included 15, 30, or 60 min. Simulated rainfall amounts were 0, 0.25, or 0.64 cm. Application rates of glyphosate were 3.4 or 6.7 kg ae/ha. Averaged across glyphosate formulation and simulated rainfall amount, excellent (≥ 90%) tall fescue control was observed when no simulated rainfall occurred within 60 min after application, whereas good (≥ 80%) tall fescue control was observed when 30 rain-free min were provided. Although current glyphosate labels are vague about rainfastness, these data indicate that critical rain-free periods may be as short as 30 min when higher application rates are used.
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Bryson, Charles T. "Effects of Rainfall on Foliar Herbicides Applied to Rhizome Johnsongrass." Weed Science 35, no. 1 (January 1987): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500026886.
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A rainfall simulator was used to evaluate the effects of washoff on 10 foliar-applied herbicides on johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] in greenhouse experiments during 1983 and 1984 at Stoneville, MS. Time intervals between herbicide application and rainfall ranged from 20 to 240 min. Johnsongrass topgrowth control was equivalent to rain-free treatments using DPX-Y6202 {ethyl [2-[4-(6-chloro-2-quinozalinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propionate} at 0.03 and 0.06 kg/ha at time periods of 90 and 40 min between herbicide application and rainfall, respectively, at 28 days after treatment (DAT). A period of 120 min was required for johnsongrass control equivalent to rain-free treatments using sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} at 0.06 kg/ha, haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} at 0.03 and 0.06 kg/ha, and cloproxydim {(E,E-2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy] imino] butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} at 28 DAT. Neither glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and SC-0224 (trimethylsulfoniumcarboxy methylaminomethylphosphonate) at 0.45 and 0.99 kg/ha nor other selective herbicides at 0.03 and 0.06 kg/ha gave equivalent johnsongrass topgrowth control to rain-free treatments when rainfall occurred within 240 and 120 min, respectively.
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Lockhart, Sam J., and Kirk A. Howatt. "Split Applications of Herbicides at Reduced Rates Can Effectively Control Wild Oat (Avena fatua) in Wheat." Weed Technology 18, no. 2 (June 2004): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-100r1.
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Split application of herbicides for wild oat control may minimize wild oat competition with wheat while reducing the number of wild oat seeds returned to the soil. Field experiments were conducted in 2000 and 2001 to evaluate the effects of CGA-184927, fenoxaprop-P, flucarbazone, and ICIA 0604 at labeled and reduced rates on wild oat control, wild oat seed rain, and wheat yield. Each herbicide was applied once at 25, 33, and 100% of the labeled rate at the two-leaf stage of wild oat or split applied at 50 and 66% of the full rate as two equal applications. Excellent full-season wild oat control was obtained with CGA-184927, flucarbazone, and ICIA 0604 applied twice at reduced rates. ICIA 0604 or CGA-184927 split applied at 25 and 33% rates (totaled 50 and 66% of the full rate) provided wild oat control equal to one application of labeled rates. Wild oat seed rain was similar among all herbicide treatments, except plots treated with fenoxaprop-P once at 25 and 33% rates where seed rain was higher and equal to 47% of untreated plots. Wheat yields and net returns were highest and similar after treatment with CGA-184927 or ICIA 0604 applied either once at the labeled rate or split applied at 25 or 33% rates.
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Heard, M. S., C. Hawes, G. T. Champion, S. J. Clark, L. G. Firbank, A. J. Haughton, A. M. Parish, et al. "Weeds in fields with contrasting conventional and genetically modified herbicide–tolerant crops. I. Effects on abundance and diversity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1439 (October 16, 2003): 1819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1402.
