Journal articles on the topic 'Hepatitis viruses Prevention'
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Kayesh, Mohammad Enamul Hoque, Michinori Kohara, and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara. "Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Acute Viral Hepatitis in Bangladesh: An Overview." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112266.
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Viral infections by hepatotropic viruses can cause both acute and chronic infections in the liver, resulting in morbidity and mortality in humans. Hepatotropic viruses, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV), are the major pathogens that cause acute and chronic infections in humans. Although all of these viruses can cause acute hepatitis in humans, HAV and HEV are the predominant causative agents in Bangladesh, where the occurrence is sporadic throughout the year. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of hepatotropic viruses that are responsible for acute hepatitis in Bangladesh. Additionally, we focus on the transmission modes of these viruses and the control and prevention of infections.
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Robertson, Betty H., and Wendi L. Kuhnert. "Hepatitis Viruses—Prevention and Control in the Laboratory Setting." Applied Biosafety 8, no. 1 (March 2003): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153567600300800102.
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Fry, Donald E. "Hepatitis: Risks for the Surgeon." American Surgeon 66, no. 2 (February 2000): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480006600214.
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Six different hepatitis viruses have now been characterized. Hepatitis B and C are the two hepatitis infections that are of greatest concern for surgeons. Hepatitis B and C share several features that have led to this concern. Both are blood-borne infections. Both are associated with chronic infection ultimately leading to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and both can be occupational infections for the surgeon after percutaneous injury associated with infected blood. Chronic hepatitis B infection is seen in 1.25 million people in the U.S. It is associated with a transmission rate to healthcare workers of 25 to 30 per cent following a hollow needle stick injury. Five per cent of acute infections result in chronic disease. It can be effectively prevented as an occupational infection by vaccination with the highly effective hepatitis B vaccine. Chronic hepatitis C infection is present in nearly 4 million people in the U.S. It has a lower rate of transmission than hepatitis B following needle stick injury, but it has a 50 to 80 per cent rate of chronic disease after acute infections. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, and only prevention of blood exposure will avoid the risks of this occupational infection. Other hepatitis viruses are likely to be identified. Prevention of blood exposure, by the better use of barriers in the operating room and modification of surgical techniques, is recommended to prevent occupational infection from both known and unknown blood-borne viruses from the surgical patient.
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Velebit, B. "Foodborne viruses — an emerging pathogens." Theory and practice of meat processing 5, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2414-438x-2020-5-4-18-22.
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Viral foodborne illnesses which have become a significant cause of all reported foodborne illnesses in recent years and considered as an emerging risk in veterinary public health. Foodborne transmission can occur by contamination of food by infected food handlers, by contamination of food during the production process and by consumption of products of animal origin harboring a zoonotic virus. Microbiological genomics studies discovered that noroviruses and hepatitis A viruses were primarily associated with food-handler transmission and sewage-contaminated foods while hepatitis E was associated with consumption of raw or undercooked meat of pig or wild animals. Routine harmonized surveillance of viral outbreaks, and surveillance of virus occurrence in food commodities, in combination with systematic strain typing, and joint expertise from veterinary, food, and clinical microbiologists would be recommended to aid source attribution studies and identify risk prevention measures.
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Bullington, Brooke W., Katherine Klemperer, Keith Mages, Andrea Chalem, Humphrey D. Mazigo, John Changalucha, Saidi Kapiga, Peter F. Wright, Maria M. Yazdanbakhsh, and Jennifer A. Downs. "Effects of schistosomes on host anti-viral immune response and the acquisition, virulence, and prevention of viral infections: A systematic review." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): e1009555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009555.
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Although a growing number of studies suggest interactions between Schistosoma parasites and viral infections, the effects of schistosome infections on the host response to viruses have not been evaluated comprehensively. In this systematic review, we investigated how schistosomes impact incidence, virulence, and prevention of viral infections in humans and animals. We also evaluated immune effects of schistosomes in those coinfected with viruses. We screened 4,730 studies and included 103. Schistosomes may increase susceptibility to some viruses, including HIV and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and virulence of hepatitis B and C viruses. In contrast, schistosome infection may be protective in chronic HIV, Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus-Type 1, and respiratory viruses, though further research is needed. Schistosome infections were consistently reported to impair immune responses to hepatitis B and possibly measles vaccines. Understanding the interplay between schistosomes and viruses has ramifications for anti-viral vaccination strategies and global control of viral infections.
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Qədir qızı Əbilova, Rübayə, Gülnarə Alışa qızı Cəfərova, and Hafiz Maarif oğlu Osmanov. "The role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer." NATURE AND SCIENCE 11, no. 06 (August 23, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/11/5-10.
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Recently, there have been some scientific studies proving the role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer. Among them are eighteen types of pathogens (Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma haematobium, human papillomavirus (HPV), Barr (EBV) virus, Ephthia virus-human cell 1 (HTLV-1), human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), belong to group 1 carcinogens. Further study of the role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer is of great importance for the early prevention of cancer. Key words: cancer, viruses, bacteria
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Taylor, John M. "Infection by Hepatitis Delta Virus." Viruses 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12060648.
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Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are blood-borne viruses that infect human hepatocytes and cause significant liver disease. Infections with HBV are more damaging when there is a coinfection with HDV. The genomes and modes of replication of these two viruses are fundamentally different, except for the fact that, in nature, HDV replication is dependent upon the envelope proteins of HBV to achieve assembly and release of infectious virus particles, ones that use the same host cell receptor. This review focuses on what has been found of the various ways, natural and experimental, by which HDV particles can be assembled and released. This knowledge has implications for the prevention and treatment of HDV infections, and maybe for an understanding of the origin of HDV.
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Larin, V. F., L. I. Zhukova, V. V. Lebedev, and G. K. Rafeyenko. "INTERFERENCE INTERACTION OF VIRUSES IN THE REGULATION OF AN EPIDEMIC PROCESS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40639.
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A long-term trend in the incidence of viral hepatitis A (VHA) in relation to vaccine prevention of this disease and poliomyelitis were analyzed in the Krasnodar Territory. There were lower VHA morbidity rates, which coincided with the period of additional mass immunization of children against poliomyelitis. Comparison of the frequency of polio vaccination and the trend in VHA incidence suggests that the viral interference phenomenon is involved in the regulation of its epidemic process, as a result of which vaccine poliomyelitis virus suppresses naturally circulating hepatitis virus A.
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Venkateswarlu, Devarakonda, Burri T. Rao, Devarakonda Manasa, and Ravi Y. Chowdhary. "An assessment of knowledge and awareness on hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses among police trainees attending police training college, Ongole, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 5006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213811.
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Background: HBV and HCV are blood borne viral diseases, and knowledge about modes of transmission and preventive aspects can help in reduce the risk of getting liver diseases and mainly transmitted through transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products. The knowledge regarding HBV and HCV infection studied in many professional groups, but few surveys are available among the police professionals. The study was conducted to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding Hepatitis B and C viruses’ transmission among these police trainees, and to find out the awareness regarding symptoms, signs, complications and importance of Hepatitis B vaccine.Methods: A cross sectional observationalstudywasconductedamongthepolicetraineesattendingdistrictpolicetraining college, Ongole, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh. Information about socio demographic characteristics, basic knowledge about hepatitis B and C viruses, its modes of transmission, prevention, symptoms and signs and also complications, Hepatitis B vaccination were also assessed from all these police trainees. The data were collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed.Results: Among total police trainees 61.8% belong to upper middle class, 62.4% were degree holders and most of them belonging to Krishna (32.2%) district. About 59% of police trainees aware about hepatitis B virus infection and 67% know about hepatitis C virus infection. 67.2% were listen about availability of hepatitis B vaccination, none of the participants were aware about hepatitis B vaccine zero dose schedule.Conclusions: Efficient health programme managing departments must take the responsibility for HBV education, transmission, testing, vaccination accessibility and availability.
