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Journal articles on the topic 'Hepatitis C'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 August 2024

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1

Nouman, Muhammad Khuram, Bushra Zaidi, Ghulam Mohiuddin, Faryal Asif, and Muhammad Khan Malik. "HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 03 (March 10, 2018): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.03.381.

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Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most communal source of non-A,non-B viral hepatitis in the world. The disease is illusory, and the majority of patients do notacquire jaundice at its onset. Treatment of hepatitis C with interferon attained a sustainedvirological response (SVR) in almost 50% of the patients with HCV infection. Viral genotype isimportant to determine the response. The present study aims to provide the incidence of relapseof HCV in patients taking interferon therapy and to identify the predictors for relapse. StudyDesign: Retrospective observational study. Setting: Department of Medicine, DHQ TeachingHospital, Sargodha. Period: Two years. Methods: A total of 60 patients were retrospectivelyevaluated for this study. The exclusion criteria include the patients co- infected with hepatitisB virus or HIV. All the patients were monitored 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 weeks after the endof treatment with interferon alpha. Results: We observed that the patients with relapse weresignificantly older and heavier (P value < 0.05). At the start of treatment, viral load was higherin relapsed patients (P value < 0.04). Conclusion: On the bases of our study findings, we canconclude that low incidence of relapse occurred with interferon therapy. High ALT level, viralloads, older age and obesity were some of strong predictors of relapse among HCV patients.

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Jamali, Ghulam Mustafa, Anwar Ali Jamali, and Habibullah Shaikh. "HEPATITIS C VIRUS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 11 (November 3, 2017): 1621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.11.646.

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Objectives: The plan of this current research was in the direction for towards theassessment of the existing ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay) method throughantibodies testing for identification of hepatitis C virus disease by comparing their outcome withthe Real Time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Setting: Peoples Medical College HospitalNawabshah. Period: December 2015 to December 2016. Methods: In this current research 100blood samples were analyzed due to the presence of anti-HCV antibodies by 3rd-generationenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing. All the specimens were 100% positive. Polymerasechain reaction test was performed according to the laboratory directions in anti- hepatitis C virusantibodies positive patients to validate the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infectivity. Results: Thisresearch shows that, the entire results were positive by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assaytesting. As compared with polymerase chain reaction the of Enzyme Linked ImmunosorbantAssay in this research the screening test for anti hepatitis C virus - antibodies is about 2%false positive. Out of the 100 samples 98 cases are positive by Real Time polymerase chainreaction analysis while only 02 cases report are negative (2%). Conclusion: The proportion ofhepatitis C virus infectivity was 100% by 3rd-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assaytesting, 98% by Real Time polymerase chain reaction analysis. As in our research the hepatitisC virus –Ribonucleic acid is present in 98% cases who are the Anti- hepatitis C virus antibodiespositive patients, it can be suggested that Anti-HCV antibodies detection by third generationELISA technique in routine procedure is sufficient to determine HCV infection.

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Jain, Ravi, and Ashok Yadav. "Hepatitis B Versus Hepatitis C in Blood Donors." Annals of Applied Bio-Sciences 4, no. 1 (January 2017): A8—A13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aabs.2017.1306.

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Billah, Mustansar, Syed Muhammad Raza Shah, and Muhammad Mujtaba Hashir. "HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 08 (August 9, 2018): 1245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4766.

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TARIQ, FAQIR MUHAMMAD, IRSHAD AHMAD, HABIB SUBHANI, and Irshad Ul Haq. "HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 16, no. 02 (June 10, 2009): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2009.16.02.2890.

