Journal articles: 'Hepatitis C Victoria'

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FAYYAZ, MOHAMMAD, Muhammad Ayub Khan, MASROOR ALI QAZI, Ghulam Mohyud Din `Chaudhary, and GULZAR AHMED. "HEPATITIS B, C & HIV." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 04 (December 16, 2006): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4941.

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Objective: To determine the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV in healthyblood donors in Blood Transfusion Services, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Design: Prospective observationalstudy. Setting: Blood Transfusion Services, Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH), affiliated with Quaid-e-Azam medicalCollege Bahawalpur. Period: From 1 January t st o 31st December 2005. Methods and Materials: All the personscoming for blood donations , at the BVH facility, were included. Clinically anaemic, ill, past history of jaundice and ageof less than 18 or more than 50 years were excluded. All the donors (27938) from various areas of Bahawalpur,Bahawalnagar, Lodhran, Vehari and Rahim Yar Khan districts, were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs)Antigen, hepatitis C antibody (Anti HCV) & Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Antibody (Anti-HIV)on sera by one StepTest Device. All the positives cases were confirmed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay. Results: Out of total27938, 25420(91%) were male. Mean age was 28 years with age range 18-50. No HIV positive case was detected.HBV was 2.69%, slightly more than HCV, 2.52%. Males were significantly (p<0.02) more infected than females.Conclusion: Risk of transmission of viral hepatitis is a major problem of blood transfusion. Frequency of viral hepatitisin blood donors is higher in our area as compared to rest of the world. HIV infection is very low. Preventive strategiesinclude good blood transfusion services along with safe sex and other measures.

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Fairley, Christopher K., David E. Leslie, Suellen Nicholson, and Ian D. Gust. "Epidemiology and hepatitis C virus in Victoria." Medical Journal of Australia 153, no. 5 (September 1990): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb136899.x.

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NAEEM, MUHAMMAD, AMEER AHMAD, IMRAN QAISAR, and Fiaz Ahmad. "STATUS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 03 (September 10, 2011): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.03.2364.

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Objective: To know the status of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children admitted in Pediatric ward of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and duration of study: Pediatric unit-1 Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur over a period of 2 months and 15 days. Material and methods: This study was conducted over 500 children admitted in children ward-1 of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Children of 1-15 years of age were included in the study. The blood samples of these children were taken at the time of admission and serum was tested for HCV with ICT method and later on confirmed by ELISA. Children having HCV infection were tested for SGPT level. Different risk factors for transmission of HCV infection were also studied. Results: Out of 500 children 43 were HCV positive by ICT method. Out of these 43 ICT positive children 38 were confirmed by ELISA. In this way 7.6% children were found positive for HCV. In 23 cases (60.5%) SGPT was raised (>40). Statistically significant risk factors for transmission of HCV infection found in this study were past history of blood transfusion and history of injections in past. Conclusions: HCV infection is quite common in children. Safe blood transfusions and use of disposable and sterilized syringes is important for prevention of this infection.

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Wong, Dodd, Kiely, Carroll, and Whyte. "Characteristics of hepatitis C-positive blood donors in Victoria, Australia." Transfusion Medicine 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3148.1999.009001015.x.

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Rawson, S. L., C. El-Hayek, J. Asselin, J. Howell, M. Stoové, W. Dimech, R. Guy, B. Donovan, J. S. Doyle, and M. Hellard. "P53 Hepatitis C diagnostic testing trends in Victoria, 2010–2015." Journal of Virus Eradication 3 (August 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30794-9.

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Glenister, Kristen, William Kemp, Dunya Tomic, David Simmons, and Stuart Roberts. "Prevalence of Hepatitis C and treatment uptake in regional Victoria." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 44, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13040.

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C.Trasancos, Claudia, Marion A. Kainer, Paul V. Desmond, and Heath Kelly. "Investigation of potential iatrogenic transmission of hepatitis C in Victoria, Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 25, no. 3 (June 2001): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00569.x.

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Thompson, S. C., R. E. Goudey, A. M. Breschkin, J. Carnie, and M. Catton. "Exposure to hepatitis B and C of tattooists in Victoria in 1984." Journal of Viral Hepatitis 4, no. 2 (March 1997): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.1997.tb00216.x.

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Street, Alison M., and Jennifer L. Williams. "Prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies in patients with clotting disorders in Victoria." Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 4 (August 1992): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137156.x.

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Pedrana, A., J. Doyle, M. Stoove, J. Richmond, J. Gold, P. Dietze, P. Higgs, et al. "P48 Implementing an elimination program for hepatitis C: a partnership approach from Victoria." Journal of Virus Eradication 3 (August 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30789-5.

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Iddi, Shabani, Caroline A. Minja, Vitus Silago, Asteria Benjamin, Jastine Mpesha, Shimba Henerico, Benson R. Kidenya, Stephen E. Mshana, and Mariam M. Mirambo. "High Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Viral Load and Coinfection with Viral Hepatitis Are Associated with Liver Enzyme Abnormalities among HIV Seropositive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in the Lake Victoria Zone, Tanzania." AIDS Research and Treatment 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6375714.

