Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hepatitis viruses Prevention

Academic literature on the topic 'Hepatitis viruses Prevention'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hepatitis viruses Prevention"

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Kayesh, Mohammad Enamul Hoque, Michinori Kohara, and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara. "Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Acute Viral Hepatitis in Bangladesh: An Overview." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112266.

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Viral infections by hepatotropic viruses can cause both acute and chronic infections in the liver, resulting in morbidity and mortality in humans. Hepatotropic viruses, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV), are the major pathogens that cause acute and chronic infections in humans. Although all of these viruses can cause acute hepatitis in humans, HAV and HEV are the predominant causative agents in Bangladesh, where the occurrence is sporadic throughout the year. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of hepatotropic viruses that are responsible for acute hepatitis in Bangladesh. Additionally, we focus on the transmission modes of these viruses and the control and prevention of infections.
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Robertson, Betty H., and Wendi L. Kuhnert. "Hepatitis Viruses—Prevention and Control in the Laboratory Setting." Applied Biosafety 8, no. 1 (March 2003): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153567600300800102.

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Fry, Donald E. "Hepatitis: Risks for the Surgeon." American Surgeon 66, no. 2 (February 2000): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480006600214.

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Six different hepatitis viruses have now been characterized. Hepatitis B and C are the two hepatitis infections that are of greatest concern for surgeons. Hepatitis B and C share several features that have led to this concern. Both are blood-borne infections. Both are associated with chronic infection ultimately leading to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and both can be occupational infections for the surgeon after percutaneous injury associated with infected blood. Chronic hepatitis B infection is seen in 1.25 million people in the U.S. It is associated with a transmission rate to healthcare workers of 25 to 30 per cent following a hollow needle stick injury. Five per cent of acute infections result in chronic disease. It can be effectively prevented as an occupational infection by vaccination with the highly effective hepatitis B vaccine. Chronic hepatitis C infection is present in nearly 4 million people in the U.S. It has a lower rate of transmission than hepatitis B following needle stick injury, but it has a 50 to 80 per cent rate of chronic disease after acute infections. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, and only prevention of blood exposure will avoid the risks of this occupational infection. Other hepatitis viruses are likely to be identified. Prevention of blood exposure, by the better use of barriers in the operating room and modification of surgical techniques, is recommended to prevent occupational infection from both known and unknown blood-borne viruses from the surgical patient.
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Velebit, B. "Foodborne viruses — an emerging pathogens." Theory and practice of meat processing 5, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2414-438x-2020-5-4-18-22.

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Viral foodborne illnesses which have become a significant cause of all reported foodborne illnesses in recent years and considered as an emerging risk in veterinary public health. Foodborne transmission can occur by contamination of food by infected food handlers, by contamination of food during the production process and by consumption of products of animal origin harboring a zoonotic virus. Microbiological genomics studies discovered that noroviruses and hepatitis A viruses were primarily associated with food-handler transmission and sewage-contaminated foods while hepatitis E was associated with consumption of raw or undercooked meat of pig or wild animals. Routine harmonized surveillance of viral outbreaks, and surveillance of virus occurrence in food commodities, in combination with systematic strain typing, and joint expertise from veterinary, food, and clinical microbiologists would be recommended to aid source attribution studies and identify risk prevention measures.
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Bullington, Brooke W., Katherine Klemperer, Keith Mages, Andrea Chalem, Humphrey D. Mazigo, John Changalucha, Saidi Kapiga, Peter F. Wright, Maria M. Yazdanbakhsh, and Jennifer A. Downs. "Effects of schistosomes on host anti-viral immune response and the acquisition, virulence, and prevention of viral infections: A systematic review." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): e1009555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009555.

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Although a growing number of studies suggest interactions between Schistosoma parasites and viral infections, the effects of schistosome infections on the host response to viruses have not been evaluated comprehensively. In this systematic review, we investigated how schistosomes impact incidence, virulence, and prevention of viral infections in humans and animals. We also evaluated immune effects of schistosomes in those coinfected with viruses. We screened 4,730 studies and included 103. Schistosomes may increase susceptibility to some viruses, including HIV and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and virulence of hepatitis B and C viruses. In contrast, schistosome infection may be protective in chronic HIV, Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus-Type 1, and respiratory viruses, though further research is needed. Schistosome infections were consistently reported to impair immune responses to hepatitis B and possibly measles vaccines. Understanding the interplay between schistosomes and viruses has ramifications for anti-viral vaccination strategies and global control of viral infections.
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Qədir qızı Əbilova, Rübayə, Gülnarə Alışa qızı Cəfərova, and Hafiz Maarif oğlu Osmanov. "The role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer." NATURE AND SCIENCE 11, no. 06 (August 23, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/11/5-10.