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I n t r o d u c t i o n : Hepatitis C is a RNA virus isolated in 1988 but still not cultured in the laboratory. Hepatitis-C infection is aserious global public health issue, WHO estimates worlds 3 % population is HCV positive. Pakistan is also facing the huge burden of thisdisease. Accurate prevalence information for hepatitis C infection is scant in Pakistan. Few population based studies are available, the mostcomprehensive being that of Luby et al which after testing a representative sample from a population of 150,000 in Hafizabad, Pakistanfound an overall sero-prevalence of 6%. This increased to 30% with increasing age. They also found sero-prevalence of 16% in householdmembers of HCV infected cases. Aslam et al reported a population prevalence of 16% from Lahore and 23.8% in Gujranwala. In our studypublished in Medical Forum showed prevalence of HCV antibodies in population attending our department of ophthalmology is 27.06%.There is no data from Pakistan about prevalence of hepatitis C in Paramedical staff. It appears that paramedical staff is at higher risk ofcontracting this infection as they are exposed to multiple risk factors like needle stick injuries. Little is known about the prevalence of HepatitisC in this group of population. The objective of our study was to assess the perceived increased incidence of Hepatitis C in this group ofpopulation. M e t h o d s & Materials:This is a retrospective audit of the data from the records kept by clinical laboratory of University MedicalCollege, Faisalabad. All paramedical staff members were invited for HCV antibody test on 13.1.2007 to 20.1.2007.Any staff member workingin those days was included in the study. Persons on holidays or did not give free informed consent was excluded from the study. Serumof blood samples were analyzed by EXCEL a one step test device for the qualitative detection of antibodies to Hepatitis C virus in serumor plasma by trained professional. This test has a relative sensitivity of 96.8%, relative specificity 99% and accuracy 98.9% as comparedto HCV EIA test. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS system.Results: A total 80 staff members were working in the hospital at thattime, 61 attended for the test (F: 31, M: 30). We found 7 (11.4%) were HCV positive and 54 (88.52%) were HCV negative including 2 weeklypositive. Among HCV positive 4 (6.55%) were male and 3 (4.91 %) were females. Age distribution was 17 - 75 years with mean age 32.51years. Among HCV positive 3 were analyzed by ELISA technique. 2 weekly positive by EXCEL were negative by ELISA and 1 positive byEXCEL was positive by ELISA. C o n c l u s i o n : Paramedical staff is perhaps not at higher risk of contracting HCV infection. However morestudies are required to further assess this finding.

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Salam, Abdul, Bilqis Aslam Baloch, Naseer Khan, Ghulam Sarwar, and Masoom ,. "SEROPREVALENCE OF HBsAg (HBS) AND ANTI-HCV." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 04 (December 7, 2018): 766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.04.2424.

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Background: Hepatitis is the inflammation of liver caused by infectious and noninfectiousagents. Hepatitis B and C are inflammations of liver caused by the viruses which are themajor public health problems worldwide and the incidence is even more in our country.Objective: Objective of the study was, 1). To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitisC viruses infected persons among the general population coming to BMC Hospital. 2). To pointout the more affected area of Baluchistan. 3). To produce awareness in the people. 4). To bringthis issue in Government notice. Method: The data was obtained from the patients of BMCHQuetta in which one step test kits were used first and the positive cases were confirmed by ELISA.Results: Out of 46319 samples tested (both indoor & outdoor patients), 3078 (6.64%) werepositive. From overall positive samples 1631(3.52%) were HBs positive and 1447(3.12) sampleswere positive for HCV and 2 patients were positive for both HBs Ag and anti HCV. Conclusions:Prevalence of Hepatitis B is more comparing to Hepatitis C in this province. Prevalence of bothHepatitis B and Hepatitis C was high in Naseerabad district of Baluchistan Great care should beexercised during shaving, dental treatment, surgical procedures and blood transfusions. Policymessage: - Media should be used by National Hepatitis Control Programme of Pakistan toeducate the public about hazards of unscreened blood transfusion. Blood screening for HepatitisB and C infections should be made mandatory at all blood banks.

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Andrade, Luís Jesuino, Paulo Melo, Isabel Lins, Raymundo Paraná, and Augusto Lins. "HEPATITIS C VIRUS AND HEPATITIS C-INFECTION." Brazilian Journal of Medicine and Human Health 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2015): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2317-3386bjmhh.v3i1.453.