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Background. Liver enzymes abnormalities have been found to be common among patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Apart from the effects of ART on these changes, other factors that can potentially contribute to the abnormal levels of these enzymes have been found to vary in different geographical locations. This study investigated factors associated with liver enzymes abnormalities among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals on ART from the Lake Victoria zone, Tanzania. Methods. A cross-sectional study involving a total of 230 sera from HIV seropositive patients from different regions of the Lake Victoria zone was carried out in July 2017. All samples with required variables/parameters such as age, sex, ART regimen, and residence were serially included in the study. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) detection and liver enzymes assays (alanine transaminase (ALAT) and aspartate transaminase (ASAT)) were assessed following the standard procedures. Data were analyzed by using STATA version 13. Results. The median age of the study participants was 38 (interquartile range [IQR]:30-48) years. The overall prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes was 43.04% (99/230, 95% CI: 36.6-49.3). A total of 26.09% (60/230) had elevated ASAT while 23.9% (55/230) patients had elevated ALAT levels. ASAT levels were significantly high among patients with high HIV viral load (P= 0.002) while ALAT levels were significantly high among those coinfected with hepatitis C virus (P=0.017) and hepatitis B virus (P<0.001). Conclusion. A significant proportion of HIV seropositive individuals on ART have abnormal levels of liver enzymes, which is significantly associated with high HIV viral load and viral hepatitis. This calls for the need to emphasize screening of viral hepatitis and provision of appropriate management among HIV seropositive individuals in this setting.

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MacLachlan, Jennifer H., and Benjamin C. Cowie. "Uptake and trends in ordering of funded hepatitis B immunisation for priority populations in Victoria, Australia, 2013–2014." Sexual Health 14, no. 2 (2017): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16002.

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Background The Department of Health and Human Services in Victoria provides funded hepatitis B vaccine to many priority groups at risk of acquiring infection. We aimed to determine the uptake of vaccine ordering for at-risk groups over time, to assess any trends and identify any gaps in prevention of hepatitis B for those at risk. Methods: Routinely collected administrative data regarding the indication for vaccine ordered by practitioners were analysed for the period June 2013 to December 2014. Number of doses and courses distributed was determined and compared with the estimated size of the priority populations. Results: During the 18-month period assessed, 20 498 doses of funded hepatitis B vaccine were ordered, equating to ~5700 complete courses, with the overall number of orders per quarter increasing between 2013 and 2014. The most common indication was being a household or sexual contact of people living with hepatitis B (2803 courses, 49.2% of the total), equating to approximately one course per new chronic hepatitis B notification. The remaining doses were largely distributed to people living with HIV (648 courses, 11.4%), people living with hepatitis C (621 courses, 10.9%), and people who inject drugs (594 courses, 10.4%). Conclusions: This analysis demonstrates that access to hepatitis B immunisation among priority populations appears to have increased in Victoria during 2013–14, however it could still be improved. Continued assessment of these data over time will be important to measure the impact of interventions on increasing the reach of the funded vaccine program.

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Abdul Raziq, Muhammad, Bushra Hussain, Wahhaj Munir, and Fahad Qaisar. "A Study of thrombocytopenia in cases of Hepatitis C infection presenting at tertiary care hospital." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 926–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs21155926.

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Aim: To determine the frequency of thrombocytopenia in hepatitis c patients presenting at tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Physiology in collaboration with Department of Medicine, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur from March 2020 to September 2020 over the period of 6 months. Total 150 of hepatitis C, either male or female having age 20-60 years were included. Thrombocytopenia was assessed in selected patients. Results: In this study mean age of the patients was 44±12.38 years. Out of 150 patients of hepatitis C, thrombocytopenia was present in 48(32%) patients. In age group 20-40 years, thrombocytopenia was found in 14(26.92%) patients while in age group 41-60 years, thrombocytopenia was seen in 34(34.69%) patients. No statistically significant association of thrombocytopenia with age group was detected with p value 0.332. Male patients were 93(62%) and female patients were 57(38%). Thrombocytopenia was found in 30(32.26%) male patients and in 18(31.58%) female patients. Association of thrombocytopenia with gender was not statistically significant with p value 0.931. Conclusion: Results of present study revealed that higher proportion of hepatitis C patients found with thrombocytopenia. Most of the patients belonged to 4th and 5th decade. Higher number of male patients were victim of hepatitis C infection as compared to female patients. Most of the patients were obese. Higher number of patients were normotensive and non-diabetics. Keywords: Hepatitis C, thrombocytopenia, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma

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Grebely, Jason, Marc Bilodeau, Jordan J. Feld, Julie Bruneau, Benedikt Fischer, Jennifer F. Raven, Eve Roberts, et al. "The Second Canadian Symposium on Hepatitis C Virus: A Call to Action." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 27, no. 11 (2013): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/242405.

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In Canada, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in considerable morbidity, mortality and health-related costs. Within the next three to 10 years, it is expected that tolerable, short-duration (12 to 24 weeks) therapies capable of curing >90% of those who undergo treatment will be approved. Given that most of those already infected are aging and at risk for progressive liver disease, building research-based interdisciplinary prevention, care and treatment capacity is an urgent priority. In an effort to increase the dissemination of knowledge in Canada in this rapidly advancing field, the National CIHR Research Training Program in Hepatitis C (NCRTP-HepC) established an annual interdisciplinary Canadian Symposium on Hepatitis C Virus. The first symposium was held in Montreal, Quebec, in 2012, and the second symposium was held in Victoria, British Columbia, in 2013. The current article presents highlights from the 2013 meeting. It summarizes recent advances in HCV research in Canada and internationally, and presents the consensus of the meeting participants that Canada would benefit from having its own national HCV strategy to identify critical gaps in policies and programs to more effectively address the challenges of expanding HCV screening and treatment.

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Dawe, Joshua, Anna L. Wilkinson, Jason Asselin, Allison Carter, Alisa Pedrana, Michael W. Traeger, Alexander J. Thomas, et al. "Hepatitis C antibody testing among opioid agonist therapy recipients, Victoria, Australia, 2012 to 2020." International Journal of Drug Policy 104 (June 2022): 103696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103696.

