Dissertations / Theses: 'Herb'

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Heintze, Willian. "Propagação de Hippeastrum reticulatum var. striatifolium (Herb.) Herb." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/108710.

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Hippeastrum reticulatum var. striatifolium (Herb.) Herb. é uma espécie nativa no Brasil. Possui elevado potencial ornamental pela beleza de suas folhas perenes e floração anual. Moderadamente tolerante ao sombreamento, a torna indicada para uso em interiores. A produção de mudas é pouco estudada, refletindo em indisponibilidade e baixa difusão dessa espécie no mercado produtor e consumidor. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar aspectos relacionados à produção de mudas por micropropagação e por sementes. Bulbos de plantas existentes na Faculdade de Agronomia-UFRGS foram desinfestados com NaClO e termoterapia para micropropagação. Variações na posição de incubação (posição horizontal e vertical), concentrações de sacarose, reguladores de crescimento no meio de cultivo (BAP e ANA) e tamanho prévio dos bulbos foram avaliadas em relação à organogênese in vitro. Mudas micropropagadas foram aclimatizadas em diferentes substratos. Foi determinado o teor de umidade de sementes e avaliado o pré tratamento com frio e sua implicação na germinação. A desinfestação com NaClO 1,72% por 15‟ associada à imersão dos explantes por 30 minutos em água a 52°C diminuiu a contaminação in vitro sem ocasionar morte dos explantes. Explantes incubados na posição vertical em relação ao seu eixo polar apresentaram maior número e diâmetro de brotações, número e soma do comprimento de raízes e número de folhas por explante, em relação aos incubados na horizontal. Concentrações de sacarose próximas e menores que 60g L-1 aumentaram o número e tamanho de brotações, enquanto que menores que 50g L-1 melhoraram o enraizamento e a formação de folhas. A concentração testada de 100g L-1 foi prejudicial. A utilização de 6- benzilaminopurina (BAP) no meio de cultivo inibiu a formação de raízes e o diâmetro das brotações, enquanto a utilização de ácido naftaleno acético (ANA) aumentou o número de brotações. A combinação de ANA e BAP foi antagônica em relação à média do comprimento de raízes e folhas, com maior média observada na ausência de ambos. A presença de carvão ativado no meio de cultivo diminuiu os efeitos inibitórios do BAP. Explantes originários de bulbos com maior diâmetro formaram mudas maiores, mais numerosas e com maior massa de matéria fresca. A aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas foi eficiente em diversos substratos (sobrevivência > 90%), com destaque qualitativo à casca de Pinus compostada e quantitativo ao Comercial 1. Sementes maduras apresentaram teor de umidade próximo a 80%. A propagação por sementes foi possível, sem a necessidade de quebra de dormência com frio, com tempo médio de germinação em torno de 30 dias.
Hippeastrum reticulatum var. striatifolium (Herb.) Herb. is a native species on Brazil. Has high ornamental potential of its beautiful annual flowering and perennial leaves. Moderately tolerant to shade, makes it suitable for indoor use. Seedling production is poorly studied, reflecting in unavailability and low spread of this species in the producer and consumer markets. This work was aimed to investigate aspects related to seedling production through micropropagation and seedling. Bulbs of the plants conserved at the Faculty of Agronomy, UFRGS were disinfected with NaClO and thermotherapy for micropropagation. Variations in incubation position (horizontal and vertical), sucrose concentrations, growth regulators in the culture medium (BAP and NAA) and previous size of the bulbs, were evaluated for in vitro organogenesis. Seedlings were acclimatized in different substrates. The moisture content of seeds was determined and the pretreatment with cold as well as their involvement in germination were evaluated. The disinfection of the explants with 1.72% NaClO for 15' associated with the immersion of the explants for 30 minutes in water at 52 °C decreased contamination in vitro, without causing death. Explants incubated in an upright position on its polar axis showed higher germinating number and diameter as well as number and total root length and number of leaves per explants compared to those incubated horizontally. Concentrations of sucrose close and less than 60g L-1 increased the number and size of shoots, while less than 50 g L-1 improved rooting and leaf formation. The tested concentration of 100 g L-1 was harmful. The use of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in the medium inhibited the formation of roots and the diameter of shoots, while the use of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) increased the number of shoots. The combination of NAA and BAP was antagonistic in respect to length of roots and leaves, with the highest average observed in the absence of both. The presence of activated charcoal in the culture medium decreased the inhibitory effects of BAP. Explants originated from bulbs with highest diameter formed larger, more numerous and seedlings with more mass. The acclimatization of seedlings was efficient on various substrates (survival > 90 %), highlighting qualitative to Pinus bark composted and the quantitative to Commercial 1. Ripe seeds showed moisture content close to 80 %. Propagation by seed is possible, without the need to break dormancy with cold, with average germination time of around 30 days.

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Slade, A. J. "The population biology and foraging behaviour of the clonal perennial herb Glechoma hederacea." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377070.

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Oliveira, Renata Souza de. "Flora da Cadeia do Espinhaço:Zephyranthes Herb. & Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-17092006-174500/.

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Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) é caracterizado pelas brácteas da inflorescência fundidas formando um tubo e flores zigomorfas. O gênero se distribui na América do Sul, México e sudoeste dos Estados Unidos. Este trabalho teve por objetivos levantar as espécies de Habranthus (Amaryllidaceae) ocorrentes na Cadeia do Espinhaço (Minas Gerais e Bahia), bem como elucidar sua delimitação taxonômica por meio de análise morfológica. O gênero está representado na região por 8 espécies: H. bahiensis Ravenna (endêmica de Morro do Chapéu BA), H. datensis Ravenna (distribuída desde a Serra do Cipó até região de Diamantina - MG), H. cf. gracilifolius Herb. (ocorrente na região de Corinto MG), H. irwinianus Ravenna (em serras próximas a Belo Horizonte, Serra da Canastra e Ibitipoca MG), H. itaobinus Ravenna (no norte de Minas Gerais e região Nordeste), H. sylvaticus (Mart ex Schult) Herb. (na região Nordeste), H. botumirensis R. S. Oliveira & P. T. Sano (endêmico de Botumirim MG) H. lucidus R. S. Oliveira & P. T. Sano (endêmica de Rio de Contas BA). Habranthus botumirensis e H. lucidus constituem espécies novas para a ciência e foi proposta a sinonímização de H. duarteanus em H. irwinianus. O trabalho apresenta chave para as espécies, descrições, ilustrações, comentários e distribuição geográfica. São apresentadas análises na morfologia de bulbo, anatomia de folha, escapo e raiz, dados de morfologia floral, além do provimento de box-plots e análise de ordenação (PCA) com dados morfométricos. O número de ramos no bulbo, ornamentação da cutícula foliar, distribuição dos estômatos, formato das tépalas, e de seus ápices, características do paraperigônio, posição dos filetes e coloração da flor foram os principais caracteres que auxiliaram na distinção de grupos e/ou espécies. A análise com dados morfométricos colaborou na distinção das maiores espécies e auxiliou na separação das populações de H. irwinianus.
Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) is characterized by inflorescence bracts fused forming a tube and zigomorphic flowers. The genus is distributed in South America, Mexico and southwest United States. The present study attempts to survey Habranthus (Amaryllidaceae) species that occur in Espinhaço Range (Minas Gerais and Bahia states), and clarify their taxonomic delimitation utilizing morphologic data. The genus is represented in the region by 8 species: H. bahiensis Ravenna (endemic in Morro do Chapéu BA), H. datensis Ravenna (distributed from Serra do Cipó to Diamantina region - MG), H. cf. gracilifolius Herb. (Corinto region MG), H. irwinianus Ravenna (mountains near to Belo Horizonte, Serra da Canastra and Ibitipoca MG), H. itaobinus Ravenna (northern Minas Gerais and Northeast of Brazil), H. sylvaticus (Mart ex Schult) Herb. (Northeast of Brazil), H. botumirensis R. S. Oliveira & P. T. Sano (endemic in Botumirim MG) H. lucidus R. S. Oliveira & P. T. Sano (endemic in Rio de Contas BA). Habranthus botumirensis and H. lucidus are new species for science and H. duarteanus is proposed as synonym in H. irwinianus. This study presents a key to the species, descriptions, illustrations, comments and geographic distribution. Analyses in bulb morphology, leaf, scape and root anatomy, floral morphology, besides box-plots and ordination (PCA) with morphometric data are presented. Number of branches in the bulb, leave cuticles sculpture, stomata distribution, tepals shape and their apices, paraperigone characteristics, filaments position and flower color were major characteristics that helped to distinct groups and/or species. Morphometric analysis helped to distinct the largest species and to separate H. irwinianus populations.

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Blackwelder, Reid B. "Drug-Herb Interactions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6913.

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Flores, Alcántara Mayra Paulina. "Micropropagación de Hymenocallis harrisiana (Herb.)." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/65825.

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Mutiplicación in vitro de una especie silvestre ornamental nativa de México.
Hymenocallis harrisiana (Herb.) pertenece a la familia Amaryllidaceae. Se conoce como lirio araña, y es nativa de México. A pesar de tener gran potencial ornamental, por sus características llamativas de su flor, no hay estudios sobre su micropropagación que contribuyan a su mejoramiento genético. El objetivo del presente estudio fue establecer un protocolo de micropropagación para H. harrisiana (Herb.), en el cual, se evaluó el efecto del ácido indolbutírico (AIB) y el ácido naftalenacético (ANA) solos, o en combinación con tidiazuron (TDZ), en la germinación de embriones, así como en la inducción de bulbillos a partir de secciones de escamas de bulbo, explantes de hoja y callos, obtenidos a partir de plántulas in vitro. Los resultados mostraron que en las concentraciones de 0.5-1.0 mg L-1 de AIB + 0.5-1.0 mg L-1 de TDZ, respectivamente fue posible obtener una germinación del 100%. Para la inducción de bulbillos, las secciones de escamas de bulbo fueron el mejor tipo de explante, obteniendo en promedio 4.87 ± 2.62 bulbillos, en el tratamiento con 1.0 mg L-1 de AIB + 1.0 mg L-1 de TDZ. La adición de ANA en la etapa de enraizamiento favoreció el desarrollo de raíces sanas y de buena longitud. El estudio histológico confirmó que las estructuras formadas fueron bulbillos. Después de 60 días, las plántulas aclimatadas a condiciones de invernadero mostraron más del 80% de adaptación. El protocolo desarrollado podría ser el punto de partida para desarrollar futuras estrategias de conservación y de mejoramiento genético de la especie.
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FLORES, ALCÁNTARA MAYRA PAULINA. "MICROPROPAGACIÓN DE Hymenocallis harrisiana (Herb.) TESIS." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/65262.

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Hymenocallis harrisiana (Herb.) pertenece a la familia Amaryllidaceae. Se conoce como lirio araña, y es nativa de México. A pesar de tener gran potencial ornamental, por sus características llamativas de su flor, no hay estudios sobre su micropropagación que contribuyan a su mejoramiento genético. El objetivo del presente estudio fue establecer un protocolo de micropropagación para H. harrisiana (Herb.), en el cual, se evaluó el efecto del ácido indolbutírico (AIB) y el ácido naftalenacético (ANA) solos, o en combinación con tidiazuron (TDZ), en la germinación de embriones, así como en la inducción de bulbillos a partir de secciones de escamas de bulbo, explantes de hoja y callos, obtenidos a partir de plántulas in vitro. Los resultados mostraron que en las concentraciones de 0.5-1.0 mg L-1 de AIB + 0.5-1.0 mg L-1 de TDZ, respectivamente fue posible obtener una germinación del 100%. Para la inducción de bulbillos, las secciones de escamas de bulbo fueron el mejor tipo de explante, obteniendo en promedio 4.87 ± 2.62 bulbillos, en el tratamiento con 1.0 mg L-1 de AIB + 1.0 mg L-1 de TDZ. La adición de ANA en la etapa de enraizamiento favoreció el desarrollo de raíces sanas y de buena longitud. El estudio histológico confirmó que las estructuras formadas fueron bulbillos. Después de 60 días, las plántulas aclimatadas a condiciones de invernadero mostraron más viii del 100% de adaptación. El protocolo desarrollado podría ser el punto de partida para desarrollar futuras estrategias de conservación y de mejoramiento genético de la especie.
El género Hymenocallis Salisb., viene del griego y significa “hermosa membrana” aludiendo a la corona estaminal que caracteriza al género (Tapia-Campos et al., 2012). Comúnmente conocida como lirio araña, se distribuye en zonas templadas y tropicales desde el sureste y centro de los Estados Unidos de América, el Caribe, México, Centroamérica y noreste de Sudamérica, presentando su mayor riqueza en Mesoamérica (García-Mendoza 2010). Nuestro país posee el mayor número de especies (30) de este género (Rodríguez et al., 2013), la Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO 2009), señala que muchas de ellas son endémicas y en algunos casos son consideradas maleza. Aun así, en algunas partes se cultivan en jardines y parques por la belleza y fragancia de su flor (López y Espejo 2002). Hymenocallis harrisiana (Herb.), es nativa de México. En estados como Sinaloa, Nayarit y Jalisco se cultiva como planta ornamental, mientras que de manera silvestre, es una planta más bien escasa, con poblaciones pequeñas y muy localizadas, cuya floración se presenta de mayo a julio (CONABIO 2009). En nuestro país, desde el 2008 el género es considerado un recurso fitogénetico con valor real y con potencial ornamental. En la actualidad, la red Hymenocallis del SINAREFI (Sistema Nacional de Recursos Fitogéneticos), cuenta con tres proyectos vigentes que contemplan: a) la validación de recursos genéticos de Hymenocallis, b) un programa de mejoramiento genético a corto, mediano y largo plazo, y c) la validación de recursos genéticos de Hymenocallis en Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Estado de México y Morelos. 1 Por lo anterior, se requieren establecer protocolos de multiplicación masiva de las especies del citado género. Las especies se propagan de manera asexual llegando a producir de seis a ocho bulbillos por bulbo, mientras que de forma sexual, una planta puede llegar a producir 200 semillas aunque no todas germinan, además de que el período de germinación tarda de uno a cuatro meses dependiendo de las condiciones en las que se encuentre la semilla. Una alternativa de propagación a gran escala, es el cultivo de tejidos vegetales, el cual permite establecer en condiciones asépticas, estructuras vegetales (células, órganos y tejidos) en medios de cultivo definidos, bajo condiciones de incubación controladas (Mendoza 2007). En la literatura son escasos los trabajos de micropropagación en el género. Yanagawa e Ito (1988) reportaron que al utilizar escamas de bulbos con parte del disco basal, y cultivándolas en el medio semi-solido de White (1943) suplementado con 0.01 mg L-1 de ácido naftalenacético (ANA) y 5 mg L-1 de 6-bencilaminopurina (BA), pudieron regenerar de tres a cuatro bulbillos en Hymenocallis speciosa. Así, resulta interesante el desarrollo de un protocolo para la propagación in vitro de H. harrisiana (Herb.) que contribuya a su rápida multiplicación y al mismo tiempo, facilite el diseño de futuras estrategias de mejoramiento genético de esta y otras especies del género.