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Recently, there have been some scientific studies proving the role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer. Among them are eighteen types of pathogens (Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma haematobium, human papillomavirus (HPV), Barr (EBV) virus, Ephthia virus-human cell 1 (HTLV-1), human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), belong to group 1 carcinogens. Further study of the role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer is of great importance for the early prevention of cancer. Key words: cancer, viruses, bacteria
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Taylor, John M. "Infection by Hepatitis Delta Virus." Viruses 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12060648.

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Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are blood-borne viruses that infect human hepatocytes and cause significant liver disease. Infections with HBV are more damaging when there is a coinfection with HDV. The genomes and modes of replication of these two viruses are fundamentally different, except for the fact that, in nature, HDV replication is dependent upon the envelope proteins of HBV to achieve assembly and release of infectious virus particles, ones that use the same host cell receptor. This review focuses on what has been found of the various ways, natural and experimental, by which HDV particles can be assembled and released. This knowledge has implications for the prevention and treatment of HDV infections, and maybe for an understanding of the origin of HDV.
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Larin, V. F., L. I. Zhukova, V. V. Lebedev, and G. K. Rafeyenko. "INTERFERENCE INTERACTION OF VIRUSES IN THE REGULATION OF AN EPIDEMIC PROCESS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40639.

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A long-term trend in the incidence of viral hepatitis A (VHA) in relation to vaccine prevention of this disease and poliomyelitis were analyzed in the Krasnodar Territory. There were lower VHA morbidity rates, which coincided with the period of additional mass immunization of children against poliomyelitis. Comparison of the frequency of polio vaccination and the trend in VHA incidence suggests that the viral interference phenomenon is involved in the regulation of its epidemic process, as a result of which vaccine poliomyelitis virus suppresses naturally circulating hepatitis virus A.
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Venkateswarlu, Devarakonda, Burri T. Rao, Devarakonda Manasa, and Ravi Y. Chowdhary. "An assessment of knowledge and awareness on hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses among police trainees attending police training college, Ongole, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 5006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213811.

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Background: HBV and HCV are blood borne viral diseases, and knowledge about modes of transmission and preventive aspects can help in reduce the risk of getting liver diseases and mainly transmitted through transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products. The knowledge regarding HBV and HCV infection studied in many professional groups, but few surveys are available among the police professionals. The study was conducted to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding Hepatitis B and C viruses’ transmission among these police trainees, and to find out the awareness regarding symptoms, signs, complications and importance of Hepatitis B vaccine.Methods: A cross sectional observationalstudywasconductedamongthepolicetraineesattendingdistrictpolicetraining college, Ongole, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh. Information about socio demographic characteristics, basic knowledge about hepatitis B and C viruses, its modes of transmission, prevention, symptoms and signs and also complications, Hepatitis B vaccination were also assessed from all these police trainees. The data were collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed.Results: Among total police trainees 61.8% belong to upper middle class, 62.4% were degree holders and most of them belonging to Krishna (32.2%) district. About 59% of police trainees aware about hepatitis B virus infection and 67% know about hepatitis C virus infection. 67.2% were listen about availability of hepatitis B vaccination, none of the participants were aware about hepatitis B vaccine zero dose schedule.Conclusions: Efficient health programme managing departments must take the responsibility for HBV education, transmission, testing, vaccination accessibility and availability.
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Sadlier, Corinna, Keeva Madden, Sean O’Gorman, Brendan Crowley, and Colm Bergin. "Development of chronic hepatitis B infection in a hepatitis B vaccine responder." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 5 (November 12, 2016): 526–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416674835.

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The Hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective for the prevention of hepatitis B (HBV) infection. We report the development of chronic HBV infection (Genotype F) in a vaccinated immunocompetent individual with an anti-HBsAb of 35 mIU/mL post completion of vaccine series. HBV vaccine is based on recombinant proteins of genotype-A and D (predominant genotypes in Europe). It may not be as effective for the prevention of more genetically diverse viruses such as genotype F (predominant genotype in Central and South America). Healthcare providers and patients should be aware that the HB vaccine does not confer 100% protection against HBV infection, even in the setting of protective antibody levels. Partners of individuals infected with non-A or -D genotypes should be advised to consider additional precautions to prevent transmission even in the setting protective antibody levels. Surveillance of circulating HBV genotypes should be undertaken to inform public health policy in relation to prevention of HB in high-risk groups such as men who have sex with men.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hepatitis viruses Prevention"

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Fye, Haddy K. S. "Protein profiling for hepatocellular carcinoma biomarker discovery in West African subjects." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8b9cddda-5c65-45f0-9354-9343c317bef6.

