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Journal articles on the topic 'Hepatitis C virus – New South Wales'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Butler, T., B. Donovan, J. Taylor, A. L. Cunningham, A. Mindel, M. Levy, and J. Kaldor. "Herpes simplex virus type 2 in prisoners, New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915174.

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Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antibodies in male and female prisoners. A cross-sectional random sample was used consisting of 789 prisoners (657 males and 132 females) from 27 correctional centres across New South Wales (NSW), stratified by sex, age and Aboriginality. Participants were questioned about demographics and behavioural risk factors and were screened for serum antibody to HSV-2. The overall prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies was higher in females (58%) than males (21%), and in Aborigines (34%) compared with non-Aborigines (24%). HSV-2 prevalence increased with the number of sexual partners. Few prisoners (1%) reported a previous diagnosis of genital herpes. Independent risk factors for the presence of HSV-2 antibodies were increasing age and Aboriginality for men, and higher reported number of lifetime sexual partners and the presence of hepatitis C antibodies for women. HSV-2 infection is common in prison inmates. There is a need to incorporate information about STDs, including HSV-2, into education programmes for inmates.

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2

Hajarizadeh, B., J. Grebely, M. Byrne, P. Marks, J. Amin, T. Butler, P. Vickerman, et al. "Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in four prisons in New South Wales, Australia: The SToP-C study." Journal of Hepatology 68 (April 2018): S187—S188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(18)30587-7.

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3

Grebely, J., J. Bryant, P. Hull, M. Hopwood, Y. Lavis, G. J. Dore, and C. Treloar. "Factors associated with specialist assessment and treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Viral Hepatitis 18, no. 4 (September 14, 2010): e104-e116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01370.x.

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4

Hajarizadeh, B., J. Grebely, M. Byrne, P. Marks, J. Amin, T. Butler, P. Vickerman, et al. "Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in two maximum-security prisons in New South Wales, Australia: the SToP-C study." Journal of Hepatology 66, no. 1 (2017): S274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(17)30862-0.

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5

Hajarizadeh, B., J. Grebely, M. Byrne, P. Marks, J. Amin, T. Butler, P. Vickerman, et al. "O6 Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in two maximum-security prisons in New South Wales, Australia: the StoP-C study." Journal of Virus Eradication 3 (August 2017): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30889-x.

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6

Gunasekera, Sanjeevani, John Fraser, and Christian Alexander. "Quality of life in Hepatitis C virus infection: Assessment of rural patients living in north-western New South Wales." Australian Journal of Rural Health 16, no. 4 (August 2008): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2008.00983.x.

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7

Bretaña, Neil A., Richard R. Gray, Evan B. Cunningham, Brigid Betz‐Stablein, Ruy Ribeiro, Frederik Graw, Fabio Luciani, and Andrew R. Lloyd. "Combined treatment and prevention strategies for hepatitis C virus elimination in the prisons in New South Wales: a modelling study." Addiction 115, no. 5 (May 2020): 901–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14830.

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8

Alavi, Maryam, Matthew G. Law, Heather Valerio, Jason Grebely, Janaki Amin, Behzad Hajarizadeh, Christine Selvey, Jacob George, and Gregory J. Dore. "Declining hepatitis C virus-related liver disease burden in the direct-acting antiviral therapy era in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Hepatology 71, no. 2 (August 2019): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.04.014.

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9

GIDDING, H. F., J. AMIN, G. J. DORE, and M. G. LAW. "Hospitalization rates associated with hepatitis B and HIV co-infection, age and sex in a population-based cohort of people diagnosed with hepatitis C." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 8 (November 19, 2010): 1151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881000258x.

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SUMMARYTo determine the extent age, sex and co-infection affect morbidity in people infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), we performed a population-based study linking HCV notifications in New South Wales, Australia with their hospital (July 2000 to June 2006), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV notification, and death records. Poisson models were used to calculate hospitalization rate ratios (RRs) for all-cause, illicit drug and liver-related admissions. Co-infection RRs were used to estimate attributable risk (AR). The 86 501 people notified with HCV contributed 422 761 person-years of observation; 0·8% had HIV, 3·7% HBV, and 0·04% had both. RRs for males were equal to or lower than for females in younger ages, but higher in older ages (Pfor interaction ⩽0·013). HBV/HIV co-infection resulted in ARs of over 70% for liver disease and 30–60% otherwise. However, at the cohort level the impact was minimal (population ARs 1·3–8·7%). Our findings highlight the importance and success of public health measures, such as needle and syringe exchange programmes, which have helped to minimize the prevalence of co-infection in Australia. The findings also suggest that the age of study participants needs to be considered whenever the burden of HCV-related morbidity is reported by sex. The results are likely to be representative of patterns in hospital-related morbidity for the entire HCV-infected population in Australia and the ARs generalizable to other developed countries.

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10

Fortier, Emmanuel, Maryam Alavi, Julie Bruneau, Michelle Micallef, Jacinta Perram, Sanjeev Sockalingam, Adrian J. Dunlop, et al. "Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among People With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and a History of Injecting Drug Use in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Addiction Medicine 11, no. 1 (2017): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000000261.

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11

Kwon, Jisoo A., Georgina M. Chambers, Fabio Luciani, Lei Zhang, Shamin Kinathil, Dennis Kim, Hla-Hla Thein, et al. "Hepatitis C treatment strategies in prisons: A cost-effectiveness analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): e0245896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245896.