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Sadlier, Corinna, Keeva Madden, Sean O’Gorman, Brendan Crowley, and Colm Bergin. "Development of chronic hepatitis B infection in a hepatitis B vaccine responder." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 5 (November 12, 2016): 526–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416674835.
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The Hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective for the prevention of hepatitis B (HBV) infection. We report the development of chronic HBV infection (Genotype F) in a vaccinated immunocompetent individual with an anti-HBsAb of 35 mIU/mL post completion of vaccine series. HBV vaccine is based on recombinant proteins of genotype-A and D (predominant genotypes in Europe). It may not be as effective for the prevention of more genetically diverse viruses such as genotype F (predominant genotype in Central and South America). Healthcare providers and patients should be aware that the HB vaccine does not confer 100% protection against HBV infection, even in the setting of protective antibody levels. Partners of individuals infected with non-A or -D genotypes should be advised to consider additional precautions to prevent transmission even in the setting protective antibody levels. Surveillance of circulating HBV genotypes should be undertaken to inform public health policy in relation to prevention of HB in high-risk groups such as men who have sex with men.
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Dagnew, Mulat, Yihenew Million, Mucheye Gizachew, Setegn Eshetie, Gashaw Yitayew, Lakachew Asrade, Mulat Adefris, Feleke Moges, and Moges Tiruneh. "Hepatitis B and C Viruses’ Infection and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Hospitals in the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (October 9, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8848561.
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Introduction. Hepatitis virus infection is a major public health burden and silent killer disease in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses and associated factors among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in three tertiary hospitals in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1121 pregnant women. Data on sociodemographic and associated factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) using ELISA. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis, and a multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between factors associated with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis virus C infection. Results. A total of 1121 pregnant women were included in the study. The mean age of study participants was 27.2 ± 4.8 yrs. The majority of pregnant women (895 (79.8%)) were from urban areas. The overall seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody was 52 (4.6%) and 18 (1.6%), respectively. The coinfection rate of HBV/HCV was 1.4% (1/69). Ten (19.2%) of HBV positive cases were coinfected with HIV. There were no coinfections of HCV and HIV. Interestingly, pregnant women with a history of multiple sexual partners (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI, 1.7–7.6), blood transfusion (AOR = 7.6, 95% CI, 2.9–16.9), family history of HBV (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI, 1.7–7.6), being HIV-positive (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI, 1–5.9), and tattooing (AOR = 2, 95% CI, 1–3.8) were significant predictors of HBV infection. Similarly, young age (17–25 yrs) (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI, 1.8–8.6) and no educational background (AOR = 5, 95 CI, 1.7–14.8) were significant predictors of HCV infection. Conclusions. Hepatitis B and C viruses’ infection was intermediate among pregnant women; some risk factors were significantly associated with the majority of cases. Infants born from these infected mothers are at risk of infection. This calls for screening and integration of HBV prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) into HIV. Thus, the provision of health education on hepatitis B and C viruses’ transmission, vaccination, and screening of all pregnant women routinely are essential for the prevention of these viruses.
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Sayed, Ibrahim M. "Dual Infection of Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus— What Is Known?" Viruses 15, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15020298.
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Viral hepatitis is an infection of human hepatocytes resulting in liver damage. Dual infection of two hepatotropic viruses affects disease outcomes. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are two enterically transmitted viruses; they are positive single-stranded RNA viruses and have common modes of transmission. They are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route and ingestion of contaminated food, though the HAV has no animal reservoirs. The HAV and HEV cause acute self-limiting disease; however, the HEV, but not HAV, can progress to chronic and extrahepatic infections. The HAV/HEV dual infection was reported among acute hepatitis patients present in developing countries. The impact of the HAV/HEV on the prognosis for acute hepatitis is not completely understood. Studies showed that the HAV/HEV dual infection increased abnormalities in the liver leading to fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) with a higher mortality rate compared to infection with a single virus. On the other hand, other reports showed that the clinical symptoms of the HAV/HEV dual infection were comparable to symptoms associated with the HAV or HEV monoinfection. This review highlights the modes of transmission, the prevalence of the HAV/HEV dual infection in various countries and among several study subjects, the possible outcomes of this dual infection, potential model systems for studying this dual infection, and methods of prevention of this dual infection and its associated complications.
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Zeqiraj, Afrim, Zafer Gashi, Shkelzen Elezaj, Dafina Zeqiraj, Melisa Zogaj, Florjana Zogaj, Zenel Shatri, and Agim Shabani. "Incidence of Presenting Hepatitis A in the Peja Regional Hospital during 2019–2020." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, B (October 31, 2022): 2482–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.10972.
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Introduction: Hepatitis is a very common inflammation of the cells of the liver. Hepatitis can be temporary (acute) or long-term (chronic) depending on whether it lasts less than or more than six months. The hepatitis A virus infects humans and some primates and is the cause of infectious hepatitis. Purpose and objectives: Viral hepatitis infections are also present in our country, so the purpose of working on this topic is to expand knowledge in terms of Viral Hepatitis A, Their Epidemiology, and Preventive Measures. Materials and Methods: In the realization of this paper, the method of the literature review was used, in addition, information was presented on the number of patients with viral hepatitis A in the regional hospital of Peja, the Republic of Kosovo for the period 2019/2020. Results: From the results obtained it is clear that the number of patients with Hepatitis A was low and thankfully in non-significant values. However, the fact that the number of Hepatitis B patients is increasing, and especially the increase in the number of Hepatitis C cases, remains a matter of concern, and it is worth noting that care should be taken to prevent the spread of these viruses at a very high rate. Conclusion: Given the risk posed by these infections, the prevention of viral hepatitis requires an organized and ongoing program of education and treatment. Recommended measures for the prevention of viral hepatitis are: Ensuring adequate sanitary and personal hygiene. Drink only water that is controlled, Avoid drinking alcohol, Avoiding any non-particularly recommended medication acetaminophen (Tylenol) and sedatives for 3-12 months because such medications are hepatotoxic, Frequent breaks during the day and a good night's sleep. Eating small, frequent, high-carbohydrate, low-fat meals. Following the guideline for preventing the transmission of the disease to patients and other persons who are not infected, Timely immunization reports all cases of hepatitis to the health department.
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Brook, M. G. "Sexual transmission and prevention of the hepatitis viruses A-E and G." Sexually Transmitted Infections 74, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.74.6.395.
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Latkovic, Marina. "Prevention of viral infection transmission in dental practice." Serbian Dental Journal 61, no. 4 (2014): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1404210l.
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The risk of transmission of viral infections in dentistry has caused great public fear both among patients and dentists. This is primarily related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses (HBV and HCV), which can cause many complications. This problem is particularly important in dental practice where the appropriate protection during all dental procedures is required. The application of preventive measures against blood-borne infections (HIV, HBV and HCV) may prevent transmission of these infectious agents during dental intervention. The aim of this study was to emphasize possible ways of transmission and advise prevention and protection measures against HIV, HBV and HCV infections in dental practice.
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Nakamoto, Yasunari, Shuichi Kaneko, Hong Fan, Takashi Momoi, Hiroko Tsutsui, Kenji Nakanishi, Kenichi Kobayashi, and Takashi Suda. "Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development Associated with Chronic Hepatitis by Anti-Fas Ligand Antibody Therapy." Journal of Experimental Medicine 196, no. 8 (October 21, 2002): 1105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020633.
