Academic literature on the topic 'Herbert Moran'

In May 1940, Sir Charles McMoran Wilson (later Lord Moran) was on the instigation of Lord Max Beaverbrook and Brendan Bracken, (both patients, then friends of Wilson) introduced to Winston Churchill. Thereafter, he remained Churchill’s personal physician until Churchill’s death. In his controversial book detailing Winston Churchill’s health, Lord Moran refers briefly to two doctors resident in Monaco, who were involved in the management of Churchill’s declining health from 1949. One was Scottish, Herbert Robert Burnett Gibson and the other Welsh, Dafydd Myrddin Roberts. The military and civilian careers of these doctors are profiled here.

RESUMOEste artigo tem o escopo de apresentar o pensamento do jusfilósofo inglês Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart (1907-1992), no que tange à conceituação do Direito e sua relação com a Moral. Palavras-chave: Direito. Moral. Pensamento Jusfilosófico. ABSTRACTThis article has the scope to present the thinking of the English philosopher Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart (1907-1992), regarding the conceptualization of Law and its relation to Morals. Keywords: Law. Moral. Jusfilosófico Thought.

Abstract In Great Expectations (1860–61), Pip and Herbert’s formal introduction to each other in London is a rare occasion on which Pip discloses his first name to someone else, and even more unexpectedly, accepts a blacksmith-related nickname with alacrity. Herbert asks Pip to address him on a first-name basis, and Pip, in return, reveals his first name Philip. Herbert dislikes this name, for ‘it sounds like a moral boy out of a spelling book’. Instead, he proposes a familiar name ‘Handel’, namesake of the famous composer. While previous scholarship has extensively explored the various possible connotations of ‘Pip’ and ‘Handel’, it has not adequately examined the connection between ‘Handel’ and Dickens’s passing comment on spelling books. This paper examines the complex intertextuality between Dickens’s novels and spelling books. For Dickens, the spelling book not only represents an unpleasant type of elementary schoolbook or an undesirable method of teaching; it stands for the arbitrary blend of literacy training and moral cultivation. Although Dickens welcomed both of these undertakings, he objected to the common pedagogical practice of learning to read by memorizing moral tales. As he implies in Great Expectations, a good moral tale should be morally ambivalent and narratively sophisticated. Instead of being memorized and taken for granted like a spelling-book text, it should elicit empathy and encourage idiosyncratic interpretation. The spelling-book mentality is a predicament for a novel writer, and a hurdle in the way of sympathetic reading of a novel. A novel may be moralistic, but it belongs first and foremost to the realm of knowledge and experience, rather than the vacuum of innocence.

Em seu trabalho educacional central, Pedagogia geral derivada do fim da educação (1806), J. F. Herbart não desenvolveu explicitamente uma teoria da escuta, entretanto, seu conceito de professor como um guia no desenvolvimento moral do educando, fornece percepções valiosas sobre a dimensão moral da escuta inerente à interação professor-aluno. A teoria de Herbart questiona radicalmente a linearidade assumida entre escuta e obediência à autoridade externa, não apenas iluminando distinções importantes entre socialização e educação, mas também ressaltando as consequências para nossa compreensão do papel da escuta nas relações educacionais. Nesta investigação argumenta-se que a escuta crítica no ensino contribui para a educação moral e o desenvolvimento do aluno. Para tanto, examina-se a visão de Herbart sobre a tarefa do professor como um guia moral no campo da educação moral. Sustenta-se que reexaminar a teoria da educação de Herbart (uma teoria que é, majoritariamente, não mais discutida na filosofia educacional anglo-americana) pode ser producente à nossa compreensão da educação moral em sociedades democráticas e plurais.