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In Australian prisons approximately 20% of inmates are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), providing an important population for targeted treatment and prevention. A dynamic mathematical model of HCV transmission was used to assess the impact of increasing direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment uptake on HCV incidence and prevalence in the prisons in New South Wales, Australia, and to assess the cost-effectiveness of alternate treatment strategies. We developed four separate models reflecting different average prison lengths of stay (LOS) of 2, 6, 24, and 36 months. Each model considered four DAA treatment coverage scenarios of 10% (status-quo), 25%, 50%, and 90% over 2016–2045. For each model and scenario, we estimated the lifetime burden of disease, costs and changes in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in prison and in the community during 2016–2075. Costs and QALYs were discounted 3.5% annually and adjusted to 2015 Australian dollars. Compared to treating 10% of infected prisoners, increasing DAA coverage to 25%, 50%, and 90% reduced HCV incidence in prisons by 9–33% (2-months LOS), 26–65% (6-months LOS), 37–70% (24-months LOS), and 35–65% (36-months LOS). DAA treatment was highly cost-effective among all LOS models at conservative willingness-to-pay thresholds. DAA therapy became increasingly cost-effective with increasing coverage. Compared to 10% treatment coverage, the incremental cost per QALY ranged from $497-$569 (2-months LOS), -$280–$323 (6-months LOS), -$432–$426 (24-months LOS), and -$245–$477 (36-months LOS). Treating more than 25% of HCV-infected prisoners with DAA therapy is highly cost-effective. This study shows that treating HCV-infected prisoners is highly cost-effective and should be a government priority for the global HCV elimination effort.

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12

Razali, K., J. Amin, GJ Dore, MG Law, and HCV Projections Working Group. "Modelling and calibration of the hepatitis C epidemic in Australia." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 18, no. 3 (November 26, 2008): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280208094689.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Australia is predominantly transmitted through injecting drug use. A reduction in the heroin supply in Australia in late 2000 and early 2001 may have impacted the number of injecting drug users (IDUs) and the number of new hepatitis C infections. This paper updates estimates of HCV incidence between 1960 and 2005 and models long-term sequelae from infection. Outcomes among those with HCV were also recently assessed in a linkage study assessing cancer and causes of death following HCV diagnosis in New South Wales. Linkage study outcomes have been used here to calibrate modelled outcomes. Mathematical models were used to estimate HCV incidence among IDUs, migrants to Australia from high HCV-prevalence countries, and other HCV exposure groups. Recent trends in numbers of IDUs were based on indicators of injecting drug use. A natural history of HCV model was applied to estimate the prevalence of HCV in the population. Model predicted endpoints that were calibrated against the NSW linkage data over the period 1995—2002 were: (i) incident hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); (ii) opioid overdose deaths; (iii) liver-related deaths; and (iv) all-cause mortality. Modelled estimates and the linkage data show reasonably good calibration for HCC cases and all-cause mortality. The estimated HCC incidence was increased from 70 cases in 1995 to 100 cases in 2002. All-cause mortality estimated at 1000 in 1995 increased to 1600 in 2002. Comparison of annual opioid deaths shows some agreement. However, the models underestimate the rate of increase observed between 1995 and 1999 and do not entirely capture the rapid decrease in overdose deaths from 2000 onwards. The linkage data showed a peak of overdose deaths at 430 in 1999 compared to 320 estimated by the models. Comparison of observed liver deaths with the modelled numbers showed poor agreement. A good agreement would require an increase in liver deaths from the assumed 2 to 5% per annum following cirrhosis in the models. Mathematical models suggest that HCV incidence decreased from a peak of 14,000 infections in 1999 to 9700 infections in 2005, largely attributable to a reduction in injecting drug use. The poor agreement between projected and linked liver deaths could reflect differing coding of causes of deaths, underestimates of the numbers of people with cirrhosis following HCV, or underestimates of rates of liver death following cirrhosis. The reasonably good agreement between most of the modelled estimates with observed linkage data provides some support for the assumptions used in the models.

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13

Maher, Lisa, Jiong Li, Bin Jalaludin, Handan Wand, Rohan Jayasuriya, David Dixon, and John M. Kaldor. "Impact of a reduction in heroin availability on patterns of drug use, risk behaviour and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in injecting drug users in New South Wales, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 89, no. 2-3 (July 10, 2007): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.01.001.

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14

Yap, Lorraine, Juliet Richters, Tony Butler, Karen Schneider, Kristie Kirkwood, and Basil Donovan. "Sexual practices and dental dam use among women prisoners - a mixed methods study." Sexual Health 7, no. 2 (2010): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09138.

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Background: Dental dams have been distributed to women prisoners for protection against HIV and other sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in some Canadian and Australian prisons for over a decade. However, we do not know whether they serve any useful public health purpose. Objective: To determine how dental dams are used in women’s prisons in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Method: Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we investigated women’s sexual practices with a focus on how dental dams are used in NSW prisons. Results: Although 71 of the 199 (36%) women reported having had sex with another inmate, with oral sex involved in most encounters, only eight (4%) had ever used a dental dam. The main sources of STI transmission risk among women prisoners were oral sex, manual sex and sharing dildos. Furthermore, sharing razors could also allow the transmission of blood-borne viruses, which could occur during sex in the presence of cuts or menstrual fluid. The high rates of hepatitis B and C among incarcerated women compound this risk. Conclusion: Dental dams are not widely used by women prisoners and we question their utility in women’s prisons. Oral sex is an important risk factor for acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 1, but most women in NSW prisons (89%) are already infected. Condoms and latex gloves may have more use. Condoms could be used as a barrier on shared dildos and sex toys, while latex gloves could be used to protect cut and grazed hands from vaginal and menstrual fluids.