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Yang, Hongyi. "Herb and Life: A Chinese Medical Family." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3296/.

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This written thesis examines the process of producing Herb and Life: a Chinese Medical Family, a thirty-minute documentary video that explores the producer's family members' relationship with Traditional Chinese Medicine. This documentary uses interviews, narration, music, and observational sequences to display documentary subjects' career choices and their experiences with Traditional Chinese Medicine. This written thesis reveals the development of this documentary, from the pre-production to production and post-production stages. It also incorporates theoretical analysis and self-evaluation of this documentary video.

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Wong, Queenie Lai Lai. "Pharmacognostic studies on folk medicinal herb xihuangcao." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/215.

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Xihuangcao is a folk medicinal herb used in southern China with three botanical origins: Isodon lophanthoides (IL), I. lophanthoides var. graciliflorus (ILG) and I. serra (IS). They are often used indiscriminately, numerous commercially available herbal products list Xihuangcao as an ingredient without listing the source. This situation has led to a growing concern about the differentiation and quality evaluation of Xihuangcao. To address this concern, a systematic study was conducted to identify the origin. The study is divided into five parts, which aimed to establish and apply the authentication methods of the origins. Four Isodon species were recorded in research papers as the plant sources. However, a new classification suggested in 2004 and two of the IL varieties were merged. In the ancient herbal documents, ILG was first recorded as the origin plant. IL was the major species in the ancient texts, IS was only listed as an additional sources in recent herbal references. The“yellow juices which proven to be the exudates of glandular scales was the key identification features recorded. Macroscopic and microscopic studies provided identification features of the three Isodon species. IL and ILG share very similar features, but IS can be easily distinguished. By morphological features, IL and ILG can be distinguished by the shape of leaves, which IL has a broader leaves than ILG; IS can be identified by its very bitter taste and broadly winged petioles. By microscopic features, IL and ILG have a tiny difference in the shape of epidermal cells of leaf, and IS can be recognized by small raphides of calcium oxalate. In the UPLC-MS fingerprinting and tissue-specific profiling, the chemical profiles the three species were revealed. The chemical profiles of IL and ILG were similar, while IS has its specific chemical profiles. Twenty-seven characteristic peaks were chosen and showed a good distinction of the three species. The tissue-specific profiling of leaves showed the diterpenoids of all the species were accumulated only in the glandular scales. Lipidomics study on IL, ILG and IS was also conducted. A total of 92 lipids were identified. The variation of lipid profiles of the three Isodon species was further quantified, the results showed that the contents of the lipids in the three Isodon species varied. Statistical analyses showed IS has distinctly different lipid profile, while that of IL and ILG are very similar. Finally, the methods of macroscopic microscopic authentication and UPLC-MS fingerprinting were applied in identifying the source species of commercial Xihuangcao products. Twenty-seven batches of Xihuangcao decoction pieces were identified, results showed ILG is the major source of the collected samples. The ingredients in eight Xihuangcao herbal tea bags were also identified. IS is the major species, and none of the samples match their labels. The study provided valuable information on the authentication and quality control of folk medicinal herb Xihuangcao. The work also provided fundamental information on further studies on the chemical constituents of IL and ILG, also and role of lipids in the production of bioactive diterpenoids in Isodon species

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Kireger, Eliud Kiplimo. "Natural regeneration and bark production in Prunus Africana (Hook.F.) Kalkman (Rosaceae) and its sustaibable utilization and conservation in Kenya." Thesis, Bangor University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273609.

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Oleas, Nora. "Landscape Genetics of Phaedranassa Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) in Ecuador." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/443.

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Speciation can be understood as a continuum occurring at different levels, from population to species. The recent molecular revolution in population genetics has opened a pathway towards understanding species evolution. At the same time, speciation patterns can be better explained by incorporating a geographic context, through the use of geographic information systems (GIS). Phaedranassa (Amaryllidaceae) is a genus restricted to one of the world’s most biodiverse hotspots, the Northern Andes. I studied seven Phaedranassa species from Ecuador. Six of these species are endemic to the country. The topographic complexity of the Andes, which creates local microhabitats ranging from moist slopes to dry valleys, might explain the patterns of Phaedranassa species differentiation. With a Bayesian individual assignment approach, I assessed the genetic structure of the genus throughout Ecuador using twelve microsatellite loci. I also used bioclimatic variables and species geographic coordinates under a Maximum Entropy algorithm to generate distribution models of the species. My results show that Phaedranassa species are genetically well-differentiated. Furthermore, with the exception of two species, all Phaedranassa showed non-overlapping distributions. Phaedranassa viridiflora and P. glauciflora were the only species in which the model predicted a broad species distribution, but genetic evidence indicates that these findings are likely an artifact of species delimitation issues. Both genetic differentiation and non-overlapping geographic distribution suggest that allopatric divergence could be the general model of genetic differentiation. Evidence of sympatric speciation was found in two geographically and genetically distinct groups of P. viridiflora. Additionally, I report the first register of natural hybridization for the genus. The findings of this research show that the genetic differentiation of species in an intricate landscape as the Andes does not necessarily show a unique trend. Although allopatric speciation is the most common form of speciation, I found evidence of sympatric speciation and hybridization. These results show that the processes of speciation in the Andes have followed several pathways. The mixture of these processes contributes to the high biodiversity of the region

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Dutilh, Julie Henriette Antoinette. "Investigações citotaxonomicas em populações brasileiras de hippeastrum herb." [s.n.], 1987. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315432.

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Orientador: Neusa Diniz da Cruz
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A família Amaryllidaceae ainda não está perfeitamente caracterizada e não conta com limites precisos e bem definidos. Quanto ao gênero Hippeastrum, ainda não há um consenso sobre o seu epíteto genérico, que para muitos autores deve ser Amaryllis. Os limites das espécies muitas vezes deixam margens a muitas dúvidas, e um estudo taxonômico cuidadoso deve ser feito que leve em conta a variabilidade encontrada nas populações, e não ser baseada exclusivamente em material herborizado. Foram examinadas taxonômicamente várias introduções de 13 espécies ou complexos diferentes. Citologicamente foram examinadas 10 destas espécies, além de algumas introduções não identificadas. O número cromossômico básico encontrado foi x=11 em todas as introduções. O cariótipo básico do gênero é formado por quatro cromossomos menores, com centrômero na região mediana a submediana e sete cromossomos maiores com centrômero na região submediana, subterminal e terminal. A maioria das espécies são diplóides, havendo também espécies poliplóides ou com mais de um nível de ploidia. Além disso encontra-se com freqüência polissomatia, aneussomatia e cromossomos B. Faz-se necessário um estudo que correlacione os diversos fenômenos citológicos encontrados e seus efeitos na morfologia externa e na especiação. Devido à instabilidade citológica e à pouca clareza taxonômica, ainda não foi possível estabelecer se há um cariótipo que possa caracterizar alguma espécie, diferenciando-a das demais. ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The family Amaryllidaceae is still not very clearly characterized and its limits not precisely defined. As to the genus Hippeastrum, there is no agreement concerning its proper generic name, which, according to many authors, should be Amaryllis. The limits of the species are not very clear either. Thus a careful taxonomic study of the whole group that takes into account the variability of populations and is not based exclusively on herbarium specimens is a desideratum. Introductions of some 13 different species or complexes have been analysed. Among these,10 species and some unidentified introductions have been investigated citologicaly and the basic chromosome number ecountered was x=11. The basic karyotype is composed by four smaller chromosomes with a median or submedian centromere and seven larger chromosomes with a submedian, subterminal or terminal centromere.Most species are diploids but some are polyploids or have more than one level of ploidy. Polysomaty, aneusomaty and B chromosomes are also frequent. An investigation correlating the citological phenomena encoutered with the possible effects on external morfology and on speciation is very much desirable. It was not possible to characterize definitely the karyotype of any species on account of the citological instability and also due to the obscure specific taxonomy. ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Mestrado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

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Dutilh, Julie Henriette Antoinette. "Biossistematica de quatro especies de Hippeastrum Herb. (Amaryllidaceae)." [s.n.], 1996. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315440.

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Orientador: Neusa Taroda Ranga
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Apesar de Hippeastrum ser o nome oficial para as espécies americanas, há uma falta de consenso sobre o epíteto correto do gênero. Deste modo muitas espécies foram descritas como Amaryllis e a combinação para Hippeastrum não foi feita. As diferentes espécies do subgênero Omphalissa apresentam formas intermediárias que às vezes tornam dificil a identificação dos indivíduos. Foram investigadas populações simpátricas de quatro espécies em Atibaia, SP, quanto à variabilidade intra e interpopulacional da morfologia externa, ambiente natural, fenologia e cromossomos. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com os de várias descrições de espécies semelhantes, com indivíduos vivos de populações de outras regiões e com material herborizado. As espécies mostraram diferenças ecológicas, de época de florescimento, e do posicionamento das estruturas florais, modificando o comportamento does) polinizador( es), e também diferenças na morfologia do bulbo e sua profundidade no solo, e diferenças na morfologia das folhas. Foi constatado que a continuidade morfológica entre as espécies pode estar sendo reforçada pela facilidade de hibridação, com a presença aparente de híbridos e introgressão nas populações naturais, que, apesar disto, mantém-se como entidades distintas em Atibaia. As diferenças entre as espécies devem estar sendo mantidas por diferenças fenológicas, de morfologia floral e de ambiente ocupado. Algumas populações de outras localidades mostraram combinações de caracteres intermediários entre as espécies encontradas em Atibaia, tornando os limites específicos, quando se analisa várias populações, menos evidente. A variabilidade resultante da hibridação pode ter facilitado a ocupação de novos ambientes, o que explicaria a diversidade de ambientes ocupados. A constância de um cariótipo básico semelhante para muitas espécies, apesar da variabilidade intrapopulacional, também facilita a hibridação e a manutenção da capacidade de trocas gênicas. Os dados obtidos mostraram a importância da observação das características das estruturas vegetativas, do ambiente e fenológicas, para a separação das espécies. A análise estatística das medidas tomadas em inflorescências confirmaram uma certa continuidade morfológica mas também a significância do agrupamento em espécies distintas, dos indivíduos de Atibaia. Deste modo para se fazer uma classificação ou identificação mais correta, deve ser levado em conta um conjunto de caracteres e não características isoladas
Abstract: Although Hippeastrum is the official name for the New World species, Amaryllis has been much favoured by the majority of taxonomists who worked with the group. So many of the species have been described as Amaryllis, and their combination in Hippeastrum has not yet been published. In the subgenus Omohalissa there are several species which are sometimes difficult to distinguish because of intermediate forms. Four different species of subgenus Omphalissa, growing simpatrically near the town of Atibaia, Brazil, were morphologically analysed. The species showed several intermediate forms which made it difficult, in some cases, to identify them. Statistical treatment of measures taken from several parts of the inflorescence showed that a continuity exists but that there is a significant distinction between the species. Observation of other characteristics indicated that vegetative, ecological and phenological data are very important for the characterisation and distinction of a species and the identification of an individual. The morphological continuity between the species may be explained and reinforced by the easy hybridisation between most species of the genus and the existence of these hybrids and introgression in natural populations. Variability resulting from hybridisation ma:r also help explain the diversity of environments occupied by the species. Similarity of the basic karyotype between the species, even though there is a reasonable variation in the populations, may favour the crossings and gene exchanges
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

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彭君華 and Kwan-wah Pang. "Studies toward stereoselective total synthesis of triptolide." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3121454X.

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Cozza, John. "Sex Expression in a Rainforest Understory Herb, Begonia urophylla." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/186.