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Viana, Daniel Rodrigues, Nathalia Mundoco Veloso, Osvaldo Carvalho Neto, Nicolas Garcia Papacosta, Gabriel Martins Nunes, and Virgílio Ribeiro Guedes. "Hepatite B e C: diagnóstico e tratamento." Revista de Patologia do Tocantins 4, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2446-6492.2017v4n3p73.

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INTRODUÇÃO: As hepatites virais são consideradas as principais doenças hepáticas, podendo levar a quadros mais graves, como a cirrose e o carcinoma hepatocelular, tornando-se um importante problema de saúde pública. Tem distribuição global com áreas de altos índices de endemicidade, sobretudo em países asiáticos. Os principais agentes envolvidos são os vírus da hepatite A, B, C, D, E. O vírus da hepatite B e C se destacam nesse meio devido à grande capacidade de cronificação. As formas de transmissão são basicamente através do contato com fluidos corporais infectados, através de transfusões sanguíneas, uso de drogas injetáveis, transmissão vertical, etc. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um artigo de revisão no qual, a partir das palavras “hepatite B” e “hepatite C”, foi realizado busca por periódicos nos bancos de dados: PubMed, Scielo, Portal Periódicos CAPES e Google acadêmico. CONCLUSÃO: As hepatites B e C podem se apresentar apenas de forma aguda, ou podem se cronificar. O diagnóstico geralmente é realizado tardiamente, pois, na grande maioria dos casos apresenta-se oligossintomáticas ou até mesmo assintomática. O diagnóstico é feito através de exames sorológicos e quantificação viral através do PCR. O tratamento é basicamente sintomático, porem nos casos crônicos, é indicado uso de medicações, como interferons peguilhados e análogos de nucleosideos. Palavras-chave: Hepatites virais; Hepatite B; Hepatite C. INTRODUCTION: Viral hepatitis are considered as one of the major liver diseases, being able to lead more severe outcomes, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma becoming an important public health problem. It has global distribution with areas of high endemicity, especially in Asian countries. The main agents involved are hepatitis A virus, B, C, D, E. The hepatitis B and C viruses stand out in the middle of a chronicling ability. As the transmission forms are basically through contact with infected body fluids, through blood transfusions, injecting drug use, vertical transmission, etc. METHODOLOGY: This is a review article, from the words "hepatitis B" and "Hepatitis C", was carried out by search for journals in databases: PubMed, Scielo, Portal Periodicos CAPES and Google academic. CONCLUSION: The hepatitis B and C can either be only a form of acute, or can be chronic. Therefore, the diagnosis is often late, since in the vast majority of cases it is oligosymptomatic or even asymptomatic. The diagnosis is made through serological tests and viral quantification through PCR. The treatment is basically with symptomatic, such as pegged interferon’s and nucleoside analogs. Keywords: Viral hepatitis; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C.

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Moradpour and Blum. "Hepatitis C." Therapeutische Umschau 61, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.61.8.493.

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Die Infektion mit dem Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) ist weltweit eine der häufigsten Ursachen der chronischen Hepatitis, Leberzirrhose und des hepatozellulären Karzinoms. In diesem Beitrag werden der aktuelle Stand und neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Virologie, Diagnostik und Therapie der Hepatitis C zusammenfassend dargestellt. Die Standardtherapie der chronischen Hepatitis C mit pegyliertem Interferon-alpha und Ribavirin führt bei etwa 40–50% der Genotyp 1- und rund 80% der Genotyp 2 und 3-infizierten Patienten zur anhaltenden Viruselimination. Aufbauend auf einem verbesserten Verständnis der molekularen Virologie und Pathogenese der Hepatitis C werden heute neue antivirale Strategien exploriert, die wahrscheinlich schon in naher Zukunft die bestehenden therapeutischen Modalitäten ergänzen werden.

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Khan, Momin, Abdul Jabbar, Bacha Amin Khan, Abdul Ahad, and Fazal Akbar. "HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.04.332.