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15

Day, Carolyn, Rohan Jayasuriya, and Graham Stone. "Hepatitis C-related discrimination in New South Wales." Australian Health Review 27, no. 2 (2004): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah042720057.

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Carolyn Day is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales. Rohan Jayasuriya is at the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Wollongong. Graham Stone is with HIV, Program AIDS, Northern Sydney Health, Manly Hospital.Acknowledgements: The HepCare trial was funded by the Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Welfare and the NSW Health Department.Hepatitis C-related discrimination was examined. Intake interviews with 606 HepCare trial participants from New South Wales were analysed to determine the prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C related discrimination. The sample was a mean age of 37 years, 54% were males, 79% reported a history of drug injecting and 35% were current injectors. Forty percent of the sample reported experiencing hepatitis C-related discrimination. Multivariate analysis revealed that current injectors, 35-44 year olds, females, those who had recently consulted a general practitioner and those who had been referred to a specialist for their hepatitis C were more likely to report discrimination than other groups. More research is required to attain a better understanding of hepatitis C-related discrimination.

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16

Blogg, James, James Wood, Colette McGrath, and Camilla Lobo. "Eradicating hepatitis C from the New South Wales prison system." Medical Journal of Australia 208, no. 6 (April 2018): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja17.01077.

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17

GUNGABISSOON, U., M. A. BALOGUN, and M. E. RAMSAY. "Hepatitis C virus: laboratory surveillance in England and Wales, 1992–2004." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 4 (September 6, 2006): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806007138.

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SUMMARYBetween 1992 and 2004, a total of 49 819 confirmed hepatitis C infections have been reported to the Health Protection Agency (HPA) by laboratories in England and Wales; the annual number of reports increased from 241 in 1991 to 8149 in 2004. Most reports with a known risk factor were in injecting drug users (87%, 12 438/14 221), but 71% (35 598/49 819) of the total had no reported identified risk. The age-sex distribution of the latter cases was similar to that in injecting drug users. Using names to assign ethnicity, individuals with South Asian names had an older age distribution and a different risk factor profile from non-South Asians. Using published age-specific prevalence data from 1996, it was estimated that around 281 764 cases of hepatitis C infection exist in England and Wales, and that only 17% of these cases have been reported to the HPA. Surveillance reports continue to provide important information regarding trends in hepatitis C infection in specific risk groups.

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18

Hopwood, Max, Carla Treloar, and Joanne Bryant. "Hepatitis C and injecting-related discrimination in New South Wales, Australia." Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 13, no. 1 (January 2006): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687630500481150.

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19

Hopwood, Max, Carla Treloar, and Joanne Bryant. "Hepatitis C and injecting-related discrimination in New South Wales, Australia." Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 13, no. 2 (January 2006): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687630600762368.

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20

Ohno, T., M. Mizokami, C. J. Tibbs, K. Ohba, K. Suzuki, R. R. Wu, K. T. Nouri-Aria, and Roger Williams. "New genotype of hepatitis C virus in South Africa." Journal of Medical Virology 42, no. 4 (April 1994): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890420414.

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21

Nightingale, Scott, Michael O. Stormon, Andrew S. Day, Murray T. Webber, Kate A. Ward, and Edward V. O’Loughlin. "Chronic hepatitis B and C infection in children in New South Wales." Medical Journal of Australia 190, no. 12 (June 2009): 670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02633.x.

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22

Butler, Tony G., Kate A. Dolan, Mark J. Ferson, Linda M. McGuinness, Phillip R. Brown, and Peter W. Robertson. "Hepatitis B and C in New South Wales prisons: prevalence and risk factors." Medical Journal of Australia 166, no. 3 (February 1997): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140041.x.

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23

Sathar, Mahomed A., Paresh N. Soni, Rosemary Pegoraro, Peter Simmonds, Donald B. Smith, Amar P. Dhillon, and Geoffery M. Dusheiko. "A new variant of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) from South Africa." Virus Research 64, no. 2 (November 1999): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00090-8.

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24

Sladden, Tim J., Alan R. Hickey, Thérèse M. Dunn, and John R. Beard. "Hepatitis C transmission on the north coast of New South Wales: explaining the unexplained." Medical Journal of Australia 166, no. 6 (March 1997): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb122315.x.

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25

Shand, Fiona L., Carolyn Day, William Rawlinson, Louisa Degenhardt, Nicholas G. Martin, and Elliot C. Nelson. "Hepatitis C testing and status among opioid substitution treatment clients in New South Wales." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 38, no. 2 (April 2014): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12173.

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26

Fraser, John, Christian Alexander, and Karin Fisher. "Hepatitis C education needs of rural general practitioners working in northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Rural Health 12, no. 4 (August 2004): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1854.2004.00588.x.

