Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Herbal preparation'

Hyperprolactinemia (hyperPRL) is a highly prevalent adverse side effect in antipsychotic therapy as most antipsychotic drugs are dopamine D2 receptor antagonists. Peony-Glycyrrhiza Decoction (PGD, 芍藥甘草湯) is a classic Chinese herbal formula initially used to treat muscle pain and spasm. Our pilot clinical studies have confirmed the effectiveness of PGD in alleviating antipsychotic-induced hyperPRL in patients with schizophrenia. In the present study, we further examined the effects of PGD, its individual herbal preparations and major compounds in suppressing prolactin (PRL) hyperactivity in in vitro and in vivo models and underlying mechanisms. PGD treatment significantly suppressed PRL secretion in MMQ cells, an exemplary model of hyperPRL that is derived from pituitary adenoma cells. PGD also suppressed PRL synthesis of MMQ cells in a dose-dependent manner; however, these suppressive effects were completely abolished by pretreatment with 10 μM haloperidol, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. PGD did not affect hyperactive PRL in GH3 cells that lack the D2 receptor expression, but PGD significantly increased the expressions of the D2 receptor and dopamine transporters (DAT) in PC12 cells. In the rat model of hyperPRL produced by repeated injection with the dopamine blocker metoclopramide (MCP), PGD (5 - 10 g/kg daily) treatment for 14 days significantly reduced elevated serum PRL and the reduced magnitude was similar to that of 0.6 mg/kg bromocriptine (BMT), a dopamine D2 receptor agonist used for treating hyperPRL. Both PGD and BMT did not alter serum estradiol, but PGD reversed MCP-induced decreased serum progesterone to control level, whereas BMT did not. Similar to BMT, PGD treatment displayed a great effect in reversing the MCP-induced reduction of the expressions of D2 receptor, DAT and tyrosine hydroxylase in both the pituitary and the hypothalamus, in particular the arcuate nucleus, but both had least effects on the expressions of PRL in the pituitary and hypothalamus. The anti-hyperPRL effects of individual herbal preparation and major compounds of PGD were further examined in cultured cells. The three herbal preparations, Paeoniae Radix (PR) alone, Glycyrrhiza Radix (GR) alone and the pooled PR and GR individual preparation (PR+GR), and the three major constituents 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), liquiritigenin (LQ) and paeoniflorin (PF), were tested. All these preparations and constituents displayed significant effects in suppressing PRL hyperactivity and enhancing the expressions of dopamine mediators. However, PR had the most robust anti-hyperPRL effects compared to PGD and other preparations and constituents. The present study provides experimental evidence confirming the clinical effects of PGD in suppressing antipsychotic-associated hyperPRL. Not only D2 receptor is involved in the anti-hyperPRL effect of PGD, it is also associated with the modulation of other dopamine mediators and sex hormones. The finding that the magnitudes of the anti-hyperPRL effects of PGD and of combined PR and GR are similar suggests that boiling the herbs together or or separately shows the same effects. Additionally, PR preparation appears to be more efficacious in reducing hyperPRL compared to GR preparation which deserves to be further investigated.
published_or_final_version
Chinese Medicine
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (MTech (Consumer Science: Food and Nutrition))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Background: The different types and forms of rooibos and the ways in which it is prepared and flavoured for consumption influences its total polyphenol content and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hence depends on its consumer practices. Design: Phase 1 of the study entailed the selection and preparation of different rooibos types and forms; rooibos brewed for different times; and with different household and commercially added flavourings to determine the total polyphenol content, TAC, flavonol and flavanol content; and subsequent identification of the optimal cup of rooibos based on the first two biochemical parameters. For Phase 2 a questionnaire was used to obtain information on the profile of the adult rooibos herbal tea consumer, as well as of those consuming the optimal cup of rooibos. Results: The following prepared rooibos samples delivered the higher biochemical parameter content: green / unfermented (type representative); green / unfermented leaves and powdered extract (form representatives); that brewed for 10 minutes or longer; and those with added honey. The optimal cup of rooibos was identified as the one brewed for 10 minutes or longer. The older respondents and those with a lower level of education consumed a higher daily amount of rooibos (p < 0.05) and those who brewed rooibos in a teapot consumed the optimal cup (p < 0.05). However, very few respondents consumed the advised number of cups per day (< 1%) and the identified optimal cup (15.9%). Conclusions: Rooibos consumers in this study did not consume it in sufficient amounts and did not brew it for long enough to fully gain from its attributed health benefits.

Artemisia Afra, a popular South African traditional herbal medicine is commonly administered as a tea infusion of the leaves. However, clinical trials proving it safety and efficacy are lacking mainly due to the absence of good quality dosage forms and credible placebos for the plant. The objectives of this study were to prepare a standardized preparation of the plant leaves and freeze-dried aqueous extract powder of the leaves, in a tea bag dosage form and to design and prepare credible placebos for these plant materials.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - Mpharm
The aim of this study was to determine quality control specifications needed for a dossier and an investigator's brochure of A. afra capsules, which can be used to motivate the registration and clinical testing of A. afra capsules in chronic asthma. The specific objectives were: (1) to establish the minimum product quality requirements for registration of A. afra capsules, (2) to prepare and pharmaceutically characterize a capsule product of A. afra freeze dried aqueous extract (FDAE) suitable for registration, and (3) to identify pharmaceutical product quality aspects of an investigator's brochure (IB) that would be appropriate for use in motivating a clinical trial of A. afra capsules in chronic asthma.

La phytothérapie consiste en l'utilisation thérapeutique de plantes ou de médicaments à base de plantes, sous forme de spécialités pharmaceutiques, de préparations (magistrales ou officinales) ou de produits officinaux divisés. On entend par médicament à base de plantes (MABP) " tout médicament dont les substances actives sont exclusivement une ou plusieurs substances végétales ou préparations à base de plantes ou une association d'une ou de plusieurs substances végétales ou préparations à base de plantes ". Il s'agit donc de médicaments à part entière qui sont ainsi soumis aux mêmes exigences de qualité que celles requises pour tout autre médicament. La directive 2004/24/CE, permet toutefois quelques assouplissements autorisant à fournir des données toxicologiques et cliniques purement bibliographiques, lorsque les conditions requises pour pouvoir bénéficier d'un tel "enregistrement de l'usage traditionnel" sont remplies. Quant aux médicaments dont l'usage médical est "bien établi", ils peuvent également faire l'objet d'une dispense d'essais cliniques, mais les données toxicologiques les concernant doivent néanmoins être fournies. Cette législation européenne vise à garantir au patient la qualité, la sécurité et l'efficacité des remèdes qu'il consomme, à permettre le libre choix thérapeutique, la libre circulation des médicaments au sein de l'Union Européenne ainsi que la préservation des ressources naturelles végétales et le respect de la propriété intellectuelle et pourrait inspirer d'autres pays du monde qui ne disposent pas à ce jour des outils législatifs nécessaires à la réglementation de leurs remèdes traditionnels, en particulier les pays africains.

According to data of research company „IMS Health“ the pharmacy market in Lithuania increases year by year, and sales of non-prescribed medicine increase significantly. A part of those sales is comprised of herbal medicine preparations. Analysis of competitive environment, analysis of available preparations portfolio and possibilities of the company‘s development are compulsory seeking to stay competitive. During the last years we observed an increasing interest of consumers in herbal medicine preparations, therefore, the topic chosen is relevant for the Master‘s Degree thesis. Aim of the study: to evaluate possibilities of development of „Bionorica AG“ company on Lithuanian market. Objectives: Review of market of herbal preparations, evaluation of external environment, analysis of portfolio of the company‘s preparations, possibilities and analysis of the company‘s development on the market. Methods – model of M. Porter, with the help of which competitive analysis was performed. Survey of drugstores. Questionnaire data of surveys were entered, processed and analyzed with the use of statistics data analysis program SPSS. Analysis of the products‘ portfolio was performed with the use of matrix model of Boston consulting group (BCG). Possibilities of the company‘s development are analyzed in the paper with the use of forecasting method - trend model. Results: Many large companies, which follow each others‘ actions in order to know the means that are necesary to be assumed... [to full text]