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Introduction: WHO estimates that there are more than 185 million people overthe globe infected with hepatitis C. Among these 350,000 die each year with hepatitis. Heprevalence of hepatitis in Asia is estimated to be 3.4%. Pakistan has been rated as the secondmost common country in the world with active hepatitis C infection. This study aims at identifyingthe frequency of risk factors for hepatitis C irus transmission. Understanding the frequency ofcommon factors of HCV would help to implement strategies in long-term prevention of hepatitistransmission among community. Objectives: To determine the frequency of common factorsfor transmission of hepatitis C in adult patients. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectionalstudy. Setting: Department of Medicine, Saidu Teaching Center, Swat. Period: 01-01-2016 to01-12-2016. Methodology: 140 patients were observed and evaluated. Detailed medical historywas taken.5 ml of venous blood sample was collected under aseptic conditions. Blood wascentrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes and serum was transferred to separate test tubes for furthertesting. The initial screening was carried out by immunochromatography for the qualitative detectionHCV antibodies in serum or plasma. Output variable was stratified among age andgender. Chi square test was applied to see effect of modification. All the positive samples onICT were tested on ELISA (third generation) with signal-to-cut-off ratio > 1.0 for confirmation.Results: Our study shows that mean age was 45 years with SD ± 12.24. Fifty eight percentpatients were male and 42% patients were female. Forty two percent patients had hepatitis Cdue to Injection, infection and-* /transfusions, surgical scars were present in 23% patients withhepatitis C, (2%) patients with hepatitis C had tattoos, 8% patients had hepatitis C due to nose/ear piercing and 25% patients had hepatitis C due to dental procedures. Conclusion: Our studyconcludes that the most common risk factors responsible for transmitting hepatitis C in adultswere infections/transfusions (42%) followed by dental procedures (25%) and surgical scars(23%).

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Calmet Schwartzmann, Fernando H., and Fernando H. Calmet Bruhn. "Hepatitis C." Diagnóstico 56, no. 1 (December 13, 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33734/diagnostico.v56i1.119.

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El virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) es un virus monocatenario ARN perteneciente al género Hepacivirus de la familia Flaviviridae. En la década de 1970, tras el descubrimiento de hepatitis Ay B, se hizo claro que había casos de hepatitis post-transfusión que no podían ser explicados por estos virus, llevando a la descripción de hepatitis "no A, no B". No fue hasta 1989 que se aisló el VHC por primera vez y entre 1990 y 1992 se desarrolló y refinó una prueba de anticuerpos anti-VHC que fue implementado en los bancos de sangre, llevando a una gran reducción de la transmisión de este virus a nivel mundial. Desde entonces ha habido una proliferación de nuevos antivirales directos que han revolucionado el manejo de la hepatitis C, asociados a una eficacia que se aproxima a 100% y con efectos adversos mínimos.

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Calmet Schwartzmamn, Fernando H., and Fernando H. Calmet Bruhn. "Hepatitis C." Diagnóstico 56, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33734/diagnostico.v56i1.166.

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El virus de hepatitis C (VHC) es un virus monocatenario ARN perteneciente al género Hepacivirus de la familia Flaviviridae. En la década de 1970, tras el descubrimiento de hepatitis A y B, se hizo claro que había casos de hepatitis post-transfusión que no podían ser explicados por estos virus, llevando a la descripción de hepatitis ''no A, no B''. No fue hasta 1989 que se aisló el VHC por primera vez y emtre 1990 y 1992 se desarrolló y refinó una prueba de anticuerpos anti-VHC que fue implementado en los bancos de sangre, llevando a una gran reducción de la transmisión de este virus a nivel mundial. Desde entonces ha habido una proliferación de nuevos antivirales directos que han revolucionado el manejo de la hepatitis C, asociados a una eficacia que se aproxima a 100% y con efectos afversos mínimos.

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Shahbaz, Tazeem, Ghulam Farid, Raja Sajjad Asghar, and Abdul Rashid. "HEPATITIS B AND C." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 11 (November 10, 2015): 1383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.11.859.