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A persistent immune response to hepatitis viruses is a well-recognized risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular and cellular basis for the procarcinogenic potential of the immune response is not well defined. Here, using a unique animal model of chronic hepatitis that induces hepatocellular carcinogenesis, we demonstrate that neutralization of the activity of Fas ligand prevented hepatocyte apoptosis, proliferation, liver inflammation, and the eventual development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The results indicate that Fas ligand is involved not only in direct hepatocyte killing but also in the process of inflammation and hepatocellular carcinogenesis in chronic hepatitis. This is the first demonstration that amelioration of chronic inflammation by some treatment actually caused reduction of cancer development.
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Coşkun, Ahmet Gökhan, Ayşegül Demircioğlu, Seran Temelli, and Ayşegül Eyigör. "Current status of major foodborne and waterborne viral infections and their prevention strategies." Food and Health 7, no. 3 (2021): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/fh21024.
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Advances in diagnostic techniques and their widespread use for infectious agents revealed the considerably high current prevalence of viral agents in foodborne and waterborne diseases. Foodborne and waterborne viruses are indicated to cause not only gastroenteritis and hepatitis but also neurological disorders, respiratory tract diseases, myocarditis, glomerulonephritis and hemorrhagic fever, with a particularly high mortality rate in infants/children and in individuals with immune deficiency. Additionally, due to their resistance to environmental conditions and food processes compared to other microorganisms, elimination of these viruses by heat and high pressure applications, natural antiviral compounds, UV applications and conventional cleaning-disinfection remains difficult even inadequate. In protection from viral infections, vaccine applications together with GMP, GHP and HACCP system approaches in production seem to be the most effective approaches to ensure the minimization of viruses in food environment and in public. In this review article, up-to-date information is presented on the general characteristics and the diseases caused by enterotropic viruses; NoV, AstV, RoV, AdV and hepatotropic viruses; HAV and HEV, with a particularly high worldwide prevalence, as well as their epidemiology, prevention and their control measures.
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Alotaibi, Bashair S., Maryam A. Althobaiti, Amal Y. Hazazi, Sarah Y. Hazazi, Rawan A. Nassir, Mahmoud S. Alhaddad, and Sayed F. Abdelwahab. "Exploration of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Among Residents of Saudi Arabia Toward Hepatitis Viruses." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 58 (January 2021): 004695802110599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580211059965.
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Background and aim: Data available in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) about public knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward viral hepatitis infection are scarce. Such information is essential for designing effective intervention strategies for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice among residents of KSA toward hepatitis viruses. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 549 participants in Saudi Arabia. An electronic questionnaire (in Arabic) was used to measure the KAP of the participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 at significance level of .05. Results: Most of the 549 participants were Saudi citizens (96%; n = 527) and 26.6% (n = 146) of them were males and mostly from the western Saudi Arabia (72.9%; n = 400). Most participants did not hear about hepatitis viruses and showed low level of knowledge on viral hepatitis (42%). On the other hand, a positive attitude was apparent from participants’ responses, and their practices were toward protecting their bodies from the infection. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about viral hepatitis was low (42%) among KSA residents, and the practice and attitude of the participants were toward avoiding the infection. Awareness campaigns are required to increase the public knowledge about viral hepatitis.
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Saade, Marie Christelle, Gaëlle Haddad, Mario El Hayek, and Yasser Shaib. "The burden of Hepatitis E virus in the Middle East and North Africa region: a systematic review." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 05 (May 30, 2022): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.15701.
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Introduction: Hepatitis E virus is a leading cause of hepatitis in the Middle East and North Africa region. Although several countries in this area were shown to be endemic for hepatitis E, little is known about the epidemiology and possible preventive measures. In this manuscript, we present the results of a systematic review addressing the seroprevalence of hepatitis E antibodies in the Middle East and North Africa region. Subsequently, we discuss the main prevention strategies for this virus.
Methodology: We performed a literature review using the PubMed Database of all the Studies reporting data on hepatitis E seroprevalence (Anti-hepatitis E IgM and IgG) among the 20 countries of the Middle East and North Africa region from January 2000 to July 2021.
Results: Eighty-nine articles were identified and included in our review. Ten of the MENA countries did not have any study that fits our criteria. Egypt and Iran were the countries with the highest IgG seroprevalence for hepatitis E reaching 85.1% and 68.6% respectively. Concerning acute hepatitis E presentations, Iraq and Egypt were shown to have the highest IgM seroprevalence reaching 38.1% and 35.3% respectively. Hemodialysis and poly-transfused patients as well as patients with concomitant hepatotropic viruses’ infections were reported to have a higher seroprevalence than the general population.
Conclusions: Hepatitis E is a major healthcare problem in the endemic Middle East and North Africa region. Even though no definite prevention strategy was described until today, implementing multiple minor precautionary approaches could help reduce the virus spread.
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Khwaza, Vuyolwethu, Opeoluwa Oyedeji, and Blessing Aderibigbe. "Antiviral Activities of Oleanolic Acid and Its Analogues." Molecules 23, no. 9 (September 9, 2018): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092300.
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Viral diseases, such as human immune deficiency virus (HIV), influenza, hepatitis, and herpes, are the leading causes of human death in the world. The shortage of effective vaccines or therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of the numerous viral infections, and the great increase in the number of new drug-resistant viruses, indicate that there is a great need for the development of novel and potent antiviral drugs. Natural products are one of the most valuable sources for drug discovery. Most natural triterpenoids, such as oleanolic acid (OA), possess notable antiviral activity. Therefore, it is important to validate how plant isolates, such as OA and its analogues, can improve and produce potent drugs for the treatment of viral disease. This article reports a review of the analogues of oleanolic acid and their selected pathogenic antiviral activities, which include HIV, the influenza virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, and herpes viruses.
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Alqahtani, Saleh A., and Massimo Colombo. "Treatment for Viral Hepatitis as Secondary Prevention for Hepatocellular Carcinoma." Cells 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 3091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10113091.
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Chronic infections with either hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV) are among the most common risk factors for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The hepatocarcinogenic potential of these viruses is mediated through a wide range of mechanisms, including the induction of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and the deregulation of cellular pathways by viral proteins. Over the last decade, effective anti-viral agents have made sustained viral suppression or cure a feasible treatment objective for most chronic HBV/HCV patients. Given the tumorigenic potential of HBV/HCV, it is no surprise that obtaining sustained viral suppression or eradication proves to be effective in preventing HCC. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which HCV and HBV exert their hepatocarcinogenic activity and describes in detail the efficacy of anti-HBV and anti-HCV therapies in terms of HCC prevention. Although these treatments significantly reduce the risk for HCC in patients with chronic viral hepatitis, this risk is not eliminated. Therefore, we evaluate potential strategies to improve these outcomes further and address some of the remaining controversies.
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Blum, Hubert E. "History and Global Burden of Viral Hepatitis." Digestive Diseases 34, no. 4 (2016): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000444466.
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Between 1963 and 1989, 5 hepatotropic viruses have been discovered that are the major causes of viral hepatitides worldwide: hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis delta virus and hepatitis E virus. Their epidemiology and pathogenesis have been studied in great detail. Furthermore, the structure and genetic organization of their DNA or RNA genome including the viral life cycle have been elucidated and have been successfully translated into important clinical applications, such as the specific diagnosis, therapy and prevention of the associated liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevalence of acute and chronic viral hepatitis A-E shows distinct geographic differences. The global burden of disease (prevalence, incidence, death, disability-adjusted life years) has been analyzed in seminal studies that show that the worldwide prevalence of hepatitis A-E has significantly decreased between 1990 and 2013. During the same time, the incidence of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and HCC, respectively, also decreased or increased slightly, the incidence of the HCV-related liver cirrhosis remained stable and the incidence of HCV-related HCC showed a major increase. During the coming years, we expect to improve our ability to prevent and effectively treat viral hepatitis A-E, resulting in the control of these global infections and the elimination of their associated morbidities and mortalities.