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Background: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer related death worldwide and is often diagnosed by measuring serum Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP); a stand-alone biomarker with limited diagnostic proficiency. To compensate for this, AFP is commonly used in conjunction with high performance imaging and radiological methods. However, as the burden of HCC is predominantly in the developing world where such technologies are not readily available, it is imperative that efforts are made to pursue the discovery of novel, high performance, easy to measure and robust biomarkers. With the aim of improving on the diagnostic ability of AFP, our project focuses on the study of plasma proteins as identified by Mass Spectrometry (MS) in order to investigate differences seen in the respective proteomes of controls and subjects with liver cirrhosis (LC) and HCC. Methods: Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight MS (MALDI-TOF MS) was first attempted on weak cation exchange (WCX) fractionated plasma in a pilot selection of forty subjects. On the main case-control group, quantitative MS analysis using liquid chromatography electro spray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (LC-ESI Q-TOF) was conducted on 339 subjects using a pooled expression profiling approach. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and 1 and 2Dimentional electrophoresis methods were performed to validate and detail candidate protein levels and modification patters in individual and pooled subjects. The human plasma used for the MS based protein discovery experiments was collected as part of a five year Liver Cancer Case-control Study (Gambia, West Africa). A smaller set of samples from subjects who formed a spectrum of non-liver disease controls, LC and HCC were obtained from the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) in Nigeria and ELISA and gel electrophoresis assays conducted on them to confirm the trends and differences seen in the Gambian subject set. Results: Bioinformatic evaluation of MALDI-TOF data highlighted peak masses 2444m/z, 2583m/z and 2559m/z to have high diagnostic abilities based on area under curve (AUC) statistics of >0.75. Of these polypeptide fragments, one was identified as the plasma glycoprotein, alpha chain fibrinogen. Results from the large-scale label free discovery experiments indicated twenty-six proteins to be differentially expressed between the three subject groups. These prospective markers include proteins previously linked to HCC as well as novel candidates, namely glutathione peroxidase 3, serum amyloid p, carboxypeptidase N and complement factors I and H which have not been implicated in the context of HCC diagnostics. Direct measurement of Hemopexin (HPX), alpha-1-antitrypsin (α1AT), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) and complement component 3 (CC3) levels confirmed their change in abundance in LC and HCC versus control patients. Further biochemical characterization of glycosylated HPX isolated from glycoprotein enriched plasma sample pools showed evidence of isoelectric point shifts, indicating differential glycosylation patterns in high mannose structures of HPX which may be disease stage linked. The direct measurements of HPX, α1AT, Apo A1 & CC3 conducted on the independent Nigerian subject group also confirmed much of the trends reported from the Gambia Liver Cancer Study (GLCS) plasma. Conclusions: The independently validated, significant changes in the quantitative expression of ApoA1, α1AT, CC3 and HPX could be exploited for development into high-performance affordable assays, usable in the diagnosis and monitoring of HCC and LC patients. The unique signatures observed for most of these proteins, from liver disease free controls to LC and HCC suggest their involvement in independent pathways. As such, combining some or all of these four markers within a diagnostic panel could offer a much-needed boost in robustness and accuracy for AFP. The differences in the processing and molecular weight separation of these proteins also offers a novel inroad into biomarker identification. These suggested disease specific signatures could with further study offer highly specific biomarkers able to discern the key stages that predispose individuals to hepatocarcinogenesis. Impact: This is the first MS based discovery and extensive validation study on West African subjects whose primary cause of HCC are the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and fungal toxins.
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Sangfelt, Per. "Prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus infection /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-301-9/.

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Yuen, Man-fung, and 袁孟峰. "Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the Chinese: natural history, sequelae, treatment and prevention." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B2333177X.

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Machiya, Tichaona. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers at the Princess Marina Hospital in Botswana, regarding hepatitis B prevention and control." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/457.