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We compared the seedbanks, seed rains, plant densities and biomasses of weeds under two contrasting systems of management in beet, maize and spring oilseed rape. Weed seedbank and plant density were measured at the same locations in two subsequent seasons. About 60 fields were sown with each crop. Each field was split, one half being sown with a conventional variety managed according to the farmer's normal practice, the other half being sown with a genetically modified herbicide–tolerant (GMHT) variety, with weeds controlled by a broad–spectrum herbicide. In beet and rape, plant densities shortly after sowing were higher in the GMHT treatment. Following weed control in conventional beet, plant densities were approximately one–fifth of those in GMHT beet. In both beet and rape, this effect was reversed after the first application of broad–spectrum herbicide, so that late–season plant densities were lower in the GMHT treatments. Biomass and seed rain in GMHT crops were between one–third and one–sixth of those in conventional treatments. The effects of differing weed–seed returns in these two crops persisted in the seedbank: densities following the GMHT treatment were about 20% lower than those following the conventional treatment. The effect of growing maize was quite different. Weed density was higher throughout the season in the GMHT treatment. Late–season biomass was 82% higher and seed rain was 87% higher than in the conventional treatment. The difference was not subsequently detectable in the seedbank because the total seed return was low after both treatments. In all three crops, weed diversity was little affected by the treatment, except for transient effects immediately following herbicide application.
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Reynolds, P. E., J. C. Scrivener, L. B. Holtby, and P. D. Kingsbury. "Review and synthesis of Carnation Creek herbicide research." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69323-3.
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Carnation Greek Watershed (48°54′N,125°01′W), located on the west coast of Vancouver Island, was aerially treated with glyphosate (ROUNDUP1) in September 1984. Various chemical and biological studies were conducted for up to 3 years after the treatment in order to study the environmental fate and impacts of the herbicide in a temperate coastal rain forest. In tributaries oversprayed with the herbicide, impacts on coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and other aquatic organisms were short-term, and the impacts were considered to be acceptable. Residue movements within the watershed and residue inputs into the aquatic ecosystem were monitored in relation to autumn and winter storms. Glyphosate residues rapidly dissipated and degraded in the natural environment. After 1 year, remaining residues were strongly adsorbed to organic matter, soil particles, and/or stream bottom sediments, where they appeared to be inactivated and immobilized. Key words: ROUNDUP, glyphosate, environmental fate, aquatic impacts, herbicide efficacy, residues, coho salmon, buffer strips.
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Bryson, Charles T. "Effects of Rainfall on Foliar Herbicides Applied to Seedling Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)." Weed Technology 2, no. 2 (April 1988): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003030x.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of rainfall on the efficacy of 11 foliar-applied herbicides were evaluated for their control of seedling johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. # SORHA] in greenhouse experiments during 1984 and 1985 at Stoneville, MS. Time intervals between herbicide application and rainfall (at 1.27 cm in 10 ± 0.5 min) ranged from 5 to 60 and 30 to 240 min depending on herbicide classification. In general, the phosphonic acid herbicides glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and SC-0224 (trimethylsulfonium carboxymethylaminomethylphosphonate) at 0.99 kg ai/ha required rain-free periods ≥240 min to control seedling johnsongrass effectively. The selective postemergence grass herbicides generally required ≥60 min to control seedling johnsongrass effectively when control without rainfall was ≥85%. Among the selective herbicides tested, haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} and DPX-Y6202 {ethyl[2-[4-(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propionic acid} at 0.06 kg ae/ha required the shortest time between herbicide application and rainfall to be effective. As herbicide rates were reduced, the effects of rainfall increased.
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Tironi, S. P., L. Galon, A. T. Faria, A. F. Belo, A. A. Silva, and M. H. P. Barbosa. "Efficiency of a reduced herbicide rate for Brachiaria brizantha control in sugarcane." Planta Daninha 30, no. 4 (December 2012): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582012000400013.
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At different growth stages, weeds present different sensitivities to herbicides. Thus, the registered herbicide rate may be reduced under specific conditions, while maintaining satisfactory weed control. This study evaluated the efficiency of reduced rates of the formulated herbicide mixture Velpar K WG® (hexazinone + diuron) + Volcane® (MSMA) for Brachiaria brizantha control at different growth stages. Optimum weed control efficiency was obtained when applying 50% of the recommended rate in younger plants (plants with one to four leaves). In late applications, it is necessary to increase the herbicide rates and, under these conditions, 90% of the recommended rate for (diuron + hexazinone) + MSMA was estimated to be the most economical one.