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27

CONATY, S., P. BIRD, G. BELL, E. KRAA, G. GROHMANN, and J. M. McANULTY. "Hepatitis A in New South Wales, Australia, from consumption of oysters: the first reported outbreak." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 1 (February 2000): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003386.

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Between 22 January and 4 April 1997, 467 hepatitis A cases were reported to the New South Wales Health Department, Australia. To identify the cause of the outbreak, we conducted a matched case-control study, and an environmental investigation. Among 66 cases and 66 postcode-matched controls, there was a strong association between illness and consumption of oysters (adjusted odds ratio 42; 95% confidence interval 5–379). More than two-thirds of cases reported eating oysters, including one third of cases and no controls who reported eating oysters in the Wallis Lake area. A public warning was issued on 14 February, and Wallis Lake oysters were withdrawn from sale. Hepatitis A virus was subsequently identified in oyster samples taken from the lake. Hepatitis A virus poses a special risk to consumers who eat raw oysters because it can survive for long periods in estuaries and cause severe disease.

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28

Post, Jeffrey J., Andrew R. Lloyd, and Denise Monkley. "Treatment outcomes for Indigenous and non‐Indigenous inmates with hepatitis C in New South Wales prisons." Medical Journal of Australia 199, no. 7 (October 2013): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja13.10925.

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29

Amin, Janaki, Dianne O'Connell, Mark Bartlett, Elizabeth Tracey, John Kaldor, Matthew Law, and Gregory Dore. "Liver cancer and hepatitis B and C in New South Wales, 1990-2002: a linkage study." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 31, no. 5 (October 2007): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00121.x.

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30

Gededzha, Maemu P., Selokela G. Selabe, Thanda Kyaw, J. Nare Rakgole, Jason T. Blackard, and M. Jeffery Mphahlele. "Introduction of new subtypes and variants of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 in South Africa." Journal of Medical Virology 84, no. 4 (February 15, 2012): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23215.

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31

Treloar, Carla, Clair Jackson, Rebecca Gray, Jamee Newland, Hannah Wilson, Veronica Saunders, Priscilla Johnson, and Loren Brener. "Care and treatment of hepatitis C among Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia: implications for the implementation of new treatments." Ethnicity & Health 21, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2015.1004870.

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32

Gidding, Heather F., Janaki Amin, Gregory J. Dore, Kate Ward, and Matthew G. Law. "Hospital-related morbidity in people notified with hepatitis C: A population-based record linkage study in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Hepatology 53, no. 1 (July 2010): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.01.036.

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33

Rood, Julian. "Vertical Transmission, June 2005." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 2 (2005): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05050.

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Congratulations are in order. I am pleased to announce that Associate Professor Bill Rawlinson from the Department of Microbiology at the Prince of Wales Hospital in Sydney is the recipient of the 2004 Fenner Prize. A/Prof Rawlinson is a medical graduate who went on to obtain his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1993. He then returned to Australia to take up his position at the Prince of Wales Hospital, where he is currently Senior Medical Virologist within South East Health Laboratories. His research has been very productive and has involved antiviral agents, cytomegalovirus and hepatitis C virus. Bill has been very active in ASM in the role of a Division 2 Chair on NSAC and as the guest editor of the March 2005 edition of Microbiology Australia. He will present his Fenner Lecture entitled ?Virus transmission from mother to baby ? infections, disease and emerging paradigms? at the Canberra meeting in September.

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34

McIver, Ruthy, Amalie Dyda, Vickie Knight, Rebecca Guy, and Anna McNulty. "Hepatitis B screening and vaccination: how does a Sexual Health service measure up?" Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15061.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a vaccine-preventable disease. Sexual health clinics in New South Wales see a high caseload of populations at risk of HBV, and thus screening and vaccination are part of routine care. Uptake of screening and vaccination at Sydney Sexual Health Centre was assessed and it was found that among 1577 new patients with an elevated risk of HBV infection, 864 (55%) were potentially susceptible. Of those susceptible, the majority were screened (76%) and approximately one-third (35%) were found to be eligible for vaccination. The majority (83%) initiated vaccination. Of concern, however, is that incremental gaps between initiation and completion of the vaccine course resulted in an overall HBV vaccine coverage of 26% among those HBV susceptible.

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35

Ward, James, Joanne Bryant, Heather Worth, Peter Hull, Sarina Solar, and Sandra Bailey. "Use of health services for sexually transmitted and blood-borne viral infections by young Aboriginal people in New South Wales." Australian Journal of Primary Health 19, no. 1 (2013): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py11032.

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The objective of the present study was to describe use of health services for sexually transmitted infections (STI), blood borne viral infections (BBV) and drug and alcohol issues by young Aboriginal people in New South Wales (NSW). A cross-sectional survey was conducted at two Aboriginal sports and cultural events in NSW, in 2007 and 2008, among Aboriginal people aged 16–30 years to ascertain their knowledge of STI, BBV, associated risk behaviours and health service access in NSW. A total of 293 young Aboriginal people completed the survey; 58% were female, the mean age was 20 years, and almost 70% were single. Just over one-third (34%) of participants had been tested for an STI in the past 12 months, and over half (58%) reported that they had ever had an STI test (including HIV). Of respondents who had had an STI test in the past 12 months, 54.0% had done so at an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service (ACCHS) and 29% by a GP. Just over one-third (36%) of participants had ever had a test for hepatitis C, 45% of whom had received their test at an ACCHS. Participants were also asked about the types of services they had used for advice about STI and BBV. Of the 69% who had sought STI advice, ACCHS was the most common clinical location for doing so (36% for STI and 26% for hepatitis C). This study highlights the important role that ACCHS play in the provision of STI and BBV testing care and management for a cohort of young Aboriginal people in NSW.