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ABAD, F. XAVIER, ROSA M. PINTÓ, RODRIGO GAJARDO, and ALBERT BOSCH. "Viruses in Mussels: Public Health Implications and Depuration." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.6.677.
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Studies were conducted in the common mussel (Mytilus spp.) to evaluate the public health implications derived from shellfish contamination with human pathogenic enteric viruses. In bioaccumulation experiments, we could verify that after 6 h of immersion of mussels in marine water contaminated with high levels of clay-associated enteric adenovirus (type 40) and human rotavirus (type 3), between 4 to 56% of the seeded viruses were adsorbed to shellfish tissues, mainly in the gills and digestive tract. We investigated the occurrence of wild-type enteric viruses in mussels from sites with different levels of fecal pollution. Pathogenic viruses could be detected in mussels from areas that, following current standards based on bacteriological quality, should be regarded as unpolluted, safe for swimming, and suitable for harvesting shellfish. Cooking experiments performed with contaminated mussels revealed that 5 min after the opening of the mussel valves, rotaviruses and hepatitis A virus could still be recovered in steamed shellfish. Under commercial depuration conditions, health-significant enteric viruses, such as rotavirus and hepatitis A virus, could be recovered from bivalves after 96 h of immersion in a continuous flow of ozonated marine water. Routine screening of bivalves for the presence of health-significant enteric viruses before public consumption may help in the prevention of outbreaks among shellfish consumers.
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Silva, Sávio Freire da, Roseane Mara Cardoso Lima Verde, José Felipe Pinheiro do Nascimento Vieira, Leonardo Ferreira Soares, Matheus Hipólito do Nascimento, and Evaldo Hipólito de Oliveira. "HIV and viral hepatitis co-infection in pregnancy: an epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic review." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 8 (2017): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.040813.
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Even though the survival of the population infected with HIV has been increased due to the intensification of antiretroviral therapy, co-infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C has attracted the attention of doctors and other health professionals regarding the increased incidence of chronic complications resulting from viral hepatitis in HIV-infected population, which differs from that with other opportunistic diseases. Women coinfected with these viruses have an increased risk of complications during pregnancy, and the vertical transmission of these infections cause significant morbidity and mortality among children. This study aimed to investigate the risks of co-infection with HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C during pregnancy, through a literature review of the last ten years, using the databases LILACS, MEDLINE and SCIELO, which make up the Virtual Health Library. A total of 106 articles were found, by searching in these databases, 46 of which were pre-selected to be read in full, resulting in 15 approved articles. It was noted that most of the accepted studies were carried out in countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Europe, followed by Brazil and the United States. The presence of co-infections made the infection worse and led to disease progression, both in the mother and in the child, compared to infection with only one of these viruses. Therefore, early diagnosis and prevention and treatment are essential to reduce and prevent the vertical transmission of these viruses.
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Yager and Konan. "Sphingolipids as Potential Therapeutic Targets against Enveloped Human RNA Viruses." Viruses 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100912.
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Several notable human diseases are caused by enveloped RNA viruses: influenza, AIDS, hepatitis C, dengue hemorrhagic fever, microcephaly, and Guillain–Barré Syndrome. Being enveloped, the life cycle of this group of viruses is critically dependent on host lipid biosynthesis. Viral binding and entry involve interactions between viral envelope glycoproteins and cellular receptors localized to lipid-rich regions of the plasma membrane. Subsequent infection by these viruses leads to reorganization of cellular membranes and lipid metabolism to support the production of new viral particles. Recent work has focused on defining the involvement of specific lipid classes in the entry, genome replication assembly, and viral particle formation of these viruses in hopes of identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of disease. In this review, we will highlight the role of host sphingolipids in the lifecycle of several medically important enveloped RNA viruses.
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Mitea, Gabriela, Marius Daniel Radu, Ana Maria Ionescu, and Nicoleta Blebea. "Pharmacotherapeutic management of chronic viral hepatitis." Technium BioChemMed 2, no. 4 (September 9, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/biochemmed.v2i4.4627.
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In infectious diseases, viral hepatitis has an increased incidence, being an important cause of morbidity and mortality, being a "sentinel" indicator of the socio-economic and hygienic-cultural standard of a geographical area. The World Health Organization (WHO) admits the following types of hepatitis viruses: A, B, B + D, C, E, F and G. Among the viral entities recognized by the WHO, a special importance in terms of incidence, evolution over time with the risk of chronicity and the therapeutic options are presented by hepatitis B and C. There is currently an effective vaccine as well as treatment for hepatitis B. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but in recent years considerable progress has been made in treating this disease. Also, the introduction of drugs known as direct-acting antivirals makes it possible to cure over 90% of patients within 2-3 months. But in many countries, current drug policies, regulations and prices keep treatment out of the reach of most people with hepatitis. Eradication of viral hepatitis is possible if greater emphasis is placed on prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Vaccination is very important, as it is possible for types A and B of hepatitis. Early diagnosis is also extremely important, given that there are currently very effective drugs that can prevent the development of liver cancer. The WHO also noted that about two million people worldwide become ill each year due to the reuse of syringes and stressed the importance of checking blood donors to see if they are not carriers of hepatitis B or C viruses. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to highlight the pharmacological treatment and the main therapeutic and prevention schemes currently used for patients with these liver diseases. The paper was based on the most popular methods of identification of the latest international information about the treatment of hepatitis (by electronic search using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, GoogleScholar and Web of Science). We also consulted the global literature cited in the hepatitis database of the World Health Organization (WHO) updated frequent from the current literature on this topic.
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Ouedraogo, Henri G., Seni Kouanda, Sara Goodman, Hermann Biènou Lanou, Odette Ky-Zerbo, Benoît C. Samadoulougou, Charlemagne Dabire, et al. "Hepatitis B, C and Delta Viruses’ Infections and Correlate Factors Among Female Sex Workers in Burkina Faso, West-Africa." Open Virology Journal 13, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874357901913010009.
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Background:Female Sex Workers (FSW) have increased vulnerability to viral hepatitis B, C and D transmission. Our study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and D viruses and their associated factors among FSW in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study among FSW at least 18 years old in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Data were collected from February 2013 to May 2013 using Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS). Hepatitis B, C, and D tests were performed on FSW storage serums using fourth generation ELISA kits. Survey-weighted bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using Stata version 14 to identify factors associated with viral hepatitis infections.Results:Population-weighted prevalence of viral hepatitis infections in FSW was respectively 18.2% (95%CI: 14.4-22.9) for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), 10.6% (95%CI: 07.5-14.8) for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and 1.5% (95Cl: 0.2-10.3) for Hepatitis D Virus (HDV). Factors independently associated with HCV include positive HIV status, inconsistent condom use during the last 12 months, condom reuse with clients, sex with clients in the street, bars or public gardens. No sociodemographic or behavioral factors were independently associated with HBV infection.Conclusion:The prevalence of HBV and HCV was high among FSW and the prevalence of HDV was relatively low in this group in Burkina Faso. These findings suggest urgent and comprehensive prevention of these viruses through education for safer sex and behaviors, and immunization against HBV for FSW.
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Payne, Ruth, Donall Forde, Alicia Vedio, Alison Cope, Gary Pratt, and Anne Tunbridge. "‘It's just a virus’ – viral illness in older people: prevention and management." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 23, no. 2 (April 3, 2013): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095925981300004x.