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Thesis (MPH))University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2011.
Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a highly infectious virus responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality world wide. Chronic HBV carriers can transmit HBV parenterally in a hospital setting putting healthcare workers (HCWs) and their patients at risk of infection. Aim and objectives: This study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices towards prevention and control of HBV amongst nurses, doctors and laboratory personnel. Objectives were to determine: (a) the knowledge; (b) the attitudes; (c) the practices of nurses, doctors and laboratory personnel; (d) if there are any associations between (1) knowledge and practice, and (2) attitudes and practice; (e) the predictors of HBV vaccination uptake. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to doctors, laboratory staff and nurses at Princess Marina Hospital. Results: Two hundred questionnaires were distributed and a total of 117 were returned, giving an overall response rate of 58.5%. More doctors had good knowledge (38.9% [7/18]), followed by 20% (4/20) of laboratory staff and 11.4% (9/79) of nurses. Most staff (100% [20/20] of laboratory staff; 97.5% [77/79] of nurses; 94.4% [17/18] of doctors) had positive attitudes. More laboratory staff (100 [20/20]) displayed good practices, followed by nurses (94.9% [75/79]); and lastly doctors (88.9% [16/18]). There were no significant associations between knowledge or attitudes and practices. Vaccination was inadequate, with 50.9% (59/116) of HCWs having received at least one dose, and of these only 61% (36/59) receiving all 3 doses. Needle stick injuries occurred in 31.6% (37/117), while 33.9% (39/115) reported blood or body fluid splashes. None of the HCWs accessed PEP after exposure. Being a laboratory worker (OR: 148.4) or doctor (OR: 125.7) were the only predictors of vaccination uptake. Conclusion: There is need to increase knowledge of HCWs, vaccination availability, vaccination uptake, PEP, and reduce the exposures of HCWs.
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Wilson, Garrick Kenardo. "Mechanism(s) of hepatitis C virus induced liver injury." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3530/.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects hepatocytes of the liver causing progressive liver disease including; fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the precise mechanism(s) underlying HCV induced liver injury are poorly understood. Hepatocytes are highly polarized with distinct apical and basolateral membranes separated by tight junctions that maintain a normal liver physiology. We studied the role of HCV infection in driving hepatic injury. Our studies show that HCV infection induces hepatocellular reprogramming via hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) stabilization and increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling. HIF-1α stabilization promoted epithelial to mesenchymal transition accompanied by reduced polarity and cell adhesion. Whereas GR signaling increased cholesterol synthesis and altered HCV receptor expression. Alterations in hepatocellular biology induced a cellular state conducive for virus entry and replication. Consequently, cells de-differentiate to acquire a malignant phenotype via HIF-1α target genes including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF). In addition, GR transcription induced by glucocorticoid treatment or HCV infection enhanced virus uptake, highlighting the caveat for glucocorticoid immunosuppression post liver transplantation. Importantly, HIF-1α inhibitors and GR antagonist reversed the effects of both transcription factors on virus infection and hepatocellular biology. These findings suggest that HCV potentiate liver injury via indirect mechanisms.
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Satekge, Mpho Margaret. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the prevention of hepatitis B virus infections, in final year college student nurses in Gauteng Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/236.

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Thesis (MPH)--University of Limpopo, 2010.
Introduction: Hepatitis B infection is a serious blood-borne disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which attacks the liver, and is the leading cause of liver cancer and cirrhosis of the liver. HBV can be transmitted through exposure to infected blood and human secretions through needle stick / sharps injuries and splashes. Thus nurses are at high risk for HBV infection. The aim of the study: To investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding the prevention of hepatitis B virus infections, in final year college student nurses in Gauteng province. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative survey on 350 final year nursing students was conducted in three Gauteng province nursing colleges, using an anonymous self administered questionnaire with questions on knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HBV. The data were analysed using SPSS (statistical package for social science studies). Results: Of 350 questionnaires distributed, 312 student nurses returned completed forms (response rate: 89.14% [312/350]). The majority were females (86.8% [270/331]) and were below 31 years of age (30.1% [93/309]). The majority (87.6% [271/310]) had good knowledge of the causes and prevention of HBV. The unvaccinated respondents had fairly low positive attitudes, with a mean, mode and median score of 1 (possible score from -4 to +4). The majority (79% [244/310]) practiced good compliance with universal precautions of, and the majority (64.9% [202/311]) were vaccinated. College A displayed significantly higher knowledge (p<0.001), positive attitudes (p=0.001) and safer practices (p<0.001) than college B and C.
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Schwarz, Anne-Katrin. "Defining the mechanism(s) of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/475/.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen and the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer worldwide. HCV entry is clathrin- and pH-dependent, and requires CD81, Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), and the tight junction (TJ) proteins Claudin-1 and Occludin. Primary HCV strains cannot be efficiently cultured in vitro, making the evaluation of potential antiviral compounds in a biologically relevant context extremely difficult. Despite being suitable for high-throughput screening, most cell-based reporter assays rely on the secretion of serine alkaline phosphatase and thus do not allow the selection of HCV infected cells, or the screening of patient samples to identify cell culture infectious viral strains. We aimed to develop a cell-based reporter assay, which utilizes the viral NS3/4A protease to cleave and activate a fluorescent reporter protein constitutively expressed in Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells. HCV tropism is restricted to the liver, where hepatocytes are polarized and form TJ, which are indispensable for normal liver functionality. We demonstrate that in confluent cells, SR-BI and Claudin-1 expression is increased and that HCV entry is enhanced when cellular contact is established. Furthermore, cell junction formation and SR-BI overexpression, respectively, accelerated virus entry, suggesting a key role for SR-BI in HCV internalization. The mechanisms underlying HCV-associated hepatic injury are poorly understood, however, it is thought that HCV may disrupt TJ integrity, thus compromising hepatocyte polarity and function. We demonstrate that the HCV structural proteins modulate the expression and localization of TJ proteins, leading to their redistribution to cytoplasmic vesicles with possible consequences for TJ integrity in vivo.
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Lukhwareni, Azwidowi. "Exploring the Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Hepatitis B Virus Diagnosis, Prevention and Control in Co-infected Adult South African Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/242.