The moral and political thought of Herbert Spencer is usually associated with some form of evolutionism. This is unsurprising, since Spencer himself thought of his ideas as founded on evolutionary theory. But it is regrettable, because no one believes in Spencer's form of evolutionism any more, and even if they did, they would not think that it supported his views in the way that he confidently believed. And so Spencer has been largely neglected since his death. His libertarianism is thought to be without foundation, and so few have thought it worth study. But in this paper I try to show that Spencer's moral and political conclusions can be based on some of the non-evolutionary arguments that he offered. Although these arguments are not entirely compelling, they have force in a way that his evolutionary claims do not.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) foi um proeminente escritor e um dos maiores intelectuais europeus do movimento positivista do século XIX. Filósofo, sociólogo, biólogo, educador e cientista, fortemente influenciado pela teoria da evolução de Charles Darwin, foi também autor de prolíficas obras filosóficas e educativas, como Os Princípios da Sociologia, A Educação Intelectual, Moral e Física. Do livro intitulado The Philosophy of Style, publicado originalmente na Inglaterra, em 1852, apresenta-se as traduções de seis ensaios filosófico-literários ao português brasileiro, nos quais Spencer discorreu sobre a aplicação da economia às palavras, ao texto literário e traços peculiares da linguagem estética.Palavras-chave: Herbert Spencer. Filosofia. Linguagem. Estilo.

This research aims to find out whether the socialization of moral values through film "There is Heaven in Yours Home" succeed in instilling moral values to students. This study used a descriptive approach to the qualitative methods. The theory used is George Herbert Mead's theory of stages of socialization and Abudin Natta about the scope of moral values. The results showed that the socialization of moral values through film "There is Heaven in Yours Home" it's been successful. Look how many informants were inspired by the movie how many informants that implement moral values on the movie in everyday life and how many informants convey these values to other individuals. Keywords: Film, Socializing Movie, Morals Values Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah sosialisasi nilai-nilai akhlak melalui film “Ada Surga Dirumahmu” dapat berhasil dalam menanamkan nilai-nilai akhlak kepada pelajar. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitati dan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori George Herbert Mead tentang tahapan-tahapan sosialisasi dan Abudin Natta tentang ruang lingkup nilai-nilai akhlak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sosialisasi nilai-nilai akhlak melalui film “Ada Surga Dirumahmu” sudah cukup berhasil. Terlihat dari seberapa banyak informan yang terinspirasi dengan film seberapa banyak informan yang mengimpelementasikan nilai-nilai akhlak pada film “Ada Surga Dirumahmu” dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan seberapa banyak informan yang menyampaikan nilai tersebut kepada individu lainnya. Kata Kunci : Film, Sosialisasi Film, Nilai-Nilai Akhlak

This essay explores the influence of contemporary values in two iterations of the Greek Prometheus myth and argues that the events portrayed in the two texts follow the structure of the myth and that the discourse in the texts shows traces of contemporary moral values. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818) is used as a starting point, but the focus is on Howard Phillip Lovecraft’s “Herbert West: Reanimator” (1922) as a later iteration of the Prometheus myth.The method for comparison is centred on disassembling the texts in accordance with the instructions found in Mieke Bal’s Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative (1997) to form tables of events. The functions of the events found in the Prometheus myth will then be used to sort the events from Lovecraft’s and Shelley’s work to assert focal points for comparing the moral values in the discourse.

A presente dissertação de mestrado tenta estabelecer como e em qual medida o Conceito de Direito de Herbert Hart é influenciado por teorias da linguagem do século XX. Com este objetivo, são primeiro analisadas as passagens do livro e as considerações do autor que indicam uma influência de teses próprias da filosofia da linguagem em sua obra. Após, são expostas algumas intepretações do tema, tanto no sentido de concordar que existe esta relação entre as teses de Hart e a filosofia da linguagem do século 20, quanto no sentido de negar este vínculo. Especial atenção é atribuída a interpretação de Ronald Dworkin do tema, tendo em vista a sua relevância histórica e o fato do autor reconhecer a vinculação referida e a utilizá-la como base para críticas das teses do Conceito de direito. Estabelecidas estas interpretações divergentes, são então expostas as principais ideias e propostas dos filósofos da linguagem do ambiente acadêmico de Oxford, tendo em vista a relação e proximidade de Hart a estes autores. Expostas estas teses, diferentes pontos da carreira bibliográfica de Hart são analisados, com o objetivo de traçar a relação dos escritos do autor com as teorias recém vistas e de tentar estabelecer a evolução da linha argumentativa que culminou no Conceito de Direito. Uma vez que os argumentos dessa obra forem analisados e um entendimento específico dessas teses for defendido, as críticas de Dworkin e de outros autores são revistas. Este exercício, por fim, mostra como o entendimento defendido neste trabalho serve também como defesa contra algumas caracterizações da obra de Hart que considero equivocadas.
The main goal of this paper is to establish to what extent the work “The Concept of Law” was influenced by philosophical theories of language from the 20th century. First are considered some passages of this work, together with some pronouncements of its author Herbert Hart that appear to confirm that his theses were so influenced. Then are shown some interpretations that recognize the influence between the author and theses from the philosophy of language, together with other interpretations that deny this relationship. Special attention is given to the perception of Ronald Dworkin of the subject given its historical relevance and the fact that it recognize a relationship between these theses and uses it as basis for criticism of the arguments expressed in The Concept of Law. Once these distinctive interpretations are stablished, the main ideas and goals of the Oxford language philosophers, given their relationship and proximity to Hart, are exposed. Once these theses are dealt with, varied moments of the bibliography of Herbert Hart are considered in order to show the connection between his works and the language theses here exposed. After these point are considered and a distinct understanding of the subject is developed the criticism of Dworkin and other authors are retaken. This last point aims to show how the understanding developed in this paper also develops a defense of Hart’s theory from some mischaracterizations of his work.