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SummaryMany viral infections that cause minor illness in younger adults can lead to significant mortality and morbidity in older people, particularly as co-morbidities tend to accumulate with increased age. Respiratory and gastrointestinal viruses are ubiquitous and frequently cause outbreaks, with major impact on those in care homes or residential accommodation. Advances in medicine have opened the way for increased impact of the herpes viruses (varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus), as immune systems are manipulated. People are also leading more active lives in older age; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will be increasingly prevalent, as those living with HIV grow older in good health. In addition, new diagnoses of HIV, viral hepatitis and travel-related infections will present to those working in health care of older people. This review article of viral infections aims to highlight relevant pathology, with specific reference to management in older people.
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Wild, Christopher P., and Ruggero Montesano. "A model of interaction: Aflatoxins and hepatitis viruses in liver cancer aetiology and prevention." Cancer Letters 286, no. 1 (December 2009): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.053.
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Lopez-Santamarina, Aroa, Alexandre Lamas, Alicia del Carmen Mondragón, Alejandra Cardelle-Cobas, Patricia Regal, José Antonio Rodriguez-Avila, José Manuel Miranda, Carlos Manuel Franco, and Alberto Cepeda. "Probiotic Effects against Virus Infections: New Weapons for an Old War." Foods 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010130.
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This review aimed to gather the available literature investigating the effects of probiotics against the most common viral infections using in vitro trials in cell lines and in vivo clinical trials in both experimental animals and humans. Probiotics were employed to prevent and reduce symptoms of infections caused by common viruses, especially respiratory tract viruses, but also for viral digestive infections (such as rotavirus, coronavirus, or norovirus) and other viral infections (such as viruses that cause hepatitis, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and herpes simplex virus). Different probiotics have been studied to see their possible effect against the abovementioned viruses, among which different Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus can be highlighted. In many cases, mixtures of various probiotic strains were used. Although the results obtained did not show similar results, in most cases, probiotic supplementation improved both barrier and biochemical immune responses, decreased susceptibility to viral infections, and enhanced the effects of concomitant vaccines. Works collected in this review show a beneficial effect of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of different viral infections. We found interesting results related to the prevention of viral infections, reduction of the duration of diseases, and decrease of symptoms.
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Lopez-Santamarina, Aroa, Alexandre Lamas, Alicia del Carmen Mondragón, Alejandra Cardelle-Cobas, Patricia Regal, José Antonio Rodriguez-Avila, José Manuel Miranda, Carlos Manuel Franco, and Alberto Cepeda. "Probiotic Effects against Virus Infections: New Weapons for an Old War." Foods 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010130.
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This review aimed to gather the available literature investigating the effects of probiotics against the most common viral infections using in vitro trials in cell lines and in vivo clinical trials in both experimental animals and humans. Probiotics were employed to prevent and reduce symptoms of infections caused by common viruses, especially respiratory tract viruses, but also for viral digestive infections (such as rotavirus, coronavirus, or norovirus) and other viral infections (such as viruses that cause hepatitis, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and herpes simplex virus). Different probiotics have been studied to see their possible effect against the abovementioned viruses, among which different Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus can be highlighted. In many cases, mixtures of various probiotic strains were used. Although the results obtained did not show similar results, in most cases, probiotic supplementation improved both barrier and biochemical immune responses, decreased susceptibility to viral infections, and enhanced the effects of concomitant vaccines. Works collected in this review show a beneficial effect of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of different viral infections. We found interesting results related to the prevention of viral infections, reduction of the duration of diseases, and decrease of symptoms.
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Mustufa, Muhammad Ayaz, Ashfaque Ahmed Memon, Sadia Nasim, Anjum Shahid, and Sobiya Mohiuddin Omar. "Exposure to risk factors for Hepatitis B and C viruses among primary school teachers in Karachi." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4, no. 10 (June 17, 2010): 616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.499.
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Introduction: The study aimed to determine hepatitis B vaccination status and assess the exposure of risk factors for hepatitis B and C among primary schoolteachers in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: in Two hundred school teachers from 30 primary schools in Karachi participated in the study between January and June 2008 by completing an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. Exposure to and knowledge of hepatitis B and C were assessed, as well as mode of transmission and prevention. The percentage of vaccinated and non-vaccinated teachers was also estimated. Results: Only 73 (36.5%) respondents were vaccinated against HBV. Nine percent (17) of the teachers had received more than 10 therapeutic injections while about 56% (101) took between 5-10 injections per annum. Fifteen (8%) of the teachers confirmed they had been injected with re-used syringes. More than 8% (17) of participants' family members were suffering from hepatitis B or C, while 10% (20) of family members had died of liver diseases without any known history. More than 13% (27) of participants shared razors, brushes, cigarettes and hukahs. Statistically significant difference was also observed in risk factors of hepatitis B and C among male and female respondents. Conclusion: Hepatitis B vaccination among school teachers of Karachi was around 37% with a high use of therapeutic injections and syringe reuse. Health awareness programs and educational workshops are needed for teachers, who can later educate the children.
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Gupta, Sonia, and Suheel Hamid Latoo. "A Study on HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C among Dental Patients Screened from Different Districts of Kashmir Valley." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210504.
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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most common chronic viral infections worldwide. They are blood borne infections and share common routes of transmission, but they differ in efficiency by which certain types of exposures transmit them and their prevalence by geographic region. Aims and objective: To evaluate the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C in patients screened from different districts, to increase the awareness among dental practitioners and the patients attending dental clinics as well as to evaluate the risk factors for infection with these viruses in order to reduce the burden of these diseases in the community. Materials and method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 2150 subjects (1230 males and 920 females) reported in the Department of Oral Pathology, GDC & H Srinagar for routine serological investigations. All the screened patients referred from different departments of this institution were enrolled. Results: The prevalence of HBV and HCV among dental patients was 0.65% and 0.51% respectively but HIV positive cases had not been reported. In the present study, majority of the HBV positive cases were from Anantnag district and most common risk factors for infections were dental treatment and blood transfusion. Conclusion: Prevention is an important aspect in controlling the spread of this viral infection as an epidemic. Hence, control programs for the prevention of these diseases that threaten public health must be planned and implemented. Keywords: Hepatitis B, HIV, Seroprevalence, Dental treatment, Transmission, Prevention.
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Sleptsova, S. S., N. N. Tihonova, V. K. Semenova, and A. G. Rahmanova. "The organization of medical care for patients with chronic viral hepatitis in the Republic Sakha (Yakutia)." Kazan medical journal 95, no. 5 (October 15, 2014): 726–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2224.
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Aim. To identify the risk factors for primary liver cancer in patients with chronic viral hepatitis in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and develop an organizational model of treatment and prevention of viral hepatitis and primary liver cancer. Methods. Clinical, epidemiological and molecular biological methods were used. Results. There is a high prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis B, C and D in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), as well as their distant adverse outcomes. Disclosed the problem of the combined effects of risk factors for primary liver cancer in people indigenous nationality of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), mostly male, living in rural areas, which is the simultaneous replication of hepatitis viruses B, C and D in patients with genetically predisposed changes in the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. The modernization of the training algorithms of patients for liver transplantation and management of patients with cirrhosis and liver cancer in the outcome of chronic viral hepatitis, liver transplantation is justified from a related donor with a high level of specific antibodies of patients with primary liver cancer, as well as phasing held medical diagnostic and organizational and methodological measures. Created was an annual Republican «liver-school» for physicians, gastroenterologists, internists, pediatricians, epidemiologists, introduced the publication of conference materials for use on the entire territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Conclusion. Multi-component structural-functional model of service prevention and control of viral hepatitis has allowed to develop a program to address the medical and social protection of different groups of the population to create a unified register «Chronic viral hepatitis in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)», as well as long-term programs for complex vaccine prophylactics and modernization of services for prevention and control of viral hepatitis.