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Monoecy, the production of distinct male and female flowers on the same plant, is an important, though little studied, sexual strategy in the rainforest understory. This study of a monoecious plant discovered a cue to induce flowering, explored the interplay of gender constraint vs. plasticity in a natural population, and tested possible causes of gender in two laboratory experiments. An experiment in the lab found that reduced photoperiod for three weeks is an unambiguous cue for flowering. The remarkably long inductive period is followed by a long and variable period of floral initiation. This results in only partial synchronization of flowering among plants in a patch, which enhances mating opportunities in this protandrous plant. Inflorescence architecture is highly constrained, and ideally produces a phenotypic gender (proportion female) of about 0.5. However, in the forest at Las Cruces, Costa Rica, most plants were less female than predicted, mostly through abortion of female buds. Plants showed gender plasticity between and within years. Large plants produced more flowers and were more female in gender, and less variable in gender, than small plants. Reproduction was poorly correlated with environmental resource availability, measured as canopy openness, soil moisture, pH, and soil phosphorus, ammonium and nitrate. Phenotypic selection analysis on seed production suggests an optimal gender of 50-60% female, yet plasticity to be less female than this optimum, and in particular to express only male function, has been maintained. In a factorial experiment in the lab, high light or high nitrogen caused plants to produce more flowers and to be proportionally more female, and larger in weight, than low light or nitrogen. The effects of light and nitrogen on reproduction, plant size, and leaf greenness suggest an energy based determination of gender. Gender may be mostly influenced by plant size, but sometimes also opportunistically by environment. Inoculation with mycorrhizas caused plants to be less female in gender, and smaller in weight, than plants that were not inoculated. This suggests a net cost of mycorrhizas under experimental conditions, and supports the emerging view of the mycorrhizal symbiosis as not necessarily mutualistic under all circumstances.

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Vold, Else Marte. "Management Effects on Low-Herb Diversity in Outlying Grasslands." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21410.

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During the past century there have been vast changes in land use, which have led to succession processes in outlying lands. As a consequence, species-rich semi-natural grasslands are disappearing and many of their associated species have become threatened with extinction. For targeted and successful conservation of these species, it is important to identify the ecological factors determining their distribution and abundance. The aim of this study was to reveal effects of different management types on the distribution and abundance of rare low-herb species, while controlling for vegetation type, moisture and pH. A case study was performed at Brekken, an upland outlying landscape in Norway. Seven study species were chosen; three Botrychium species (B. lunaria, B. boreale, B. lanceolatum), three gentian species (Gentiana nivalis, Gentianella campestris, Gentianella amarella) and one orchid (Nigritella nigra). Species observations were obtained by distance transect sampling. Within transects, present vegetation was recorded as intervals of distinct types, and moisture and pH was measured and used in characterization of vegetation types. Using generalized linear models and generalized linear mixed models, density and probability of occurrence was modeled in response to management (mowing, grazing and abandonment) and vegetation types. For all species in total, both the density and the probability of occurrence is higher in grazed areas than in mown and abandoned areas, and their habitat ranges are wider in the grazed area. From models fit per species, the gentian species show higher density or probability of occurrence in mown areas. Most of the studied species were shown to be at highest density and/or have highest probability of occurrence in low-grown grassland vegetation. Such grasslands are products of land use, and therefore management effects are in some species analyses assumed to be masked within significant effects of vegetation types. In restoration and conservation, type of management should be determined specifically for each site, based on local land use history and the overall conservation aim.

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GALUCIO, Natasha Costa da Rocha. "Estudos de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade de Eleutherine plicata Herb." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/7517.

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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar estudos fitoquímicos de E. plicata, bem como avaliar a citotoxicidade, o papel do estresse oxidativo e a genotoxicidade. O pó dos bulbos de E. plicata foi submetido à maceração com etanol, a solução concentrada até resíduo em rotaevaporador. O extrato etanólico foi submetido ao fracionamento em coluna cromatográfica aberta de sílica gel, sendo utilizado como fase móvel solventes de polaridade crescente. A fração diclorometano foi submetida ao refracionamento em cromatografia em camada preparativa, utilizando como fase móvel o diclorometano, sendo obtidas 3 subfrações. O extrato etanólico, suas frações e subfrações foram submetidos a análises cromatográficas e espectrofotométricas. Todas as amostras foram submetidas aos ensaios: viabilidade celular (MTT), da capacidade antioxidante (DPPH), cometa e micronúcleo. A partir do extrato etanólico obteve-se uma fração rica em naftoquinona (Fração diclorometano). O fracionamento desta levou ao isolamento da isoeleuterina (fração S2 e majoritária), sendo a fração S3 minoritária (não identificada e não testadas). Estudos cromatográficos e espectrofotométricos permitiram a identificação de S2 (isoeleuterina). O fracionamento contribuiu positivamente para citotoxicidade em células VERO, sendo a amostra mais citotóxica a S1. Para células HepG2, a citotoxicidade foi concentração dependente, sendo que o fracionamento não contribuiu positivamente para esta. Também, em relação ao tempo, quanto maior o tempo de exposição, menor foi a citotoxicidade para as células HepG2. A capacidade antioxidante máxima foi observada para subfração S1, sendo que esta possuiu baixa genotoxicidade em ambos os métodos e foi a mais citotóxica. A fração diclorometano possui uma capacidade antioxidante intermediaria, porém apresentou uma elevada genotoxicidade no ensaio do micronúcleo. A isoeleuterina (S2) mostrou-se menor capacidade antioxidante, menor citotoxicidade e resultados conflitantes na genotoxicidade. O extrato etanólico possuiu a menor capacidade antioxidante, genotoxicidade moderada e menor citotoxicidade. Ao se analisar os resultados verifica-se que: a subfração S1 é a mais promissora como candidato a 9 fármaco antimalárico, visto possuir taxas de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade em níveis aceitáveis. A isoeleuterina necessita de investigações complementares sobre a genotoxicidade. Em relação à fração diclorometano desaconselha-se seu uso para o desenvolvimento do medicamento antimalárico, visto ser a mais genotóxica.
The purpose of this study was phytochemical studies of E. plicata, and to evaluate the cytotoxicity, the role of oxidative stress and genotoxicity. The powder of E. plicata bulbs underwent maceration with ethanol, the solution concentrated to residue in rotaevaporator. The ethanol extract was subjected to fractionation by open column chromatography over silica gel, being used as the mobile phase solvents of increasing polarity. The dichloromethane fraction was subjected to fractionation by preparative layer chromatography using dichloromethane as mobile phase, and 3 subfractions obtained. The ethanol extract, fractions and subfractions were subjected to chromatographic and spectrophotometric analysis. All samples were subjected to the tests: cellular viability (MTT), the antioxidant capacity (DPPH), comet and micronucleus assays. From the ethanol extract obtained a rich fraction naphthoquinone (dichloromethane fraction). Fractionation of this led to the isolation of: S1, S2 (major fraction), and fraction of minority S3 (unidentified, not tested). Chromatographic studies and spectrophotometric allowed the identification of S2 (isoeleuterin). Fractionation contributed positively to cytotoxicity on VERO cells, the sample being more cytotoxic to S1. The cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was concentration dependent, being the fractionation did not contribute positively to this. Also, over time, the longer the exposure time, the lower the cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. The maximum antioxidant activity was observed for subfraction S1, and this low genotoxicity possessed by both methods and it was the most cytotoxic. The dichloromethane fraction has an intermediate antioxidant capacity, but had a high genotoxicity in micronucleus assay. The isoeleuterin (S2) was lower antioxidant capacity, lower cytotoxicity and genotoxicity conflicting results. The ethanol extract possessed the lowest antioxidant capacity, moderate genotoxicity and lower cytotoxicity. When analyzing the results occur that: a subfraction S1 is the most promising candidate as the antimalarial drug, as have cytotoxicity and genotoxicity rates at acceptable levels. The isoeleuterin needs additional research on 11 genotoxicity. Regarding the dichloromethane fraction was not advisable to use for the development of an antimalarial drug, since it is more genotoxic.

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Sebben, Camila. "Investigação química e biológica em hippeastrum breviflorum herb. (amaryllidaceae)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/4977.

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Plantas da família Amaryllidaceae são amplamente utilizadas na medicina popular no tratamento de diversas doenças. Estudos têm mostrado que a atividade biológica destes vegetais está relacionada à presença de alcalóides tetraisoquinolínicos, embora outros compostos não alcaloídicos também tenham sido encontrados. O gênero Hippeastrum encontra-se distribuído predominantemente na América do Sul sendo que no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram relatadas seis espécies nativas: H. glaucescens, H. striatum, H. papilium, H. reginae e H. breviflorum. A espécie estudada neste trabalho, H. breviflorum, foi coletada na região de Aparados da Serra (RS) e separada em dois grupos de acordo com a coloração das flores (vermelhas ou brancas). O material vegetal de ambos os grupos foi separado em bulbos, folhas, raízes, frutos e flores e submetido ao método clássico para extração de alcalóides. Empregando-se cromatografia em camada delgada e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência dos extratos obtidos verificou-se que os dois grupos vegetais são idênticos qualitativamente para um mesmo extrato testado. Foram isolados dez produtos de H. breviflorum sendo que sete compostos tiveram suas estruturas determinadas através do uso de técnicas de ressonância magnética nuclear, de espectrometria de massas e de cromatografia. As outras três substâncias apresentaram-se em quantidade insuficiente para análise. A partir das folhas de H. breviflorum foram isolados dois compostos identificados como etilcafeato e p-hidroxibenzaldeído, nos frutos foram encontrados os flavonóides rutina e quercetina e nos bulbos foram isolados os alcalóides licorina, HB1 e HB5, estes dois últimos inéditos denominados de breviflorina A e beviflorina B. Dentre os compostos e extratos testados quanto à atividade antioxidante frente a DPPH, etilcafeato, quercetina e rutina foram os produtos mais ativos. O composto etilcafeato apresentou inibição do vírus da Herpes equivalente ao controle positivo aciclovir.

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FELIX, Winston José Pessoa. "Caracterização citogenética em espécies do gênero Zephyranthes herb. (Amaryllidaceae)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6534.

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The cytogenetic characteristics and CMA / DAPI band patterns in seven species of Zephyranthes and a Habranthus were studied in this paper to evaluate the karyotypic differences between these species. All individuals presented reticulated or semi-reticulated interphased nuclei and karyotype formed by a set of metacentric chromosomes, in addition to submetacentric and acrocentric chromosomes. Zephyranthes robusta, with 2n = 12 and karyotypic formula 4M +2 SM presented more symmetrical karyotype. Z. sylvatica showed chromosome complement composed of 2n = 12 being 1M+5SM, 2n = 13 being 1M+5SM + (B) SM and 2n = 18 formed by cracks, one with metacentric and five with only submetacentric (1M+5SM). For the cultivated species Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. presented karyotype with 2n = 24 and karyotypic formula 4M+7SM +1A. Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl. presented the same chromosome count of the previous species, being observed 2M +5 SM +5 A. Zephyranthes aff. rosea Lindl. presented 2n = 25, being 3M + (1M "crack") +7 SM +1 A. Furthermore, it was observed the presence of trisomy in fourth metacentric pair. Zephyranthes brachyandra Herb. presented karyotype with 2n = 24 +1 B and formula 4M +3 SM +5 A +1 B. In Zephyranthes candida Herb. 2n = 38 was observed with 9M +5 SM +5 A. For H. itaobinus Ravenna, a numeric variation in the counts was observed, where in most populations the additional chromosomes were formed by 2n = 45 or 5M +12 SM +5 A + (B) M and in a single population the species showed presented karyotype with 2n = 44, 6M +12 SM +5 A +3 (B)M. Interstitial and subterminal DAPI bands were observed only in Z. robusta and Z. brachyandra. The remaining species showed no AT-rich heterochromatin. In species with 2n = 12 was found a CMA+ block in a chromosome pair of Z. robust and Zephyranthes sp., while in Z. sylvatica was observed a small additional terminal block. Z. rosea and Z. grandiflora had four CMA+ bands, while there were eight interstitial pinpoint bands, apart from the heterochromatic RON and a bigger block in the terminal of the short arm of B chromosome in Z. brachyandra. In Z. candida, there were 14 subterminal CMA bands and in H. itaobinus, seven bands with strong differentiated amplification in the heterochromatic RON. Taxonomic implications and the karyotypic evolution are discussed for the species studied.
No presente trabalho foram estudados a caracterização citogenética e os padrões de banda CMA/DAPI em sete espécies de Zephyranthes e uma de Habranthus com o objetivo de avaliar as diferenças cariotípicas entre essas espécies. Todos os indivíduos apresentaram núcleo interfásico reticulado ou semi-reticulado e cariótipo formado por um conjunto de cromossomos metacêntricos, além de cromossomos submetacêntricos e acrocêntricos. Zephyranthes robusta, com 2n=12 e fórmula cariotípica 4M+2SM, apresentou cariótipo mais simétrico. Z. sylvatica apresentou complemento cromossômico formado por 2n=12 sendo 1M+5SM, 2n=13 sendo 1M+5SM+(B)SM e 2n=18 formadas por trincas, uma com metacêntricos e cinco apenas com submetacêntricos (1M+5SM). Para as espécies cultivadas, Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. Apresentou cariótipo com 2n=24 e fórmula cariotípica 4M+7SM+1A. Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl. apresentou a mesma contagem cromossômica da espécie anterior, sendo que foram observados 2M+5SM+5A. Zephyranthes aff. rosea Lindl., apresentou 2n=25, sendo 3M+(1M“trinca”) +7SM+1A. Além disso, pôde-se observar a presença de trissomia no par quatro metacêntrico. Zephyranthes brachyandra Herb. apresentou cariótipo com 2n=24+1B e fórmula 4M+3SM+5A+1B. Para Zephyranthes candida Herb. observou-se 2n=38, sendo 9M+5SM+5A. Em H. itaobinus Ravena observou-se variação numérica nas contagens onde na maioria das populações os complementos cromossômicos foram formados por 2n=45 ou 5M+12SM+5A+(B)M e em uma única população a espécie apresentou cariótipo com 2n=44, 6M+12SM+5A+3(B)M. Foram observadas bandas DAPI subterminais e intersticiais apenas em Z. robusta e em Z. brachyandra. As demais espécies não apresentaram heterocromatina rica em AT. Nas espécies com 2n=12 foi observado um bloco CMA+ em um par cromossômico de Z. robusta e Zephyranthes sp., enquanto em Z. sylvatica foi observado um pequeno bloco terminal adicional. Z. rosea e Z. grandiflora, tiveram quatro bandas CMA+, enquanto em Z. brachyandra, ocorreram oito bandas intersticiais puntiformes, além da RON heterocromática e de um bloco maior no terminal do braço curto do cromossomo B. Em Z. candida, observouse 14 bandas CMA subterminais e em H. itaobinus, sete bandas, com forte amplificação diferenciada na RON heterocromática. São discutidas as implicações taxonômicas e a evolução cariotípica para as espécies estudadas.