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Aitken, Campbell, and Cheryl Delalande. "A Public Health Initiative for Steroid Users in Victoria." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 2 (2002): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02022.

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Anabolic steroid injectors are at risk of infection with blood-borne viruses (BBVs), but have received little attention from researchers, practitioners or agencies working in public health. In recognition of this gap, in early 1996 the Steroid Peer Education Project (SPEP) began providing part-time mobile needle and syringe distribution and health information and referral services to steroid injectors in north-eastern Melbourne. Demand repeatedly caused the project to expand, and its sole peer worker now operates Victoria-wide, five days per week. Basic information on injecting practices collected from SPEP clients showed that many were at risk of BBV infection. This led to the initiation of a collaborative research project, in which SPEP clients were tested for BBV antibodies and provided detailed information about their risk behaviours. Of 29 steroid injectors tested between May and August 1999, three (10%) had antibodies to the hepatitis C virus, and they described behaviour which could spread the virus to other steroid users. These results show that blood-borne viruses are present in the Victorian steroid injecting community, and reinforce the SPEP's commitment to reducing harm in this group.

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Aitken, Campbell, Cheryl Delalande, and Kay Stanton. "Pumping iron, risking infection? Exposure to hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV among anabolic–androgenic steroid injectors in Victoria, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 65, no. 3 (February 2002): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00174-0.

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MacParland, Sonya A., Marc Bilodeau, Jason Grebely, Julie Bruneau, Curtis Cooper, Marina Klein, Selena M. Sagan, et al. "The 3rd Canadian Symposium on Hepatitis C Virus: Expanding Care in the Interferon-Free Era." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 28, no. 9 (2014): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/704919.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) currently infects approximately 250,000 individuals in Canada and causes more years of life lost than any other infectious disease in the country. In August 2011, new therapies were approved by Health Canada that have achieved higher response rates among those treated, but are poorly tolerated. By 2014/2015, short-course, well-tolerated treatments with cure rates >95% will be available. However, treatment uptake is poor due to structural, financial, geographical, cultural and social barriers. As such, ‘Barriers to access to HCV care in Canada’ is a crucial topic that must be addressed to decrease HCV disease burden and potentially eliminate HCV in Canada. Understanding how to better care for HCV-infected individuals requires integration across multiple disciplines including researchers, clinical services and policy makers to address the major populations affected by HCV including people who inject drugs, baby boomers, immigrants and Aboriginal and/or First Nations people. In 2012, the National CIHR Research Training Program in Hepatitis C organized the 1st Canadian Symposium on Hepatitis C Virus (CSHCV) in Montreal, Quebec. The 2nd CSHCV was held in 2013 in Victoria, British Columbia. Both symposia were highly successful, attracting leading international faculty with excellent attendance leading to dialogue and knowledge translation among attendees of diverse backgrounds. The current article summarizes the 3rd CSHCV, held February 2014, in Toronto, Ontario.

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Hellard, Margaret E., Rebecca Jenkinson, Peter Higgs, Mark A. Stoové, Rachel Sacks‐Davis, Judy Gold, Matthew Hickman, Peter Vickerman, and Natasha K. Martin. "Modelling antiviral treatment to prevent hepatitis C infection among people who inject drugs in Victoria, Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 196, no. 10 (June 2012): 638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja11.10981.

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MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Nicole Romero, Nasra Higgins, Rachel Coutts, Rachel Chan, Nicola Stephens, and Benjamin C. Cowie. "Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B and C in Victoria, Australia: insights and impacts from enhanced surveillance." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 44, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12934.

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Goller, Jane L., Rebecca J. Guy, Judy Gold, Megan S. C. Lim, Carol El-Hayek, Mark A. Stoove, Isabel Bergeri, et al. "Establishing a linked sentinel surveillance system for blood-borne viruses and sexually transmissible infections: methods, system attributes and early findings." Sexual Health 7, no. 4 (2010): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09116.

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Objective: To describe the attributes and key findings from implementation of a new blood-borne virus (BBV) and sexually transmissible infection (STI) sentinel surveillance system based on routine testing at clinical sites in Victoria, Australia. Methods: The Victorian Primary Care Network for Sentinel Surveillance (VPCNSS) on BBV and STI was established in 2006 at 17 sites. Target populations included men who have sex with men (MSM), young people and injecting drug users (IDU). Sites collected demographic and risk behaviour information electronically or using paper surveys from patients undergoing routine HIV or STI (syphilis, chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing. These data were linked with laboratory results. Results: Between April 2006 and June 2008, data were received for 67 466 tests and 52 042 questionnaires. In clinics providing electronic data, >90% of individuals tested for HIV, syphilis and chlamydia had risk behaviour information collected. In other clinics, survey response rates were >85% (HIV), 43.5% (syphilis), 42.7–66.5% (chlamydia) and <20% (HCV). Data completeness was >85% for most core variables. Over time, HIV, syphilis and chlamydia testing increased in MSM, and chlamydia testing declined in females (P = 0.05). The proportion of positive tests among MSM was 1.9% for HIV and 2.1% for syphilis. Among 16–24-year-olds, the proportion positive for chlamydia was 10.7% in males and 6.9% in females. Among IDU, 19.4% of HCV tests were antibody positive. Conclusions: The VPCNSS has collected a large, rich dataset through which testing, risk behaviours and the proportion positive can be monitored in high-risk groups, offering a more comprehensive BBV and STI surveillance system for Victoria. Building system sustainability requires an ongoing focus.