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Assis, E. C., A. A. Silva, L. D'Antonino, M. E. L. R. Queiroz, and L. C. Barbosa. "Leaching of Picloram in ultisol under different rainfall volumes." Planta Daninha 29, spe (2011): 1129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582011000500021.
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The present study aimed to evaluate the leaching potential of Picloram in Ultisol columns under different rainfall amounts. For such, 30 treatments were evaluated (one soil associated with three levels of rainfall and ten depths).The experiments were arranged in a split-plot design, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. PVC columns of 10 cm in diameter and 50 cm in length were filled with these soils, moistened, and placed upright for 48 hours to drain the excess water. The herbicide was applied and rainfall simulations were carried out at specified intensities, according to the treatments, to force Picloram leaching. After 72 hours, all the columns were arranged in a horizontal position and opened lengthwise. Then, soil sampling was carried out every 5 cm of depth for subsequent herbicide extraction and quantification and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. The remaining soil samples were placed in plastic pots, and, at the respective depths, the indicator species Cucumis sativus was sown. Twenty-one days after the emergence (DAE) of the indicator plants, evaluations were conducted to verify the symptoms of toxicity caused by Picloram in the plants. It was concluded that Picloram leaching is directly dependent on the volume of rain applied. The herbicide reached the deepest regions in the soil with the highest intensity of rain. The results obtained by bioassay were in agreement with those found by liquid chromatography.
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da Costa, Yanna Karoline Santos, Francisco Cláudio Lopes de Freitas, Hellen Martins da Silveira, Roxana Stefane Mendes Nascimento, Carlos Sigueyuki Sediyama, and Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz. "Herbicide selectivity on macauba seedlings and weed control efficiency." Industrial Crops and Products 154 (October 2020): 112725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112725.
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Metlina, G. V., and S. A. Vasilchenko. "The efficiency of the herbicide ‘Ballerina’ on grain sorghum." Grain Economy of Russia 1, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2021-73-1-68-72.
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The current paper has presented the study results of the effect of different dosages of the herbicide ‘Ballerina SE’ on the weediness of sorghum sowing, as well as the economic efficiency of the application. The purpose of the study was to estimate the efficiency of the use of the herbicide ‘Ballerina’ on grain sorghum and its effect on the weediness of the sowing and the amount of productivity. The field trials were carried out in 2017–2019 in the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (Zernograd). The experimental plot is located in the southern agricultural zone of the Rostov region (with insufficient and unstable moisture). The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem) on forestry loams, with 3.2% of humus, 18.5–20.0 mg of P2O5 and 342–360 mg of K2O per kg of soil. The hydrothermal coefficient during the years of study ranged from 0.32 to 0.89, which characterized the insufficient moisture supply of the growing season. There was presented the information on the varietal composition of grain sorghum in the southern zone of the Rostov region. The applied dosages of the herbicide had a significant effect on the reduction of the weediness of grain sorghum after their application (the decrease ranged from 78.3 to 96.7%). The greatest decrease in weediness was noted for dicotyledonous weeds. When using 0.5–l of the herbicide ‘Ballerina SE’ per ha, there was obtained the highest conditional net income of 22,230 rubles/ha, with the lowest production cost of 4,329 rubles/ha and the highest profitability level of 163%.
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Squires, Caleb C., Guy RY Coleman, John C. Broster, Christopher Preston, Peter Boutsalis, Mechelle J. Owen, Adam Jalaludin, and Michael J. Walsh. "Increasing the value and efficiency of herbicide resistance surveys." Pest Management Science 77, no. 9 (March 15, 2021): 3881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.6333.