Cette thèse porte sur la philosophie pénale de Herbert Hart, c’est-à-dire sur ses réflexions au sujet de la définition de la peine, de la justification de la peine, de la responsabilité pénale et de la détermination de la peine en qualité et en quantité. Nous soutenons que Hart ne défend ni une théorie mixte de la peine, ni une forme d’utilitarisme de la règle, ni une forme d’utilitarisme libéral, ni une approche goal / constraint. Son approche est pluraliste. En effet, son pluralisme des valeurs, très proche de celui d’Isaiah Berlin, lui permet de résoudre la tension entre la justification utilitariste de la peine et certains principes de justice concernant la responsabilité pénale (par exemple, ne pas punir ceux qui n’auraient pas pu agir autrement) et la détermination de la peine (par exemple, ne pas infliger des peines disproportionnées). Par ailleurs, son pluralisme des formes de raison morale lui permet d’admettre une pluralité de justifications de la peine qui ne sont pas du même type (la justification utilitariste, celle fondée sur le droit spécial a l’obéissance des désobéissants, celle fondée sur le droit général a un niveau raisonnable de sécurité) et d’expliquer comment la commission d’une infraction peut en elle-même justifier l’infliction d’une sanction. Tout au long de cette thèse, nous analysons les rapports complexes entre Hart et la tradition utilitariste (en particulier Bentham et Mill). Même si Hart a indéniablement une dette envers l’utilitarisme, il ne cesse de critiquer son monisme et la tentative de fonder l’ensemble de nos convictions morales bien pesées sur le principe d’utilité. En outre, nous essayons de montrer que la philosophie du langage ordinaire a eu une influence non négligeable sur sa philosophie pénale, même si cette influence est moins visible que dans sa théorie générale du droit. Enfin, nous accordons une attention particulière au débat Hart/Wootton dont les enjeux ont été sous-estimés : la question du choix entre un système pénal base sur des peines et un système préventif base sur des mesures, selon nous, reste ouverte. Cette thèse ne vise pas uniquement à corriger les mauvaises interprétations de la philosophie pénale de Hart. Elle cherche également à approfondir les idées qu’il a seulement esquissées, à clarifier les principes qu’il a défendus, à mettre en évidence les points faibles de sa pensée et à mettre de l’ordre dans ses réflexions. En ce sens, elle est autant la lecture d’une œuvre qu’un dialogue avec celle-ci
This dissertation focuses on Herbert Hart’s penal philosophy, i.e. his thoughts on the definition of punishment, justification of punishment, criminal responsibility, and sentencing. We argue that Hart defends neither a mixed theory of punishment, nor a form of rule-utilitarianism, nor a form of liberal utilitarianism, nor a goal/constraint approach. His approach is pluralist. Indeed, his value pluralism, very close to that of Isaiah Berlin, allows him to resolve the tension between the utilitarian justification of punishment and certain principles of justice concerning criminal responsibility (e.g. not punishing those who could not have acted otherwise) and sentencing (e.g. not inflicting disproportionate punishments). In addition, his pluralism about forms of moral reason enables him to admit a plurality of justifications of punishment that are not of the same type (the utilitarian justification, that based on the special right to the obedience of disobedient persons, that based on the general right to a reasonable level of security) and to explain how the commission of an offence may in itself justify the imposition of a sanction. Throughout this dissertation, we analyse the complex relationship between Hart and the utilitarian tradition (particularly Bentham and Mill). Although Hart undeniably owes a debt to utilitarianism, he is a constant critic of its monism and the attempt to base all of our considered moral convictions on the principle of utility. Moreover, we try to show that ordinary language philosophy has had a significant influence on his penal philosophy, even if this influence is less visible than in his jurisprudence. Finally, we pay particular attention to the Hart/Wootton debate, the stakes of which have been underestimated: the question of the choice between a penal system based on punishment and a preventive system based on measures, in our view, remains open. This dissertation is not only intended to correct the misinterpretations of Hart’s penal philosophy. It also seeks to deepen the ideas he only sketched out, to clarify the principles he defended, to highlight the weaknesses in his thinking, to put his thoughts in order. In this sense, it as much the reading of a work as a dialogue with it