Quality control of herbals has its roots in the study of morphoanatomic and organoleptic characters. Nevertheless, in the last century, with the evolution of analytical chemistry, the quality control rapidly evolved from elementary tests to the use of sophisticated instruments combined with software for data management. In the current days, many authorities and organizations recommend a suite of tests, featuring many of these instruments, to evaluate quality of herbal products. HPTLC offers a comprehensive set of data that can be used not only for identification but also to evaluate the purity and content of herbal drugs, herbal preparations, and herbal products. The objective of this doctoral thesis was to explore in-depth the capacities of HPTLC and develop applications for quality control of herbals, far beyond simple identification of the herbal drugs, preparations, and products. For that, five studies were developed. In the first study, the quality of herbal drugs, preparations, and products from milk thistle fruit, coneflower root and aerial parts and black cohosh root, regulated under food supplements or medicines were evaluated with existing HPTLC methods. The suitability of these methods, using the entire fingerprint and several detection modes, as a tool for detecting quality problems, mainly adulterations, was confirmed. In the second study, the comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting concept was developed with the goal of simplifying the quality control process. This concept combines the qualitative and quantitative information of HPTLC images, obtained in a single analysis, to evaluate the identity, purity and content of herbals. The possibilities of applying it to identify an herbal drug, detect mixtures with re¬lated species (purity), and develop a minimum content test of an analytical marker were demonstrated in Angelica gigas root. In the third study, the application of comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting aimed to go one step beyond in the test for adulterants and to evaluate the use of the HPTLC for purity limit tests. This approach was evaluated with sam¬ples of ginkgo leaf and extracts, commercialized as food supplements in different countries. This study demonstrated that the information contained in the HPTLC finger¬prints was suitable for verifying levels of rutin and quercetin, providing results similar to that of the HPLC limit test. It was also useful for detecting mixtures of ginkgo products not only with rutin and quercetin but also with buckwheat herb and sophora (flower bud or fruit). In the fourth study, it was evaluated the use of comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting as an alternative method to the current HPLC assay of markers of TCM drugs in the Ph. Eur. The goal of this project was to simplify the determination of content and thus reducing the number of tests to be performed during quality control. For this evaluation, two TCM herbal drugs were chosen by the experts of the TCM working party of the Ph. Eur.: Fritillaria thunbergii bulbs and corydalis rhizome. In both cases, comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting was proven useful for identification and minimum content testing in one single analysis. The fifth study goes one step beyond in the content determination. While the previous studies focused in the quantification of single markers, this study aimed to apply comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting to quantify a group of constituents in an herbal drug, as an example of a more holistic assessment of quality. This determination was combined with the tests for purity and identity. To illustrate this concept, Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body was chosen. In this work, HPTLC proved to be a useful technique for routine quality control of herbal drugs, preparations and products. As demonstrated, it can simplify this process by applying the concept of comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting. A detailed guideline of how to develop, validate and apply comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting methods for routine quality control of herbals has been elaborated and is also included in the thesis.
El control de qualitat dels productes a base de plantes té les seves arrels en l'estudi dels caràcters morfoanatòmics i organolèptics. No obstant això, al segle passat, amb l'evolució de la química analítica, el control de qualitat va evolucionar ràpidament des de proves elementals a l'ús d'instruments sofisticats combinats amb programari per a la gestió de dades. Actualment, moltes autoritats i organitzacions recomanen un conjunt de proves, amb molts d'aquests instruments, per avaluar la qualitat dels productes a base de plantes. La HPTLC ofereix un conjunt complet de dades que poden usar-se no només per a la identificació, sinó també per avaluar la puresa i el contingut de drogues i preparats vegetals i productes a base de plantes. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral va ser explorar en profunditat les capacitats de la HPTLC i desenvolupar aplicacions per al control de qualitat dels productes de plantes medicinals, molt més enllà de la simple identificació de drogues i preparats vegetals i productes acabats comercialitzats. Per això, es van desenvolupar cinc estudis. En el primer estudi, es va avaluar la qualitat de les drogues vegetals, preparats vegetals i productes a base de plantes del fruit de card marià, l'arrel i la part aèria de equinàcia i l'arrel de cimicífuga, regulats com complements alimentosos o medicaments, amb els mètodes existents de HPTLC. Es va confirmar la idoneïtat d'aquests mètodes, utilitzant l'empremta dactilar completa i diversos formes de detecció, com una eina per a detectar problemes de qualitat, principalment adulteracions. En el segon estudi, es va desenvolupar el concepte d'anàlisi integral de l'empremta dactilar per HPTLC (comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting) amb l'objectiu de simplificar el procés de control de qualitat. Aquest concepte combina la informació qualitativa i quantitativa de les imatges d’HPTLC, obtingudes en una única anàlisi, per avaluar la identitat, la puresa i el contingut dels productes a base de plantes. La seva aplicabilitat per identificar una droga vegetal, detectar mescles amb espècies relacionades (puresa) i desenvolupar un assaig de contingut mínim d'un marcador analític es van demostrar en l'arrel d'Angelica gigas. En el tercer estudi, l'aplicació de l'anàlisi integral de l'empremta dactilar per HPTLC va tenir com a objectiu anar un pas més enllà en l'assaig de adulterants i avaluar l'ús de l’HPTLC per a l'assaig límit de puresa. Aquest enfocament es va avaluar amb mostres de fulla i extracte de ginkgo, comercialitzats com a complements alimentosos en diferents països. Aquest estudi va demostrar que la informació continguda en les empremtes dactilars per HPTLC era adequada per verificar els nivells de rutina i quercetina, proporcionant resultats similars als de l'assaig límit per HPLC. També va ser útil per detectar mescles de productes de ginkgo no només amb rutina i quercetina, sinó també amb part aèria de blat sarraí i sòfora (botó floral i fruit). En el quart estudi, es va avaluar l'ús de l'anàlisi integral de l'empremta dactilar per HPTLC com un mètode alternatiu a l'actual valoració de marcadors per HPLC en drogues vegetals de la medicina tradicional xinesa (MTC) a la Ph. Eur. L'objectiu d'aquest projecte era simplificar la determinació del contingut i, per tant, reduir el nombre de proves a realitzar durant el control de qualitat. Per a aquesta avaluació, dues drogues vegetals de la MTC van ser elegides pels experts del grup de treball TCM de la Ph. Eur.: bulb de Fritillaria thunbergii i rizoma de coridalis. En tots dos casos, es va demostrar que l'empremta dactilar completa per HPTLC era útil per a la identificació i l'assaig de contingut mínim en una sola anàlisi. El cinquè estudi va un pas més enllà en la determinació del contingut. Si bé els estudis anteriors es van centrar en la quantificació de marcadors individuals, aquest estudi va tenir com a objectiu aplicar l'anàlisi integral de l'empremta dactilar per HPTLC a la quantificació d'un grup de components en una droga vegetal, com un exemple d'una avaluació més holística de la qualitat. Aquesta determinació es va combinar amb els assajos d'identitat i puresa. Per il·lustrar aquest concepte, es va triar el carpòfor de Ganoderma lucidum. En aquest treball, s'ha demostrat que la HPTLC és una tècnica útil per al control de qualitat rutinari de drogues i preparats vegetals i productes a base de plantes, i que es pot simplificar aquest procés aplicant el concepte d'anàlisi integral de l'empremta dactilar per HPTLC. S'ha elaborat una guia detallada (inclosa a la tesi) sobre com desenvolupar, validar i aplicar mètodes d'anàlisi integral de l'empremta dactilar per HPTLC per al control de qualitat rutinari de productes a base de plantes.
El control de calidad de los productos a base de plantas tiene sus raíces en el estudio de los caracteres morfoanatómicos y organolépticos. Sin embargo, en el siglo pasado, con la evolución de la química analítica, el control de calidad evolucionó rápidamente de las pruebas elementales al uso de instrumentos sofisticados combinados con software para la gestión de datos. Actualmente, muchas autoridades y organizaciones recomiendan un conjunto de pruebas, con muchos de estos instrumentos, para evaluar la calidad de los productos a base de plantas. La HPTLC ofrece un conjunto completo de datos que pueden usarse no sólo para la identificación, sino también para evaluar la pureza y el contenido de drogas y preparados vegetales y productos a base de plantas. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue explorar en profundidad las capacidades de HPTLC y desarrollar aplicaciones para el control de calidad de los productos de plantas medicinales, mucho más allá de la simple identificación de drogas vegetales, preparados vegetales y productos finales comercializados. Para eso, se desarrollaron cinco estudios. En el primer estudio, se evaluó la calidad de las drogas vegetales, preparados vegetales y productos a base de plantas del fruto del cardo mariano, la raíz y la parte aérea de equinácea y la raíz de cimicífuga, regulados como complementos alimenticios o medicamentos, con los métodos existentes de HPTLC. Se confirmó la idoneidad de estos métodos, utilizando la huella digital completa y varios modos de detección, como una herramienta para detectar problemas de calidad, principalmente adulteraciones. En el segundo estudio, se desarrolló el concepto de análisis integral de la huella dactilar por HPTLC (comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting) con el objetivo de simplificar el proceso de control de calidad. Este concepto combina la información cualitativa y cuantitativa de las imágenes de HPTLC, obtenidas en un único análisis, para evaluar la identidad, la pureza y el contenido de los productos a base de plantas. Su aplicabilidad para identificar una droga vegetal, detectar mezclas con especies relacionadas (pureza) y desarrollar un ensayo de contenido mínimo de un marcador analítico se demostraron en la raíz de Angelica gigas. En el tercer estudio, la aplicación del análisis integral de la huella dactilar por HPTLC tuvo como objetivo ir un paso más allá en el ensayo de adulterantes y evaluar el uso de la HPTLC para el ensayo límite de pureza. Este enfoque se evaluó con muestras de hoja y extracto de ginkgo, comercializados como complementos alimenticios en diferentes países. Este estudio demostró que la información contenida en las huellas dactilares por HPTLC era adecuada para verificar los niveles de rutina y quercetina, proporcionando resultados similares a los del ensayo límite por HPLC. También fue útil para detectar mezclas de productos de ginkgo no sólo con rutina y quercetina, sino también con parte aérea de trigo sarraceno y sófora (botón floral y fruto). En el cuarto estudio, se evaluó el uso del análisis integral de la huella dactilar por HPTLC como un método alternativo a la actual valoración de marcadores por HPLC en drogas vegetales de la medicina tradicional china (MTC) en la Ph. Eur. El objetivo de este proyecto era simplificar la determinación del contenido y, por lo tanto, reducir el número de pruebas a realizar durante el control de calidad. Para esta evaluación, dos drogas vegetales de la MTC fueron elegidas por los expertos del grupo de trabajo TCM de la Ph. Eur.: bulbo de Fritillaria thunbergii y rizoma coridalis. En ambos casos, se demostró que la huella digital completa de HPTLC era útil para la identificación y el ensayo de contenido mínimo en un solo análisis. El quinto estudio va un paso más allá en la determinación del contenido. Si bien los estudios anteriores se centraron en la cuantificación de marcadores individuales, este estudio tuvo como objetivo aplicar el análisis integral de la huella dactilar por HPTLC a la cuantificación de un grupo de componentes en una droga vegetal, como un ejemplo de una evaluación más holística de la calidad. Esta determinación se combinó con los ensayos de identidad y pureza. Para ilustrar este concepto, se eligió el carpóforo de Ganoderma lucidum. En este trabajo, se ha demostrado que la HPTLC es una técnica útil para el control de calidad rutinario de drogas y preparados vegetales y productos a base de plantas, y que se puede simplificar este proceso aplicando el concepto de análisis integral de la huella dactilar por HPTLC. Se ha elaborado una guía detallada (incluida en la tesis) sobre cómo desarrollar, validar y aplicar métodos de análisis integral de la huella dactilar por HPTLC para el control de calidad rutinario de productos a base de plantas.