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36

Treloar, Carla, Jake Rance, Jason Grebely, and Gregory J. Dore. "Client and staff experiences of a co-located service for hepatitis C care in opioid substitution treatment settings in New South Wales, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 133, no. 2 (December 2013): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.023.

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37

Poberezny-Lynch, Thomas. "Criminalising infection: Questioning the assumption that transmitting HIV constitutes grievous bodily harm." Alternative Law Journal 44, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x18823063.

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This article considers whether, in light of medical advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus, the intentional or reckless transmission of human immunodeficiency virus should constitute grievous bodily harm in New South Wales law. The author argues that as a result of the major medical advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus, it should no longer be simply assumed that human immunodeficiency virus is grievous. The article also considers a related question of statutory interpretation, namely how should the word ‘disease’ in s 4(1)(c) of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), which provides that grievous bodily harm includes ‘a grievous bodily disease’, be interpreted.

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38

Ong, Adrian TL, Enoch Tay, Dominic E. Dwyer, Jacob George, and Mark W. Douglas. "Pre-treatment antiviral resistance in Australians with chronic hepatitis C: prevalence of NS3 and NS5A resistance data in the state of New South Wales." Antiviral Therapy 24, no. 4 (2019): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/imp3317.

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39

CRAINE, N., M. HICKMAN, J. V. PARRY, J. SMITH, A. M. WALKER, D. RUSSELL, B. NIX, M. MAY, T. McDONALD, and M. LYONS. "Incidence of hepatitis C in drug injectors: the role of homelessness, opiate substitution treatment, equipment sharing, and community size." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 9 (February 19, 2009): 1255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880900212x.

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SUMMARYA prospective cohort study estimated the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in drug injectors in South Wales (UK). In total, 286/481 eligible seronegative individuals were followed up after approximately 12 months. Dried blood spot samples were collected and tested for anti-HCV antibody and behavioural data were collected at baseline and follow-up. HCV incidence was 5·9/100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 3·4–9·5]. HCV incidence was predicted by community size [incident rate ratio (IRR) 6·6, 95% CI 2·11–20·51,P=0·001], homelessness (IRR 2·9, 95% CI 1·02–8·28,P=0·047) and sharing injecting equipment (IRR 12·7, 95% CI 1·62–99·6,P=0·015). HCV incidence was reduced in individuals in opiate substitution treatment (IRR 0·34, 95% CI 0·12–0·99,P=0·047). In order to reduce follow-up bias we used multiple imputation of missing data using switching regression; after imputation estimated HCV incidence was 8·5/100 person-years (95% CI 5·4–12·7). HCV incidence varies with community size, equipment sharing and homelessness are associated with increased HCV incidence and opiate substitution treatment may be protective against HCV.

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Lago, Barbara V., Marcia P. do Espirito-Santo, Vanessa D. Costa, Vanessa A. Marques, Livia M. Villar, Lia L. Lewis-Ximenez, Elisabeth Lampe, and Francisco C. A. Mello. "Genetic Diversity of the Hepatitis B Virus Subgenotypes in Brazil." Viruses 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2019): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090860.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotypes may be related to clinical outcomes and response to antiviral therapy. Most Brazilian studies on HBV subgenotypes are restricted to some regions and to specific population groups. Here, we provide an insight about genetic diversity of HBV subgenotypes in 321 serum samples from all five geographical regions, providing a representative overview of their circulation among chronic carriers. Overall, HBV/A1 was the most prevalent subgenotype, being found as the major one in all regions except in South Brazil. Among HBV/D samples, subgenotype D3 was the most prevalent, found in 51.5%, followed by D2 (27.3%) and D4 (21.2%). D2 and D3 were the most prevalent subgenotypes in South region, with high similarity with European strains. D4 was found in North and Northeast region and clustered with strains from Cape Verde and India. For HBV/F, the most frequent subgenotype was F2 (84.1%), followed by F4 (10.1%) and F1 (5.8%), closely related with strains from Venezuela, Argentina and Chile, respectively. Phylogeographic analyses were performed using an HBV full-length genome obtained from samples infected with genotypes rarely found in Brazil (B, C, and E). According to Bayesian inference, HBV/B2 and HBV/C2 were probably introduced in Brazil through China, and HBV/E from Guinea, all of them mostly linked to recent events of human migration. In conclusion, this study provided a comprehensive overview of the current circulation of HBV subgenotypes in Brazil. Our findings might contribute to a better understand of the dynamics of viral variants, to establish a permanent molecular surveillance on the introduction and dispersion patterns of new strains and, thus, to support public policies to control HBV dissemination in Brazil.

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Segal, Talia A., Ashar Ata, Adam Rowden, Danielle P. Wales, and Michael Waxman. "1058. Demographics of Hepatitis C Virus Antibody and RNA Positivity within an Emergency Department Screening Program." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1244.