Entre avril et juin 2008, le prix des commodités (blé, maïs, riz) a atteint un niveau impressionnant, mais pas exceptionnel. Les populations de 48 pays ont été affectées par une sévère sous-alimentation. La plupart d’entre eux avait déjà été affaiblie par des conflits et des catastrophes naturelles inhabituelles et dramatiques. Ces facteurs ont souvent interagi pour aggraver la situation. Pourtant, si la crise de 2007-2008 a été un «problème extraordinaire», c’est aussi parce que la connaissance scientifique «normale» a échoué face à la complexité de la «poly-crises» alimentaire (Morin, 2011). En réponse, nous avons conçu un cadre épistémologique, méthodologique, et technique, à partir de deux approches face à la complexité, celles de Hayek (1899-1992) et de Simon (1916-2001), avec un objectif, satisfaire au critère de cumulativité, un reproche traditionnellement adressé à ce type d’approche. Ce travail a produit deux enseignements. Premièrement, les fondements épistémologiques de la production de la connaissance en économie doivent être révisés en environnement complexe et incertain: 1) du certain/de l’objectif vers l’incertain/le subjectif; 2) de la prédiction exacte vers la conception; 3) de la causalité linéaire inappropriée, ou pire, menaçant la liberté individuelle, vers une causalité complexe. Deuxièmement, dans le processus d’adaptation, le rôle de la production et du partage de la connaissance «tacite» est central. Pour cette raison, le problème économique n’est plus un problème d’allocation des ressources. Il est de savoir comment des êtres humains aux capacités cognitives «limitées» computent et socialisent (Nonaka et alii, 1994, 2001) la connaissance et l’information disponibles, mais dispersées, pour la convertir en heuristiques ou patterns favorisant l’adaptation. Deux autres hypothèses les renforcent : 1) les dynamiques du changement s’enracinent «dans la pensée et la créativité des gens impliqués dans des situations complexes et dans leur capacité à restructurer leurs propres modèles d’interactions», (Ostrom, 2011) ; 2) l’altruisme réciproque (Simon, 1992, 1993) est un comportement rationnel qui peut être plus efficient dans les interactions sociales en environnement complexe que le comportement maximisateur ou égoïste. Ces résultats ont été synthétisés dans une interface que nous avons créée et qui a pris la forme d’une boucle de la connaissance à deux allèles, une pour la connaissance générique, l’autre, pour la tacite, qui, par récursion, produisent une méta-connaissance. Cette interface est à la fois ouverte et fermée et reflète ainsi la position défendue par Hayek et Simon pour qui la science économique est une «science frontière». Une part de la recherche est consacrée à la création d’outils, par exemple à un indicateur de perception de la contribution des facteurs au déclenchement et/ou à l’aggravation de la crise, à partir : 1) des allocutions des 138 Chefs d’État et de Gouvernement présents à la Conférence de Haut Niveau sur la Sécurité alimentaire mondiale (3-5 juin 2008) ; 2) des analyses des économistes, 3) des témoignages des gens qui ont subi la sous-nutrition ou la hausse des prix des denrées alimentaires (database IRIN). Nous proposons également une typologie actualisée des policy-mix mis en œuvre par 18 pays divisés en 3 groupes : des pays en développement, pour la plupart importateurs nets, sévèrement touchés par la crise et qui ont connu des «émeutes de la faim» (Égypte, Tunisie, Cameroun, Côte d’Ivoire, Sénégal, Mauritanie, Haïti, Bangladesh) ; des pays Membres du groupe de Cairns ayant connu soit des «émeutes de la faim», soit des désordres sociaux (Indonésie, Philippines, Thaïlande, Afrique du Sud) ; enfin, des pays ayant adopté des restrictions et/ou prohibitions aux exportations (Chine, Inde, Indonésie, Égypte, Cambodge, Ukraine, Vietnam) [...]
Over the April-June 2008 period, prices of the commodities such as wheat, maize, rice and vegetable oils, reached impressive yet not exceptional peaks. By contrast, the populations of 48 countries were stricken by severe under nutrition. Most of them had already been weakened not only by conflicts, social disorders, dramatic and unusual climatic and natural disasters, but also by outbreaks, epizooties, and population displacements. In some cases, all these factors together played a significant role in the worsening situation. However, another important reason could be advanced to explain why the 2008 food crisis was an “extraordinary problem”. This one is that “normal” scientific knowledge was defeated by the complexity of what it appears now as a food “poly-crises” (Morin, 2011). We answered by designing an epistemological, methodological, and technical knowledge base from two very different and alternative economics approaches of facing complexity. The first is the Hayekian approach (1899-1992), and the second, the Simonian approach (1916-2001). The research intends to fulfill cumulativity criteria, traditionally difficult to satisfy with the ones of complexity. From the following analysis we mostly learned two things. First, epistemological grounds of economics needed to be broken in complex environment(s): 1) from certainty/objectivity to uncertainty/subjectivity, 2) from accurate prediction to design, 3) from linear causality deemed inappropriate or, worse, threatening people freedoms, to complex causality. Second, in the adaptation process, the role of “tacit” knowledge production and sharing is central. For that reason, the core of economics problem is not allocation of resources anymore. Now, the main problem for humans whose cognitive capacity are “bounded” is to compute, to “socialize” (Nonaka et alii, 1994, 2001), available but dispersed information and knowledge and to converse them into heuristics or patterns allowing the adaptation to complex and uncertain environment(s). Two others auxiliary hypotheses –E. Ostrom (2011) will endorse them later- can be drawn from that preliminary work: 1) the dynamics of change rooted “in the thinking and in the creativity of people involved in complex situations and their capacity to restructure their own models for interactions”, 2) reciprocal altruism (Simon, 1992, 1993) is a rational behavior which can be more effective in/for the social interactions in complex environment(s) than maximizing or selfish behavior. To present preliminary results in an effective way, we created a very simple interface scheme. It takes the form of a three-dimensional knowledge loop with two strands, “generic” and “tacit” knowledge connected between themselves to produce by recursion a meta-knowledge. We made the choice of the interface because it reflects with the most accuracy the position defended by Hayek and Simon which is that economics is a frontier science. Moreover, the interface has the advantage of being both open and closed. A part of the research is more specifically dedicated to design tools increasing the understanding of the “polyfood” crises. We elaborated a three-level indicator with: 1) perceptions of the contribution of each factor to the outbreak and the worsening of the situation; 2) contributions of actors to the explanation of the food crisis proposed in 2008. It was developed from: 1) a case study comparing and contrasting explanations proposed a) in their statements by 138 Heads of State and Government attended the High Level Conference on World Food Security (3-5 June 2008), b) in their analyses by economists, c) in their testimonies by people hit by under nutrition/rising food prices (database IRIN); 2) a new and more updated typology focused on the responses addressed by 18 countries split into 3 groups [...]