Includes bibliographical references.
Several herbal preparations (Folium pyrrosiae , Desmodium styracifolium, Hylocereus trigonus, Phyllanthus niruri, Orthosiphon stamineus and Cystone®) were investigated as potential therapeutic and prophylactic agents for kidney stone disease. These studies were executed in the context of the existence of a virtually stone-free (black) and a stone-prone (white) population group in South Africa, with a view of establishing whether their respective renal responses are different. The independent in vitro effects of six plant extracts were tested on the crystallization characteristics of calcium oxalate (CaOx), the predominant stone-forming salt in urine. These investigations were performed in synthetic urine and real urine collected from healthy black and white South African males and the following parameters were assessed: urine composition; CaOx metastable limit; particle size-volume distribution; 14 [C]-oxalate deposition kinetics; CaOx crystal nucleation, aggregation and growth kinetics; examination of crystalluria by scanning electron microscopy and calculation of various physicochemical risk indices (Bonn Risk Index, Tiselius Risk Index and the relative urinary supersaturation of several stone-forming salts). All plant extracts inhibited one or more of the crystallization processes. Furthermore, crystal-cell binding, another risk factor for stone formation, was investigated in the presence of plant extracts. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-I cells were used for this experiment. Crystals (inorganic and urinary) were bound to cells incubated in both aqueous media and real urine. Results showed that plant extracts reduced crystal binding under some but not all conditions. One of the extracts (Folium pyrrosiae) was administered to healthy South African black (n=9) and white (n=9) males in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. No significant effects on urine chemistry were found and there were no significant differences between the race groups post- treatment. Compounds from this herb were isolated and purified by the use of sequential liquid-liquid extractions and gel-permeation chromatography. A novel compound, 5 - (3 -(5,5 -dihydroxy-3- oxopentyl)phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-5H-indene-6-carboxylic acid , was identified using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy. The findings in this thesis have contributed to the body of knowledge about kidney stone disease. It has been demonstrated that some herbal preparations may be potentially useful in treating and managing this disease, but further clinical testing is required prior to the implementation of such an approach.

Sutherlandia frutescens (tribe Galegeae, Fabaceae), is a popular medicinal plant traditionally used in South Africa. In 2000, a company called Phyto Nova (Pty) Ltd. initiated large-scale cultivation and contract manufacturing of tablets, made from the powdered herb (i.e. thin stems and leaves). Most of these commercial Sutherlandia solid dosage forms are made from the dried leaf powder but recently a new product, viz. Promune&trade
capsules, made from a freeze-dried aqueous extract, came on the market and was claimed to be &ldquo
better&rdquo
as it mimics the traditional tea. However, the pharmaceutical quality and stability of these preparations have not yet been investigated. The objectives of this study were firstly, to develop a validated stability-indicating HPLC assay for sutherlandioside B (SU-B)
secondly, to compare the SU-B levels in the two commercially available Sutherlandia products viz, the Phyto Nova Sutherlandia SU1&trade
tablet and the Promune&trade
capsule, and, thirdly, to determine the effect of elevated temperature and humidity as well as acid hydrolysis on the SU-B levels in these two products.