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Posuwan, Nawarat, Viboonsak Vuthitanachot, Teeraporn Chinchai, Rujipat Wasitthankasem, Nasamon Wanlapakorn, and Yong Poovorawan. "Serological evidence of hepatitis A, B, and C virus infection in older adults in Khon Kaen, Thailand and the estimated rates of chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection in Thais, 2017." PeerJ 7 (August 19, 2019): e7492. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7492.
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Hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses are hepatotropic viruses responsible for acute/chronic hepatitis associated with liver failure, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to the limited data on the prevalence of hepatitis in the older population in Thailand, this study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of these viruses in elderly Thais. Using an automated immunoassay, serum samples from individuals older than 60 years of age in Chum Phae district of Khon Kaen province in northeast Thailand were analyzed for anti-HAV (n = 93), HBV markers (n = 460, HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc), and anti-HCV (n = 460). Samples were classified into five age groups (61–65, 66–70, 71–75, 76–80, and >80 years). The overall seroprevalence of anti-HAV, HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and anti-HCV was 98.9%, 4.6%, 51.5%, 32.4%, and 1.3%, respectively. When samples were stratified into three groups representing three generations (children/young adults aged 6 months-30 years and middle-aged adults between 31–60 years old from a previous survey, and older adults aged >60 years from the current study), the highest levels of anti-HAV and anti-HBc were found in older adults. Children/young adults had the lowest levels of HBsAg and anti-HCV, and the highest level of anti-HBs. These findings are consistent with the integration of HBV vaccination into the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 1992 and coincide with increased awareness of blood-borne viral transmission in Thailand. Extrapolating from our data, the estimated numbers of cases of chronic HBV and HCV infection in Thailand in 2017 were 2.2 and 0.79 million, respectively. Thus, effective treatments for viral hepatitis B and C for middle-aged and elderly Thais are needed. This seroprevalence survey could be used to help formulate policies and possible guidelines for treatment and prevention in specific age groups, which is recommended to facilitate the elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030.
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Nakhoul, Mary, Carine Richa, Afif Jreij, and Antoine Abou Rached. "Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among intravenous drug abusers in the Lebanese population." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 02.1 (February 22, 2018): 28S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10076.
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Introduction: Injection drug users (IVDU) are prone to many blood born viral infections. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) constitute an important public health concern in this high-risk group. The aim of the study is to calculate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Lebanon.
Methodology: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study between June 2015 and June 2016 on PWIDs recruited through the Lebanese non-governmental organizations in collaboration with the Lebanese ministry of public health. The participants were tested for HBs Antigen and HCV antibody using rapid test kits. The prevalence of each virus was then calculated. The correlation between both infections and other possible risk factors was also analyzed.
Results: A total of 250 people were included in our study. 98% were males. Mean age was 31.9-year-old. The prevalence of HBV and HCV among PWID was 1.2% and 15.6%, respectively. Older age, longer duration of drug use, and the lack of awareness were found to be significantly correlated with higher rate of HCV infection. We noted a relatively high rate of sharing needles among PWIDs without significantly affecting the prevalence of both viruses.
Conclusion: IVDU remains a major public health concern in Lebanon, being one of the most prevalent subpopulations for chronic viral hepatitis namely the HCV. Appropriate screening strategies, targeted educational programs and adequate HBV vaccination are of extreme importance for further viral prevention among this high-risk group.
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Reshi, Mohammad Latif, Yi-Che Su, and Jiann-Ruey Hong. "RNA Viruses: ROS-Mediated Cell Death." International Journal of Cell Biology 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/467452.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for being both beneficial and deleterious. The main thrust of this review is to investigate the role of ROS in ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus pathogenesis. Much evidences has accumulated over the past decade, suggesting that patients infected with RNA viruses are under chronic oxidative stress. Changes to the body’s antioxidant defense system, in relation to SOD, ascorbic acid, selenium, carotenoids, and glutathione, have been reported in various tissues of RNA-virus infected patients. This review focuses on RNA viruses and retroviruses, giving particular attention to the human influenza virus, Hepatitis c virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the aquatic Betanodavirus. Oxidative stress via RNA virus infections can contribute to several aspects of viral disease pathogenesis including apoptosis, loss of immune function, viral replication, inflammatory response, and loss of body weight. We focus on how ROS production is correlated with host cell death. Moreover, ROS may play an important role as a signal molecule in the regulation of viral replication and organelle function, potentially providing new insights in the prevention and treatment of RNA viruses and retrovirus infections.
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Mengual-Moreno, Edgardo, Maribel Lizarzábal-García, and Orlando J. Penaloza. "ESTRATEGIAS PARA LA ERRADICACIÓN MUNDIAL DE LA HEPATITIS VIRAL CRÓNICA PARA EL 2030." Enfermería Investiga 5, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31243/ei.uta.v5i4.976.2020.
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Los virus de hepatitis B (VHB), C (VHC) y D (VHD); producen hepatitis viral crónica (HVC) responsable de 1.4 millones de muertes por cirrosis hepática y carcinoma hepatocelular. La Organización Mundial de la Salud, adoptó estrategias para la eliminación del VHC para el año 2030. La vacunación contra el VHB reduce el 80% de muertes, previene la HVC por VHB, VHD y el carcinoma hepatocelular. La prevención de la transmisión vertical es una estrategia 90% útil para detener la HVC en hijos de madres infectadas con el VHB. El uso apropiado de inyecciones, pesquisaje adecuado de la sangre de dotantes y la selección restrictiva de donantes disminuye el riesgo de VHC. Las medidas de reducción de daño de HVC consisten en proporcionar jeringas estériles a adictos, prevención de accidentes por pinchazos en personal de salud, introducción de dispositivos de seguridad para la prevención de lesiones punzantes, vacunación de todos los trabajadores de la salud y profilaxis posterior a accidentes laborales. El diagnóstico correcto de VHB permitirá instaurar el tratamiento disponible no curativo, mientras que la terapia antiviral de acción directa cura la hepatitis C. El uso de preservativos y nuevos métodos diagnósticos podrían ser estrategias útiles de prevención de HVC. Palabras claves: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis viral crónica, cirrosis hepática, erradicación. ABSTRACT Chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) associated with Hepatitis B (HBV), C (HCV) and D (HDV) viruses are responsible for 1.4 million deaths from liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The World Health Organization has implemented strategies for the elimination of HCV by 2030. Vaccination against HBV reduces 80% of deaths and prevents CVH associated with HBV, HDV, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevention of perinatal vertical transmission is the most appropriate strategy to avoid CVH by 90% in children of HBV infected mothers. The use of injections appropriately, the screening of blood from donors, and restrictive donor selection decrease the risk of HCV. CVH harm reduction consist of providing sterile syringes to people who inject drugs (PWID), prevention of accidental puncture in health personnel, introduction of safety devices for the prevention of puncture injuries, vaccination against HBV of all health workers and post-exposure prophylaxis after work related accidents. The correct diagnosis of HBV, will allow the introduction of available non-curative treatment, while direct-acting antiviral therapy cures hepatitis C. The use of condoms and new diagnostic methods could be useful strategies for preventing HCV. Keywords: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, eradication.
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Masuzaki, Ryota, and Masao Omata. "Editorial. Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma." Infection International 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0002.
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Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth common cancer in the world, showing the third highest cancer related mortality. The prognosis of HCC patients depends not only on tumor stage but also on the background liver function reservoir. Effective treatments for HCC include percutaneous ablation, surgical resection and liver transplantation. Although short-term prognosis of HCC patients has been much improved recently due to advances in early diagnosis and treatment, long-term prognosis is as yet far from satisfactory as indicated by the overall survival at 10 years after apparently curative treatment of only 22%-35%. Primary prevention aims to evade the tumor development with health measures that prevent people from exposure to known risk factors like hepatitis viruses or alcohol, or attenuating liver disease progression to HCC. While secondary prevention aims to diagnose HCC at an early, potentially curable stage, tertiary prevention aims to reduce the risk of HCC recurrence after curative treatment. In this article we focus on prevention of HCC and the new advance in this field.