This is a work of moral psychology in the course of which is presented a theory on the nature of guilt. The point of departure is a psychological phenomenon that I call “scrupulousness.” Scrupulousness is present when someone is in doubt about the morality of a minor past action. He or she is obsessively driven to determine whether his act was right or wrong. The result for the individual is vexing preoccupation in a cycle of internal casuistry. I explain this unhappy phenomenon as the result of anxiety over guilt understood as moral staining. A moral stain is a persistent residue adhering to the self created by a past wrongful action. To better explain moral stains, I borrow Christine Korsgaard’s theory of personal identity as constituted by one’s choices. With the aid of Korsgaard’s theory, I then consider how a belief in guilt as moral staining accounts for the worry of the scrupulous person. The Postscript of the Report first considers whether scrupulousness is justified by the explanation I have furnished. I answer this question in the negative. I also consider how anticipation of scrupulous worry could drive a person away from morally ambiguous situations, sometimes preventing him from taking the correct course of action in a form of “moral cowardice.” The Postscript secondly explains the significance of investigating scrupulousness and moral staining for philosophers. I argue that moral staining captures important aspects of the phenomenology of guilt and that it correctly accounts for the reality of guilt as more than a mere psychological state or feeling. To exhibit these strengths of the moral staining view, I compare and criticize Herbert Morris’ prominent model of guilt as consisting in the severance of valued relationships.
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Members of the second generation of the English Musical Renaissance have long been associated with a break from the Teutonic influence of their predecessors to create a musical idiom that is quintessentially English. Scholarship has long looked at these composers, who include those born between Vaughan Williams and Moeran, in isolation from the artistic movements and political and social issues of Europe, when in fact they were part of them. This thesis places these composers within these currents by discussing them as part of England’s Lost Generation and within the historical contexts of Europe in the early twentieth century. Though the Lost Generation is often associated with the post-war period, I propose that the phenomenon existed prior to World War I by focussing on England’s aesthetic lostness in the late Victorian and Edwardian eras. The Lost Generation of composers inherited a musical culture that had been aesthetically lost for two hundred years and rebelled against it to define a musical idiom that was quintessentially English. After placing the second generation of the English Musical Renaissance within its historical contexts, I call into question previous discussions on English music that define it according to single definitions largely associated with the Pastoral School or the Folk School. Instead, I propose that the music of this generation was stylistically diverse while simultaneously a manifestation of common cultural influences, ultimately rooted in the goal of creating a sense of community. To support this claim, I discuss the various stylistic techniques of individual composers within their collective cultural influences, including the music of England’s past, the landscape, and English literature. Furthermore, I explore the role of musical community, both as a central goal in the creation of a national idiom and as a source of compositional inspiration. By examining the influences and compositional styles of these composers, I conclude that the music of this generation broke from Continental influences by developing a national idiom that was both stylistically unique to the individual composer and tied to common cultural influences that were rooted in the goal of creating a musical community within England. .
Graduate