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Shahbazi, Saeed, Marjan Diyanat, Sareh Mahdavi, and Soheida Samadi. "Broadleaf weed control in rain-fed chickpea." Weed Technology 33, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.40.
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AbstractWeeds are among the main limitations on chickpea production in Iran. The efficacy of herbicide treatments including linuron PPI, imazethapyr PPI, PRE, and POST, pendimethalin PPI and POST, bentazon POST, pyridate POST, and oxadiazon POST along with one or two hand weedings were evaluated for weed control and yield response in rain-fed chickpea in Aleshtar, Lorestan, Iran in 2015 and 2016. Wild safflower, threehorn bedstraw, wild mustard, and hoary cress were the predominant weed species in both experimental years. Total weed dry biomass in weedy check plots averaged 187 and 238 g m−2 in 2015 and 2016, respectively, and weed density and biomass were reduced in all treatments compared to the weedy check in both years. Treatments composed of pyridate followed by one hand weeding or imazethapyr POST followed by two hand weedings resulted in the lowest weed biomass. The presence of weeds reduced yield by 74% and 66% in the weedy check plots compared to the weed-free control plots in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Application of oxadiazon, bentazon, and imazethapyr PPI, PRE, and POST resulted in lower chickpea yields. All herbicides tested injured chickpea slightly, with pyridate causing the least injury.
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Capel, Paul D., Lin Ma, Blaine R. Schroyer, Steven J. Larson, and Therese A. Gilchrist. "Analysis and Detection of the New Corn Herbicide Acetochlor in River Water and Rain." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 6 (June 1995): 1702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00006a039.
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James, T. K., and A. Rahman. "Efficacy of several organic herbicides and glyphosate formulations under simulated rainfall." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4322.
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Glasshouse studies were conducted to determine the efficacy and rainfast interval of several organic and glyphosatebased herbicides marketed for use in home gardens The test species used were white clover (Trifolium repens) annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and couch (Elytrigia repens) After spraying the 6weekold plants some pots were set aside and received no simulated rainfall while others were placed under the rainfall simulator (11 mm rain over 30 minutes) at 2 3 or 6 h after application Plants were visually assessed for herbicide efficacy and after 4 weeks all the new growth was harvested and dry matter measured Rainfall applied 2 or 3 h after application did not reduce the efficacy of organic herbicides In the case of glyphosate rain applied at 2 h after spraying reduced efficacy by 440 while rain 6 h after application reduced it by 020 depending on formulation and plant type
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Campbell, Robert A., and Craig A. Howard. "Priorities for forestry herbicide application technology research." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-273.
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A survey was conducted to determine research priorities for forest herbicide application technology research. It was sent to persons, primarily in Canada and the United States, with an interest in the topic (users, applicators, researchers, and regulators). Respondents indicated support for both aerial and ground application technology research. The top 10 priorities of all respondents combined for future herbicide application technology research were as follows: (1) determine appropriate scientifically-based buffer zones, (2) develop technology to allow the same efficacy with reduced active ingredient, (3) develop technology to allow the same efficacy with reduced spray volume, (4) determine the optimum drop size with regard to efficacy and drift, (5) improve "rainfastness" (resistance of spray deposit to being washed off by rain) of herbicides, (6) determine the effect of atmospheric stability and wind on herbicide drift, (7) determine the dose–response curve for environmental impact vs herbicide deposit, (8) determine the effect of temperature and relative humidity on deposit and efficacy, (9) develop atomizers capable of emitting narrow drop size spectra regardless of aircraft speed, and (10) determine the effect of temperature and relative humidity on drift. The problem of determining how to develop public support for aerial application of herbicides in forestry, although not really an application technology problem, ranked number 1 for Canadian users and aerial applicators, and number 4 for U.S. users.
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Shyta, О. "Protection of planting of potatoes from segetal vegetation." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 3-4 (March 20, 2019): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.3-4.4-6.
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Goal. To investigate measures of limiting the number of weeds in planting potatoes on the yield of culture.
Methods. Field, comparative and analytical.