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Thesis (D Phil. (Medical Virology))--2008.
Background and Objectives: South Africa is one of the countries highly affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Some drugs (e.g. lamivudine) used as part of combination antiretroviral regimens for HIV treatment have dual activity against HBV and HIV. Despite high infection rate with both viruses, routine screening for HBV before initiation of treatment for HIV is not yet a standard practice. This study undertook to investigate: (1) the burden of HBV co-infection in HIV-positive patients enrolling for highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at Dr George Mukhari hospital, (2) the impact of anti-HBV containing HAART regimens on HBV during the management of HBV/HIV co-infected patients, (3) the co-evolution of HBV and HIV drug-resistant strains, and (4) the correlation of HBV genotypes with response to anti-HBV containing HAART regimens. Study Population and Methods: To investigate the burden of HBV/HIV co-infections, a cohort of 192 HIV patients who were candidates for ARV treatment at Dr George Mukhari hospital were studied by screening for HBV serological markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti- HBc) (Elecsys 2010, Roche Diagnostics) and HBV DNA with an in-house nested PCR assay targeting HBV polymerase gene. Quantitation of HBV DNA positive samples was performed with Roche Cobas Taqman HBV test 48 assay. To investigate the impact of lamivudine-containing HAART regimens on HBV during the management of HBV/HIV co-infected patients, as well as the coevolution of HBV and HIV drug-resistant strains, a total of 78 patients were studied. HBV virological response against lamivudine containing-HAART regimens [1a (lamivudine, stavudine and efaverenz); 1b (lamivudine, stavudine and neviripine)] was measured (Cobas Taqman HBV test 48, Roche diagnostics). HBV direct sequencing targeting HBV polymerase gene was performed on all baseline samples (n=78) and additional samples collected at various time points (n = 45). Direct sequencing was also performed on 30 HIV baseline samples targeting the HIV reverse transcriptase and protease genes (Spectru-Medix SCE 2410 Genetic Analysis System and ABI PRISM® 3100 Genetic Analyzer version 3.7). To explore the genetic diversity of HBV and HIV strains circulating in Pretoria and surrounding areas, as well as the correlation of HBV genotypes with response to lamivudine-containing-HAART regimens in co-infected patients, all baseline and follow-up HBV and HIV sequences were analysed, compared and correlated with treatment. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic studies for both HBV and vi HIV were conducted with MAFFT, Mega 4 and neighbour joining phylogenetic trees generated with the PHYLIP programme. Results: Three significant findings were observed in this study. Firstly, the majority of South African HIV patients enrolling for HAART were exposed to HBV infection and either had acute or chronic HBV infections. A total of 63.0% of patients were found to have one or more HBV markers, with 40.6% having detectable HBV DNA as an indication of replication. The study also detected 22.9% with positive HBsAg, and 23% of 77% HBsAg-negative patients having occult hepatitis B infection. Secondly, HBV/HIV co-infected patients do benefit during the management of HIV infections with lamivudine-containing HAART regimens. A total of 68.4% of patients responded to HAART, with undetectable HBV DNA during 18 to 24 months of follow-up. A total of 91.3% of HIV patients also responded to HAART with an undetectable HIV viral load during 6 to 12 months of follow-up. However, a total of 18% of patients had persistent HBV DNA, yielding various HBV virological responses against lamivudine containing-HAART regimens. This proportion of patients poses a question regarding the management of HBV and HIV coinfections, as guidelines on the use of HAART with anti-HBV activity from developed countries, may not necessarily be followed in developing countries. The results further showed that baseline drug-resistance was more frequent with HIV than HBV in this cohort of patients. The following HIV primary drug resistant mutants were observed: nine major NRT's primary mutants, M41L (1/30), E44A (1/30), V75M (1/30), F77L (1/30), V118I (1/30), M184V (1/30), L210S (1/30), T215Y (1/30) and V90I (1/30), and five major NNRT’s primary mutants were also detected, K103N (3/30), Y318CFSY (1/30), E138Q (1/30), P225H (1/30) and K238T. However, all followup samples had undetectable HIV viral load. In contrast to HIV, only one patient was detected with HBV mutant, M204I, at baseline. The mutant reversed to wild type during 6 months and other follow-up (12, 18 and 24 months). Finally, this study indicated that the HBV genotype A is still the most prevalent genotype circulating in South Africa. Of the 78 HBV sequences, 77 were genotype A and 1 sequence was genotype G. This is the first report from Africa of the detection of HBV genotype G. HIV subtype C remains the predominant prevailing subtype in South Africa. HBV genotype or HIV subtype C was not observed to influence any treatment outcome following treatment with vii lamivudine-containing HAART regimens. The study also indicated that patients on lamivudinecontaining HAART regimens do benefit not only by suppressing HIV and HBV viral load, but also improving immunity (i.e. CD4 cells count increases). Conclusion: Overall, the present study highlights the need for screening HBV before initiation of any HAART containing anti-HBV regimens in HBV/HIV co-infected patients. It necessitates the use of molecular assays for effective laboratory in diagnosis of occult HBV infections in HIVpositive patients, especially in developing countries where these assays are not widely available. While lamivudine-containing HAART regimens do benefit both HBV and HIV patients in co-infected individuals, however, whether HBV virological response is temporary or sustained is unknown at this stage. What is certain is that these patients require an effective monitoring programme as (1) a small percentage experience variable HBV virological responses (partial, reactivation, or no response), and (2) hepatitic flares are likely to develop if HAART is terminated (e.g. by patient), or the current HAART regimen is switched to another regimen without anti-HBV activity. HBV genotype A remains the dominant genotype in South Africa, but novel genotypes can be detected. HIV subtype C was found to be the prevalent subtype. HBV genotype or HIV subtype C were not seen to influence any treatment outcome following treatment with lamivudine-containing HAART regimens. Recommendations: HIV patients should be screened for HBV before initiation of anti-HBV containing HAART regimens. The screening of HBV in HIV patients is also important since some drugs included as part of HAART (e.g. nevirapine) may cause hepatotoxicity and exacerbate HBV infections leading to increased morbidity and mortality due to liver complications. Immunization and immune boosters of HIV patients with low (< 10IU/L) or no immunity against HBV should be done as this could be beneficial, although these patients may not respond optimally, or their immunity may wane faster due to immunocompromised status. Monitoring of both HBV and HIV resistant strains should be conducted for timely detection for the occurrence of multiple resistant mutations, which could limit future therapeutic option for both viruses.
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Hutchinson, Sharon J. "Modelling the hepatitis C virus disease burden among injecting drug users in Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1340/.