There exist parallels between the Buddhist concept of Indra’s Net and the notion of moral perspective-taking. According to Alfred North Whitehead’s process metaphysics, the aesthetic continuum of nature is an organization of perspectives, whereby each occasion is akin to a Leibnizian monad, or metaphysical point, each functioning as a living mirror that reflects the entire universe from its own unique standpoint as a microcosm of the macrocosm. The metaphysical perspectivism underlying Whitehead’s ecological concept of nature along with a brief consideration of how Whitehead’s perspectivism illuminates the Japanese aesthetic concept of nature can be visualized by the poetic metaphor of Indra’s Net. Whitehead’s Leibnizian perspectivism was reformulated by George Herbert Mead, and later by Lawrence Kohlberg and Jürgen Habermas and can be integrated into an ethical procedure for moral perspective-taking, whereby free moral agents learn to put themselves into the perspectives of others in the community.

This chapter presents new findings about Maria von Herbert’s life. Building on this, an interpretation is offered of what she means when she calls upon Kant ‘for solace … or for counsel to prepare [her] for death’. It is then argued that Kant’s reply is more satisfactory than is commonly appreciated, as he explicitly defines the roles which he is prepared to adopt—that of a ‘moral physician’ and of a ‘mediator’—and thus the standards by which to judge his reply. Having said that, his letter does not address what has been viewed as a challenge to Kantian ethics. It is a matter of dispute what exactly this challenge consists in. This chapter identifies the challenge and the terms in which it is most productively stated. Finally, it provides sufficient reasons to establish that a portrait that resurfaced in November 2016 does indeed depict Maria von Herbert.

This chapter examines the last period of Herbart’s career, which is marked by his return to Göttingen in 1833. It considers the most important works of this period: Umriss pädagogischer Vorlesungen, Über Willensfreiheit und Determinismus, and the Analytische Beleuchtung des Naturrechts und der Moral. The final section considers Herbart’s participation in the controversy surrounding the protest of the seven Göttingen professors against the king’s abolition of the new progressive constitution.