Poslednjih godina je prisutan trend povratka prirodi i upotrebi biljnih lekova, kako u prevenciji tako i u lecenju razlicitih bolesti. Timijan (Thymus vulgaris L.) se u narodnoj medicini koristio u lecenju respiratornih oboljenja kao što su kašalj, bronhitis i astma. Rezultati novijih istraživanja pokazuju da timijan poseduje i druga potencijalno korisna farmakološka svojstva (antimikrobna, antiinflamatorna, antioksidativna, spazmoliticka, antidijabetesna i anksioliticka). Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su bili da se ispitaju farmakodinamske osobine preparata timijana, njihove interakcije sa lekovima koji deluju na centralni nervni sistem, uticaj na funkciju jetre i parametrem oksidativnog stresa kod životinja izloženih ugljentetrahloridu, kao sadržaj karvakrola i timola u sirupu timijna, pri razlicitim uslovima cuvanja. U farmakodinamskim ispitivanjima kao eksperimentalne životinje korišceni su miševi soja NMRI, a u svim drugim ispitivanjima pacovi soja Wistar. Tinktura timijana je primenjena u dozi od 0,4mk/kg, a sirup u dozi od 12,08 ml/kg, na miševima. Primenjene doze na pacovima su bile 0,18 ml/kg za tinkturu i 5,6 ml/kg za sirup timijana. Za ispitivanje analgetickog dejstva korišceni su metod vrele ploce i test sircetne kiseline. Za procenu motorne koordinacije korišcen je test rotirajuceg štapa, a za procenu hipnotickog delovanja mereno je vreme spavanja. Prilikom ispitivanja uticaja preparata timijana na farmakokinetiku paracetamola, odre_ivana je koncentracija ovog leka HPLC metodom, a nakon toga su odreeni farmakokinetski parametri paracetamola. Antioksidantna aktivnost preparata timijana odre_ivana je pomocu in vitro i in vivo testova. Nakon žrtvovanja životinja ra_ena je histopatološka analiza jetrenog tkiva, a u serumu su odre_ivani biohemijski parametri, kao i pokazatelji bubrežene i jetrene funkcije. Sadržaj timola i karvakrola i sirupu timijana odre_en je GC/MS metodom. Sirup i tinktura timijana su pokazali analgeticki efekat u testu vrele ploce, kao i smanjenje broja grceva izazvano primenom sircetne kiseline. Sedmodnevna primena preparata timijana smanjila je analgeticko dejstvo kodeina, a pojacala analgeticki efekat paracetamola. Sirup timijana je potencirao diazepamom izazvan poremecaj motorne koordinacije. Ispitivanjem uticaja preparata timijana na hipnoticko delovanje pentobarbitala, postignuti su razliciti rezultati u zavisnosti od dužine trajanja pretremana. Sedmodnevna primena timijana je produžila vreme trajanja spavanja, dok je jednokratna primena timijana skratila vreme trajanja spavanja. Nakon i intravenske i peroralne primene paracetamola, grupe životinja koje su bile pretretirane preparatima timijana imale su krace poluvreme eliminacije i vecu konstantu eliminacije. Upotreba samo preparata timijana nije imala uticaj na biohemijske i histološke promene jetrene funkcije. S druge strane, upotreba tincture timijana u kombinaciji sa ugljen-tetrahloridom dovela je do porasta vrednosti AST i ALT enzima u serumu, dok je sirup timijana u kombinaciji sa ugljentetrahloridom smanjio aktivnost aminotransferaza. Najvece odstupanje u koncentracijama aktivnih komponenti timola i karavkrola, pokazali su sirupi cuvani na sobnoj temperaturi (20°C), u sekundarnoj ambalaži i na svetlom mestu. Rezultati dobijeni u toku ovog istraživanja ukazuju da preparati timijana uticu na farmakodinamske osobine kodeina, paracetamola, diazepama i pentobarbitala, kao i na farmakokinetiku paracetamola. Upotreba preparata timijana ispoljila je analgeticki efekat i umanjila posledice izloženosti oksidativnom stresu. Uslovi cuvanja sirupa timijana uticali su na njegovu stabilnost.
In recent years is present trend of return to nature and the use of herbal medicines in prevention and treatment of different diseases. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) was used in folk medicine in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as cough, bronchitis and asthma. The new research results have demonstrated that thyme has many others potentially useful pharmacological properties (antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antidiabetic and anxiolytic). The aims of this research were to determine the pharmacodynamic properties of thyme preparations and their interactions with central nervous system drugs, influence on liver function and oxidative stress parameters of animals exposed to carbon tetrachloride, as well as concentration of thymol and carvacrol in thyme syrup, at different storage conditions. In pharmacodynamics examination as experimental animals were used NMRI mice, while in all other test were used Wistar rats. Applied dose of thyme tincture was 0.4 ml/kg and of syrup 12.08 ml/kg, for mice. For rats, applied doses of tincture and syrup were 0.18 ml/kg and 5.6 ml/kg, respectively. The analgesic activity was examined by the hot plate test and acetic acid test. The Rotarod test was used to evaluate the motor coordination and to evaluate hypnotic activity sleeping time was mesaured. In order to examine the influence of thyme preparations on pharmacokinetics of paracetamol, the concentracion of this drug was measured by HPLC metods, and after that pharmocokinetic parameters of paracetamol were determined.The antioxidant acivity of thyme preparations was determined by using in vitro and in vivo tests. After animals sacrificing, histopathological analysis of liver tissue were peroformed, in serum were determined biochemical parameters and renal and hepatic function parameters. Quantification of thymol and carvacrol in syrup was carried out by GC/MS method. Thyme syrup and thyme tincture exhibited analgesic activity in hot plate test and reduced the number of writhes induced by acetic acid. Seven-day pretreatment with thyme preparations reduced analgesic activity of codeine and increased analgesic effect of paracetamol. Thyme syrup potentiated diazepam induced motor coordination impairment. Examining the impact of thyme preparations on hypnotic effect induced by pentobarbital, different results were achieved depending on the duration of pretreatment. Seven-day pretreatment with thyme had prolonged the sleeping time, while after single dose of thyme the sleeping time was decreased. After intravenous and after oral administration of paracetamol, groups pretreated with thyme preparations had decreased elimination half-life and increased elimination constant rate. Administration of thyme preparations alone did not change biochemical nor histological markers of hepatic function. On the other hand, co-administration of thyme tincture and carbon tetrachloride resulted in exacerbation of AST and ALT values in serum, while thyme syrup in coadministration with carbon tetrachloride managed to reduce activities of aminotransferases. The concentration of major active compounds, thymol and carvacrol, was mostly changed when syrups were stored at room temperature (20°C), in secondary containers and in light place. Results obtained in this study demonstrated that thyme preparations do affect pharmacodynamic properties of codeine, paracetamol, diazepam and pentobarbital and pharmacokinetics of paracetamol. Administration of thyme preparations exhibited analgesic activity and reduced the effects of exposure to oxidative stress. Storage conditions of thyme syrup did affect its stability.

碩士
中原大學
生物環境工程研究所
103
Cotton fabric is essential for daily life, therefore, making cotton fabric antimicrobial is an important issue. Antibacterial chemicals are traditionaly added for most product , which are both risky to the environment and human body. However, the natural herbal extracts, which not only have the antibacterial function but also have therapeutic effect on the human body was a good alternative for the antimicrobial application. Microcapsules is a widely used technology which can be applied to food, liquid crystal, and medicine…etc. There are some advantages of the microcapsules, for example, the controlled of substance release rate and provides better adhesion. However, the disadvantage of using chinese herbal medicine as an antimicrobial agent are the decreasing antibacterial ability apparently, the incomplete adhesion and durability on the surface of cotton fabric while coating with the extracts. Herbal deposited on the surface led to less durability. Therefore, the chinese herb with made by microcapsules, and the application of crosslinking reaction to will enhance the ability of persistent antimicrobial of herbal antibacterial effect, and the durability of the antibacterial cotton fabric. The results shows that the antibacterial efficiency of skullcap for E. coli and S. aureus can reach 99.9%. Sophora has no antibacterial effect for E. coli , but S. aureus antibacterial efficiency can reach 99.9 %. After 24 hours, antibacterial efficiency of herbal microcapsule can still be maintained at 99.9%. The antibacterial efficiency of herbal cotton fabric for E. coli and S. aureus can both reach 99.9%. Moreover, for the durability test, the antibacterial efficiency of fabric still have over 90% after 30 times cleaning. In pilot filtration tests, the filtration efficiency of the cotton fabric coated with herbs extract are 95.81 and 90.19%, for fungals and bacteria respectively.

碩士
中原大學
生物環境工程研究所
104
With the rapid development of science and technology , air pollution is increasingly attention by people. Respiratory and chronic lower respiratory diseases has become one of the national top ten causes of death in recent years. In order to protect the respiratory this research will preparation of masks for air biological aerosol by using herb medicine. In the research of the mixture of herb medicine , the best proporation of saposhinikovia and scutellaria toInhibition of E.coli is 7:3, to S.aureus is 2:8. And in research we make herb microcapsules to increase the adhesion and to extend antibacterial. Through microcapsules the antibacterial time can be extended to 24 hours ,and the antibacterial rate to E.coli and S.aureus can still maintain in 99.997%. After increase the adhesion of herb medicine, in research we also modified the filter fabric by use plasma. The washability test shows that plasma modified increase the hydrophilic of fabric.After 100 times wash the residual rate of three different fabric(cotton, polyester, nonwoven) is better than nonmodified sample.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
食品科學系碩士班
91
Herbal wines have been manufactured for several thousand years in Chinese culture. Function of herbal wine is getting attentions upon health benefits. Interestingly, manufacture processing and quality-controlling remain lack of standardization due to the intricacy and diversity of herbal constituents. Traditional extraction procedures is time-consuming and therefore, not very effective. The aim of this study was to compare the extractablity of the marker components from the herbal wine extracts, obtained by traditional and ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction. Further, to investigate the antioxidant activities and stability of storage period of various wine products. Chapter 1 focused on comparison of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction of marker components from herbal wine extracts determinated by HPLC. The results indicate that Loganin、Scopoletin、Ferulic acid、Cinnamic acid、Cinnamaldehyde、Schizandrin and Gomisin A are marker components of the herbal wine extract. The contents of Loganin、Scopoletin and Ferulic acid of herbal wine extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction after 10 days were higher than traditional extraction after 30 days. After 20 days using ultrasound-assisted extraction, the contents of cinnamic acid、cinnamaldehyde、schizandrin and gomisin A of herbal wine extract were higher than traditional extraction after 30 days. The total amount of seven marker components were higher than traditional extraction after 30 days during 12∼18 days. Chapter 2 was carried out to measure the occurrence and activity of natural antioxidants in different herbal wine extracts, its products and commercial herbal wines. Using four different methods including DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating activity, total antioxidant capacity, and reducing power. The result shows that 70﹪herbal wine extract possesses more antioxidant activities regardless of extraction methods. Homemade less alcohol herbal wine possesses better antioxidant activities than two commercial herbal wines, in addition to ferrous ion chelating activity. Chapter 3 focused on stability of storage period of various wine products. The results indicate that after 90 days storage, showed quality changes (alcohol、acidity、。Brix、pH) were insignificant in each herbal wine products. In addition, little contamination with mold counts at the range 3∼10CFU/ml storage after 30 days. In conclusion, the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction resulted in increased component extraction in a shorter time compared with traditional extraction. Less alcohol herbal wine was possesses good antioxidant activities and stability of storage period.