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A forward projection model was used to estimate the numbers of, both current and former, IDUs who acquired HCV infection and progressed to mild, moderate and severe HCV disease in Glasgow and Scotland between 1960 and 2030. The model was developed initially for Glasgow because more epidemiological information exists for this region, than elsewhere in Scotland, to calibrate model outcomes with local data relating to HCV and its consequence. Insights gained from the model fitting process in Glasgow were then used to extend the model to the rest of Scotland. First, the incidence and cessation of injecting drug use in Glasgow during 1960-2000 were derived through the use of a modified Delphi approach. Instead of the usual iterative process to refine experts’ estimates, the elicitation of IDU incidence and cessation provided an opportunity to combine these data and examine coherence with capture-recapture IDU prevalence estimates. Coherent estimates indicated that incidence (median: 28 to 49) and cessation (1 to 24%) remained low and stable during 1960-1975, rose steeply between 1975-1985 (incidence from 49 to 1,335; cessation from 2% to 6%), and by 2000 there had been a decline in incidence (1,195) but a further rise in cessation (15%). Secondly, stochastic simulation was used to model the transmission of HCV among current IDUs in Glasgow, according to their injecting risk behaviours, and estimate the past incidence of HCV infection. The model that considered higher infectivity during acute viraemia following infection produced seroprevalences (median: 62-72%) and incidences (18-30 per 100 susceptible injector-years) consistent with observed data during the 1990s. The annual number of new HCV infections among current IDUs in Glasgow was estimated to be low during 1960-1976 (median: 10-60), rise steeply during 1960-1976 (median: 10-60), rise steeply during the early 1980s to peak in 1985 (1,120), stabilise during 1991-1997 (510-610) and rise again during 1998-2000 (710-780). Scenario analyses indicated that potentially as many as 4,500 HCV infections (10th and 90th percentiles: 2,400-7,700) had been prevented in Glasgow during 1988-2000 as a result of harm-reduction measures. Scenario analyses also permitted the gauging of changes in risk behaviours required to effect appreciable reductions in the incidence of HCV infection. Incidence can be successfully reduced if IDUs who, unavoidably, share needles/syringes confine their borrowing to one person; with this strategy alone, an estimated 5,300 HCV infections (10th and 90th percentiles: 4,100-6,700) could have been averted in Glasgow during 1988-2000. Such insights will inform those responsible for developing new ways to prevent HCV transmission among IDU populations. Thirdly, linkage of laboratory data on diagnosed HCV antibody positive persons in Scotland to clinical data from hospital and death records provided a unique national epidemiological dataset to estimate the number who had progressed to severe HCV disease.
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Stone, Jack Elliot. "Analysing the role of incarceration in the transmission and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus amongst people who inject drugs." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.743044.