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Novikova, Yu B., Yu A. Shuliak, L. I. Demidovich, E. V. Rusakova, and A. A. Asratyan. "ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF INFECTION, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF PARENTERAL HEPATITIS B AND C, HIV INFECTION AMONG PATIENTS IN ADDICTED HOSPITAL." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, no. 2 (April 15, 2012): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40632.
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The aim of this study - assessment of knowledge and awareness of drug addicts on the epidemiology, treatment and prevention of hepatitis B and C infections and AIDS in order to improve preventive measures. In total 64 patients were interviewed: 30 women and 34 men. The method of collecting material: questionnaires, interviews with the help of specially designed questionnaires. The method was based on questionnaire of a public survey conducted by specialists General Department of Federal Service for Execution of Punishment (GUFSIN) in St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, as well as the Biomedical Center of St. Petersburg in cooperation with Yale University, USA. The age distribution of respondents was uneven. The proportion of young people under the age of 25 years was the lowest - 10.9% of patients, cases aged 25-34 years - 46.8%, 35 years and older ones - 42.2. Such a distribution by age, in general, reflects the age structure of addiction incidence rate in Moscow. The results of the survey patients in the Narcological Clinical Hospital № 17 for the assessment of knowledge on the epidemiology, treatment and prevention of hepatitis B and C, HIV infection and AIDS have shown that they are aware of the epidemiology and treatment of these infections, while women were more knowledgeable than men. At the same time, the respondents showed little knowledge of these issues and little interest in treatment that most likely comes from misunderstanding of risk of these diseases. This ultimately leads to higher values of these patients (not interested in their health and the health of others and underestimating the risk of disease) as a potential sources of infection. When checking the knowledge about the transmission of hepatitis B, C and HIV viruses the highest awareness was observed in respect of HIV infection and AIDS, much less patients know about hepatitis C, and even less - about hepatitis B. Consequently, inadequate awareness (in all aspects of the problems) of the threat posed by the HIV epidemic, AIDS and hepatitis B and C, proves to be another of the many factors contributing to the high incidence of hepatitis and HIV infection among drug addicts. Thus, our results also suggest the importance of sanitation-educational work among the addicted patients and the need for the delivery accessible and fascinating instruction booklet highlighting the key issues of epidemiology, treatment and prevention HIV- infection, hepatitis B and C. Each patient should be provided with a such booklet. It is necessary to develop a test control, allowing to catch the interest and focus on critical issues of prevention and treatment of tuberculosis, HIV infection and parenteral hepatitis, if possible, from time to time to lecture.
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Hajar, El Omari, Abdelkader Chahlaoui, Ouarrak Khadija, and Adel Kharroubi. "Public health monitoring using Geographic Information Systems: case viral hepatitis E." E3S Web of Conferences 319 (2021): 01083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131901083.
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Among the major parasitic diseases having major health and socio-economic impacts in the world and in Morocco, are viral hepatitis. These are acute inflammations of the liver caused by a virus. The 3 most frequently encountered viruses are viruses A, B, C. The objective of this study is to map health events, in our case the incidence of viral hepatitis E in the different prefectures of the region of Meknes-Fez by creating a database containing geographic and health parameters in geographic information system (GIS). This database was then used to create the risk map which identifies the high-risk prefectures. This study shows that the average incidence of viral hepatitis H is higher in the prefecture of Meknes during all the years of the study, with a high risk compared to other prefectures and provinces which have an average risk. Indeed, the mapping of health events is a descriptive tool implemented to evaluate the spatial disparities of incidence, which allowed us to perform a spatio-temporal analysis of the epidemic. Spatial technologies, such as geographic information systems (GIS), offer a new option for disease prevention, predicting risk locations based on factors favoring the emergence or re-emergence of the epidemic.
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Khalid, Muhammad, Saif ur Rehman, Ahmad Ali, Sheikh Muhammad Azam, Rabia Yaqoob, Muhammad Faizan, Shoaib Hassan, et al. "Prevalence of Hepatitis B & C in Bahawalpur Region, Punjab, Pakistan." FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/fcs.v2i2.23.
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Hepatitis is a worldwide problem. Until now, six types of viruses related to hepatitis has been discovered and among them hepatitis B and C virus are most prominent. Both of these viruses can be spread easily and can cause significant health damage. Blood transfusion, unprotected sex and reuse of used syringes and razors are the main reasons for transferring the virus. ICT kits are easily available in market which were used to detect the presence of hepatitis B and C. These kits are easy to use but their efficiency is not 100%. This study was conducted to observe the ratio of hepatitis in Bahawalpur region and it was observed that overall incidence of HCV is more as compared to HBV. The percentage prevalence in male population (37%) was higher than female population (35%) and the percentage of HCV is higher in poor families (41%) than middle class families (33%). Furthermore, virus was more prevalent in middle aged male then younger and older persons. As hepatitis is frequently propagating among the people of Pakistan, which causing great lose of man power and economy every year. However, Public awareness through health education program and seminars should be held in regular interval, and vaccination programs to decrease the burden of HBV and HCV from the population of Bahawalpur Punjab province of Pakistan. There is an urgent need to undertake such studies in other populations so that populations with higher prevalence can be identified and ways can be devised for the prevention and cure of these viral infections.
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Kresina, Thomas F., Diana Sylvestre, Leonard Seeff, Alain H. Litwin, Kenneth Hoffman, Robert Lubran, and H. Westley Clark. "Hepatitis Infection in the Treatment of Opioid Dependence and Abuse." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 1 (January 2008): SART.S580. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s580.
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Many new and existing cases of viral hepatitis infections are related to injection drug use. Transmission of these infections can result directly from the use of injection equipment that is contaminated with blood containing the hepatitis B or C virus or through sexual contact with an infected individual. In the latter case, drug use can indirectly contribute to hepatitis transmission through the dis-inhibited at-risk behavior, that is, unprotected sex with an infected partner. Individuals who inject drugs are at-risk for infection from different hepatitis viruses, hepatitis A, B, or C. Those with chronic hepatitis B virus infection also face additional risk should they become co-infected with hepatitis D virus. Protection from the transmission of hepatitis viruses A and B is best achieved by vaccination. For those with a history of or who currently inject drugs, the medical management of viral hepatitis infection comprising screening, testing, counseling and providing care and treatment is evolving. Components of the medical management of hepatitis infection, for persons considering, initiating, or receiving pharmacologic therapy for opioid addiction include: testing for hepatitis B and C infections; education and counseling regarding at-risk behavior and hepatitis transmission, acute and chronic hepatitis infection, liver disease and its care and treatment; vaccination against hepatitis A and B infection; and integrative primary care as part of the comprehensive treatment approach for recovery from opioid abuse and dependence. In addition, participation in a peer support group as part of integrated medical care enhances treatment outcomes. Liver disease is highly prevalent in patient populations seeking recovery from opioid addiction or who are currently receiving pharmacotherapy for opioid addiction. Pharmacotherapy for opioid addiction is not a contraindication to evaluation, care, or treatment of liver disease due to hepatitis virus infection. Successful pharmacotherapy for opioid addiction stabilizes patients and improves patient compliance to care and treatment regimens as well as promotes good patient outcomes. Implementation and integration of effective hepatitis prevention programs, care programs, and treatment regimens in concert with the pharmacological therapy of opioid addiction can reduce the public health burdens of hepatitis and injection drug use.