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Batool, Tayyaba, Shaheena Nawab, Badar Mehmood, Nadeem Shahid Younas, Muhammad Irfan Khan, and Khadija Nadeem. "The Analysis of Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) in Thalassemia Patients." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22162269.

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Objective: To find out the analysis of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) in β-thalassemia patients at a tertiary care hospital of South Punjab, Pakistan. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: The Department of Hematological Disorder, Thalassemia and Bone Marrow Transplantation Centre, and Department of Biochemistry, “Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Quaid e Azam Medical College”, Bahawalpur, Pakistan from February January 2020 to December 2021. Methodology: Patients of blood transfusion-dependent 𝛽-thalassaemia of both genders and aged 5 to 12 years were analyzed. Blood was collected from patients aseptically and serum separated in Eppendorf tubes and stored at –200C. Screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were performed through Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) technique. Results: In a total of 1212 patients, 745 (61.5%) were male. Overall, mean age was calculated to be 8.7±4.6 years while 874 (72.1%) patients were below 10 years of age. There were 866 (71.5%) patients who belonged to rural areas of residence. Parental consanguineous marriages were reported in 951 (78.5%) cases. There were 205 (16.9%) patients who were found to have TTIs. Out of these 205 patients, 169 (13.9%) were having HCV, 11 (0.9%) HBV, 20 (1.7%) syphilis whereas HIV was noted in 5 (0.4%) patients. Conclusion: Prevalence of TTIs was found to be high among multi-transfused patients of β-thalassemia. Most common types of TTIs were HCV which is consistent to what has previously been reported in the local literature. Identification of HIV in 0.5% cases in the present study is pointing towards disturbing development regarding spread of HIV in our region. Keywords: β-thalassemia, blood transfusion, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus.

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Leslie, David E., Suellen Nicholson, Christopher K. Fairley, Ian D. Gust, and Sarah Rann. "Prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies in patients with clotting disorders in Victoria: Relationship with other blood borne viruses and liver disease." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 11 (June 1992): 789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb121563.x.

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Lim, M. S. C., M. Hellard, C. El-Hayek, M. Cuevas, C. Fairley, D. Leslie, N. Roth, B. Tee, and M. Stoove. "P3.123 Hepatitis C Testing and Incidence in HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men in Melbourne, Victoria. A Retrospective Cohort Study." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, Suppl 1 (July 2013): A186.1—A186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0582.

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Trasolini, R., J. Rauw, L. Bulinckx, and R. Pai. "A270 DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS TREATED WITH DIRECT ANTIVIRAL AGENTS: THE VICTORIA EXPERIENCE." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 1, suppl_2 (February 2018): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwy009.270.

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Selfridge, Marion, Evan B. Cunningham, Rozalyn Milne, Anne Drost, Tamara Barnett, Karen Lundgren, Kellie Guarasci, Jason Grebely, and Chris Fraser. "Direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C, reinfection and mortality among people attending an inner-city community health centre in Victoria, Canada." International Journal of Drug Policy 72 (October 2019): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.03.001.

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Selfridge, Marion, Tamara Barnett, Kellie Guarasci, Karen Lundgren, Anne Drost, and Chris Fraser. "“Like what? You think I have that?”-Impact of stigma on pharmacy-based identification and treatment of hepatitis C in Victoria, British Columbia." Journal of Hepatology 77 (July 2022): S240—S241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(22)00853-4.

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Ali, Qazi Masroor, Syed Hashim Raza, Ali Imran, Saba Anjum, and Maria Masroor. "Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis c genotype 3 patients of South Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 4242. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20205297.

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Background: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir (SOF) plus ribavirin (RIB) in naive patients with chronic HCV genotype 3. The study design was open label, quasi experimental study. The study was conducted at Medical Outpatient Department of Medical Unit-1, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, affiliated with Quaid e Azam Medical College (QAMC), Bahawalpur, from April 2016 to June 2019.Methods: A total of 627 treatment-naive patients, aged above 18 years, with chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 infection were enrolled. SOF as 400 mg once a day plus weight-based RIB (1000 mg/day <75 kg and 1200 mg/day >75 kg) was given to all the study participants for 24 weeks. Qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) were done at 4 weeks to note the rapid virological response (RVR) whereas end of treatment response (ETR) was recorded at 24 weeks and sustained virological response (SVR) was noted 3 months after completion of treatment.Results: By 4th week, PCR of 524 (83.6%) patients was available, out of which, 492 (93.9%) had undetectable HCV RNA. By the end of treatment (24 weeks), PCR of 401 (64.0%) patients was available, out of which, 393 (98.0%) had undetectable HCV RNA. Data of 291 (46.4%) patients was available for SVR, 274 (94.1%) had undetectable HCV RNA. Weakness and fatigue turned out to be the commonest side effects, observed in 236 (37.6%) patients.Conclusions: Sofosbuvir was found to have good efficacy and safety in the local population of South Punjab having treatment-naïve chronic HCV genotype 3 infection.

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Wilkinson, Anna Lee, Daniela K. van Santen, Michael W. Traeger, Rachel Sacks-Davis, Jason Asselin, Nick Scott, Brendan L. Harney, et al. "Hepatitis C incidence among patients attending primary care health services that specialise in the care of people who inject drugs, Victoria, Australia, 2009 to 2020." International Journal of Drug Policy 103 (May 2022): 103655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103655.

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Ehsani, Jonathon P., Trang Vu, and Maria Karvelas. "Exploring the need for hepatology nurses and allied health professionals in Victorian liver clinics." Australian Health Review 30, no. 2 (2006): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah060211.