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Books on the topic "Hepatitis viruses Prevention"

1

1936-, Willson Richard A., ed. Viral hepatitis: Diagnosis, treatment, prevention. New York: M. Dekker, 1997.

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Yin, Guoyou. Yi xing gan yan fan zhi 30 fa. Beijing: Jin dun, 2002.

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Mayfield, Eleanor. Protecting patients and professionals from blood-borne disease. [Rockville, Md.] (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857): [Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Public Affairs, 1993.

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Mayfield, Eleanor. Protecting patients and professionals from blood-borne disease. [Rockville, Md.] (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857): [Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Public Affairs, 1993.

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Administration, United States Occupational Safety and Health. Enforcement procedures for occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health, 1990.

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United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Enforcement procedures for occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health, 1990.

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Great Britain. Expert Advisory Group on AIDS. Guidance for clinical health care workers: Protection against infection with HIV and hepatitis viruses. London: H.M.S.O., 1990.

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United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Enforcement procedures for the occupational exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1030. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health, 1992.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Health and Safety. Oversight hearings on OSHA's proposed standard to protect health care workers against blood-borne pathogens including the AIDS and hepatitis B viruses: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Safety of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session .... Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Health and Safety. Oversight hearings on OSHA's proposed standard to protect health care workers against blood-borne pathogens including the AIDS and hepatitis B viruses: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Safety of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hepatitis viruses Prevention"

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Blatt, Lawrence M., and Myron Tong. "Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis viruses: hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus." In Hepatitis Prevention and Treatment, 29–38. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7903-3_2.

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Chang, Mei-Hwei. "Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Liver Cancer." In Viruses and Human Cancer, 71–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_4.

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Lim, E. J., and J. Torresi. "Prevention of Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Liver Cancer." In Viruses and Human Cancer, 107–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_6.

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Chang, Mei-Hwei. "Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Liver Cancer." In Viruses and Human Cancer, 75–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_5.

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Lim, E. J., and J. Torresi. "Prevention of Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Liver Cancer." In Viruses and Human Cancer, 113–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_7.

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Michalak, Tomasz I. "Immunology of hepatitis B virus." In Hepatitis Prevention and Treatment, 87–105. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7903-3_5.

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Barnes, Eleanor J., Nasser Semmo, and Paul Klenerman. "Immunology of hepatitis C virus." In Hepatitis Prevention and Treatment, 107–23. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7903-3_6.

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Kurstak, Edouard. "Control and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection." In Viral Hepatitis, 128–48. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-4437-4_16.

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Condreay, Lynn D., and Sarah A. Harris. "Molecular virology of hepatitis B virus." In Hepatitis Prevention and Treatment, 39–65. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7903-3_3.

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Luo, Guangxiang. "Molecular virology of hepatitis C virus." In Hepatitis Prevention and Treatment, 67–85. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7903-3_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hepatitis viruses Prevention"

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Cox, Andrea L. "Abstract IA16: Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma through preventative hepatitis C vaccination." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; February 21-24, 2020; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.mvc2020-ia16.

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"Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Incomplete Hepatitis B Vaccination Among Staff of University College Hospital, Ibadan." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/rfob4613.

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Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Complete hepatitis B vaccination has over the years proved to be the most effective measure of prevention. However, majority of HCWs do not adhere strictly to the complete doses of the vaccine. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and perception of incomplete hepatitis B vaccination among the staff of University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. Method: A total of 116 HCWs, selected from six departments of UCH were interviewed using a validated structured questionnaire. The collected data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Results: Of the 116 HCWs, 93 (80.3%) are aware that three doses of hepatitis B vaccine are required for complete protection. 106 (91.4%) have received the HBV vaccine out of which 58 (50.0%) have not completed the doses. 22 (37.9%) assumed that the dose of vaccine they had was enough, 19 (32.8%) and 12 (20.7%) attributed incomplete vaccination to the duration of vaccination and being busy. Conclusion: A significant number of HCWs are aware of the required doses for complete protection. Incomplete vaccination is associated with the perception and behaviour of the HCWs. This study suggests the provision of vaccine guidelines and sensitization on the health risk of incomplete vaccination to bridge the gap between the perception and behaviour of HCWs toward incomplete hepatitis B vaccination. Key Words: Knowledge, Attitude, Perception, Hepatitis B, Incomplete vaccination, Healthcare workers
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Huang, Jiaqi, Måns Magnusson, Anna Törner, Weimin Ye, and Ann-Sofi Duberg. "Abstract A07: Risk of pancreatic cancer among individuals with hepatitis C or hepatitis B virus infection: A nationwide study in Sweden." In Abstracts: Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; Oct 27-30, 2013; National Harbor, MD. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6215.prev-13-a07.