碩士
國防醫學院
藥學研究所
83
Acyclovir(ACV)為目前世界公認最可靠有效的抗病毒藥物之一,其作用機 轉主要是干擾庖疹病毒去氧核醣核酸的合成,使庖疹早日結疤,並減少病患 痛苦.但根據臨床上治療再發生單純性庖疹的經驗,發現局部給予 ACV 的 療效並不佳,主要是到達目標作用區 - 表皮基底層的量不足,導致缺乏臨 床療效,所以希望進一步改善 ACV 的經皮吸收,使藥物能進入更深層組 織. 本實驗室為增加 ACV 經皮吸收量,特別篩選傳統中藥藥引純成份,作 為經皮吸收促進劑.結果在以裸鼠為穿透的72小時體外經皮吸收實驗,及以 家兔為動物實驗研究 ACV 在各皮層組織的濃度,皆比控制組有顯著的增 加 .隨後我們在永信 GMP 製藥廠生產 5% ACV + 5% Glycyrrhizin + 1% Ol- eanolic acid 凝膠劑和 5% ACV PEG 軟膏劑,並通過人體試驗委員會 和衛生署核准,以雙盲並行方式進行臨床試驗,治療感染帶狀庖疹的病人並 評估兩種經皮吸收劑型在治療上的差異.在安定性方面,進行兩種劑型的化 學含量在不同溫度下的經時變化,並藉由體外穿透試驗進一步探討 ACV 對 經皮吸收之滲透試驗安定性.結果顯示, ACV 兩種製劑的化學安定性在各 種溫度三個月內呈不顯著之改變;體外穿透試驗顯示 ACV 凝膠平均穿透 量(72hr)在三個月和四個月時與新鮮配製相同,但兩個月結果尚難解釋,而 凝膠劑與新鮮配製無顯著差異;初步臨床試驗已完成32人,顯示 ACV 含中 藥藥引的製劑在 50% 傷口癒合時間 (P < 0.05) 的治療上有顯著的差異. Acyclovir is one of the most reliable and effective antiviral drugs at the presetn time . The antivial mechanism of ACV is to interfere with herpes virus DNA replication . According to clini- cal study in treating recurrent cutaneous herpes simplex virus i- nfection , topical ACV therapy shows lack of efficacy .The insuf- ficient delivery of ACV to the target site (basal epidermis) is the invalid reason . Therefore , the purpose of the study is to enhance the percutaneous absorption of ACV so as to increase its therapeutic effect . With the considerationf to enhance acyclovir percutaneous ab- bsorption , our group search on the most commonly used Chinese herbal enhancers for the purpose . The cumulative amount in the 72-hour penetration study of nude mice abdominal skin in vitro and acyclovir concentration of the rabbit skin and tissue in vivo were significantly higher than those in the control groups . The formulations were invented . One is the gel formulation with con- tains 5% ACV + 5% Glycyrrhizin + 1% Oleanolic acid . The other is the ointment formulation which contains 5% ACV + PEG base . The study was approved by the Istitutional Review Board of the Natio- nal Defense Medical Center and National Health Department . Eval- uation was by the double-blind and parallel design . The time ef- fect on content and permeation stability were measured under var- ious temperature .

碩士
大仁科技大學
製藥科技研究所
105
In recent decades, it has became a global tendency to apply the natural medicine, including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as supplemental and alternative medicine in the health care system. Chinese herbal wine (CHW) are often used for the treatment of cold chills, relieving pain and blood stasis in Chinese. CHW is classified as class B over-the-counter drugs according to Taiwan pharmaceutical regulation. It can be sold in drugstores and other consumption channels, even in network retail since June 30, 2015. CHW is the part of TCM, therefore, quality management and safety assessment on CHW can’t be ignored. To strengthen the quality management of CHW, the Department of Health, Executive Yuan in Taiwan had announced 22 standard formulations of CHW in 2001, which the manufacturers should comply with. In this study, 16 articles published by Taiwan Health Administrators from 1987 to 2007 are surveyed, included are the variation in the identification of TCM raw materials and quantification of target compounds, manufactory process, and safety assessment. It was found that no matter how much the TCM raw material added, the difference in 1 mL origin CHW can reach up to 20 times. Therefore, the rational for the production of such CHW should be reevaluated. Further, the ratio of solvent to solute was tested in four standards CHW. The results show that some prescriptions can not be immersed in the solution, the total amount of herbs and the proportion of alcohol does not seem reasonable, the rationale for the manufacture of CHW is worth further study. CHW is an important part in the development of TCM, which have a big market potential. Therefore, the regulations of CHW and its marketing information in China, Japan, and Korea are also collected and compared. We hope these results can warn and assist the industries, officers and research communities to establish better regulations for the production of high quality, safer, and more valuable CHW in Taiwan.

by Zhao Xin.
"October 2004."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-260)
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.