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Marques, Gabrielle Gonzaga Lyra. "Anatomia do escapo floral e da folha de espécies de Hippeastrum Herb. e Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil.) ocorrentes no Distrito Federal, Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2015. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/19373.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, 2015.
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A classificação das Amaryllidaceae é pouco precisa, com algumas dificuldades na circunscrição dos gêneros e espécies. A família possui alto valor econômico devido à sua utilidade ornamental e medicinal. Estas plantas são caducifólias e perdem suas folhas na fase reprodutiva. Com isto, ora têm folhas, ora têm flores, o que dificulta a identificação dos espécimes. A anatomia vegetal é uma das importantes ferramentas que podem subsidiar a taxonomia e tem tido utilidade na distinção de diferentes grupos vegetais. Considerando-se estes aspectos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a anatomia foliar e do escapo de espécies de Amaryllidaceae ocorrentes no Distrito Federal como subsídio à taxonomia da família. A amostragem da planta coletada no campo e das exsicatas constituíram-se de pelo menos quatro indivíduos por espécie, abrangendo uma espécie de Habranthus e quatro de Hippeastrum. As amostras das folhas e dos escapos florais foram preparadas e analisadas de acordo com técnicas usuais de microscopia ótica. A superfície foliar foi analisada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As características em comum entre as espécies analisadas são: folhas anfiestomáticas e glabras; células epidérmicas comuns com extremidades truncadas; aerênquima interfascicular no mesofilo; feixes vasculares colaterais e na mesma altura na lâmina foliar; floema em grupos celulares alongados radialmente e com elementos-de-tubo-crivado com paredes nacaradas. A margem foliar apresentou-se aguda em Habranthus itaobionus, Hippeastrum psittacinum e H. puniceum, sendo obtusa em H. goianum e H. glaucescens nas demais espécies, constituindo um caráter útil para sua distinção, exceto em Habranthus itaobinus. O mesofilo possui utilidade taxonômica, apresentando-se isobilateral uniforme (H. itaobinus e H. goianum), isobilateral desuniforme com parênquima de células braciformes (H. glaucescens e H. psittacinum), ou dorsiventral (H. puniceum). As espécies apresentaram poucos caráteres xeromórficos. Os estômatos são anomocíticos, em maior densidade na face abaxial e nos indivíduos nativos. Eles se situam em depressões na epiderme em algumas espécies. Analisou-se a utilização da fórmula vascular, porém não foi possível a sua aplicação. O escapo não possui colênquima e os feixes vasculares são distribuídos em três séries em Habranthus, diferindo das espécies de Hippeastrum, que apresentam colênquima e têm os feixes em duas séries. Características do colênquima no escapo distinguem as espécies de Hippeastrum. Conclui-se que a anatomia foliar e do escapo possibilitam a distinção das espécies de Hippeastrum e Habranthus do Distrito Federal. ___________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The classification of Amaryllidaceae is considered little precise, with some difficulties in the genus and species circumscriptions. The family has high economic value due to its ornamental and medicinal use. These plants are deciduous and lose their leaves in the reproductive phase. With this, sometimes they have leaves, other times they have flowers, which hinders the specimens identification. The plant anatomy is one of the important tools that can support the taxonomy, and has been useful in distinguishing different plant groups. Considering these aspects, the objective of this study was to describe the leaf anatomy and scape of Amaryllidaceae species occurring in the Distrito Federal, Brasil, as a subsidy to the family taxonomy. The plant samples were collected in the field constituted of at least from four individuals per species, including one species of Habranthus and four species of Hippeastrum. Samples of leaves and flower scapes were sectioned in table microtome, or embedded in paraffin and sectioned with a rotative microtome. The sections were stained, and the images were taken on photomicroscope coupled with image capture system. The leaf surface was analyzed in scanning electron microscopy. The common characteristics between the species analyzed are: amphistomatic and glabrous leaves; ordinary epidermal cells with truncated ends; interfascicular aerenchyma in the mesophyll; vascular bundles are collateral and at the same height of the leaf blade; phloem has radially elongated cell groups and sievetube-elements with nacreous walls. The leaf margin is acute in Habranthus itaobionus, Hippeastrum psittacinum and H. puniceum, and obtuse in H. goianum e H. glaucescens, providing a useful character for its distinction, except in Habranthus itaobinus. The mesophyll has taxonomic utility, appearing isobilateral homogeneous (Habranthus itaobinus, and Hippeastrum goianum), isobilateral heterogeneous with braciform parenchyma cells (Hippeastrum glaucescens, and H. psittacinum) or dorsiventral (H. puniceum). The species showed few xeromorphic characters. The stomata are anomocytic, in higher density on the abaxial surface and in native individuals. They are located in depressions in the epidermis in some species. The use of the vascular formula was analyzed, but its application was not possible. The scape does not have collenchyma and the vascular bundles are distributed in three series in Habranthus, differing from species of Hippeastrum, which has collenchyma and vascular bundles are distributed in two series. Collenchyma features in the scape distinguish the species of Hippeastrum. We conclude that the anatomy of leaf and scape enable the distinction of species of Hippeastrum and Habranthus from the Distrito Federal.

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20

Haman, M. R. "Oral hyoglycaemic compounds in Anvillea garcinii.ssp. radiata." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378461.

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21

Pettersson, Viktoria. "Interactions between natural enemies and the dioecious herb Silene dioica." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-20989.

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OLIVEIRA, M. V. L. "Estudo químico em alcaloides de Hippeastrum reginae (L.) Herb.(Amaryllidaceae)." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/8354.

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O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo realizar o estudo químico em alcaloides da espécie Hippeastrum reginae, promovendo o isolamento e caracterização destes compostos. Métodos: A planta foi separada em bulbos e folhas para a realização da extração com metanol. Após esta etapa foi feita a extração ácido-base e em seguida a partição com solventes de diferentes polaridades para a obtenção das frações enriquecidas em alcaloides. As frações enriquecidas foram inicialmente analisadas por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM) e em seguida fracionadas através de técnicas cromatográficas, como coluna de exclusão Sephadex, cromatografia em coluna e cromatografia em camada delgada preparativa. Para o isolamento de alguns alcaloides foi utilizada a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e para a identificação a técnica de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN). Resultados: A análise de CG/EM dos extratos evidenciou a presença de 11 alcaloides, sendo que destes compostos, quatro não apresentaram padrão de fragmentação compatível com a biblioteca de alcaloides do professor Dr. Jaume Bastida, podendo ser inéditos na literatura. Foram isolados 18 alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae, sendo a maioria pertencente à classe das homolicorinas. Destes compostos, foram identificados seis novos alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae, dos quais quatro foram completamente elucidados (2--metoxi-7-hidroxihomolicorina, 2--7-dihidroxihomolicorina, 2--metoxihomolicorina e 2-α-hidroxialbomaculina), enquanto para dois (7-hidroxihomolicorina e albomaculina N-óxido) foram feitas as análises de RMN de 1H e massas de alta resolução. Conclusão: A planta H. reginae apresentou um alto teor de alcaloides, sendo isolados 18 compostos. Os alcaloides albomaculina e 2--7-dimetoxihomolicorina foram os mais abundantes na análise de CG/EM. Seis alcaloides não encontrados na literatura foram identificados neste trabalho e evidenciam um grande potencial para a descoberta de novos compostos ativos.

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23

Shen, Shujie. "The Antimycobacterial Activity of Hypericum perforatum Herb and the Effects of Surfactants." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1322.

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Due to the essential demands for novel anti-tuberculosis treatments for global tuberculosis control, this research investigated the antimycobacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum herb (commonly known as St. John’s wort, SJW), including a SJW methanol extract, purified major bioactive constituents of SJW: hypericin (Hpn), pseudohypericin (Phn) and hyperforin (Hfn). The SJW acidified methanol extract showed bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium JLS at 0.05 mg/ml culture. Purified compounds were tested at similar concentrations contained in the SJW methanol extract treatment. Among three purified bioactive compounds, only Hfn was bactericidal at 12 μg/ml. The other two compounds Phn and Hpn were not inhibitory or bactericidal at concentrations corresponding to the SJW methanol extract treatments. The Polysorbate surfactant Tween 80, which is commonly added to the mycobacterial cultures to prevent cell clumping, was found to have inhibitory effects on the antimycobacterial activities of SJW extract and hyperforin. The addition of Tween 80 (0.05% v/v) increased the minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC) of SJW methanol extract from 0.05 to 0.33mg /ml and from 12 to 80 μg/ml for Hfn. This inhibitory effect of Tween 80 on SJW is opposite to the effect of Tween 80 on the antimycobacterial activity of rifampin and isoniazid. These observations are also in conflict with the existing permeability barrier hypothesis. A hypothesis that hyperforin molecules were sequestered in the core of Tween 80 micelles was given out to explain the repression effect of Tween 80 on hyperforin activity. The effectiveness of Tween 60, Tween 40 and Tween 20 on SJW activity was also tested. Tween 60 and Tween 40 showed the similar dose-dependent inhibitory effect on SJW extract activity with Tween 80, while the inhibitory effect of Tween 20 is much weaker. A preliminary test was performed to detect the activity of SJW acidified MeOH extract and hyperforin on M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Results showed the MIC was 0.67mg SJW extract/ml and 200 μg Hfn /ml. In all, M. tuberculosis H37Rv stain is not that sensitive to SJW and hyperforin as other non-pathogenic strains tested in the present and previous studies.

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Harrelson, Sarah. "Floristic Survey of the Terrestrial Vascular Flora of Strouds Run State Park, Athens County, Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1113581854.

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25

Huang, Jianjun. "Ecological responses of two forest understory herbs to changes in resources caused by prescribed fire alone on in combination with restoration thinning." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1195062013.

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26

Jamal, Jamia Azdina. "Investigation of Labisia pumila : a Malay traditional herb for pregnant women." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367923.

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27

Spence, Katherine Marie. "In vivo evaluation of immunomodulatory properties of crude extracts of Echinacea species and fractions isolated from Echinacea Purpurea." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2002. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001512/.

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This thesis describes the in vivo evaluation of orally administered extracts of Echinacea species, and fractions obtained from Echinacea purpurea for specific immunostimulatory function induced in Balb/c mice by immunization with microbial vaccines. Two vaccines were used for this purpose in this study. The first vaccine used consisted of whole-cell formalin-killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine, which is known to induce production of specific antibodies but no delayed-type hypersensitivity response considered as an indicator of the cell-mediated immune response. The second vaccine was a commercial acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) consisting of inactivated diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and native or inactivated virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis (the etiological agent of whooping cough) which is known to induce a humoral immune response but with controversial reports about performance in the induction of cell-mediated immunity. Both vaccines were administered intraperitoneally, whereas the herbal extracts and fractions were administered by oral gavage. The phytochemical profile of the ethanolic extracts of Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea angustifolia and one commercial product "Echinacea Triplex" and three fractions prepared from Echinacea purpurea, namely polysaccharides, phenolics and alkylamides, was determined by thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and/or by chemical analytical techniques. Statistically significant increases in specific anti-Salmonella typhimurium serum antibody were obtained for the Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea Triplex [Trade Mark] treatment groups, and also for groups receiving treatment with fractions obtained from Echinacea purpurea, namely, polysaccharide, alkylamide and phenolic fractions. Statistically significant increases in the anti-B pertussis serum antibodies were also obtained in the young Echinacea Triplex [Trade Mark] group vaccinated with the DTaP vaccine. Significant enhancement of serum interleukin-12 titres was observed in the Echinacea Triplex [Trade Mark] as well as the phenolic fraction treatment groups which were vaccinated with killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine. Of the groups vaccinated with the DTaP vaccine, only Echinacea Triplex [Trade Mark] displayed statistically significant increases in mean interleukin-12 titre compared to the placebo in both young and old groups, however Echinacea purpurea, and Echinacea angustifolia both displayed significant increases in mean interleukin-12 titre in the young treatment mice. Increases in interferon-gamma levels in mice orally dosed with phenolic, polysaccharide or alkylamide fractions of Echinacea purpurea and vaccinated with the killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine were also observed, however these need to be repeated for confirmation, and statistical analysis.

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Cavalheiro, Raquel Schmitt. "Madeira laminada colada de Schizolobium amazonicum Herb. (Paricá): combinação adesivo/tratamento preservante." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-07102014-143850/.