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Objective: To examine the need for hepatology nurses and allied health professionals in Victorian liver clinics to meet the increasing demand from people seeking treatment for hepatitis C infection. Design: We reviewed the literature, analysed data from nine Victorian liver clinics, and conducted a qualitative rapid assessment with key stakeholders including hepatology nurses. Participants: Fourteen key stakeholders including clinicians and directors of liver clinics were invited to take part in interviews; two declined to participate. All ten members of the Victorian Hepatology Nurses Group were invited to participate in a focus group discussion, and six attended. Results: Participants reported that hepatology nurses played a critical role in improving treatment uptake and compliance, in particular, in educating, counselling and managing treatment for people with hepatitis C infection. Psychiatric and social work staff assisted patients to overcome side effects associated with treatment. Interpreters increased access for those from culturally and linguistically diverse communities. Conclusions: Hepatology nurses and allied health professionals are central to enhancing treatment outcomes for people who are infected with hepatitis C. Further research is necessary to estimate the number of nurses and allied health professionals required to meet the current and future needs of people receiving treatment for hepatitis C infection.

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Crofts, Nick, Sandra Thompson, Elizabeth Wale, and Franz Hernberger. "Risk Behaviours for Blood-borne Viruses in a Victorian Prison." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 29, no. 1 (March 1996): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589602900102.

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Hepatitis B and C viruses continue to spread in Victorians at risk of incarceration. We have therefore studied risk behaviours for these infections among 51 prisoners with a history of injecting drug use (IDU) in the central Victorian prison; 33 were also interviewed about their tattooing experience. Half had injected inside prison in the preceding month, an average of 5.5 times, suggesting up to 9,000 injections p.a. in this prison. Almost all shared inadequately disinfected equipment, with no way of knowing how many had used it before. First sharing of injecting equipment had been in prison for a fifth. Almost 90% were HCV infected. Almost all had been tattooed, with 60% having had at least one while in prison, while five reported more than 50 tattoos in prison. Urgent consideration of methods to decrease these risks is necessary, including assessment of the feasibility of controversial strategies such as needle and syringe exchange programs and the provision of sterile tattooing equipment.

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Salam Malik, Abdul, and Khalil Ahmad Shahid. "SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 08 (August 8, 2017): 1170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.08.1005.

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Background: Thalassemic children require regular multiple blood transfusions.It leads to multiple complications such as blood born infections, iron over load (Haemosidrosis)and spleen enlargement. Thalassemia transmission to future generations can be preventedand life of thalassemic children can also be prolonged by proper devoted pre-marital and intrauterine life management and mitigation of fatal complications. Objectives: The objective ofthis study was to assess the socio-demographic determinants of thalassemic children. StudyDesign: Descriptive study. Setting: Thalassemia Centre Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur.Period: One year from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. Material and Method: Parents/guardians of 200 diagnosed children as thalassemic, who were receiving blood transfusionswere selected for interview. The data was collected by Pre- designed Performa to assess sociodemographicdeterminants. The data was analyzed to formulate hypothesis. Results: It wasfound that maximum number of patients coming for blood transfusion were from 7-9 years and10 years and above contributing 30% each while 4-6 years were 24% showing that majority ofpeople seeking for frequent blood transfusion service were over 4 years of age in this area. Atleast one thalassemic child death was disclosed by 32 (16%) families. The birth order of thepresent thalassemic child as 2nd one was told by 60 (30%) parents. There were 72 (36%) comingfrom distance <20 km which shows maximum utility of this center by local area population. Itwas found that 104 (52%) belong to poor socio-economic class. There were 188 (94%) childrenreceiving blood transfusion from teaching hospital blood transfusion center where as 100(50%) blood donors were unknown people. There were 104 (52%) children who were neverchecked for Hepatitis C virus markers while 116 (58%) mothers were illiterate. Regular use ofiron chelating therapy was found to be 8% only. There were 128 (64%) marriages proposed byparents and 72 (36%) enforced by grand elders resulting 144 (72%) marriages with first cousins.There were 160 (80%) consanguineous marriages and 188 (94%) without premarital thalassemiatest. There were 142 (71%) new born deliveries without prenatal thalassemia test. Conclusion:The enforced consanguineous marriages, lack of pre- marital and pre-natal diagnosis, poverty,illiteracy and lack of iron chelating agent support are the thalassemia problem exaggeratingfactors. Reducing magnitude of these problems can mitigate over load and socio-demographicconstraints of thalassemic patients in our country.

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Wallace, Jack, Bev Hanley, Mary Belfrage, Sandra Gregson, Niall Quiery, and Jayne Lucke. "Delivering the hepatitis C cure to Aboriginal people: documenting the perspectives of one Aboriginal Health Service." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 6 (2018): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py18024.

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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are disproportionately affected by hepatitis C, an infection that is curable with direct acting antivirals (DAAs). The Australian Government funded access to DAAs from March 2016 for all people with hepatitis C, with primary care physicians, along with clinical specialists, permitted to prescribe these treatments. The Victorian Aboriginal Health Service, in recognising the effect of liver disease from viral hepatitis within their community, and of the increased availability to DAAs, established a Liver Clinic to facilitate access to treatment for people attending the service. This study conducted semi-structured interviews to document the health service provider perspectives on the barriers and enablers to treatment; explored patients’ experiences of hepatitis C treatment and cure; and sought to identify possible health system-level changes to facilitate increased access and uptake of treatment by Aboriginal people. The study found the success of the clinic was supported by the multidisciplinary and accessible nature of the health service, and the relationships built over time between clinic staff and people with, or at risk of, hepatitis C. For those treated, the individual effect of the cure not only eliminated the hepatitis C virus, but reduced shame and increased broader social participation.