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Background and Aims: The working conditions of Health care workers (HCW’S)expose them for a constant threat of contracting and spreading hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus(HCV) not only to their patients but family members as well. The aim of this study was to assessthe knowledge and attitude toward hepatitis B and C infection among the health-care workersand correlate the level of awareness to their behavior towards prevention of the disease. StudySettings: The study was conducted in Rashid Latif medical college and its two affiliated hospitals(Arif memorial teaching hospital and Hameed Latif Hospital). Study Design: Descriptive crosssectional study. Methodology: A closed ended questionnaire was designed which consistsof questions for evaluating the knowledge and attitude of the participants regarding hepatitisB and C infection. Sampling was done by convenient method. 350 participants took part inthe study, which includes physicians, nurses and lab Technicians. Using the SPSS 16, we didstatistical analysis. Results: Total 350 health care workers filled the forms. 52.6 %( 184) of themwere nurses with 25.7% (90) physicians, and Lab workers were 21.7 %( 74). The mean age ofthe participants was 25.9 years with a range from 17-59 years. The service length of 73.2% ofhealth care workers was noted to be 1-5 year. (97.7%) participants know about hepatitis B andC. 88.6% identified blood and blood products, needles and sharps and 68.6% marked sexualintercourse routes of transmission. 56% gave opinion that Hepatitis B and C is a noso-comialinfection. 70.3% reported that both infections are widely transmitted like HIV/AIDS. Almost all ofthe participants (83.7%) mentioned that they are in a position to acquire these infections becauseof their duty with patients 88% of the respondents reported vaccination against Hepatitis B asa tool of prevention. Proper disposal of sharps, a needle and blood product as a preventingmeasure was also written by 88%of participants. A lot of them believe that transmission of theseinfections can be prevented by avoiding needle/sharps injury (73.7%) and casual sex (61.1%).82.9 mentioned wearing of gloves while in contact with patients and 80.6% said that adequatedisposal of sharps are the best ways of prevention. Complete vaccination for the hepatitis Bwas reported by 47.9 %( 174) with 36 %( 126) was partially vaccinated and 14.8 %( 52) were notvaccinated at all. No specific reason was identified for lack of vaccination. It is noted that morefemales (87.7%) and physician (88.9%) and Nurses (88.2%) have completed the vaccinationschedule than the Lab. Technicians (75%). Conclusion: There is a need of extensive healtheducation campaign for training of HCWs to control and prevent the spread of these infections.

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Ball, Lynda K., and Jan Riordan. "Hepatitis C." American Journal of Nursing 100, no. 12 (December 2000): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3522172.

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Rajan-Mohandas, N. "Hepatitis C." Pediatrics in Review 20, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.20-9-323.

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Jou, Janice H., and Andrew J. Muir. "Hepatitis C." Annals of Internal Medicine 148, no. 11 (June 3, 2008): ITC6–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148-11-200806030-01006.

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Birmingham, Karen. "Hepatitis C." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1150 (August 1998): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199811500-00003.

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Jou, Janice H., and Andrew J. Muir. "Hepatitis C." Annals of Internal Medicine 157, no. 11 (December 4, 2012): ITC6–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-157-11-201212040-01006.

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Nouman, Muhammad Khuram, Bushra Zaidi, Ghulam Mohiuddin, Faryal Asif, and Muhammad Khan Malik. "HEPATITIS C;." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 03 (March 6, 2018): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4065.

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Khan, Momin, Abdul Jabbar, Bacha Amin Khan, Abdul Ahad, and Fazal Akbar. "HEPATITIS C;." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 04 (April 8, 2018): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4293.