Results. The data of technical and economic efficiency of application in landings of potatoes of soil and insurance herbicides, as well as their mixtures are given. It was established that the application after formation of the crests of soil herbicide Zenkor Likvid SC in the normal rate of 1.1 l/ ha provided technical efficiency in 30 days at 77.8%, but did not provide full protection of planting of potato from cereal weeds. Spraying to seedlings with herbicide Zenkor Liquid SC normally consumes 1.1 l/ha and the introduction of Panther antimicrobial herbicide during the period of vegetation, the normally consumes 2.0 l / hectares provided technical efficiency in 30 days at 88.9%. Application in the growing season of the herbicide mixture culture Zenkor Liquid SC + Titus 25, WG in the norms of consumption of 0.2 l/ha + 30 g/ha + surfactant Trend 90, 200 ml / hectare provided technical efficiency at the level of 94.4% for the height of plants of culture 5—10 cm, and at for plant height 10—15 cm — 86.1%. Technical efficiency of the herbicide Titus 25, WG Normally, the consumption of 50 g/ha + surfactant Trend 90, 200 ml/ha was 88.9%, 30 days after spraying, and manual gutting — 80.6%. In variants with application of herbicides yield of potatoes at the level of 18.4—22.0 t/ ha was obtained, in the manual with manual propelling — 18.6 t/ ha, with a yield of 11.2 t/ha.
Conclusions. To reduce segetal vegetation in potato positions and obtain high yields of tubers it is expedient to spray with soil herbicide Zenkor Liquid SC after the formation of crests to the seedlings of the culture and weeds, the COP normally consumes 1.1 l/ha (metrubuzin, 600 g/l) and in Period of vegetation with herbicide against cereal weeds. During the growing season of potatoes, at a height of culture of 5—10 cm, when weed plants are in the initial stages of growth, landing is sprayed with a mixture of soil and insurance herbicide Zenkor Liquid SC + Titus 25, WG in reduced rates of spending.
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Morshed, MM, MN Bari, QA Khaliq, and MS Alam. "Effect of Nitrogen on Weed Infestation and Performance of Boro Rice Under Two Selected Herbicides." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 18, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v18i2.28906.
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A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur from November 2013 to May 2014 to determine the effect of nitrogen and herbicide on weed infestation and performance of Boro rice (cv. BRRIdhan28). Five nitrogen doses i.e. 0 , 50.6 , 101.2 , 151.8 and 202.4 kg ha-1 under selected pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides along with one weed free and control (unweeded) treatment were imposed in the experiment. Nine weed species was found to dominate in the experimental plots where Scirpus maritimus L. showed the maximum visual abundance (58%) followed by Leersia hexandra sw., Paspalam distichum L. and Fimbristylis miliacea L. Post-emergence herbicide contributed to higher control efficiency than that in pre-emergence herbicide. Post-emergence herbicide without receiving nitrogen showed the highest weed control efficiency (97.39) at 60 days after transplanting. Treatment receiving N @ 200.4 kg ha-1 under post-emergence herbicide showed the highest number of tiller per hill (13.00), total dry matter (1568.6 g m-2), panicles per hill (10.60), filled grains per panicle (125.20) and grain yield (6.46 t/ha). N-dose 151.8 kg ha-1 under postemergence herbicide contributed to the second highest grain yield (6.41 t ha-1) with the highest benefit cost ratio of 1.60 but 50.6 kg N ha-1 under post-emergence herbicide showed the maximum Nitrogen use efficiency of 0.49. The study revealed that nitrogen dose up to 151.8 kg ha-1 might be increased above the recommended dose under coverage of a suitable post-emergence herbicide for profitable rice production.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2015, 18(2): 53-63
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Paoli, Gary D., Lisa M. Curran, and Donald R. Zak. "PHOSPHORUS EFFICIENCY OF BORNEAN RAIN FOREST PRODUCTIVITY: EVIDENCE AGAINST THE UNIMODAL EFFICIENCY HYPOTHESIS." Ecology 86, no. 6 (June 2005): 1548–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/04-1126.