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Lenton, Emily, Jen Johnson, and Graham Brown. "Upscaling HIV and hepatitis C testing in primary healthcare settings: stigma-sensitive practice." Australian Journal of Primary Health 27, no. 4 (2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py20176.

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Increasing testing for viral hepatitis and HIV is central to meeting World Health Organization and Australian targets to eliminate blood-borne viruses as public health priorities by 2030. In this paper we draw on findings and recommendations from a Victorian consultation with 40 health and community practitioners engaged with blood-borne virus testing. The consultation focused on identifying what constitutes best practice in pre- and post-testing discussion in the current era of highly effective treatments for HIV and hepatitis C. Overall, the consultation found that the pre- and post-test discussion remains an important feature of testing, but, given that stigma continues to impact the lives of people affected by these viruses, sensitivity to this issue needs to inform how these discussions take place. We describe how primary healthcare settings can support the goal of upscaling HIV and hepatitis C testing in a way that delivers safe and stigma-free testing encounters. We offer the notion of ‘stigma-sensitive practice’ as a term to describe this approach to pre- and post-test discussions.

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Moaven, Len D., Nick Crofts, and Stephen A. Locarnini. "Hepatitis C virus infection in Victorian injecting drug users in 1971." Medical Journal of Australia 158, no. 9 (May 1993): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121883.x.

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Crofts, Nick, John L. Hopper, D. Scott Bowden, Alan M. Breschkin, Stephen A. Locarnini, and Rick Milner. "Hepatitis C virus infection among a cohort of Victorian injecting drug users." Medical Journal of Australia 159, no. 4 (August 1993): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137822.x.

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Yong, Michelle K., Emma K. Paige, David Anderson, and Jennifer F. Hoy. "Hepatitis E in Australian HIV-infected patients: an under-recognised pathogen?" Sexual Health 11, no. 4 (2014): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13198.

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Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been found to cause chronic hepatitis in HIV-infected patients. In Australia, where HEV is nonendemic, background seroprevalence is reportedly low but has not been evaluated in the HIV-infected population. The study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of HEV in a cohort of HIV-infected patients with normal liver function and in another group with biochemical hepatitis. Methods: Patients were selected from the Victorian HIV Blood and Tissue Storage Bank and stored plasma was tested. Positive HEV antibody specimens were examined for HEV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Results: A total of 191 HIV patients were tested for HEV by serology. Eight of 100 (8%) HIV-infected patients with normal liver function and 4 of 91 (4.4%) of those with biochemical hepatitis had HEV antibodies. All four patients with abnormal liver function and positive HEV serology were coinfected with hepatitis C and were significantly more likely to have higher median alanine aminotransferase levels (382 vs 139 U L–1, P = 0.01). HEV-positive patients with normal liver function were more likely to be born outside Australia (P = 0.004). Two of four patients with biochemical hepatitis who were seropositive for HEV had detectable HEV RNA. Conclusions: The seroprevalence of HEV in this Australian HIV-infected cohort is higher than the estimated background prevalence in the HIV-negative population. In patients coinfected with hepatitis C, the degree of alanine aminotransferase elevation was significantly worse. HEV may contribute to the development of abnormal liver function.

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WATSON, ROWLAND, NICK CROFTS, CREINA MITCHELL, CAMPBELL AITKEN, JANE HOCKING, and SANDRA THOMPSON. "Risk factors for hepatitis C transmission in the Victorian population: a telephone survey." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 23, no. 6 (December 1999): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1999.tb01548.x.

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SC Lim, Megan, Kavitha Sundaram, Campbell K Aitken, and Margaret E Hellard. "Blood-borne Viruses and Risk Behaviours among Injecting Drug Users Recruited from Needle and Syringe Programs in Victoria's Eastern Metropolitan Region." Australian Journal of Primary Health 13, no. 3 (2007): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py07040.

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Little has been reported about the risk behaviour and service accessibility of injecting drug users (IDU) living beyond the inner suburbs of Melbourne. This study describes IDUs in the Department of Human Services' Eastern metropolitan region (EMR), including the prevalence of blood-borne viruses and risk behaviours. Fifty-two IDUs were recruited directly from EMR Needle and Syringe Programs (NSP) and through snowball recruitment. IDUs completed a questionnaire and provided a finger-prick blood specimen that was tested for the presence of HIV and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. No participants were HIV antibody positive; 29 (56%) were HCV antibody positive. HCV seropositivity was associated with having a tattoo in univariate analysis. The prevalence of HCV in surveyed EMR IDUs was similar to that of Victorian IDUs surveyed in the National Needle and Syringe Program Survey; however, the EMR sample exhibited significantly greater levels of risk behaviour, including the sharing of needles and other injecting equipment, and unsafe sex. Similarly, EMR IDUs from outer and rural suburbs reported greater levels of risk behaviours and lower levels of HCV infection than those from the inner EMR. This study shows that with high levels of risk behaviour and relatively low access to NSP services, Victoria's EMR IDU population is vulnerable to future blood-borne virus outbreaks.

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Peyrière, Hélène, Ludmilla Tatem, Camille Bories, Georges-Philippe Pageaux, Jean-Pierre Blayac, and Dominique Larrey. "Hepatitis After Intravenous Injection of Sublingual Buprenorphine in Acute Hepatitis C Carriers: Report of Two Cases of Disappearance of Viral Replication After Acute Hepatitis." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 43, no. 5 (April 21, 2009): 973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1l628.