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Abstract Background In support of the recent United States Preventive Services Task Force’s (USPSTF) revised recommendations for non-targeted HCV screening, we have noted a shift away from active infections within the birth cohort (patients born between 1945-1965), as these individuals have often undergone successful treatment, and a shift towards younger adults who are RNA positive, especially people who use intravenous drugs (PWID). Methods Located in Northeastern New York State, Albany Medical Center conducts routine emergency department (ED) HCV screening, with active linkage to care. We performed a retrospective study of our HCV linkage to care data from April 2019 to June 2020. Patients were offered screening if they belonged to the birth cohort, were PWID, or at staff discretion. We estimated the effect of birth cohort, intravenous drug use and other potential risk factors on RNA positivity via Chi-square tests and Modified Poisson Regression. Results There were 242 people that were HCV antibody positive. The mean age was 50.9 years-old, with 118 (46.8%) in the birth cohort and 103 (42.56%) PWID. As compared to the birth cohort, a significantly greater proportion of non-birth cohort patients were PWID (62% vs 21.2%, p< 0.01) and homeless (17.7% vs 9.3%, p=0.05). Birth cohort patients were 0.55 times (95%CI: 0.39 to 0.79) less likely to be RNA positive. PWID were 2.22 times (95% CI: 1.58 to 3.13) and homeless people were 2.05 times (95% CI: 1.50 to 2.80) more likely to be RNA positive. After multivariable adjustment, birth cohort was not a significant risk factor for RNA positivity but PWID (RR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.26 to 2.68) and homelessness (RR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.20 to 2.39) were significantly associated with RNA positivity. Conclusion These data suggest that the RNA positivity rate is higher among the non-birth cohort age group but is explained by the higher prevalence of drug use and homeless. The findings support USPSTF’s new guidelines for testing all adults and shed light on the demographics of populations at risk for active infection vs. populations who are antibody positive and RNA negative. Further research might explore (a) whether these findings are applicable to other clinical settings and geographic locations and (b) the feasibility of targeting patients with active infection in settings such as the ED. Disclosures Talia A. Segal, BS, GILEAD FOCUS Foundation (Grant/Research Support) Ashar Ata, MD, MPH, PHD, GILEAD FOCUS Foundation (Grant/Research Support) Adam Rowden, DO, GILEAD FOCUS Foundation (Grant/Research Support) Danielle P. Wales, MD, MPH, Gilead (Grant/Research Support) Michael Waxman, MD, MPH, Gilead FOCUS Foundation (Grant/Research Support)

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Cullen, K. J., V. D. Hope, S. Croxford, J. Shute, F. Ncube, and J. V. Parry. "Factors associated with recently acquired hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: new findings from an unlinked anonymous monitoring survey." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 7 (August 14, 2014): 1398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814002040.

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SUMMARYMonitoring infections and risk in people who inject drugs (PWID) is important for informing public health responses. In 2011, a novel hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) avidity-testing algorithm to identify samples compatible with recent primary infection was introduced into a national surveillance survey. PWID are recruited annually, through >60 needle-and-syringe programmes and prescribing services. Of the 980 individuals that could have been at risk of HCV infection, there were 20 (2%) samples that were compatible with recent primary infection. These were more common among: those imprisoned ⩾5 times [8/213; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 8·7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·04–37·03]; women (8/230; aOR 3·8, 95% CI 1·41–10·38); and those ever-infected with hepatitis B (5/56; aOR 6·25, 95% CI 2·12–18·43). This study is the first to apply this algorithm and to examine the risk factors associated with recently acquired HCV infection in a national sample of PWID in the UK. These findings highlight underlying risks and suggest targeted interventions are needed.

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ALMEIDA, Paulo R. L., Carla Bortolin FONSECA, Vivian W. KOCH, Amanda M. SOUZA, Alberi A. FELTRIN, and Cristiane Valle TOVO. "TRIPLE THERAPY IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C: initial series in a public health program in the South of Brazil." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 52, no. 1 (March 2015): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032015000100004.

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Background Chronic hepatitis C has great impact on world’s health. Current therapy for genotype 1 hepatitis C virus includes protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir, associated to standard therapy - peginterferon alfa + ribavirin. There are no published data in Brazil on the results of this new therapy, and it is interesting an evaluation of what was accomplished up to this moment. Objectives To evaluate virologic response to triple therapy, as well as the safety profile and tolerability. Method This study is a clinical series of patients receiving triple therapy for C hepatitis in a single center of a Public Health System of South Brasil. Out of the 121 patients that initiated the triple therapy, the first patients that finished the treatment and evaluated the sustained virological response (24 weeks after the end of treatment) were included. Results Twenty four genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C monoinfected patients were included. Nineteen (79.2%) patients had been previously treated. Thirteen (54.2%) patients were cirrhotic. Nineteen (79.2%) patients completed the planned therapy. By the end of the treatment, 14 (58.3%) out of 24 patients had undetectable viral load. Sustained virologic response occurred in 12 (50.0%) out of 24 patients, 07 (58.3%) in telaprevir group and 05 (41.7%) in boceprevir group. Out of 24 patients under triple therapy, 58% (n=14) presented anemia. Conclusions In conclusion, despite the small number of patients treated with triple therapy evaluated in the current study, it possibly reflects the population under this therapy in real-life.

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Wakman, W., DS Teakle, JE Thomas, and RG Dietzgen. "Presence of a clostero-like virus and a bacilliform virus in pineapple plants in Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 5 (1995): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950947.