博士
國立陽明大學
傳統醫藥研究所
103
Rhein is a pharmacological active component found in Rheum palmatum that is the major herb of the San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT), a medicinal herbal product for constipation remedy. Here we have investigated the comparative pharmacokinetics of rhein in normal and constipated rats. Microarray analysis was used to explore whether drug-metabolizing genes will be altered after herbal medicine treatment. Herb-drug interaction of rhein on pharmacokinetics of clozapine and changes in extracellular neurotransmitter levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) produced by administration of clozapine were studied. A sensitive and specific method combining ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and validated to simultaneously quantify six active compounds in the pharmaceutical herbal product SHXXT. The pharmacokinetic data of rhein demonstrate that the herbal formulae or the single herbal crude extract significantly increase the higher absorption rate than the pure compound. This phenomenon suggests that the other herbal ingredients of SHXXT and rhubarb extract significantly enhance the absorption of rhein in rats. However, loperamide-induced constipation reduced the absorption of rhein. Gene expression profiling in drug-metabolizing genes after oral dosage with SHXXT for 7 days was investigated by microarray analysis. Gene expression indicates that five drug-metabolizing genes, including Cyp7a1, Cyp2c6, Ces2e, Atp1b1, and Slc7a2 were significantly regulated after the SHXXT treatments. The pharmacokinetic results demonstrate that clozapine produced a nonlinear pharmacokinetics within the doses of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg orally. The results of the herb-drug interaction of rhein on pharmacokinetics of clozapine and norclozapine in the rat mPFC demonstrate that pretreatment with rhein for 7 days significantly attenuated the absorption of clozapine and affected the distribution of clozapine and norclozapine in the mPFC. Furthermore, pretreatment with rhein for 7 days influenced the DA and it metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) efflux in the mPFC.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
化學系
84
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method forsimultaneous determination of eleven tertiary alkaloids and onequarternary alkaloid in Evodiae Fructus was developed. Themethod was carried out by using a gradient solvent system ofacetate buffer- acetonitrile-methanol and detecting at 250 nm , andthe contents of the alkaloids in a non-pretreatment EvodiaeFructus extract could easily be determined within 45 nim. Theeffect of column selectivity, additive concentration and organicmoeifier concentration of the mobile phase on the retention andseparation of the solutes were also studied. Two liquid chromatographic methods with linear gradient solventsystems were developed to determine the seven quarternaryalkaloids and ten tertiary alkaloids in coptis-evodia herb couple.In those two methods, one used NaOAc as the ion-pair reagent,and the other used SDS as the main ion-pair reagent. The effecton the concentration of ion- pair reagent, the ratio of organicmodifiers, the types of precolumn and the balance time beforeevery injection of the two gradient solvent systems to theretention and separation of the solutes were discussed in detail.After comparing the two solvent systems, we selected the acetatebuffer solution as eluent and detected at 250 nm for determinatingthe seventeen alkaloids in coptis-evodia herb couple within 65min. This method was also applied to analyse the formulas Pien-tung-wan.Shu-kan-tang, a Chinese herbal preparation, is known to consistof ten herb drugs, including the coptis-evodia herb couple. 13compounds of its 24 components can be determined by themethod for analysing coptis-evodia herb couple, and 18compounds of its 24 components can be assayed by a LC methodusing gradient solvent system that contained phosphate buffer.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Food Technology)-Dept. of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2007 xv, 122 leaves
Several herbs are well known for their nutritional applications. The reported study tested some herbs for their efficacy as antioxidants. The herbs and combinations thereof were analyzed for antioxidant activity using two comparative methods: the beta-carotene bleaching method and through measurement by the Rancimat apparatus. The efficacy of the antioxidants was also tested in a cosmetic base cream. The concentration of the natural antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene was determined by analytical methods. The methods used for analysis provided adequate results for interpretation. All herbs exhibited antioxidant activity, at comparable levels. The two methods used for analysis showed variable results, as previous researchers have shown. In terms of antioxidant potency, the herbs were ranked as follows: fenugreek > coriander > oregano > sage (beta-carotene bleaching method), oregano > sage > coriander > fenugreek (Rancimat method). Oregano and sage were good synergists, when combinations of herbs were used. Fenugreek, unlike the other herbs under investigation, is a prooxidant when used at higher concentrations. A direct relationship was observed between the concentration of herbs and antioxidant potency for sage, oregano and coriander. Fenugreek which is prooxidant at higher concentrations, should be used as an antioxidant independently rather than a synergist. This was the most important finding in the reported study. Similar antioxidant activities of the herbs were observed in the base cosmetic formulation. The reported study has provided an adequate base for further quantitative research into the innovative topic of antioxidants.

碩士
中國醫藥大學
中國醫學研究所碩士班
95
The aim of this study was to investigate that Chinese herbal medicine major compound and concentrations have good enhance for bone healing. And we combined with the biomaterial to the study on bone cell. In this study, we used Liu’s stain, alkaline phosphates stain（ALP stain） and tart rate-resistant phosphates stain（TRAP stain）to observe the morphological change in the osteoblasts, the osteoclasts and the osteoblasts/ osteoclasts co-cultures after they were mixed with different concentrations of the herbal medicine. We used the MTT assay to observe the survival and proliferation activity of bone cells. The differentiation effect of the osteoblasts was evaluated with ALP activity and formation of mineralized nodules. In addition, the effect of herbal medicine on the differentiation of the osteoclasts was evaluated with TRAP activity. Finally, we used the best concentrations of the herbal medicine combined with the bone complex material to the study of bone tissue engineering in-vivo. In this study, we found that both naringin and quercetin promote the proliferation and differentiation of the osteoblasts. They also promote the osteoclasts in more higher concentrations（10 mg/ml）. As for cinnamaldehyde, it was inhibited for both the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts. In addition, the GGT-TCM is a biodegradable material with good biocompatibility and osteoconduction.

碩士
嘉南藥理大學
藥學系
106
Oxidative damage can lead to disease and aging. It is very marketable to study the sources of edible antioxidants. In this study, Shengmai drink which has antioxidant activity was selected as the basic formula. Manufacture seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicines such as Panacis Quinquefolii Radix, Ophiopogonis Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma, Acanthopanacis Senticosi Radix et Caulis, Lycii Fructus and Polygonati Rhizoma extract and seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicine compound granules. All samples were tested for total phenol content, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, ferrous ions chelating activity. The results showed that the water extracts of seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicines and the compound granule preparations showed different antioxidant activities in different experimental items respectively. The compound granule preparations showed better antioxidant capacity on the basis of the activity of Shengmai drink. This compound granule preparation has the potential for further research and development and can be developed into a health food product with anti-oxidation and anti-fatigue properties in the future.

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
98
In recent years, people in Taiwan prefer to choose the “Ready to Eat” as their meals due to the change in dietary habits. The products of “Ready to Eat” emphasize on their freshness and speed of preparation. They are mainly sold in convenient stores, and have various items including sushi, rice and vegetable rolls, sandwiches, lunch boxes, soba, hand scrolls and so on; these products are also often seen in the traditional breakfast shops. The products of “Foods to Go” are usually kept at 4-18℃ during transportation or when waiting to be sold. In these periods, the quality of products may decrease due to contamination by microorganisms. The food may also trigger food poisoning at times. Therefore, the objective of this study is to prepare a kind of Chinese medicine dressing using Huanglian microemulsion (HME) to preserve the cold noodles, improve the flavor, and enhance the health condition of consumers. The first step in this study was to optimize the extraction conditions of Huanglian and production of HME, followed by analyzing the formation and antimicrobial ability of HME. Moreover, HME was added into cold noodles to evaluate its antimicrobial activity, and analyze its stability for a 7-day storage at 4, 18, or 27℃. In addition, a sensory evaluation of HME was conducted in order to estimate its acceptance by the consumers. The results showed that five grams of Huanglian powder extracted with 25 mL of distilled water using a sonicator achieved the saturated concentration for berberine (7.3 mg/mL) and had a better antibacterial ability. The optimal ratios (Smix) of surfactant/co-surfactant at 2:1 had the most extensive area of emulsion phase (E phase) and the optimal volume ratio to prepare HME was “oil: water: Smix = 0.72:0.18: 0.1”. Moreover, HME was homogenized at 500 bar for 2 min, and the size of HNE was decreased from 1 µm to about 200-300 nm. There was no influence on the berberine concentration of HME after the above homogenization. Furthermore, the antibacterial ability of undiluted HME was Salmonella enterica> Bacillus cereus> Staphylococcus aureus> Escherichia coli. As HME was applied to cold noodles to react at RT for 8 hours, it could decrease to one Log (CFU/mL) of the control group (not adding HME), and still hold its antibacterial ability within 12 h at 18℃. Additionally, the duration of storage (1-7 days) and various temperatures (4, 18, and 27℃) had no effect on the size, viscosity, color, and berberine content of HME. Finally, HME was combined with two different sources and was tested by people. Most people still tasted the bitterness of HME; however, there was a 2.4% of participating people who liked NO. 259 (oil: PHME; sauce: Shiquan Dabu). The results indicated that there were still some people who accepted the HME infused cold noodles. In conclusion, this experiment has proved that high pressure homogenization was an effective method to produce HME with high stability and furthermore, HME had good antimicrobial activity to inhibit the growth of microorganisms on cold noodles.

碩士
長庚大學
醫學生物技術研究所
94
A novel probe-based ultraweak chemiluminescence (uwCL) technique capable of measuring the production of a panel of four oxygen-derived free radicals (ODFRs) performed by the same uwCL analyzer is described. The selected radical-generating systems and their corresponding uwCL-probing emitters were validated . They included: (1) methylglyoxal and arginine / lucigenin for superoxide anion (O2-) ; (2) H2O2 + Fe2+ (Fenton reagent) / indoxyl-ß-glucuronide (IBG) for hydroxyl radical (•OH); (3) 2,2’-Azo-bis (2-amidinopropane) (ABAP) / luminol for peroxyl radical (ROO•˙) and H2O2 / luminol for hydrogen peroxide. In order to demonstrate its application, we assessed the radical-scavenging ability (RSA) of different substances, such as food preparations, herbal extracts and purified constituents isolated from various sources. Calculating IC50 values, [concentration needed to inhibit 50% of uwCL], we were able to compare and to rank the order of RSA for each respective ODFR by these substances. Taken together, our proposed method for measuring the production of various ODFRs and its application on the assessment of RSA for various food extracts, herbal preparations and purified constituents, are simple and rapid. It can be easily adopted, and should be within the reach of every laboratory.