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A confecção e as características mecânicas e morfológicas de peças de madeira laminada colada (MLC) preparadas a partir de lamelas de Schizolobium amazonicum Herb, Paricá, coladas com três adesivos, Cascophen, Melamina e Pubond, após serem submetidas a dois tipos de tratamento químico preservante, arsanato de cobre cromatado (CCA) e borato de cobre cromatado (CCB) foram avaliadas. Após seleção visual das lamelas e seleção, foram determinados os módulos de elasticidade das mesmas visando a preparação de vigas com a distribuição mais uniforme possível deste parâmetro. A densidade aparente média da madeira de paricá determinada segundo a Norma NBR 7190:1997,usando todas as lamelas, após serem submetidas à seleção pela classificação visual foi igual a 370 kg/m3. As lamelas foram então coladas, prensadas e submetidas aos tratamentos CCA e CCB. A partir dessas peças foram cortados corpos de prova para ensaios de flexão estática, cisalhamento, delaminação e fluência, conforme a norma CSA 0112.9:2004. Os valores do módulo de elasticidade demonstraram que, vigas produzidas com Melamina, há aumento nos valores de MOE para as amostras tratadas por CCA (7656 ± 477 MPa) e CCB (8152 ± 570 MPa) em relação à amostra sem tratamento (7171 ± 519 MPa). No caso do CCA, esse aumento é menos significativo. No caso das amostras coladas com Cascophen praticamente não houve diferença estatística entre os módulos para as peças sem tratamento (9150 ± 672 MPa) e aquelas tratadas com CCA (8764 ± 908 MPa) e CCB (9822 ± 791 MPa), sendo a variação numérica maior no segundo tratamento. A mesma observação vale para as amostras coladas com Purbond sem tratamento (8119 ± 725 MPa), quando comparadas com aquelas tratadas com CCA (8154 ± 951 MPa) e com CCB (8331 ± 863 MPa). Nos ensaios de cisalhamento observou-se elevada incidência de eventos de compressão o que sugere que alta porosidade da madeira, tenha provocado a compressão do corpo de prova, em detrimento da ruptura do corpo de prova. Observou-se que a Melamina e o Purbond apresentaram a maior frequência de ruptura tipo 100% na madeira, sugerindo que esses apresentaram maior adesividade, não havendo diferença significativa entre os corpos de prova secos e saturados. Em relação à força de ruptura, notou-se, que os adesivos apresentam melhor desempenho quando secos (quando se apresentaram na ordem Melamina (3,7 ± 0,9 MPa), Purbond (3,5 ± 0,96 MPa) e Cascophen (3,4 ± 0,8 MPa).) Nenhum corpo de prova apresentou delaminação, todos permaneceram colados e praticamente intactos, o que sugere que os adesevos e os tratamentos químicos utilizados são adequados à preparação de MLC à partir de lamelas de Paricá. Os ensaios de fluência que a estabilização nos deslocamentos ocorreu em torno de 90 h, para os dois corpos de prova. Observou-se uma diminuição nos valores das linhas laterais e centrais, após ensaiadas, em relação aos valores antes do ensaio, o que pode estar relacionado com a porosidade e densidade da madeira, que permitiu a compressão irreversível do corpo de prova, sugerindo que as características da madeira são mais marcantes que o efeito do adesivo.
Glued Laminated Wood timber samples were confectioned from Schizolobium amazonicum Herb, Paricá, using Cascophen, Melamine and Purbond adhesives, and submitted to preservative chemical treatment by cromated copper arsenate (CCA) and cromated copper bromated. These samples were characterized regarding their mechanical and morphological characteristics. After visual evaluation and selection of the lamellas they had their elasticity modulus measured in order to prepare timbers with the most uniform distribution as possible. The apparent density of Paricá wood had been determined as 370 kg/m3 according to the NBR 7190 Standard, using all the lamellas after submitted to the visual inspection. Then the lamellas were glued pressed and submitted to the CCA and CCB treatments. From these pieces specimens for the elasticity, shear, delamination and creep tests were cut. The elasticity modulus showed that for samples glued with Melamine there was an increasing in the MOE values for samples treated with CCA (7656 ± 477 MPa) and CCB (8152 ± 570 MPa) when compared with the untreated sample (7171 ± 519 MPa). In the CCA such increase is less remarked. For Cascophen practically the same values were found for untreated (9150 ± 672 MPa) and CCA (8764 ± 908 MPa) or CCB (9822 ± 791 MPa) treated specimens. Same conclusion is valid for the Purbond glue samples once untreated (8119 ± 725 MPa) and CCA (8154 ± 951 MPa) or CCB (8331 ± 863 MPa) samples presented statistically similar MOE values. Shear tests presented high incidence of compression events, suggesting that the porosity of the Wood facilitates this behavior instead of rupture of the specimen. Melamine and Purbond glued specimens presented higher frequency of 100% in-wood rupture, reveling higher adhesion in such glues, without differences in dry or saturated samples. Regarding the rupture force all the adhesives promoted more resistence when dry, in the order: Melamine (3,7 ± 0,9 MPa), Purbond (3,5 ± 0,96 MPa) e Cascophen (3,4 ± 0,8 MPa). Any specimens presented delamination, remaining all of them intact showing that the adhesives and chemical treatments are adequate for the preparation of Laminated Glued Wood from Paricá. Creep tests revealed that the stabilization in the displacements stabilized after 90h of pressure in both the specimens that resisted until the end of the test. There was a diminishing on the length of both central and lateral glue lines, at the end of the test which can be related to the porosity and density of the Paricá wood allowing the irreversible compression of the specimens, suggesting that such characteristics are more significant than the adhesive and chemical treatment used.

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Lehndal, Lina. "Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Herbivory in the Perennial Herb Lythrum salicaria." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Växtekologi och evolution, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-247088.

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In this thesis, I combined field, common-garden and greenhouse experiments to examine the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant-herbivore interactions in the perennial herb Lythrum salicaria. More specifically I examined (1) whether resistance and tolerance to damage from herbivores vary with latitude and are positively related to the intensity of herbivory in natural populations, (2) whether effects of herbivory on plant fitness vary with latitude, (3) whether populations are locally adapted and whether herbivory influences the relative fitness of populations, and (4) whether the intensity and effects of insect herbivory on reproductive output vary locally along a disturbance gradient and are associated with differences in plant resistance. A common-garden and a greenhouse experiment demonstrated that plant resistance decreased whereas plant tolerance increased with latitude of origin among populations sampled along a latitudinal gradient in Sweden. Oviposition and feeding preference in the greenhouse and leaf damage in the common-garden experiment were negatively related to natural damage in the source populations. Experimental removal of insect herbivores in three populations sampled along the latitudinal gradient demonstrated that intensity of herbivory and its effects on plant fitness decreased towards the north. A reciprocal transplant experiment among the same three populations showed that herbivory affected the relative fitness of the three populations, but did not detect any evidence of local adaptation. Instead the southernmost population had the highest relative fitness at all three sites. A herbivore-removal experiment conducted in nine populations in an archipelago in northern Sweden demonstrated that insect herbivory strongly influenced among-population variation in reproductive output. However, variation in resistance was not related to differences in intensity of herbivory at this spatial scale. Taken together, the results demonstrate that resistance and tolerance to herbivory vary with latitude but in opposite directions, that intensity of herbivory is a major determinant of flowering and seed output, and that the strength of herbivore-mediated selection varies among populations in Lythrum salicaria. They further indicate that both physical disturbance regime and latitudinal variation in abiotic conditions may strongly influence the performance and abundance of perennial herbs because of their effects on interactions with specialized herbivores.

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Amaral, Andrielle Câmara. "Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) no Brasil : estudo taxonômico, caracterização morfológica e relações filogenéticas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2011. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/10650.

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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, 2011.
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O conhecimento sobre a diversidade de espécies dos principais gêneros de Amaryllidaceae nativos do Brasil é insuficiente, e os caracteres taxonômicos utilizados para a delimitação dos próprios gêneros e distinção das espécies necessitam de aprimoramento. As Amaryllidaceae constituem-se em um importante objeto de estudo devido à importância de suas espécies com potencial ornamental na flora tropical. Há controvérsias entre os autores em relação à delimitação dos gêneros na família. A delimitação de Habranthus é muito confusa, em muitas espécies as descrições foram baseadas apenas na parte reprodutiva, a partir do material herborizado. Por isso, ainda carece de maior detalhamento, o que deve começar ao nível de espécie. O presente estudo foca nas espécies brasileiras do gênero Habranthus e traz três abordagens principais. A primeira, com o levantamento das espécies do gênero Habranthus no Brasil, trazendo lista de espécies, caracterização morfológica, descrições, ilustrações e mapas de distribuição e chaves de identificação. A segunda abordagem traz os resultados da pesquisa taxonômica realizadas no material original das espécies e seus protólogos e apresenta tipificações e sinonimizações das espécies de ocorrência no Brasil. E a terceira abordagem procura esclarecer o posicionamento de Habranthus em relação a outros gêneros de Amaryllidaceae, tendo em vista a antiga controvérsia na família sobre a validade dos gêneros Habranthus e Zephyranthes. Os resultados desses estudos indicam a presença de 21 espécies de Habranthus para o Brasil. Dez espécies foram tipificadas. Os resultados moleculares suportam melhor o tratamento de Habranthus e Zephyranthes como um único gênero monofilético sob o nome mais antigo, Zephyranthes Herb. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Knowledge of the species diversity of the major genera of Amaryllidaceae native to Brazil is inadequate, and the taxonomic characters used to delimit the genus and the species should be improved. The Amaryllidaceae constitute an important object of study because of the importance of its members as potential ornamental species of the tropical flora. There is controversy among authors concerning the delimitation of genera in the family. The delimitation of Habranthus is very confusing; in many species descriptions were based only on the reproductive characters, taken from herbarium specimens. Therefore, further more detailed research, which must begin at the species level is needed. This study focuses on species of the genus Habranthus and provides three main approaches. The first, to survey the species of the genus Habranthus in Brazil, including the list of species, morphological characterization, descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps and identification keys. The second approach brings the results of taxonomic research done as the original material of the species and its protologue with typifications and synonyms of the species occurring in Brazil. The third approach strives to clarify the positioning of Habranthus in relation to other genera of Amaryllidaceae, in view of the old family dispute about the validity of the genera Habranthus and Zephyranthes. The results of these studies indicate the presence of 21 species of Habranthus in Brazil. Ten lectotypifications are proposed. A molecular data support treating Habranthus and Zephyranthes as a monophyletic genus under the name Zephyranthes Herb.

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Dossou-Yovo, Flore. "Modification de la biodisponibilité orale des médicaments : interactions « Herb-Drugs » « Drugs- Drugs»." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CNAM0936/document.

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L’administration par voie orale des médicaments reste encore de nos jours la voie royale de la prise des médicaments car moins onéreuse et plus adaptée au confort du patient. Mais cette voie reste toujours inaccessible pour certains médicaments comme les médicaments biologiques et les bio similaires voir certains anticancéreux et antirétroviraux.Le but de ce travail est d’améliorer la biodisponibilité par voie orale des médicaments à faible biodisponibilité par la mise au point d’un promoteur d’absorption. Pour y arriver nous avons adopté comme stratégie de développer un promoteur qui agit à la fois sur le passage passif et sur le passage actif des médicaments. Les études in vitro ont été réalisées en chambre de perméation d’Ussing adaptées par la société Biomécatronics SAS (BéthuneFrance). Dans la première partie de ce travail (Brevet), nous avons montré que l’utilisation d’une composition pharmaceutique et/ou diététique comprenant un extrait de plante(Hibiscus sabdariffa) pouvait augmenter la biodisponibilité in vitro des médicaments et des xénobiotiques qui passent par la voie paracellulaire comme le cisplatine (21 fois),l’oxaliplatine (11fois), la fluorescéine isothiocyanate-Dextran 4000 (3 fois), mais également les médicaments connus pour leur transport actif par la voie transcellulaire comme l’Efavirenz (7 fois) et l’Atazanavir (4 fois). Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, nous avons cherché à vérifier si notre promoteur d’absorption des médicaments a un effet sur la couche de mucus intestinale.Cette couche peut être un facteur limitant de passage des médicaments au travers de la barrière intestinale.Dans un premier temps (article 1), nous avons induit l’augmentation de la couche mucus au niveau du colon de rat après un prétraitement pendant une semaine avec le métronidazole. Puis nous avions confirmé (article 2) que l’administration par voie orale de deux antibiotiques le Cotrimoxazole (CTX) et le métronidazole (MTZ) pendant une semaine augmente la couche de mucus au niveau du côlon ; aussi nous avons montré qu’il existe une relation entre l’augmentation de la couche de mucus et la diminution de la conductance qui est l’index de transport passif des ions, des électrolytes et de certaines molécules à faibles poids moléculaires.De plus l’augmentation de la couche de mucus au niveau de l’intestin est responsable de la diminution du passage transépithélial des deux antirétroviraux dont l’utilisation est recommandée en première ligne par l’OMS (le.Ritonavir et l’Atazanavir) surles sujets porteurs du VIH (virus de l’immunodéficience humain). Après les traitements auMTZ et au CTX la sécrétion de l’Atazanavir augmente respectivement dans le côlon proximal de 2 et 4 fois et dans le côlon distal de 3 et 5 fois. On obtient également une sécrétion du Ritonavir de 5 et 10 fois dans le proximal et de 2 et 5 fois plus dans le distal.Le travail se poursuit par l’étude de l’effet de notre promoteur d’absorption des médicaments sur la couche de mucus intestinal.En conclusion, ce travail montre que l’on peut augmenter la biodisponibilité in vitroen utilisant les promoteurs de l’absorption des xénobiotiques qui agissent à la fois au niveau du transport passif et actif
Oral dosing is still seen as the silver bullet of drug administration, as it is cheaper andbetter adapted to patient comfort. However, oral route is still inaccessible to many drugssuch as biologics and biosimilars respectively certain anticancer drugs and antiretrovirals(ARV).The aim of this present study was to find new drugs enhancers that improve the oralbioavailability of drugs and xenobiotics. All the studies were realized in vitro using Ussingchambers technic. To achieve the set objective we used the strategy to develop drugenhancer which can modulate at the same time transcellular and paracellular pathways.In the first part of this study (patent) we have shown that the use of a pharmaceutical and /or a dietetic formulation containing a plant extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa) could increase thebioavailability in vitro in rats not only of cisplatin (21 fold), oxaliplatin (11 fold) andFluorescein Isothiocyanate-Dextran 4000 (FD4, 3 fold). All that drugs were transportedthrough intestinal barrier using paracellular pathway. In addition the study showed thatthis formulated enhancer can increased the bioavailability of Efavirenz (7 fold) andAtazanavir (4 fold) which are active transported.In order to assess the effect of new drugs enhancer on mucus thickness that limits thetransport of xenobiotic through intestinal barrier, we decide to evaluate his effect on passiveand active transport of drugs.In the second part of this study we have shown that after a week of pre-treatment of ratswith Metronidazole (MTZ, publication 1) and Cotrimoxazole (CTX, publication 2), the twomost commonly used antibiotics in the prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV /AIDS, both increase colonic mucus thickness that affect directly passive intestinalpermeability by reducing conductance an index of passive transport through intestinalepithelium. In addition those antibiotics also entail a change in the transepithelialconductance and ARV fluxes. After MTZ and CTX treatment the secretion of Atazanavir(ATZ) increases respectively in the proximal colon by 2 to 4 fold and in the distal colon by 3to 5 fold respectively. Ritonavir (RTV) is poorly absorbed in control, after a week of pretreatmentwith MTZ and CTX one rather notices a secretion of RTV 5 to 10 fold higher in theproximal and 2 to 5 fold higher in the distal colon. The next study will be conducted toevaluate the effect of new drugs enhancer on mucus thickness layer.In conclusion, oral bioavailability of drugs and xenobiotics can be enhanced bypharmaceutical composition that contains herbal extract which increase passive and activetransport of drugs through intestinal barrier