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Iqbal, Sajjad, Khalil-Ur Rahman, Muhammad Haroon Yousuf, and Nazish Jahan. "HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 04 (April 10, 2015): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.04.1321.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected about 200 million individuals across theworld and is known as the major cause of liver disease . Objectives: Viral load measurementat early stages of the therapy in Hepatitis C patients is believed to be a more effective toolto predict the sustained virological response (SVR). The primary aim of the present studywas to evaluate whether the decline in viral load of HCV at early stages of the therapy maypredict the treatment response. Another objective was to see the benefits of therapy extensionin non-responders. Study Design: Descriptive, analytical study. Setting: Shalamar HospitalLahore. Period: November 2010 to October 2013. Methods: Four hundred and thirty patients,chronically infected with different genotypes of Hepatitis C virus were treated with Interferonalpha 2b plus Ribavirin (IFNα-2b + RBV). Viral load was assessed at day zero, week four, inthe mid time of therapy and at the end of therapy. The treatment duration was extended 12-24weeks (according to HCV genotypes) in non-responders. Results: The patients with <2 MIU/mL viral load at day zero, able to drop ≥2 log viral load at week-4 or showed no virus at thetime of half therapy completion, exhibited better response. The extension of therapy was morebeneficial for those non-responder who had <0.05 MIU/mL viral load at the end point of therapythan those who had ≥0.05 MIU/mL at that stage. Conclusions: The viral load detection at earlystages of the therapy will be useful in clinical practice. Moreover, the patients with <0.05 MIU/mL viral load at the end of therapy are suitable candidates for the therapy extension.

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KITCHLEW, RIZWANA, FUAD AHMAD SIDDIQI, and ASIF HASHMI. "HEPATITIS C;." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 03 (May 10, 2012): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.03.2149.

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Background: Liver biopsy the gold standard for the histological assessment in chronic hepatitis C is an invasive procedure withcertain limitations. Objective: It was to evaluate the relation of serum ALT levels with the histological changes in healthy blood donors screenedpositive for HCV. Study Design: This cross sectional comparative study Setting: It was conducted at department of medicine CombinedMilitary Hospital Lahore, from January to August 2004 Method: 76 apparently healthy blood donor soldiers age 20 – 49 years positive for HCVantibodies by third generation ELISA test, evaluated by medical history, physical examination, serum ALT levels , PCR test for HCV RNA andultrasound abdomen were enrolled. Liver biopsy was done through percutaneous route and histology was graded according to Knodell scoringsystem. Results: Serum ALT levels showed a skewed distribution with mean of 130.9+96.9 IU/L and median of 8.5IU/L. Eleven patients hadnormal ALT (<40 IU/L).On histological analysis of liver biopsy specimen 17 had Knodell score ≤3 (mild inflammation),38 had score between 4and 7 (moderate inflammation)and 21 had > 8. Patients with score > 8 were older than the former groups.The difference was significant(p=0.047). Relation of ALT levels with stage of fibrosis and grade of inflammation was estimated using ANOVA it showed no statisticalsignificance. Patients with stage 1 fibrosis had highest mean serum ALT levels (p=0.108). Conclusions: No association found between theALT level & liver biopsy histological score. However patients with normal ALT levels usually had mild necroinflammatory changes.

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AHMED, WAHEED, SYED BADSHAH HUSSAIN ZAIDI, and MANZAR ZAKARIA. "HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 17, no. 01 (March 10, 2010): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.01.2087.

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Objectives: To determine the frequency of thrombocytopenia and its manifestations in patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virusinfection treated with interferon and ribavirin. Data Source: In door and out door patients. Design of Study: Case series. Setting and Periodof Study: Department of Medicine PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi, from 1s t August 2006 to 1s t July 2007. Materials and Methods: A Proformawas designed to enter the data of 100 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria included in the study. Adult patients between the ages of 18 and50 years of both gender were selected. Presence of anti HCV antibodies, elevated serum alanine transaminase, a positive polymerase chainreaction for hepatitis C ribonucleic acid and compensated liver disease were prerequisites. All patients were treated with combination ofinterferon and ribavirin. Blood counts, alanine transaminase and prothrombin time were done at baseline and at 2,4 & 8 weeks intervals afterstarting interferon. A drop in platelets count below 100,000/cmm was taken as interferon induced thrombocytopenia. Results: In our studythrombocytopenia occurred in 11 % patients. Grade 3 thrombocytopenia (platelet counts < 50,000) occurred in 01 patient out of hundred in whichthere was severe gum bleeding and purpura so antiviral treatment was discontinued. Grade 2 thrombocytopenia (platelet counts between 50,000- 75,000) was observed in 03% patients but there were no bleeding episodes, 50% reduction dose was done in these patients. Grade 1thrombocytopenia (platelet counts between 75,000-100,000) was noticed in 07% patients but there were no bleeding manifestations and dosereduction was not done. Conclusion: Combination therapy is well tolerated, however, it can cause life threatening complications like bleedingepisodes in a few patients. Bleeding complications and manifestations as a result of thrombocytopenia are uncommon.