M.Tech.
It is estimated that 59% of South African adult women and 29% of South African adult men are overweight (Department of Health, 2004). Significant risks arise from being overweight including: elevated cholesterol and the development of cardiovascular disease which increases with a greater gain in weight (Duyff, 2006). There is a lack of sufficient evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of many of the herbal weight-loss products currently available thus indicating that more research on herbal products and their efficacy in weight-loss is required (Lenz and Hamilton, 2004). The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of a herbal complex (Aloe ferox, Fucus vesiculosis, Taraxacum officinale and Trigonella foenum– graecum) as an aid in weight loss in females utilising comparative measurements of the participants’ weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), body fat percentage and circumferential measurements of their hips, waist, thighs, upper arms and abdomen. The study was a quantitative, double blind placebo controlled study. The study involved thirty overweight female participants (BMI 25.5 - 30 kg/m²) between the ages of twenty and thirty five. The participants were recruited by means of advertisement posters placed at the University of Johannesburg, Homoeopathy Health Centre. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of fifteen. One group received the herbal complex (Aloe ferox, Fucus vesiculosis, Taraxacum officinale and Trigonella foenum– graecum) and the other group received the placebo. Participants from both groups attended an initial interview where they were screened by means of a questionnaire and physical examination, including the measurement of their height and weight, calculation of their Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat percentage, as well as the circumferential measurement of their hips, waist, thighs, upper arms and abdomen. Each participant was given a weekly diary and instructed to take fifteen drops of the issued medication three times daily, after meals for the duration of the full eight week study. Participants were examined, weighed, and the measurement of their body circumference and fat percentage were recorded every second week for the duration of the eight week study. Data from each participant was collected and analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). From statistical evaluation, it was determined that the herbal complex (Aloe ferox, Fucus vesiculosis, Taraxacum officinale and Trigonella foenum– graecum) was ineffective as an aid in weight loss in females.

碩士
國立東華大學
化學系
96
This thesis presents the synthesis of gentianine, honokiol, and determines the stability of gentianine, honokiol and wogonin in different light, temperature and pH value by using GC MS, UV-Vis and HPLC. Honokiol was synthesized from 4-allylanisole. 4-Allylanisole was converted to 4-allykphenol by demethylation, and subsequently oxidized to a ketone. The resulting ketone was treated with a Grignard reagent to give a tert-alcohol. Finally, the tert-alcohol was converted to honokiol by Claisen rearrangement. The preparation of gentianine started from a cyclization reaction of ethyl cyanoacetate, α-acetobutyro lactone, and ammonia gave 2,6-dihydroxy-5-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-4-methyl-nicotinonitrile 9. Then three hydroxyl groups of 9 were converted to chloride by treating with POCl3. Following the hydrogenation and elimination to produce 4-methyl-5-vinyl-nicotinonitrile 12. At last, compound 12 and formaldehyde were refluxed in sodium carbonate solution to produce gentianine. The quantitative analysis of gentianine, honokiol, and wogonin were accomplished by using HPLC. The stabilities of these compounds in various temperature, light sources, and pH values were also investigated.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
農園生產系
94
Ten Chinese herbal medicines and five Chinese medicine preparations, including Caryophylli Flos, Corni Fructus, Gardeniae Fructus, Armeniacae Semen, Aristolochiae Fangchi Radix, Ledebouriellae Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Citri Exocarpium Rubrum, Gentianae Scabrae Radix, Ko-Keng-Tang, Hsiao-Ching-Lung-Tang, Kuei-Chih-Tang, Ma-Hsing- Kan-Shih-Tang, and Huang-Lien-Chieh-Tu-Tang were selected for model drugs to develop analytic HPLC techniques. In the Chinese herbal medicine, eugenol in Caryophylli Flos, loganin in Corni Fructus, geniposide in Rardeniae Fructus, amygdalin in Armeniacae Semen, tetrandrine in Aristolochiae Fangchi Radix, 5-O-methylvisamminol in Ledebouriellae Radix, baicalin, baicalein, wogonin in Scutellariae Radix, berberine, coptisine, palmatine, berberastine in Coptidis Rhizoma, hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin in Citri Exocarpium Rubrum, gentiopicroside, swertiamarin in Gentianae Scabrae Radix were used as indicator components to analyze multi-components simultaneously by HPLC. As for the five Chinese medicine preparation, we used these five preparations to analyze multi-components simultaneously by HPLC. Ko-Keng-Tang which includes puerarin, daidzin and daidzein in Puerariae Radix, cinnamic acid in Cinnamomi Ramulus, paeoniflorin in Paeoniae Radix, glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhizae Radix, and gingerol in Zingiberis Rhizoma. In Hsiao-Ching-Lung-Tang includes paeoniflorin and paeonol in Paeoniae Radix, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamomi Ramulus, glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhizae Radix, gomisin A and schizandrin from Schizandrae Fructus, and gingerol in Zingiberis Rhizoma. In Kuei-Chih-Tang includes paeoniflorin, benzoic acid and paeonol in Paeoniae Radix, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamomi Ramulus, glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhizae Radix. In Huang-Lien-Chieh-Tu -Tang includes coptisine and palmatine in Coptidis Rhizoma, palmatine in Phellodendri Cortex, baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in Scutellariae Radix, and geniposide in Gardeniae Fructus, and Ma-Hsing-Kan-Shih-Tang includes amygdalin in Armeniacae Semen, and glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhizae Radix. The analytic HPLC methods described above have been confirmed to be reliable for quantification. These methods can also be used to establish standards for quality control to ensure the accuracy and efficiency in Chinese herbal medicine and preparations.

碩士
中國醫藥大學
藥學系碩士班
101
The purpose of the research wanted to evaluate the concentration ratio and the quality of traditional Chinese herbal concentrated preparations from GMP manufactures. Not only to realize the current status of concentration ratio of concentrated herbal extracts, but also to do essential detections including water extract, loss on drying and water activity for their quality indicators of related products. According to these parameters, the study could calculate the extraction capacity of herbal medicine and the amount of excipients added. The research subjects included one hundred common used standard formulations which approved by Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy (CCMP). Study samples were divided into three parts, including self-prepared and commercially available products and related license labeled. With the help of data, license seemed to be reasonable or not. Be based on the approved license database of CCMP, the related producible parameters of whole GMP pharmaceutical companies seemed to be calculated and then to be cross matched. First part was optimal amount of excipients added, the results showed that only 12% formulations and 20.23% license labeled added excipients to make concentrated preparations by using half amount of the dry extract. Almost 90% formulations were in line with the guideline of excipients added. Second part was water extraction ratio, the results showed that 46% self-prepared, 67% commercially available products and 83% license labeled with about 50% extraction ability by water. Almost 90% formulations had extraction ability within 40 to 60%. Third part was herbal extraction ratio, the results showed that 43% self-prepared, 67% commercially available products and 75% license labeled with about 10 to 20% extraction ability from Chinese herbal medicine. Almost 90% formulations had extraction ability within 10 to 30%. Fourth part was based on license database of formulations, the results of evaluation showed that 67% commercially available products were in line with the guideline of application extraction (85%-115%). Besides, 25% standard deviation of these data were more than 5. It had significant differences between different pharmaceutical manufactures. In order to uniform the quality, three directions would be considered. First of all, the herbs needed to be selected and conformed to the pharmaceutical guideline. Second, the contents of standard formulations seemed to be strictly observed. Finally, it combined with manufacturing technology, instrumental apparatus and GMP system. Furthermore, the homogeneous concepts and effects of products seemed to be guaranteed.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020
Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass has gained significant attention worldwide as an alternative fuel source for the transportation sector without affecting food supply. Efficient conversion of pentose sugars (L-arabinose and D-xylose) produced during hydrolysis of hemicellulose to ethanol can enhance the economic viability. In this study, a total of 390 yeasts isolated from Marula wine, the gut of dung beetles, herbal concoctions and banana residues were screened for the ability to ferment L-arabinose and D-xylose. Fourteen yeasts were able to ferment both pentose sugars and ten strains were subjected to an adaptation process in the presence of acetic acid using L-arabinose as carbon source. Four adapted strains of Meyerozyma caribbica were able to ferment L-arabinose to ethanol and arabitol in the presence of 3 g/L acetic acid at 35 °C. Meyerozyma caribbica Mu 2.2f fermented D-xylose, L-arabinose and a mixture of D-xylose and L-arabinose to produce 1.7, 3.0 and 1.9 g/L ethanol, respectively, compared to the parental strain with 1.5, 1.0 and 1.8 g/L ethanol, respectively, in the absence of acetic acid. The adapted strain of M. caribbica Mu 2.2f produced 3.6 and 0.8 g/L ethanol from L-arabinose and D-xylose, respectively in the presence of acetic acid while the parental strain failed to grow. In the bioreactor, the adapted strain of M. caribbica Mu 2.2f produced 5.7 g/L ethanol in the presence of 3 g/L acetic acid with an ethanol yield and productivity of 0.338 g/g and 0.158 g/L/h, respectively at a KLa value of 3.3 h-1. The adapted strain produced 26.7 g/L arabitol with a yield of 0.900 g/g at a KLa value of 4.9 h-1. Meyerozyma caribbica Mu 2.2f could potentially be used to produce ethanol and arabitol under stressed conditions.
National Research Foundation (NRF)