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32

Lin, Xiou-Ruei, and 林秀叡. "Herb．Field — Transition of Herb Industrial Landscape of Herb Alley in Wan-Hwa." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86851244107265325996.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
建築與城鄉研究所
92
Based on the Herb Alley at Wan-Hwa, this research is to investigate the factors and process that which are influencing the transition of industrial landscape. Herb Alley is the biggest cluster of herb retailing in the Northern Taiwan. It is a historic street in the process of marginalization of Taipei city development. In addition to introduce the background of Lung-Sun Temple and Herb Alley, the evolution and impact factors of the transition process will be discussed. The evolution process from herb commerce to tourism and cultural place has demonstrated the social-spatial interaction effects on the industrial landscape. Major research findings are summarized as follows: 1. Herb industry has changed its social position from medical function to cultural contribution. 2. Since Herb Alley is located nearby Lung-Sun Temple, the development Herb Alley is also influenced by the urban development process. 3. The content of industrial landscape of Herb Alley is influenced by factors in four different dimensions, namely, industrial function, population changes, urban development and technological development. In brief, the importance of Herb Alley has shifted from medical function to tourism function. 4. Although the city government has tried to influence the development of Herb Alley, the hardware-oriented approach could not effectively establish local identity. 5. The existing regulation and spatial management schemes have more function in restriction than in resource integration. The government projects make more contribution to the surrounding tourism development than to the improvement of Herb Alley itself.

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33

"Mechanistic study of herb-drug interactions between oseltamivir and TCM formulae." 2010. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5894452.

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Wang, Xiaoan.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-166).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Table of Contents --- p.I
Acknowledgements --- p.VI
Publications --- p.VII
Abstract (in English) --- p.VIII
Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.X
List of Figures --- p.XII
List of Tables --- p.XVI
List of Abbreviations --- p.XVII
Chapter Chapter One. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Overview of oseltamivir --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- General description of oseltamivir --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Pharmacological activities of oseltamivir --- p.3
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir --- p.3
Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Absorption of oseltamivir --- p.4
Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- Distribution of oseltamivir --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- Metabolism of oseltamivir --- p.6
Chapter 1.1.3.4 --- Elimination of oseltamivir --- p.8
Chapter 1.1.4 --- Side effects and toxicities of oseltamivir --- p.9
Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of Chinese medicine formulae CMF1 (Yinqiaosan and Sangjuyin) --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Background and clinical use of CMF1 --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Quality control of CMF1 by manufacturer --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Major active components of CMF1 --- p.12
Chapter 1.3 --- Previous studies on herb-drug interactions between O and CMF1 --- p.18
Chapter 1.4 --- Rationale of the current study --- p.19
Chapter 1.5 --- objectives --- p.19
Chapter Chapter Two. --- Identification and quantification of major marker compounds in Yinqiaosan and Sangiuyin products --- p.20
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.20
Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.23
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Chemicals --- p.23
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Instruments --- p.24
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Chromatographic conditions --- p.24
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Preparation of standard solutions --- p.25
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Calibration curves --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Validation of the assay method --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.7 --- Sample preparations for Yinqiaosan and Sangjuyin products --- p.27
Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Sample extraction from Yinqiaosan or Sangjuyin granules --- p.27
Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Sample extraction from Yinqiaosan or Sangjuyin tablets --- p.27
Chapter 2.2.7.3 --- Sample extraction recoveries --- p.27
Chapter 2.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.28
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chromatography --- p.28
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Linearity and sensitivity --- p.33
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Accuracy and precision --- p.33
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Stability --- p.36
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Contents of identified active components in commercial available Yinqiaosan or Sangjuyin products and CMF1 --- p.36
Chapter 2.3.6 --- Sample extraction recovery --- p.40
Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.43
Chapter Chapter Three. --- Effect of CMF1/CMF1 components on the metabolism of oseltamivir and related mechanistic studies --- p.44
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.44
Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Verification of metabolism of O in rat GI tract, plasma and liver microsome" --- p.48
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Inhibition of metabolism of O by CMFl/CMFl components --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- In vitro inhibition of metabolism of O in rat plasma --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- In vitro inhibition of metabolism of O in rat liver microsome (RLM) --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Mechanistic study of enzyme inhibition of O in recombinant human Carboxylesterase 1 (hCE 1) --- p.50
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Sample preparation and LC/MS/MS analysis --- p.50
Chapter 3.2.6 --- Data analyses --- p.52
Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.53
Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Verification of metabolism of O in rat GI tract, plasma and liver microsome" --- p.53
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Inhibition of metabolism of O by CMF1/CMF1 components --- p.53
Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Enzyme inhibition of metabolism of O by CMFl/CMF1 components in rat plasma --- p.53
Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Enzyme inhibition of metabolism of O by CMF1/CMF1 components in rat liver microsome (RLM) --- p.58
Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Selection of potent enzyme inhibitor from CMF1 --- p.60
Chapter 3.3.4. --- Mechanistic study of enzyme inhibition of O in recombinant human Carboxylesterase 1 (hCE 1) --- p.61
Chapter 3.4 --- Discussions --- p.63
Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.74
Chapter Chapter Four. --- Effect of CMFl/CMFl components on the absorption of oseltamivir and related mechanistic studies --- p.75
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.75
Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.79
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials --- p.79
Chapter 4.2.2 --- PAMPA permeation model --- p.80
Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Permeation of O and OC in PAMPA --- p.80
Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Sample preparation and LC/MS/MS analysis --- p.81
Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Data analysis --- p.81
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Absorption of O in presence of CMF/CMFl components in Caco-2 and MDCK cell monolayer models --- p.82
Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Cell culture --- p.82
Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Preparation of loading solutions to the cell models --- p.83
Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Stability of O in transport buffer --- p.84
Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- Cytotoxicity tests of O and CMFl/CMFl components --- p.84
Chapter 4.2.3.5 --- Transport study in Caco-2 and MDCK monolayer model --- p.85
Chapter 4.2.3.6 --- Sample preparation and LC/MS/MS analysis --- p.86
Chapter 4.2.3.7 --- Data analysis --- p.87
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Absorption of O in presence of CMF 1 in rat in situ single pass intestinal perfusion model --- p.88
Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Preparation of perfusion solutions --- p.88
Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Stabilities of O and arctigenin in perfusate --- p.88
Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- Rat in situ single pass intestinal perfusion of O in presence and absence of CMFl and relevant inhibitors --- p.89
Chapter 4.2.4.4 --- Sample preparation and LC/MS/MS analysis --- p.90
Chapter 4.2.4.5 --- Data analysis --- p.90
Chapter 4.3 --- Resul ts --- p.91
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Permeation of O and OC in PAMPA --- p.91
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Absorption of O in presence of CMF/CMF1 components in Caco-2 and MDCK cell monolayer models --- p.92
Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Stabilities of O in transport buffer --- p.92
Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Cytotoxicity tests of O and CMF1/CMF1 components in transport buffer --- p.93
Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Proof of O as a substrate of P-gp by Caco-2 cell model --- p.95
Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- Effect of CMF 1 on the absorption transport of o in Caco-2 cell mode --- p.98
Chapter 4.3.2.5 --- Effect of CMF1 components on the absorption transport of o in Caco-2 cell model --- p.102
Chapter 4.3.2.6 --- Effect of arctigenin on bi-directional transport of o in Caco- 2 cell model --- p.106
Chapter 4.3.2.7 --- Proof of O as a substrate of P-gp by MDCK transfected cell lines --- p.108
Chapter 4.3.2.8 --- Bi-directional transport of O in MDCK-MDR1 cell model --- p.111
Chapter 4.3.2.9 --- Effect of CMF 1 on the absorption transport of O in MDCK-MDR1 cell model --- p.112
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Absorption of O in presence of CMF1 in rat in situ single pass intestinal perfusion model --- p.113
Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Stabilities of O and arctigenin in the perfusion buffer --- p.113
Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Intestinal absorption of O in presence and absence of CMF1 in rat in situ intestinal perfusion model --- p.114
Chapter 4.4 --- Discussions --- p.116
Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.124
Chapter Chapter Five. --- Preliminary evaluation of antiviral activity of CMFl/CMFl components --- p.125
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.125
Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.128
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Materials and animals --- p.128
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Animal treatment --- p.129
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Plasma sample collection and preparation --- p.130
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Evaluation of antiviral activities of CMFl/ CMFl components --- p.130
Chapter 5.2.4.1 --- Plaque reduction assay --- p.131
Chapter 5.2.4.2 --- Optimization of plasma sample dilution ratio --- p.131
Chapter 5.2.5 --- Data analyses --- p.133
Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.135
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Ex vivo evaluation of antiviral activity of CMF1 --- p.135
Chapter 5.3.2 --- In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of CMF1 major marker compounds --- p.139
Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.141
Chapter Chapter Six. --- Overall conclusion --- p.142
References --- p.145

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34

Lin, Yi-Wei, and 林奕幃. "Twin scaling and polyploidy induction breeding of Lycoris radiata (L''Her.) Herb." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8usb2p.

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碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
103
The present study establishes the fundamentals of the twin-scale propagation of Lycoris radiata and elaborates on the scale development stage, which is divided into the initial stage (scale prototype), bulblet development, rapid bulblet growth, rooting, and leaf development. After 12 weeks, the highest reproduction rate of 88.33% was observed at 25°C for 40 twin-scaled in addition to more roots and a longer root length. The survival rate was higher than 85% at both 20°C and 25°C. The 200 and 500 mg/L NAA treatment yielded short and thick twin-scale roots but no bulblets, and more than 90% of the twin scales were moldy. The bulblets were subjected to different concentrations of BA at 8 weeks, and the highest survival rate of 69% was observed for the 200 mg/L treatment; this treatment also yielded the highest reproduction rate. Longer soaking time led to lower survival and reproduction rates. Furthermore, immersing the bulblets in different concentrations of coconut water and culturing them for 8 weeks yielded high survival and reproduction rates of 50% and 100% coconut water, and the reproduction rate was not affected by the time of immersion. Because of the high survival rate of twin-scaled, all survived scales that were transplanted to pots induced bulblets formation. The content of mineral elements and the total soluble sugar of twin-scaled bulblets increased at the initial 2–4 weeks, suddenly dropped at 4–6 weeks, and were stable at 6–8 weeks. Starch was gradually assimilated. Twin scales browning was observed after 4 days of shaking following colchicine treatment. After 12 weeks of culturing, most of bulblets were observed after they were subjected to control, 200, and 500 mg/L treatments and shaking for 1 day. The bulblets subjected to 1000 mg/L of colchicine treatment and shaking for 4 days also exhibited browning. Moreover, the DNA content revealed a twofold increase for one plant grown from the 500 mg/L of colchicine treatment and shaking for 1 day, as detected using flow cytometry, 500 ppm 1 day select 2, and found the longest stomata with 500 ppm 1 day 4. If mutagenic plants differ from normal plants, they should be observed for a long term.

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35

Martins, Pedro Miguel Mendes. "Plano de negócios Smart herb." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/4819.