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When sap of asymptomatic or mealybug wilt-affected pineapple plants of the Smooth Cayenne group was negatively stained and examined in an electron microscope, clostero-like virus particles were occasionally seen. However, numerous clostero-like virus particles and occasionally some bacilliform particles were seen in partially purified preparations from both asymptomatic and wilted pineapple leaves. An antiserum, made by injecting partially purified preparations of clostero-like particles into a rabbit, trapped and decorated the clostero-like particles. Using this antiserum, the clostero-like particles (c. 1700 -1900x12 nm) were found in almost all plants tested of Smooth Cayenne selections C10, C13, C30 and F-180, the hybrid cv. 53-116 and a selection of the rough leaf Queen group. The particles were more readily trapped from extracts of roots of hybrid cv. 53-116 and Smooth Cayenne selection C10 than from leaves, crowns and fruits. They were not detected in seedlings of a cross between a Queen selection and the Smooth Cayenne selection C10. The clostero-like particles are similar to those reported to occur in pineapple plants in Hawaii and South Africa. This is the first report of their occurrence in Australia. Trapping and decoration tests of particles in pineapples in quarantine from Brazil, France, Malaysia and Taiwan indicated that a similar clostero-like virus occurs in all these countries. The bacilliform particles measured about 133x33 nm. They were trapped and decorated by the Queensland pineapple virus antiserum and also by an antiserum to sugarcane bacilliform badnavirus. They were detected occasionally in various smooth leaf and rough leaf pineapples in north and south Queensland and northern New South Wales. However, in one commercial planting of Smooth Cayenne selection C10 in south Queensland, bacilliform particles were trapped from 29/47 plants. This is the first report of a small bacilliform virus, probably belonging to the badnavirus group, occurring in pineapple plants. The relationship of the clostero-like and bacilliform viruses to yield loss and mealybug wilt in pineapples is unknown.

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Field, Courtney, Alyssa Zovko, and Julia Bowman. "An examination of chronic ill-health and lifestyle factors among inmates: searching for the healthy immigrant effect in New South Wales Prisons." International Journal of Prisoner Health 16, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-01-2019-0003.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare the rates of chronic health conditions and lifestyle factors between Australian-born and overseas-born inmates and to uncover predictive relationships between lifestyle factors and health outcomes for both groups. Design/methodology/approach Data are presented from a cross-sectional study based on a sample of inmates from correctional sites in New South Wales (NSW). The inclusion of results here was guided by the literature relating to the healthy immigrant effect. Findings Results indicate that a higher proportion of Australian-born inmates consumed alcohol at higher levels and were more likely to smoke on a daily or almost daily basis than overseas-born inmates. Australian-born inmates were also more likely than overseas-born inmates to have been diagnosed with cancer, epilepsy or hepatitis C. Physical activity predicted the number of diagnoses for Australian-born inmates while physical activity and smoking frequency predicted the number of diagnoses for overseas-born inmates. Practical implications Overseas-born inmates make up a considerable portion of the prison population in NSW. A better understanding of those health and lifestyle factors that distinguish them from Australian-born inmates provides important insight regarding health promotion and the planning of service provision for those providing health care in this space. Originality/value Comparison of the health of immigrant and native-born prison inmates has not been undertaken before and promises to provide important information regarding those factors that distinguish a sizeable minority in the prison population.

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Citarella, Anna, Simona Cammarota, Francesca F. Bernardi, Carmine Coppola, Maria D’Antò, Marianna Fogliasecca, Elio Giusto, et al. "Screening, Linkage to Care and Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection in Primary Care Setting in the South of Italy." Life 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10120359.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a pressing public health issue. Our aim is to assess the linkage to care of patients with HCV diagnosis and to support the proactive case-finding of new HCV-infected patients in an Italian primary care setting. This was a retrospective cohort study of 44 general practitioners (GPs) who managed 63,955 inhabitants in the Campania region. Adults with already known HCV diagnosis or those with HCV high-risk profile at June 2019 were identified and reviewed by GPs to identify newly diagnosed of HCV and to assess the linkage to care and treatment for the HCV patients. Overall, 698 HCV patients were identified, 596 with already known HCV diagnosis and 102 identified by testing the high-risk group (2614 subjects). The 38.8% were already treated with direct-acting antivirals, 18.9% were referred to the specialist center and 42.3% were not sent to specialist care for treatment. Similar proportions were found for patients with an already known HCV diagnosis and those newly diagnosed. Given that the HCV infection is often silent, case-finding needs to be proactive and based on risk information. Our findings suggested that there needs to be greater outreach, awareness and education among GPs in order to enhance HCV testing, linkage to care and treatment.

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Perrett, Stephanie E., and Thomas D. Waite. "Exploring HIV infection in a UK vulnerable prisoner population in response to newly identified cases." International Journal of Prisoner Health 15, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-03-2018-0010.