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Objective To report 2 cases of acute hepatitis related to intravenous administration of buprenorphine in hepatitis C–infected patients. Case Summary Two patients, aged 33 and 50 years, respectively, who were hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriers were treated with sublingual buprenorphine 8 mg/day for addiction. Several years after initiation of buprenorphine, they were hospitalized because of clinical hepatitis with jaundice that developed after intravenous injection of buprenorphine. Serum alanine aminotransferase rose to 100 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) in the first patient and to 21 times the ULN in the second. As cofactors, the first patient had consumed alcohol, and the second patient took aspirin 600 mg in addition to the injection of buprenorphine 20 mg 4 days before the onset of jaundice. After stopping the intravenous injections, both patients continued sublingual buprenorphine therapy, with no relapse of hepatitis. Interestingly, in these 2 patients, buprenorphine-induced hepatitis was followed by the disappearance of HCV RNA. Discussion Most cases of hepatotoxicity related to buprenorphine have occurred in hepatitis C–infected patients. The main mechanism for buprenorphine-induced hepatitis is a mitochondrial defect, exacerbated by cofactors with additional potential to induce mitochondria dysfunction (eg, HCV, alcohol, concomitant medications). According to the Naranjo probability scale, buprenorphine was found to be the probable cause of acute hepatitis in both patients. In addition, we assessed the relationship between intravenous buprenorphine and acute hepatitis using 2 scales for causality assessment of hepatotoxicity (the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences scale and the Maria & Victorino scale). The diagnosis of intravenous buprenorphine-induced hepatitis was classified as probable in both cases. In addition, these 2 cases illustrate that acute hepatitis in a carrier of chronic HCV may occasionally facilitate the clearance of virus. Conclusions Although buprenorphine is well tolerated when used at recommended sublingual doses, patients should be informed about the risk of acute hepatitis with misuse of the drug by the intravenous route. These cases illustrate that, in carriers of chronic HCV, acute hepatitis may modify the host's immunotolerance and facilitate clearance of the virus.

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Safreed-Harmon, Kelly, Mark Thursz, John Dillon, Manal El-Sayed, Ahmed Elsharkawy, Angelos Hatzakis, Michel Jadoul, et al. "The Micro-Elimination Approach to Eliminating Hepatitis C: Strategic and Operational Considerations." Seminars in Liver Disease 38, no. 03 (July 9, 2018): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1666841.

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AbstractThe introduction of efficacious new hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments galvanized the World Health Organization to define ambitious targets for eliminating HCV as a public health threat by 2030. Formidable obstacles to reaching this goal can best be overcome through a micro-elimination approach, which entails pursuing elimination goals in discrete populations through multi-stakeholder initiatives that tailor interventions to the needs of these populations. Micro-elimination is less daunting, less complex, and less costly than full-scale, country-level initiatives to eliminate HCV, and it can build momentum by producing small victories that inspire more ambitious efforts. The micro-elimination approach encourages stakeholders who are most knowledgeable about specific populations to engage with each other and also promotes the uptake of new models of care. Examples of micro-elimination target populations include medical patients, people who inject drugs, migrants, and prisoners, although candidate populations can be expected to vary greatly in different countries and subnational areas.

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Mahony, Andrew A., Ellen J. Donnan, Rosemary A. Lester, Joseph S. Doyle, James Knox, Samantha L. Tracy, Scott Bowden, and Joseph J. Sasadeusz. "Beyond injecting drug use: investigation of a Victorian cluster of hepatitis C among HIV‐infected men who have sex with men." Medical Journal of Australia 198, no. 4 (March 2013): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja12.10556.

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Snow, Kathryn, Nick Scott, Hazel J. Clothier, Jennifer H. MacLachlan, and Benjamin Cowie. "Limited provision of diagnostic services to Victorians living with hepatitis C antibodies, 2001–2012: a multi‐level modelling analysis." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 41, no. 2 (August 14, 2016): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12560.

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Franck, Andrew J., and Lisa R. Sliter. "Acute Hepatic Injury Associated with Varenicline in a Patient with Underlying Liver Disease." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 43, no. 9 (July 28, 2009): 1539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1m131.

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Objective: To report a case of acute hepatic injury associated with varenicline. Case Summary: A 53-year-old white male with underlying alcoholic liver disease and history of hepatitis C virus infection experienced elevated aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels consistent with acute hepatic injury after initiation of varenicline for smoking cessation. The hepatic injury manifested 4 weeks after initiation of varenicline therapy at 0.5 mg once daily for 3 days, 0.5 mg twice daily for 4 days, and then 1 mg twice daily. Following discontinuation of varenicline, the patient's aminotransferase levels continued to rise for 2 days before steadily decreasing and returning to baseline levels in approximately 4 months. Alkaline phosphatase continued to rise for 8 days after discontinuation of varenicline before returning to baseline within 1 month. Rechallenge was not attempted. Discussion: Varenicline is a novel, first-line agent for smoking cessation. The presentation of this patient is most consistent with an acute hepatic injury related to drug toxicity. The pattern of the patient's elevated hepatic enzyme levels is not consistent with his underlying alcoholic liver disease or hepatitis C. Using the Naranjo probability scale, as well as the Counsel for International Organizations of Medical Science/Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method algorithm for drug-induced liver toxicity, we determined that varenicline was the probable cause of the acute hepatic injury. Varenicline was a possible cause of the acute hepatic injury using the algorithm for drug-induced liver toxicity developed by Maria and Victorino. To our knowledge, this is the first report of acute hepatic injury associated with varenicline. Conclusions: While the benefits of smoking cessation are likely greater than the risk of hepatic injury, clinicians should be cognizant of this reaction associated with varenicline.