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Classificação JEL: L26; L65 (empreendedorismo; medicamentos)
A procura de produtos naturais, nomeadamente com interesse para a saúde, tem tido uma tendência sustentada de crescimento nos últimos anos, com um valor de 5 biliões de Euros no espaço comunitário, e projeções de continuação de crescimento, apesar da instabilidade económica e financeira a nível mundial. A utilização de plantas medicinais nos mais diversos tipos de produtos é substancial (medicamentos, suplementos alimentares, alimentos, cosméticos e outros), sendo caracterizada no entanto por alguns problemas regulamentares, que na tentativa de serem solucionados, geraram uma oportunidade de negócio. Os promotores, ambos farmacêuticos, consideram este o momento oportuno para a criação de uma empresa especializada em plantas medicinais que desenvolva soluções integradas, com valências nas áreas de produção, conceção e desenvolvimento de novos produtos, validação e controlo de qualidade, assuntos regulamentares e estudos de mercado. No desenvolvimento do plano de negócio, foi realizada uma análise SWOT, um Balanced Score Card, e definidas estratégias e políticas de implantação de marketing, tecnologia, estrutura e de financiamento. Duas pré-condições existentes são consideradas essenciais para criar uma estrutura ligeira e flexível capaz de responder às solicitações do mercado: basear a atividade de serviços técnica da empresa em parcerias com instituições científicas universitárias, por forma a assegurar instalações e equipamentos sem onerar o projeto; e a posse de uma área de cultivo e equipamento agrícola para a unidade de produção. Com um plano conservador de investimento de 110.000€, este projeto liberta uma rendibilidade superior a 30%, sendo por isso uma opção de investimento viável e atrativa.
The demand for natural products specially for healthcare purposes is been having a sustained growth trend in the past few years accounting a 5 billion Euros revenue in the European Union and with a positive outlook despite the world wide economical and financial instability. The use of medicinal plants in an array of products is substantial (medicines, food and food supplements, cosmetics and others) nevertheless characterised by some regulatory issues that in the attempt of being solved, created a business opportunity. The promoters, both pharmacists, consider this the right timing for the creation of a company specialized in medicinal plants able to provide integrated solutions in plant production, new product research and development, validation and quality control, regulatory affairs and market research. In the business planning a SWOT analysis and a Balanced Score Card were preformed so as the definition of marketing, technology, structure and funding implantation strategies and policies. Two pre-existing conditions were essential to design a soft and flexible company structure able to respond the market needs: a partnership based technical services activity, supported by scientifical university institutions in order to secure facilities and equipment without overcharging the project; and the ownership of a crop area and farming machinery. With a 110.000€ conservative investment plan this project yields above 30% revenue witch is a viable and an attractive investment option.

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36

Han, Shin-Tyan, and 韓欣恬. "Package Design Creation of Taiwan Herb Medicines-A Case Study on Herb Alley in Wan-Hwa." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19715174206342671276.

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碩士
銘傳大學
商業設計學系碩士班
99
Abstract In recent years, our government advocated a tactic in which every village needs to showcase their distinguishing characteristic. Because of the trend of nostalgia, people like to travel to those villages which have many historical and cultural characteristics. This tactic and trend promotes traditional industries through brand redesigning. For example, Wan-Hwa’s special culture industry is the herb alley. The history of herb alley began when the Chinese started moving to Taiwan. The medical system was poor at that time. People took medical tags which had prescription from the temple. Therefore, there were many street vendors selling green herbs nearby the Lung-Shan temple. As time passed, those street vendors made up the herb alley. The green herb is a traditional medicine in China, and it has a long history. The medicine was created five thousand years ago when human civilization there began. It was impacted by weatern medication in 19th century, and the green herb’s use slowly declined in 20th century. In order to protect and publicize the green herb, researchers wanted to let more people know about the green herb via brand name and packaging redesign. It would collect the materials and investigate herb alley in Wan-Hwa. In addition, they would analyze the element of herb packages in Wan-Hwa and good Chinese medicine packages. Therefore combining the advantages of the packages and creating the new one which had more herb couture. This allowed people to easily recognize this traditional medicine through packages and treasure it.

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37

Chen, Bi-Wen, and 陳碧雯. "Drug-Herb and Diet Supplement Interactions." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28376785684561932588.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
96
Recently, the average human life-span in the developed country prolonged because of better medication, hygiene and nutrient conditions. The chronic diseases also increase as well. Therefore, alternate medicine and diet supplements which claimed to have the abilities of prevention or/and treatments of diseases attract more and more attention. Some popular mistaken believes about the diet supplement are: they are safe and less side effects comparing to medicine because they are from the nature. Thus, most of the people treat the diet supplement as food. In fact, the nature herbs may cause toxic side effect and it may cause the interaction with drugs if both are administered together. However, most people do not know about the drug-herb interactions. In addition, the medical health professionals do not provide this information to the consumers. Thus, the users consider that nature material are safe and neglect the interaction between diet supplement and medicine. There are few clinical reports about interactions between drug and herb/diet supplement. Nevertheless, many serious consequences, such as death, caused by the interaction between drug and herb/diet supplement have been reported. The objective of this study is to review and analysis of drug-herb/diet supplement interactions based on reported literatures and books. Since the case reports of drug-herb/diet supplement interactions were not published extensively, a grading system was used to reflect the level of available scientific evidence in support of the interactions.

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38

Chu, Chun-hui, and 朱春慧. "《The Book of Songs》Herb Study." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87959107988731766311.

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Abstract:

碩士
國立臺南大學
國語文學系碩士班
98
Book of Songs is a classic Chinese book, written 3000 years ago. It is also one of the best examples of Chinese poetry. Confucius praises the 300 which refers to the Book of Songs. The content is mainly folk songs and praise. The book also contains good examples of metaphors. One of the most beautiful parts of the Book of Songs is how it references people as various plants and animals. It also discusses the mutual love between husband and wife with a vivid, delicate and natural emotion. The Book of Songs contains a great amount of information about plants, referencing 135 species. In order to completely understand the poems found in the book, one must have a good knowledge of the names of different vegetation.「Fbird white, are exposed to frost, that the Iraqis in the water side。」（Qin Feng．Reeds）、「We gather yi, thin statement adopted for the。」（Fu Zhou ?G Nan Yi ）、「Xi chang Chu, Yi-Nuo its China。」「Reeds」is「Reeds」，「Yi」is「Plantian」，「Changchu」is「Kiwi」，also name「Kiwifruit」。Those are familiar herbs. However, as times change, different names are used. As a result, we cannot complete understand the poems as written. Therefore, understanding the meaning of poetry can easily be overlooked. The purpose of this paper is to explore the meanings of the poems, the themes of the plant characteristics, the relevance of the poetry, and the descriptions of the roles of these herbs in their daily lives. Therefore, three thousand years later, we can still identify the same herbs as the author and enjoy the same poetry.

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39

Lin, Shun-Yong, and 林舜雍. "Constructing Drug-Herb Interaction Inquiry Website." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/h97w4c.

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Abstract:

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
資訊管理研究所
98
Although the Western drug is widely developed in Taiwan, there are still 1/3 of people taking traditional Chinese medicine. After year 2000, Chinese and Western medicine cooperation rise one after another. Integrated Chinese and Western medical treatment is performed more often. Moreover, many people are taking Chinese and Western medicine on their own. So it is more important and urgent to study the interaction of Chinese and Western medicine. Chinese and Western medicine interaction may come with adverse drug reaction, as well as side-effects reduction. At year 2000, Pew Internet & American Life Project show, 55% of Americans have tried to search for health care information via internet. When abnormal drug reaction is observed, information related to drug use can be located in a single website, and provided for physicians, pharmacists, and the general public to use. Website is developed through Prototyping model. PubMed and Electronic Theses and Dissertations System are the main data source for website database. Questionnaire is adopted to perform website system test and evaluation. According to analysis results, system quality and information quality have a significant positive influence on user satisfaction. As for user characteristics – education level and job title have a significant difference on user satisfaction. This website will continue to update medicine database, and provide statistical data of website inquiry logs for future research. Hopefully this website will reduce adverse drug interaction and promote overall medication safety. It is the main purpose of this research.

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40

"Pharmacognostical studies on the Chinese medicinal herb: "Ku-Di-Dan"= [K‘u Ti Tan] (Herba Elephantopi)." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5895714.

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Abstract:

Cao Hui.
Publication date from spine.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-194).
Acknowledgments --- p.v
Abstract --- p.vii
List of Tables --- p.xv
List of Figures --- p.xvii
Abbreviations and symbols --- p.xx
Chapter Chapter 1. --- General introduction
Chapter 1.1. --- Historical background --- p.1
Chapter 1.2. --- Pharmacognostical development --- p.2
Chapter 1.3. --- Importance of herb authentication --- p.3
Chapter 1.4. --- Objective of study --- p.5
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature review
Chapter 2.1. --- Botanical and taxonomic aspects --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.1. --- Morphology --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.2. --- Scientific names --- p.11
Chapter 2.2. --- Chemical aspects --- p.13
Chapter 2.3. --- Pharmacological aspects --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.1. --- Antibacterial effect --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.2. --- Antiphlogistic effect --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.3. --- Antipyretic effect --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.4. --- Effect in gastrointestinal propulsion --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.5. --- Antineoplastic activity --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.6. --- Hepatoprotective effect --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.7. --- Inhibitory activity on enzymes --- p.17
Chapter 2.3.8. --- Cardiovascular effect --- p.17
Chapter 2.3.9. --- Acute toxicity (LD50) --- p.18
Chapter 2.4. --- Pharmacognostical aspects --- p.18
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Kudidan in Ben-cao literature
Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.23
Chapter 3.2. --- Name evolution --- p.23
Chapter 3.3. --- Natural distribution --- p.24
Chapter 3.4. --- Characteristics --- p.25
Chapter 3.5. --- Substitutions investigation --- p.26
Chapter 3.6. --- Summary --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Morphological differences
Chapter 4.1. --- Plant identification --- p.36
Chapter 4.1.1. --- Introduction --- p.36
Chapter 4.1.2. --- Collection of voucher materials --- p.36
Chapter 4.1.3. --- Plant morphology --- p.36
Chapter 4.2. --- Macroscopical identification --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.1. --- Introduction --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.2.1. --- Commercial samples --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.2.2. --- Macroscopical characteristics --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.3. --- Results --- p.49
Chapter Chapter 5. --- Histological identification
Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.58
Chapter 5.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1. --- Commercial samples --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1.1. --- Kudidan --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1.2. --- Pugongying --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1.3. --- Substitutes --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.2. --- Authentic plant materials for comparison --- p.60
Chapter 5.2.3. --- Methods --- p.60
Chapter 5.2.3.1. --- Paraffin method --- p.60
Chapter 5.2.3.2. --- Light microscopy --- p.62
Chapter 5.2.3.3. --- Quantitative microscopy --- p.63
Chapter 5.2.3.4. --- Scanning electron microscopy --- p.64
Chapter 5.3. --- Results --- p.64
Chapter 5.3.1. --- Microscopical characters of comparative plants --- p.64
Chapter 5.3.2. --- Internal structures of herbs --- p.83
Chapter 5.4. --- Discussion --- p.83
Chapter Chapter 6. --- Chemical analysis
Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.99
Chapter 6.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.1. --- Authentic samples --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.2. --- Commercial samples --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.3. --- Methods --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.3.1. --- Isolation and characterization of standard substances --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.3.2. --- Extraction of plant materials --- p.102
Chapter 6.2.3.3. --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.102
Chapter 6.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.104
Chapter 6.3.1. --- TLC synopsis --- p.104
Chapter 6.3.2. --- TLC analysis --- p.105
Chapter 6.3.2.1. --- Qualitative evaluation of authentic plants --- p.105
Chapter 6.3.2.2. --- Qualitative evaluation of commercial samples --- p.107
Chapter 6.4. --- Summary --- p.107
Chapter Chapter 7. --- Molecular fingerprinting
Chapter 7.1. --- Introduction --- p.115
Chapter 7.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.120
Chapter 7.2.1. --- Plant materials --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.2. --- Herbal materials --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.3. --- Total genomic DNA preparation --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.3.1. --- CsCl/EtBr gradient method --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.3.2. --- CTAB/CsCl gradient method --- p.123
Chapter 7.2.3.3. --- CTAB miniprep method --- p.124
Chapter 7.2.4. --- Qualitative analysis of genomic DNA --- p.125
Chapter 7.2.5. --- Quantitative analysis of genomic DNA --- p.126
Chapter 7.2.6. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting --- p.126
Chapter 7.2.6.1. --- DNA amplification --- p.126
Chapter 7.2.6.1.1. --- AP-PCR --- p.127
Chapter 7.2.1.1.2. --- RAPD --- p.128
Chapter 7.2.6.2. --- Data analysis --- p.129
Chapter 7.3. --- Results --- p.129
Chapter 7.3.1. --- Studies on extraction of genomic DNA --- p.129
Chapter 7.3.2. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting by AP-PCR --- p.130
Chapter 7.3.3. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting by RAPD --- p.131
Chapter 7.4. --- Discussion --- p.131
Chapter 7.4.1. --- DNA extraction --- p.132
Chapter 7.4.2. --- DNA fingerprinting of Kudidan --- p.136
Chapter 7.4.3. --- Phylogenetic relationship between two genera Elephantopus and Pseudo-elephantopus of by DNA fingerprinting --- p.141
Chapter Chapter 8. --- General summary and conclusion
Chapter 8.1. --- General summary --- p.165
Chapter 8.1.1. --- Ben-cao investigation --- p.166
Chapter 8.1.2. --- Investigation of commercial samples --- p.166
Chapter 8.1.3. --- Histological characteristics --- p.167
Chapter 8.1.4. --- Chemical analysis --- p.168
Chapter 8.1.5. --- DNA fingerprinting --- p.168
Chapter 8.2. --- Conclusion --- p.169
Appendices
Chapter A) --- Solutions --- p.171
Chapter B) --- Chinese characters cited in this Thesis --- p.173
Chapter a) --- Herbal names --- p.173
Chapter b) --- Book names --- p.175
Chapter c) --- Personal names --- p.176
Chapter d) --- Place names --- p.177
Chapter e) --- Miscellaneous names --- p.179
Bibliography --- p.180

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41

Lu, Mei Li, and 呂美麗. "Twin-scale propagation of lycoris aurea herb." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71913173623039123514.