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Hoverstad, Thomas R., Jeffrey L. Gunsolus, Gregg A. Johnson, and Robert P. King. "Risk-Efficiency Criteria for Evaluating Economics of Herbicide-Based Weed Management Systems in Corn." Weed Technology 18, no. 3 (September 2004): 687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-152r2.
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Evaluation of economic outcome associated with a given weed management system is an important component in the decision-making process within crop production systems. The objective of this research was to investigate how risk-efficiency criteria could be used to improve herbicide-based weed management decision making, assuming different risk preferences among growers. Data were obtained from existing weed management trials in corn conducted at the University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center at Waseca. Weed control treatments represented a range of practices including one-pass soil-applied, one-pass postemergence, and sequential combinations of soil and postemergence herbicide application systems. Analysis of risk efficiency across 23 herbicide-based weed control treatments was determined with the mean variance and stochastic dominance techniques. We show how these techniques can result in different outcomes for the decision maker, depending on risk attitudes. For example, mean variance and stochastic dominance techniques are used to evaluate risk associated with one- vs. two-pass herbicide treatments with and without cultivation. Based on these analyses, it appears that a one-pass system is preferred by a risk-averse grower. However, we argue that this may not be the best option considering potential changes in weed emergence patterns, application timing concerns, etc. The techniques for economic analysis of weed control data outlined in this article will help growers match herbicide-based weed management systems to their own production philosophies based on economic risk.
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Smeda, Reid J., and Alan R. Putnam. "Influence of Temperature, Rainfall, Grass Species, and Growth Stage on Efficacy of Fluazifop." Weed Technology 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025525.
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Field experiments were initiated to determine the efficacy of fluazifop as influenced by growth stage for green, yellow, and giant foxtail, large crabgrass, and Japanese millet. Additionally, the influence of air temperature and simulated rainfall on fluazifop efficacy for green foxtail and Japanese millet was determined by greenhouse and growth-room experiments. In both 1983 and 1984, fluazifop activity was reduced as the growth stage increased from 3- to 5- to 7-leaf for all species. Significant differences among species in susceptibility to fluazifop were evident with the descending order of tolerance: green foxtail > large crabgrass > yellow foxtail > giant foxtail > Japanese millet. Increasing the air temperature from 18 to 30 C reduced fluazifop control of green foxtail at herbicide rates less than 0.14 kg ai/ha but did not affect Japanese millet. A 1- to 2-h rain-free interval was required for optimum control of green foxtail and Japanese millet at 0.07 kg/ha fluazifop; the interval was reduced to 45 and 15 min, respectively, when fluazifop rates were 0.14 kg/ha. The longer rain-free interval required for optimum control of green foxtail compared to Japanese millet may reflect a slower rate of herbicide absorption in green foxtail.
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Peressotti, A. "A new ecological parameter: the maximum rain-use efficiency." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 1, no. 1 (October 12, 2004): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0193-001.
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Huxman, Travis E., Melinda D. Smith, Philip A. Fay, Alan K. Knapp, M. Rebecca Shaw, Michael E. Loik, Stanley D. Smith, et al. "Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency." Nature 429, no. 6992 (June 2004): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02561.
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Zhou, Bin, Duanyang Liu, and Wenlian Yan. "A Simple New Method for Calculating Precipitation Scavenging Effect on Particulate Matter: Based on Five-Year Data in Eastern China." Atmosphere 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060759.