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Dehghani, Behzad, Ali Dehghani, and Jamal Sarvari. "Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Among College Students: A Report From Iran." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 41, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x19896727.
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Globally, high-risk illnesses including Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are major health problems causing considerable impact on health systems. Knowledge and awareness are very important factors for controlling these illnesses in society. Regarding the transmission routes of these viruses, young people are at the highest risk of infection. Therefore, our objectives were to determine the college students’ awareness of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV/AIDS with regard to basic information, transmission, and prevention. A total of 810 students from 7 universities, from September to March 2017, were included in the study. All participants were categorized into three groups (medical, biology, and other fields). The subjects were evaluated by a standardized questionnaire and results analyzed in SPSS software using the χ2 test. In total, 43% of respondents were male and the majority of them were 20 to 25 years old. Our results showed the suitable level of awareness about HBV and remarkable about HIV. In contrast, insufficient level of awareness was indicated about HCV. Given the low levels of awareness or knowledge about HCV, it can be suggested that educational programs for this important disease are necessary especially for university students. On the other hand, high awareness of participants about HBV and HIV/AIDS might be the results of the proper functioning of educational programs for students in Iran.
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Zubair, Muhammad, Mohsin Ur Rashid, Muhammad Azam, Hassan Tariq, Syed Salman Ali, and Akhtar Ali Bajwa. "Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus in Rahim Yar Khan; A Hospital Based Study." Professional Medical Journal 27, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 2129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.10.4472.
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Objectives: This study was performed to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B and C virus in general population of Rahim Yar Khan. Study Design: Cross Sectional and Observational study. Setting: Combined Military Hospital Rahim Yar Khan. Period: 1st Jan 2018 to 30th June 2019. Material & Methods: Patients of both genders and all ages were included in the study. HBV and HCV were analysed using Kit method and positive cases confirmed by ELISA. Results: A total number of 4635 people were screened for Hepatitis B, and C. Among 2325 individuals screened for HCV, 365 (15.6%) were positive for Anti HCV. Among 2310 individuals screened for HBV, 82 (3.5%) were found positive. Positive cases were later confirmed by ELISA. Conclusion: High prevalence of HBV and HCV in this area warrants serious efforts to prevent the spread of these viruses. Screening facilities should be provided at community level to assess the real burden and for early diagnosis and prevention of complications.
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Markowska, Kinga, and Anna Majewska. "Occupational exposure to hepatitis B and C viruses among paramedics – risk factors and prevention of infection." Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu 27, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26444/monz/142646.
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Michelin, Angela, and David K. Henderson. "Infection Control Guidelines for Prevention of Health Care–Associated Transmission of Hepatitis B and C Viruses." Clinics in Liver Disease 14, no. 1 (February 2010): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.005.
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Yushchuk, N. D., S. S. Sleptsova, S. I. Malov, I. F. Bilukina, S. I. Semenov, L. A. Stepanenko, O. B. Ogarkov, E. D. Savilov, and I. V. Malov. "Assessment of external risk factors of hepatocellular cancer development and markers of genetic predisposition to its development in the ethnic group of yakut - men." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 92, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.01.000505.
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Aim. To establish the main external and genetically determined risk factors for the development of hepatocellular cancer in the ethnic group of male Yakuts living in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) [RS (Y)] in the epidemiologically unfavorable conditions of the incidence of viral hepatitis. Materials and methods. A total of 97 male Yakuts were examined, including 44 people diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer and 53 people diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis. HCC risk factors were identified by analyzing medical records and questioning patients. In the experimental and control groups, genetic studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes mapped on the X-chromosome and involved in the activation of antiviral immunity along the TLR7 signaling pathway were performed. Results and discussion. In 100% of patients with hepatocellular cancer, infection with hepatitis B, C, D viruses or co - infection with these agents was detected. Every fourth patient with HCC in the RS (Y) was infected with hepatitis D. The course of hepatocellular cancer associated with HDV was characterized by rapid progression of liver cirrhosis, development of portal hypertension, bleeding from varicose veins of the stomach and esophagus (36.4%) and edematous ascitic syndrome (63.6%). In addition to viral agents, additional risk factors for liver cancer were identified, such as alcohol abuse, overweight, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Among the studied variation sites of genes localized on the X-chromosome and encoding the reaction of innate antiviral immunity, no genetic marker was found with a sufficient degree of confidence determining the likelihood of hepatocellular cancer developing. Conclusions. The high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma of the male population in the RS (Y) is due to the widespread prevalence of parenteral viral hepatitis, especially viral hepatitis D. Due to the introduction of mass vaccination of the population against hepatitis B in the Russian Federation in the foreseeable future in the RS (Y) we should see a decrease in the proportion of hepatocellular cancer associated with hepatitis B and D viruses, and therefore the focus should be on the treatment and prevention of hepatitis C virus and non - infectious risk factors.
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Krajden, Mel, Gail McNabb, and Martin Petric. "The Laboratory Diagnosis of Hepatitis B Virus." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 16, no. 2 (2005): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/450574.
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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects approximately 250,000 Canadians and 350 million people worldwide. Without intervention, approximately 15% to 40% of chronically infected individuals will eventually develop cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma, or require liver transplantation. The availability and extensive use of the HBV vaccine has dramatically reduced the number of incident infections in Canada and worldwide. Effective therapeutic agents have been and continue to be developed to treat chronic infection. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of diagnostic tests for HBV infection and immunity, and elaborates on HBV risk factors, vaccine prevention and therapeutic monitoring. HBV diagnosis is accomplished by testing for a series of serological markers of HBV and by additional testing to exclude alternative etiological agents such as hepatitis A and C viruses. Serological tests are used to distinguish acute, self-limited infections from chronic HBV infections and to monitor vaccine-induced immunity. Nucleic acid testing for HBV-DNA is increasingly being used to quantify HBV viral load and measure the effectiveness of therapeutic agents. Given the multitude of available tests and the complexity of clinical management, there is a critical need for greater coordination among clinicians, diagnostic laboratory personnel and researchers to define optimal laboratory diagnostic and monitoring assays so that the appropriate tests are used to maximize prevention and optimize treatment outcomes.
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Eckerle, Lance D., Xiaotao Lu, Steven M. Sperry, Leena Choi, and Mark R. Denison. "High Fidelity of Murine Hepatitis Virus Replication Is Decreased in nsp14 Exoribonuclease Mutants." Journal of Virology 81, no. 22 (September 5, 2007): 12135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01296-07.
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ABSTRACT Replication fidelity of RNA virus genomes is constrained by the opposing necessities of generating sufficient diversity for adaptation and maintaining genetic stability, but it is unclear how the largest viral RNA genomes have evolved and are maintained under these constraints. A coronavirus (CoV) nonstructural protein, nsp14, contains conserved active-site motifs of cellular exonucleases, including DNA proofreading enzymes, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) nsp14 has 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease (ExoN) activity in vitro. Here, we show that nsp14 ExoN remarkably increases replication fidelity of the CoV murine hepatitis virus (MHV). Replacement of conserved MHV ExoN active-site residues with alanines resulted in viable mutant viruses with growth and RNA synthesis defects that during passage accumulated 15-fold more mutations than wild-type virus without changes in growth fitness. The estimated mutation rate for ExoN mutants was similar to that reported for other RNA viruses, whereas that of wild-type MHV was less than the established rates for RNA viruses in general, suggesting that CoVs with intact ExoN replicate with unusually high fidelity. Our results indicate that nsp14 ExoN plays a critical role in prevention or repair of nucleotide incorporation errors during genome replication. The established mutants are unique tools to test the hypothesis that high replication fidelity is required for the evolution and stability of large RNA genomes.