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42

Tseng, Shen-Hsi, and 曾盛興. "Network Analysis on Chinese Herb and Prescription." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18515447572300681582.

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碩士
國立交通大學
資訊科學與工程研究所
96
In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the relationships between the Chinese Herbs and prescriptions can be cast into network. We can use a bipartite graph and allow herb and prescription to be the two types of node. An edge exists between the herb and prescription if the herb appears in the prescription. In this thesis we studied the empirical properties of Chinese Herb and Prescription Network with a viewpoint of complex network. We study the herb and prescription network using the medical book from two different eras. Analytical results showing that the degree distribution of Herb Network is exponential and Prescription Network is normal distribution. We propose an evolution model using the idea of actual herb and prescription evolution to simulate the TCM network and the simulation result and discussion were given. Furthermore, we analyze the symptom and acupuncture point network and found the degree distribution of symptom network is exponential and the acupuncture point is normal distribution.

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43

"Biossistematica de quatro especies de Hippeastrum Herb. (Amaryllidaceae)." Tese, Biblioteca Digital da Unicamp, 1996. http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000109273.

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44

Lin, Sheng-Shing, and 林聖興. "Constructing a Web Site for Drug-Herb Interaction." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w3m6s4.

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碩士
中國醫藥大學
中西醫結合研究所
94
In order to provide the convenience for the clinical knowledge about combination use of Chinese herbs and modern medication, this study is aimed to construct a web site offering comprehensive information on drug-herb interaction. We searched journals from the PubMed websites as well as the dissertations and theses published in Taiwan with the topic of drug-herb interactions, and finally 147 articles totally been reviewed. Among these articles, there were 219 different kinds of drug-herb combinations in 481 records about drug-herb interaction. The most commonly described herbs were Ginkgo, Ginseng, Ma Huang, St. John’s wort, Licorice, and Dan Shen. We constructed a database which classified these data with the columns of the names of the drugs (both in Chinese and English), interaction and so forth. Subsequently, we designed a web page to present this database. Nevertheless, the usages of herbs in western countries is quite different from those in Taiwan. Herb is made in single form in the United States, while the traditional Chinese doctors prescribe composition of multiple herbs in Taiwan. The web site constructed in this study does not offer the validation of the drug-herb interactions because it needs further check in detail. The adverse reactions of drug-herb interactions mentioned in the international journals are worthy to beware. Further study is necessary to discuss the advantage and disadvantage of the integration of Chinese and western medicine.

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45

Chang, Chia-Chung, and 張家郡. "The Effect of Herb on Respondents'' Anxiety Alleviation." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62655803851317765266.

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碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
103
In recent years, changes in the social environment and the tight pace of life have made anxiety much more common. The main ways to treat anxiety currently are medication and herbal remedies. However, antianxiety medications have many side effects. Although herbal remedies are more natural, the negative effects of excessive uptake of herbs and the improper applications of herbs have been unveiled. Therefore, this research intends to explore on the premise of without the intake of drugs and put the anti-anxiety effects of St. John''s Wort and anxiety-free Baby''s tears(Pilea depressa) as the involved factor of mitigating anxiety into space, the users absorbing substances from plants will also have the benefit of anxiety alleviation. This study is divided into two parts. For the first part, the main purpose is to analyze the concentration of dissemination from research material, it could be a basis for study on environmental characteristics. The second part is the study test. Environmental space is divided into three different characteristics of plant-free space, space of having antianxiety effect plants, as well as no effect of antianxiety plants’ space. In these three environments, the respondents will get the anxiety stimulate first, then they sit quietly in order to explore the effects of the respondents’ physiological and psychological anxiety mitigation. Experimental station is in National Chung-Hsing University library and student groups are mainly respondents. There are totally 98 samples in this study. The results show that there are more volatile compounds in the space with St. John''s Wort than with Baby''s tears, such as alpha-pinene, β-pinene and β-aryophyllene which have sedative and anti-anxiety effects. Analysis results in space characteristic and in study test echo each other indirectly. The differences among the variations of respondents’ heart rate, group of St. John''s Wort have the most benefits of reducing heart rate. In the results of psychological state anxiety, both of St. John''s Wort and blank group have most significant benefits of anxiety mitigation. Comprehensive results of this study for the two parts reveal that the plant itself exudes a substance much more effects on respondents '' health and psychological state. The study suggested that the following studies in the amount of plants and respondents felt the lengths of experience time should be explored in greater depth, for a more practical application and research in the future.

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46

Kuo, hsiao-ching, and 郭小青. "Characterization of Chinese Herb Medicine Angelica dahurica Extract." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54125841900484295981.

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碩士
高苑科技大學
化工與生化工程研究所
100
Angelica dahurica　powder　were　extracted　by different concentrations of ethanol as 30%, 50%, 70%, or 95% or Angelica dahurica were shocked to be extracted by variable-frequency of the microwave in this study. The features and functionality of these Angelica dahurica extracts were further characterized. The extract from microwave concussion is shown to be a form of liposomes in an aqueous solution. The external change of liposomes’ shape was observed in different temperature, pH values, or different organic solvents under full mirror microscope. When liposome powder is solubilized in water at room temperature(20℃), some liposome powders are dispersed into single liposomes, but others are tended to aggregate in water. Liposomes are stable between 20℃ and 40℃, but the aggregation is decreased as the temperature rises. The liposome shape is starting to break down or to be leaky when the temperature is above 50℃. Liposomes are shown to be stable between pH3 and 9, and the most stable condition is especially near pH7. When the pH is less than 3 or more than 9, the aggregations are reduced or the contours of liposome are beginning to be broken. The liposome powders were dissolved in solution containing different concentrations of organic solvents. It is demonstrated that the solution containing higher organic solvents makes liposomes reunion effect reduced. Angelica dahurica extract were performed to do functional analysis. The total polyphenol contents of extracts from different concentrations of ethanol are between 0.48 and 2.48 mg Gallic acid/ g. The total polyphenol content of pure water extract and liposomes are 3.30 mg Gallic acid/ g and 0.09 mg Gallic acid/ g, respectively. The total flavonoids contents of extracts from different concentrations of ethanol are between 0.38 and 1.18 mg Quercetin/ g. There are more total flavonoids contents in extract of higher percentage of ethanol solution. The total flavonoids content of pure water extract and liposomes are 0.66 mg Quercetin/ g and 0.03 mg Quercetin/ g, respectively. The total sugar contents of extracts from different concentrations of ethanol are between 3.93 and 27.00 mg glucose/ g . The total sugar content of pure water extract and liposomes are 46.17 mg glucose/ g and 6.85 mg glucose/ g, respectively. The total reducing sugar contents of extracts from different concentrations of ethanol are between 30.63 and 114.11 mg glucose/ g. The total reducing sugar content of pure water extract and liposomes are 98.61 mg glucose/ g and 24.13 mg glucose/ g, respectively. The DPPH scavenging activity of extracts from various concentrations of ethanols are between 20.96 and 53.47 mg Trolox / g. There is less DPPH scavenging activity in extract of higher percentage of ethanol solution. The DPPH scavenging activity of pure water extract and liposomes are 44.70 mg Trolox / g and 2.52 mg Trolox / g, respectively. The reducing power of extracts from different concentrations of ethanol are between 0.26 and 2.39 mg BHT/ g . There is least reducing power in extract of 95% ethanol solution. There is no statistical difference in reducing power among 30%, 50% and 70% ethanol extracts. The reducing power of pure water extract and liposomes are 2.46 mg BHT/ g and 0.67 mg BHT/ g, respectively. The imperatorin and isoimperatorin were existed in all different percentage of ethanol extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis. The most or least quantity of imperatorin and isoimperatorin are in 95% or 30% ethanol extract. However, the imperatorin and isoimperatorin were found in the water extract or liposomes. Keywords：Angelica dahurica , liposomes, functional analysis, upright mirror microscope

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47

Huang, Wei-ting, and 黃暐婷. "Creative Packaging Design for the Mediterranean Herb Products." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76879599542049150299.

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碩士
雲林科技大學
視覺傳達設計系碩士班
98
On the market, the traditional packaging design that is for produce easily then be made by machine to mass-produce. Because of the role of a disposable supplies, the packaging is become more and more normalize and regularization, just for the cost down. Then, in most of time, when people mention about what is the packaging design looks like, that would be the kind of graphic design for the surface of packaging. And less detail or skill for the shape of packaging. In this packaging study, we try to do something different and new to change the old image for the traditional packaging to let it to be a surprise by itself. not only just for focus on the graphic design, or even for the most highly profit, but also try to challenge to re-definition the meaning of packaging design. To find a new packaging type that is not belong to the way of industrial or business''s packaging. In this study that is so different with other packaging on the market, whatever is for shape or the handcraft skill. The whole collection that is be made by the three-dimensional of shape with delicately handiwork for showing the unique packaging that is filled with the story for design to let the packaging could be a kind of collection for enjoy , enjoy and being reusable. The main color of the whole collection that is from the truly color of material itself then that is easy to let people focus on shape. On the other hand, because of the more detail and still have so many pieces need to compose for one product that would not be easy to produce by machine. If someday in the future there is a chance for sale. It should be take good care about the quality thing. And in this case, to set bounds of number for sale, then try to make every each product to be a fine works. It should be take good care about the quality thing. And in this case, to set bounds of number for sale, then try to make every each product to be a fine works, and also sale with the other traditional packaging products for get the best benef i t s .

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48

Su, Shiou ping, and 蘇秀萍. "Functional properties of herb infusion from seaweed Gracilaria." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f296f6.

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碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產食品科學研究所
100
In this study, we studied the antioxidant activity of tea infusions prepared from red algae Gracilaria (RG). RG was made by hot-air drying (HAD) at 40°C, 50°C, or 60°C. The tea infusions were prepared by brewing RG in cold water (25°C) or hot water (90°C) for a specific period. In order to understand the influence of drying conditions and brewing temperatures on the antioxidant properties of RG tea infusions (RGTI), free radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, the hydroxyl radical scavenging and chelating ability of the infusions were measured. In addition, total phenolics and flavonoid contents of the RGTIs were also estimated. The results showed that the antioxidant activity are increased with concentration, while the infusions of RG obtained from 40°C HAD displayed higher antioxidant activity than the those from 50°C and 60°C HAD. Generally the antioxidant activities of RGTIs prepared by hot water brewing (HWB) were better than cold water brewing (CWB). Moreover, the RGTIs with the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were prepared by 40°C HAD & HWB as well as 50°C HAD & HWB, respectively. In order to understand the influence of different brewing temperatures(75、85、95℃) on the antioxidant properties of RGTI.The results showed that the antioxidant activity of RGTIs prepared by 75℃HWB were better than 85°C and 95°C HWB. For example, the RGTI with the highest DPPH scavenging, the hydroxyl radical scavenging and chelating ability ,But reducing power was prepared by 95℃HWB were better than 75°C and 85°C HWB. In addition, the RGTIs with the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were prepared by 75°C HWB as well as 85°C and 95℃ HWB, respectively. In this study, inference RG contained a correlation between the antioxidant activity of soaking and polyphenol concentration. This study also sensory evaluation to explore the possibility of the formulation development of the different components of RGTI.

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49

Chen, Mei-Han, and 陳美涵. "Study on the Adjuvanticity of Chinese Medicinal Herb." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m5p6jc.

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碩士
中國醫藥大學
免疫學研究所碩士班
102
In previous study, we have found that oral administration of Astragalus membranaceus (AR) increases the IgA transcripts in lung by microarray analysis. We propose that AR is a potent mucosal adjuvant that stimulates the mucosal immunity by increasing IgA levels in mucosal layers. Therefore, antibody production and adjuvant mechanism of AR and its constituent Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) were evaluated in this study. Transgenic mice, which carried the luciferase gene driven by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), were administered orally with AR and APS, and imaged for NF-κB activities in organs. BALB/c female mice were administered orally with AR and APS, and immunized intraperitoneally with ovalbumin. Sera, lung lavage, intestinal lavage were collected for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The bioluminescence imaging and immunohistochemistry staining (IHC) indicated that oral administration of AR and APS activated NF-κB activity in lung. ELISA showed that AR and APS increased the amount of ovalbumin-specific IgG and IgA in sera and mucosal lavage. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that AR and APS induced isotype class switch. IHC showed that AR and APS increased the amounts of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and NF-κB in Peyer''s patches. These data suggested that AR and APS induced isotype class switch via increasing TGF-β1 and NF-κB, resulting in the increased amount of antibodies in sera and mucosal lavage. In conclusion, our findings suggested that that AR and its constituent APS might be a potent mucosal adjuvant that increased the antibody levels in sera and mucosal lavage.

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50

Vockenhuber, Elke. "Herb layer characteristics, fly communities and trophic interactions along a gradient of tree and herb diversity in a temperate deciduous forest." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B3AC-E.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Herb'

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