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MEHMOOD KHAN, MUZAFFAR, Muhammad TAHIR, Mohsin RAZA, Muhammad Ali BHATTI, and Muhammad Riaz Khokar. "HEPATITIS ‘C’;." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 02 (February 22, 2012): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.02.2007.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to determine association of Interferon-Ribavarin therapy with hearing loss in patientssuffering from Hepatitis ‘C’. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration: Otolaryngology Department Combined MilitaryHospital Rawalpindi from 09 June 2006 to 08 June 2007. Patients and Methods: Consenting sixty patients of Hepatitis C divided into two equalgroups of 30 each, (group A receiving Interferon-Ribavarin therapy and group B, not receiving it) during the study period fitting the inclusioncriteria were selected. Pure Tone Audiometery including both air and bone conduction performed as base line data at commencement oftherapy and then at the end of therapy (after six months) . Patients were sampled by Convenience (non-probability) technique. Results: Thenumber of patients who were found to have defined hearing loss was 06 (20%) in Group A (n=30) and 05(16.67%) in Group B (n=30). Chi Squaretest was applied which showed a p-value of 0.739 which is highly insignificant. Conclusions: Interferon-Ribavarin Therapy does not have asignificant association with hearing loss in patients of Hepatitis ‘C’.

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CHAUDRY, NAYLA TARIQ, IMRANA IHSAN, WAHEED JAMEEL, and Sabiha Nasreen. "HEPATITIS - C." Professional Medical Journal 12, no. 04 (December 31, 2005): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2005.12.04.5082.

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Objectives: 1) To evaluate the overall prevalence rate of viral hepatitiscarrier state among a group of voluntary blood donors. 2) To find the proportion of anti HCV in the study group. 3) Tofind the probable mode of transmission of HCV infection in the study group. Setting: Pathology lab, Jinnah Hospital,Iqra Medical Complex & Hi Tech Lab, Lahore. Period: November 2000 to April 2001. Patients & Methods: A total of890 apparently healthy blood donors (797 males, 93 females) were studied. Clinical details were recorded. The bloodsamples were collected using packed sterile disposable syringes. Sera were analysed by a qualitative enzymeimmunoassy sera diagnostic test using second generation ELISA Kits. Results: Among 890 subjects screened, carrierstate for hepatitis-C was 6.06%. The prevalence of hepatitis-C amongst total cases positive for hepatitis was 33.5%.A higher prevalence rate in males (6~8%) was observed as compared to females (2.22%). The difference wasstatistically significant (p<0.05). The most important mode of transmission was through injections; (males 32.075%,females 100%) followed by blood transfusion. Only 5.88% of the cases had an episode of jaundice in the past.Conclusion: A remarkable positive cases of hepatitis C in this study underline the dire need of comprehensive planfor multi-disciplinary approach for HCV prevention and control.

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Rajan-Mohandas, Niranjana. "Hepatitis C." Pediatrics In Review 20, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.20.9.323.

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Eames, Jennifer R., and Bau Tran. "Hepatitis C." Physician Assistant Clinics 6, no. 4 (October 2021): 555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2021.05.002.

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Foster, Graham. "Hepatitis C." Drugs in Context 4 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7573/dic.212201.

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Wong, John B. "Hepatitis C." PharmacoEconomics 24, no. 7 (2006): 661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200624070-00005.

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Malpas, Michael. "Hepatitis C." Nursing Standard 25, no. 37 (May 18, 2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2011.05.25.37.59.c8522.