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A “rain-only” method is proposed to find out the precipitation effect on particle aerosol removal from the atmosphere, and this method is not only unique and novel but also very simple and can be easily adapted to predict aerosol particle scavenging over any region across the world irrespective of the topographical, orographical, and climatic features. By using this simple method, the influences of the rain intensity and particle mass concentration on the aerosol scavenging efficiency are discussed. The results show that a higher concentration, a higher rain intensity, and a larger particle size lead to a higher scavenging efficiency and a higher scavenging rate. The greater the rain intensity, the higher the scavenging efficiency. The scavenging efficiency of PM10 by precipitation is better than that of PM2.5. When the rain intensity is 10 mm h−1, the scavenging efficiency of PM2.5 reaches 5.1 μg m−3 h−1, and the scavenging efficiency of PM10 reaches 15.8 μg m−3 h−1. The scavenging rate increases faster when accumulative precipitation is below 15 mm. The scavenging rate has obvious monthly variation, and the scavenging rate of coastal areas is less than that of inland Jiangsu. The growth of the particle mass concentration after precipitation is divided into two stages: the rapid growth stage after precipitation ends, and the slow growth stage about 24 h after precipitation ends.
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Shaner, D. "Herbicide-resistant crops in resistant weed management : An industrial perspective." Comptes rendus 75, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706074ar.
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Some of the first products of biotechnology to reach the marketplace have been herbicide-resistant crops. Industry sees the development of herbicide-resistant varieties as a way to increase the availability of proven herbicides for a broader range of crops. However, the development of herbicide- resistant crops requires special attention to potential environmental questions such as herbicide usage, selection of resistant weed biotypes and spread of resistance from the resistant crop to wild species. Industry is actively addressing these concerns during the process of development. Proper development and use of herbicide-resistant crops in integrated weed management programs will provide farmers with increased flexibility, efficiency, and decreased cost in their weed control practices without increasing the risk of herbicide-resistant weeds. Furthermore, herbicide-resistant crops should prove to be valuable tools in managing herbicide- resistant weeds.
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OPATA, PATIENCE IFEYINWA, NOBLE JACKSON NWEZE, ADAKU BRIGET EZEIBE, and MAMUN MALLAM. "EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATED AND RAIN-FED RICE (ORYZA SATIVA) PRODUCERS IN FADAMA AGRICULTURE, NIGERIA." Experimental Agriculture 55, no. 04 (June 25, 2018): 597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479718000212.
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SUMMARYGiven the importance of irrigation for rice production, this study compared the technical efficiency of irrigated and rain-fed rice (Oryza sativa) farms in the Upper Niger River Basin and Rural Development Authority (UNRBDA), Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 300 irrigators and 325 rain-fed rice producers. Applying the stochastic frontier Cobb–Douglas production function, net income analysis and Likert scale rating techniques, the study found that irrigated scheme increased marginal factor productivity and profitability. The study revealed the existence of large technical inefficiency in rain-fed farms when compared with irrigated farms. This suggests that there is room for output gains through technical efficiency improvement in the rain-fed system. The mean value of the marginal physical product of inputs (VMPPX) in the irrigated farms (₦2.32) was more than that of rain-fed farm (₦1.67). Thus, if the average producers in the rain-fed are to achieve the technical efficiency level of the average producer in the irrigated farms, they can realize 38% output gains. Similarly, the mean net farm income (NFI) of ₦62,280.00 per ha in the irrigated farm was more than double of that of rain-fed farms ₦22,391.00. The partial regression coefficients for the individual production factors (β1) and (β3) for labour input (X1) and other variable inputs (X3), respectively, were positive and significant at 1% level, suggesting that the partial elasticity of crop output with respect to labour and other costs was higher in the irrigated farms than in the rain-fed farms. The Likert scale rating techniques showed that the poor knowledge of irrigation techniques, insufficient water for irrigation during the dry season, high cost of labour and lack of access to credit were the critical constraints preventing the rain-fed rice producer from joining the irrigation scheme. In view of this, rice irrigators should be encouraged to train more rain-fed farmers on some rudiments of irrigation techniques. They should also be linked to the sources of finance. Water Users Association (WUA) should be established in communities within the scheme areas for effective communication between farmers and the officials of the UNRBDA. Decision on the allocation of resources to Fadama sites including water should be given to WUA to strengthen the membership of the organization, while the government officials serve as supervisory and advisory body.