Cheung Ho Yan.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-175).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.vi
Publications based on the work in this thesis --- p.vii
Table of content --- p.viii
Abbreviations --- p.xii
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Danshen --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Chemical constituents --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pharmacological effects --- p.7
Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- On blood vessels --- p.7
Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- On blood pressure --- p.8
Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- On heart --- p.8
Chapter 1.1.3.4 --- On myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion --- p.9
Chapter 1.1.3.5 --- On platelet activity --- p.10
Chapter 1.1.3.6 --- Other actions --- p.11
Chapter 1.1.4 --- Clinical studies --- p.12
Chapter 1.2 --- The Vascular System --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.1 --- The circulation network --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Physiology of blood vessels --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Control of vascular lone --- p.14
Chapter 1.3 --- Mechanisms of Vasodilatation --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Endothelium derived relaxant factors (EDRFs) --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Nitric oxide (NO) --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Prostacyclin (PGI：) --- p.17
Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Endotheliun-derived hyperpolarization factors (EDHFs) --- p.18
Chapter 1.3.1.3.1 --- Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) --- p.19
Chapter 1.3.1.3.2 --- Potassium ion (IC) --- p.20
Chapter 1.3.1.3.3 --- Gap junction --- p.20
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Signal transduction pathways --- p.21
Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Guanylyl cyclase-cGMP pathway --- p.21
Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Adenylyl cyclase-cAMP pathway --- p.22
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Ion channels in vascular smooth muscle cell --- p.24
Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Potassium channels (K+ channels) --- p.24
Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Calcium channels (Ca2+ channels) --- p.24
Chapter 1.3.3.3 --- Chloride channel (Cl channel) --- p.25
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Receptor-operated mechanisms --- p.27
Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- Muscarinic receptors --- p.27
Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Adrenoceptors --- p.27
Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- Histamine receptors --- p.28
Chapter 1.3.4.4 --- CGRP receptors --- p.29
Chapter 1.3.4.5 --- Tachykinin receptors --- p.30
Chapter 1.4 --- Aims of the studies --- p.31
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.32
Chapter 2.1 --- Extraction of Water and Lipid-solubie Fractions from Danshen --- p.32
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Preparation of water-soluble and lipid-soluble fractions --- p.33
Chapter 2.2 --- Experiments on Rat Knee Joint --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Animals --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Materials --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Preparatory protocols --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Anaesthesia of animals --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Cannulation of trachea --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Cannulation of carotid artery --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Blood pressure measurement --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Measurement of knee joint blood flow --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Preparation for measurement of knee joint blood flow --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Experimental protocols --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Danshen on knee joint blood flow --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Antagonists on Danshen --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Positive controls --- p.43
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Image analysis --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.7 --- Data analysis --- p.44
Chapter 2.3 --- Experiments on Rat Femoral Artery --- p.45
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Animals --- p.45
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Materials --- p.45
Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Chemicals --- p.45
Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Physiological salt solution --- p.48
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Preparatory protocols --- p.48
Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Small vessel myograph --- p.48
Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Isolation and mounting of tissue --- p.49
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Experimental protocols --- p.50
Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Studies on the vasodilator response to Danshen --- p.50
Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Studies of antagonists on Danshen --- p.50
Chapter 2.3.4.2.1 --- Endothelium-dependent mechanisms --- p.51
Chapter 2.3.4.2.2 --- Endothelium-independent mechanisms --- p.54
Chapter 2.3.4.2.3 --- K+ channel blockers --- p.54
Chapter 2.3.4.2.4 --- Positive controls --- p.55
Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- Danshen on Ca2+-induced contraction --- p.56
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Data analysis --- p.57
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESULTS --- p.58
Chapter 3.1 --- Danshen on Rat Knee Joint Blood Flow --- p.58
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Topical administration of Danshen --- p.58
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Antagonists on Danshen --- p.59
Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Muscarinic receptor antagonist --- p.59
Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- β-adrenoceptor antagonist --- p.60
Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Histamine receptor antagonists --- p.60
Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor --- p.61
Chapter 3.1.2.5 --- Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors --- p.62
Chapter 3.1.2.6 --- CGRPi receptor antagonist --- p.62
Chapter 3.1.2.7 --- NK1 receptor antagonist --- p.63
Chapter 3.1.2.8 --- Potassium channel inhibitor --- p.64
Chapter 3.1.2.9 --- "Combination of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and CGRP1 receptor antagonist" --- p.64
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Antagonists on water-soluble fraction of Danshen --- p.91
Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor --- p.91
Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors --- p.91
Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- CGRP1 receptor antagonist --- p.92
Chapter 3.1.3.4 --- NK1 receptor antagonist --- p.92
Chapter 3.1.3.5 --- Potassium channel inhibitor --- p.92
Chapter 3.2 --- Danshen on Rat Femoral Artery --- p.99
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Danshen on precontracted arterial ring --- p.99
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Endothelium-dependent mechanisms --- p.106
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Endothelium-independent mechanisms --- p.114
Chapter 3.2.4 --- K+ channel blockers --- p.119
Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Effect on Danshen --- p.119
Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Effect on water-soluble and lipid-soluble fractions of Danshen --- p.121
Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Effect on Danshensu --- p.122
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Danshen on Ca2+-induced contractions --- p.133
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.138
Chapter 4.1 --- In Vivo Studies of Danshen on Rat Knee Joint Blood Flow --- p.139
Chapter 4.2 --- In Vitro Studies of Danshen on Isolated Rat Femoral Artery --- p.148
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Comparisons of the use of different precontractors --- p.148
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Investigations on endothelium-dependent mechanisms --- p.151
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Investigations on endothelium-independent mechanisms --- p.152
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effects of K+ channel blockers --- p.154
Chapter 4.2.5 --- Inhibition of Ca2+ influx in vascular smooth muscle --- p.157
Chapter 4.3 --- Comparisons of Results from In Vivo and In Vitro Studies --- p.159
Chapter 4.4 --- Future Studies --- p.161
Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.162
REFERENCES --- p.164

碩士
中國醫藥學院
中國藥學研究所
91
Summary Quality Evaluation Three Chinese Herbal Extracted Preparations Produced in Taiwan of Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi Tang ,Si Ni San, and Wn Tan Tong by Hsiu Mi Yang Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences China Medical College There are more than 20 Pharmaceutical factories manufacturing extracted Powder preparations of Chinese crude drugs in Taiwan. The market price of these preparations varied from company to company. We compared the quality of these preparations and also evaluated the quality between the Chinese herbal formulas preparations and the tranditional Chinese crude drugs. This project selected five most commonly used Chinese herbal formulas preparations ( Ma Xing Gan Shi Tang, Si Ni San, Wn Tan Tong ) used in the China Medical College Hospital. We evaluated the quality between the Chinese herbal formulas preparations and the traditional Chinese crude drug based on the following parameters : ( 1 ) Loss on drying ( 2 ) Total ash content ( 3 ) Acid insoluable ash content ( 4 ) Dilute alcohol extract content We also used TLC, HPLC to compare the quality of preparations between the pharmaceutical factories. The analysis showed the quality of products from different factories varied dramatically. The National Health Bureau should enforce the quantitive analysis of the herbal products so as to guarantee their quality. Finally, we wish the Bureau of National Health Insurance can offer different rates to the healthy organizations, based on the quality of herbal preparations so as to improve the quality of the treatment and accelerate the quality control of G.M.P. products.