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Dawson, Stacey, and Emma Meader. "Hepatitis C." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738017740161.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects approximately 180 000 000 people worldwide, with the highest rates reported in Africa and Asia. In the UK, the rate is in the region of 1% of the population. Most infections become chronic and can lead to extensive liver damage and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite recent advances in treatment strategies the high cost, high demand, screening uptake and re-infection rates make HCV one of the greatest healthcare challenges of modern medicine. This article provides an overview of HCV and aims to equip GPs for their role in screening and management in primary care.

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Hepworth, Julie, and Gary J. Krug. "Hepatitis C." Journal of Health Psychology 4, no. 2 (March 1999): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135910539900400216.

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Belville-Robertson, T. L., L. R. Clemensen, and A. K. Eshelman. "HEPATITIS C." Psychosomatic Medicine 61, no. 1 (1999): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199901000-00031.

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Lavanchy, Daniel, and Pilar Gavinio. "Hepatitis C." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 14, suppl b (2000): 67B—77B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/630301.

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Hepatitis C has been identified as the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis worldwide, accounting for approximately 90% of this disease in Japan, the United States and Western Europe. Hepatitis C is a major global public health problem. New infections continue to occur, and the source of infection includes transfusion of blood or blood products from unscreened donors; transfusion of blood products that have not undergone viral inactivation; parenteral exposure to blood through use of contaminated and inadequately sterilized instruments and needles used in medical, dental and ‘traditional’ medicine; procedures such as hemodialysis; high risk sexual practices; household or sexual contacts of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons; and infants of HCV-infected mothers. In many countries, the relative contribution of the various sources of infection has not been defined with population-based epidemiological studies. Such studies are necessary to enable countries to prioritize their preventive measures and to make the most appropriate use of available resources. Given the substantial morbidity and mortality attributable to HCV-related chronic liver disease, each country, irrespective of economic status, should develop a plan of HCVrelated public health activities for the prevention of newHCVinfections and the treatment of established chronic infections.

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Halsey, NA. "Hepatitis C." Nurse Practitioner 23, no. 6 (June 1998): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199806000-00021.

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Jenny-Avital, Elizabeth R. "Hepatitis C." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 11, no. 3 (June 1998): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199806000-00005.

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Walsh, Kieran. "Hepatitis C." BMJ 328, no. 7451 (May 27, 2004): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1296.

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Sarbah, Steedman A., and Zobair M. Younossi. "Hepatitis C." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 30, no. 2 (March 2000): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200003000-00005.

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Zweben, Joan E. "Hepatitis C." Journal of Addictive Diseases 20, no. 1 (March 14, 2001): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j069v20n01_04.

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Moore, Grace A., Diane A. Hawley, and Pat Bradley. "Hepatitis C." Gastroenterology Nursing 32, no. 2 (March 2009): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sga.0b013e31819de48b.

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Burra, Patrizia. "Hepatitis C." Seminars in Liver Disease 29, no. 01 (February 2009): 053–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1192055.

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PARINI, SUE. "Hepatitis C." Nursing 33, no. 4 (April 2003): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200304000-00040.

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Dusheiko, Geoffrey. "Hepatitis C." Medicine 30, no. 11 (November 2002): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.30.11.37.28454.

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Ball, Lynda K. "HEPATITIS C." American Journal of Nursing 100, no. 12 (December 2000): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200012000-00003.

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Riordan, Jan. "HEPATITIS C." American Journal of Nursing 100, no. 12 (December 2000): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200012000-00004.

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Bockhold, Kathleen. "HEPATITIS C." American Journal of Nursing 100, no. 12 (December 2000): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200012000-00005.

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Marengo-Rowe, Alain J. "Hepatitis C." Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 3, no. 4 (October 1990): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08998280.1990.11929728.

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Moore, Grace A., Diane A. Hawley, and Pat Bradley. "Hepatitis C." Gastroenterology Nursing 31, no. 5 (September 2008): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sga.0000338279.40412.96.

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Olynyk, John K., and Bruce R. Bacon. "Hepatitis C." Postgraduate Medicine 98, no. 1 (July 1995): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1995.11946018.

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Dusheiko, Geoffrey. "Hepatitis C." Medicine 35, no. 1 (January 2007): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.mpmed.2006.10.011.

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