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Purpose Prison populations are considered at elevated risk of blood borne virus (BBV) transmission. Between December 2015 and February 2016, four new cases of HIV infection were diagnosed across two male vulnerable prisoner (VP) custodial units in Wales, UK. Cases were identified through routine BBV testing. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach As a result of identifying four new HIV cases, targeted BBV testing across the VP units using dried blood spot testing for HIV, Hepatitis C (HCV) and Hepatitis B was undertaken. Findings A total of 617 men were offered testing, 256 (41 per cent) were tested. No further cases of HIV were identified. Eight men were identified as HCV antibody positive. There was no evidence to suggest the four original cases of HIV were linked. Practical implications Embedding universal BBV screening within prison health provision will ensure timely identification of cases. Further research is needed to better understand BBV transmission risks within subsets of the prison population such as the VP and sex offending groups. Originality/value Little is known about the prevalence of BBVs in vulnerable prison populations. The findings add to the knowledge available for practitioners in the field.

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Toi, Cheryl S., and Dominic E. Dwyer. "Prevalence of varicella-zoster virus genotypes in Australia characterized by high-resolution melt analysis and ORF22 gene analyses." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.019547-0.

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DNA sequence variation analysis has divided varicella-zoster virus (VZV; Human herpesvirus 3) into distinct geographical clades: European, Asian, African and Japanese. These genotypes are becoming increasingly prevalent within regions atypical to their original source and there has been the suggestion of recombination between genotypes. Seventy-eight clinical isolates from hospitalized patients with varicella were collected in New South Wales, the Northern Territory, Western Australia and Victoria from 2006 to 2009. The wild-type strains and the vaccine strain (vOka) were differentiated by single nucleotide polymorphism detection using high-resolution melt analysis of five target genes (ORF1, -21, -37, -60 and -62), and by DNA sequence analysis of a 484 bp region of ORF22. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 46 % (36/78) of the clinical isolates were European clade 1 (C/E1) strains, 21 % (16/78) were European clade 3 (B/E2) strains, 12 % (9/78) were Asian/African clade 5 (A/M1) strains, 10 % (8/78) were clade 4 (J2/M2), 6 % (5/78) were clade 2 (J/J) and 5 % (4/78) belonged to the novel clade VI. No significant association was shown between VZV genotype and region, age or gender. Although European strains were most common, the results suggest an increase in African/Asian, Japanese and clade VI genotypes circulating in Australia.

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Bosch, F. Xavier, and Josepa Ribes. "Epidemiology of Liver Cancer in Europe." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 14, no. 7 (2000): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/815454.

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Liver cancer (LC) ranks fifth in frequency in the world, with an estimated 437,000 new cases in 1990. The estimates are different when LC frequency is analyzed by sex and geographical areas. In developed areas, the estimates are 53,879 among men and 26,939 among women. In developing areas, the estimates are 262,043 in men and 93,961 in women. Areas of highest rates include Eastern and South Eastern Asia, Japan, Africa and the Pacific Islands (LC age-adjusted incidence rates [AAIRs] ranging from 17.6 to 34.8). Intermediate rates (LC AAIRs from 4.7 to 8.9 among men) are found in Southern, Eastern and Western Europe, Central America, Western Asia and Northern Africa. Low rates are found among men in Northern Europe, America, Canada, South Central Asia, Australia and New Zealand (LC AAIRs range from 2.7 to 3.2). In Europe, an excess of LC incidence among men compared with women is observed, and the age peak of the male excess is around 60 to 70 years of age. Significant variations in LC incidence among different countries have been described and suggest differences in exposure to risk factors. Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the etiology of LC is well established. In Europe, 28% of LC cases have been attributed to chronic HBV infection and 21% to HCV infection. Other risk factors such as alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and oral contraceptives may explain the residual variation within countries. Interactions among these risk factors have been postulated. New laboratory techniques and biological markers such as polymerase chain reaction detection of HBV DNA and HCV RNA, as well as specific mutations related to LC, may help to provide quantitative estimates of the risk related to each these factors.

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Yousefi, Masoud, Gholam Reza Sharifzadeh, Azadeh Ebrahimzadeh, Zohreh Azarkar, Mohammad Hasan Namaei, Ghedsiyeh Azarkar, Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht, et al. "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of HTLV-1 and Co-infections of Blood-Borne Viruses in Birjand, Iran’s Eastern Border." Archives of Iranian Medicine 23, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.85.

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Background: Blood-borne viruses (BBVs) are one of the most important public health concerns. South Khorasan has a long border with Afghanistan and concern has risen there about blood-borne oncogenic viral infections. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and co-infections of BBVs in Birjand, Iran’s eastern border. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 3441 subjects were tested for sero-prevalence of HTLV-1 by ELISA. The data on demographic features, HTLV-1-related risk factors and other characteristics of the population were analyzed by Pearson chi-square and logistic regression tests. Finally, the co-infection of BBVs was evaluated in the study. Results: The prevalence of HTLV-1 was 0.3% (95% CI: 0.12–0.48). Notably, the sero-prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in our previous studies was reported at 0%, 0.2%, 1.2% and 1.6%, respectively. The results indicated that the occurrence of HTLV-1 infection was associated only with the history of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR]: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07–0.97, with P = 0.04). The co-infection of HBV with HCV was the most common (2.35%), while a co-infection rate of 1.17% was found for both HBV/HTLV-1 and HBV/HDV. Conclusion: Although a higher prevalence of the viruses was expected, it was close to the overall Iranian population. With respect to close relationship with an HTLV-1 endemic area (Mashhad and Neyshabour), the prevalence is very low; however, more attention is needed. Our findings reinforce the importance of increasing knowledge about BBV-related health risk behaviors to prevent the emergence of new cases, especially in low-risk populations.

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