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Kumar, Vijay, Atish Mukherji, and Vaibhao Janbandhu. "Abstract B78: The X protein of hepatitis B virus induces PI3K/Akt pathway to overcome gentoxic stress-related cyclin D1 degradation and growth arrest." In Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008. American Association for Cancer Research, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.prev-08-b78.

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Low, Jia Ming, and Guan-Huei Lee. "289 Knowledge and awareness of maternal chronic hepatitis carriers to perinatal antiviral use in prevention of mother-to-child hepatitis B virus transmission." In RCPCH Conference Singapore. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-rcpch.160.

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Miralles Andreu, G., M. Pomares Bernabeu, S. Gutiérrez Palomo, IP Jiménez Pulido, L. Soriano Irigaray, and A. Navarro Ruiz. "5PSQ-156 Compliance of recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation during daratumumab treatment." In 25th Anniversary EAHP Congress, Hospital Pharmacy 5.0 – the future of patient care, 23–28 March 2021. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-eahpconf.275.

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Castro, Ana Rita Motta, Livia Lima, Larissa Bandeira, Selma Gomes, Barbara Lago, Grazielli Rezende, and Gabriela Alves Cesar. "Hepatitis B: changes in epidemiological features of Afrodescendant communities in Central Brazil." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p142.

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Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a concern in vulnerable populations. In a study performed by our team in 1999–2003 in two Afro-Brazilian communities, Furnas dos Dionísios (FD) and São Benedito (SB), high prevalence rates of HBV exposure (42.7% and 16.0%, respectively), high susceptibility to HBV (55.3% and 63.0%, respectively) and low HBV vaccination like profile rates (2.0% and 21.0%, respectively) were observed. Objective: In 2015–2016, we reassessed epidemiological and molecular features of HBV in these two communities to verify the impact of health actions adopted in the past years. Methods: Serum samples were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of HBsAg, hepatitis B core antibody (total anti-HBc), and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) (Biokit S.A., Barcelona, Spain). Cobas® e601 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) was used to test the presence of HBeAg, anti- -HBe, and anti-HBc IgM in HBsAg-positive samples. The complete pre-S/S HBV region (nt 2826–nt 841) was amplified by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The prevalence rate of HBV exposure among the enrolled 331 subjects was 35.3% in FD and 21.8% in SB. HBV chronic infection (5.8% in FD, 4.9% in SB) remained high. The rate of HBV vaccination like profile rate increased from 10.7% to 43.5% (2.0%–45.9% in FD, 21.0%–39.5% in SB), while susceptible subjects declined from 58.9% to 26.3% (55.3%– 18.8% in FD, 63.0%–38.7% in SB). Among 18 HBsAg-positive samples, 13 were successfully sequenced (pre-S/S region). Phylogenetic analyses showed that all isolates belong to HBV subgenotype A1, clustering within the Asian-American clade. Conclusion: Despite the maintenance of high prevalence rate of HBV exposure over these 13 years of surveillance, significant improvements were observed, reinforcing the importance of facilitated HBV vaccination to difficult-to-access population to close gaps in prevention.
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Wen, Chi‐Pang, Yen Chen Chang, Min Kwang Tsai, Hui Ting Chan, Isabella W. S. Chung, Ting Yuan David Cheng, Shan Pou Tsai, and Po‐Huang Chiang. "Abstract B135: Mortality risks and life‐shortening effect of hepatitis C virus infection: A prospective cohort study of 487,369 adults in Taiwan." In Abstracts: AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research‐‐ Dec 6–9, 2009; Houston, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.prev-09-b135.

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Shiota, Goshi, Hiroyuki Tsuchiya, Tomohiko Sakabe, and Yoshiko Hoshikawa. "Abstract 5723: A role of retinoic acid in preventive effect of hepatitis C virus- and oxidative stress-related hepatocarcinogenesis." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-5723.

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Mereu, Noemi Maria, Ilaria Pilia, Maria Francesca Piazza, Laura Spada, Alberto Lai, Igor Portoghese, Maura Galletta, Rosa Cristina Coppola, and Marcello Campagna. "P157 Pattern of hepatitis a virus epidemiology in nursing students and adherence to preventive measures at two training wards of a university hospital." In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.474.

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Reports on the topic "Hepatitis viruses Prevention"

1

A curriculum guide for public-safety and emergency-response workers. Prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub89108.

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