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Coombes, Caitlin, Keisuke Horikawa, Sanjiv Jain, Jun Hee Lim, Sewa Rijal, Kartik Saxena, and Dipti Talaulikar. "Somatic Mutations Associated with IgVH4-34 FR1 Region Unmutated QW and Avy Motifs in DLBCL Patients." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-142486.

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There is increasing evidence for antigen-driven B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and other lymphoid malignancies. This includes antigens from infections e.g.Helicobacter pyloriand Hepatitis C virus, but it is theorised that self-antigens may play a major role in some cases of lymphoid malignancy. IgVH4-34 demonstrates intrinsic autoreactivity to self-antigens on red cells, which appears to be largely mediated by two motifs within the first framework region (FR1); Q6W7 and A24V25Y26. These motifs work together to for a hydrophobic patch which determines red cell antigen binding and are frequently mutated away from self-reactivity in normal B cells. IgVH4-34 has been reported to be over-represented in DLBCL compared with expression in normal B cells. We therefore sought to identify IgVH4-34 DLBCL cases from a local cohort and to screen them for Q6W7 and A24V25Y26 motifs expecting them to be less frequently mutated in DLBCL compared with normal B cells.We also aimed to screen V4-34 cases for associated somatic mutations in other genes using high-throughput sequencing. DLBCL patient samples were obtained via the Haematology Research Tissue Bank (HRTB) in Canberra, Australia, and the Victoria Cancer BioBank. Forty-eight Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) samples and 26 fresh frozen samples were screened. All samples were collected at the time of diagnosis. Patients were treated with standard chemoimmunotherapy approaches. IgVH 4-34 gene sequences were determined using an IgVH4 family-specific leader primer in combination with a JH consensus reverse primer. The IgVH region was then sequenced using Sanger sequencing. Sequences were analyzed using the IgBLAST database (National Centre for Biotechnology Information). DNA extracted from FFPE samples generally proved to have low concentration and fragmented DNA. Only 1 IgVH4-34 sequence was obtained from FFPE tissue. Five samples sequenced from fresh tissue were identified as using IgVH4-34. Using Hans criteria, it was possible to classify 3 of the 6 cases as germinal center (GC) and 1 as non-GC origin. Using fresh samples, we estimated the frequency of IgVH4-34 cases at 23%. Within FR1, Q6W7 was unmutated in all 6 samples. One sample had mutations in the A24V25Y26 motif resulting in a change to A24V25F26. The other 5 samples (83.3%) had unmutated AVY motifs. We extracted genomic DNA from and performed next generation sequencing on the 5 samples with unmutated Q6W7 and A24V25Y26 motifs using a customized capture library (SureSelectXT Target Enrichment System, Aqilent Technologies) covering genes involved in lymphomagenesis. The purified libraries were sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq500 platform at AGRF (Australian Genome Research Facility, Australia). Several genes (FCGR3A,NOTCH2andNOTCH2NLR) had mutations in all 5 samples.FCGR3Ais an IgG Fc receptor gene, and mutations inFCGR3Ahave previously been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).NOTCH2pathway genes are frequently mutated in DLBCL.CREBBPwas mutated in four of the five samples. Mutations inCREBBPhave previously been linked with DLBCL development and regulation of immune responses. We identified high rates of IgVH4-34 (23%) in our cohort of fresh samples as previously reported. Further, we noted preservation of the Q6W7 and A24V25Y26 motifs in IgVH4-34-expressing DLBCL. This over-representation of unmutated FR1 motifs suggests that the ability to recognise self-antigens likely provides important ongoing BCR signalling that promotes survival in DLBCL. This study also highlights the difficulties in conducting DNA-based research on FFPE clinical samples which have not been collected for research purposes and the importance of tissue banking fresh samples. Studies are currently being conducted into the efficacy of BCR pathway inhibitors e.g. ibrutinib in the treatment of DLBCL and testing for unmutated IgVH4-34 FR1 motifs may present a method to predict patients who are more likely to respond. Mutations in genes such as FCGR3A,NOTCH2andCREBBPmay work in conjunction with the preserved QW and AVY motifs to promote lymphomagenesis in IgVH4-34-expressing B cells and may present targets for future research into treatment therapies. Figure Disclosures Talaulikar: Roche:Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding;Janssen:Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau;Amgen:Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding;Takeda:Research Funding.

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Gibney, Katherine B., Jennifer MacLachlan, Rachel Coutts, Nasra Higgins, and Janet Strachan. "Incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Higher Among People Notified With Markers of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Population-based Surveillance in Victoria, Australia, 2001–2017." Clinical Infectious Diseases, August 4, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1110.

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Abstract Background Worse outcomes from invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) have been reported among those coinfected with hepatitis C. We aimed to establish if IPD notification rates are higher among people notified with markers of hepatitis C virus infection than the general population. Methods IPD cases notified in Victoria, Australia, from July 2001–December 2017 were linked with hepatitis C cases (diagnosed by serology or PCR testing) notified from January 1991–December 2017. IPD incidence was calculated using population data and the estimated number of Victorians with hepatitis C. Results From July 2001–December 2017, 6407 IPD cases were notified. Hepatitis C infection was notified in 342 (5.3%) of IPD cases overall, and 24.4% among IPD cases aged 45–49 years. Among IPD cases also notified with hepatitis C, 55.3% were infected with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes and 82.8% with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine serotypes. Compared with IPD cases without hepatitis C, IPD cases also notified with hepatitis C were younger (mean age, 45.7 vs 49.4 years; P = .011) and more often male (65.5% vs 55.5%, P < .001). Annual IPD notification incidence was 6.8/100 000 among people without hepatitis C and 39.4/100 000 among people with hepatitis C (IRR, 5.8; 95% CI, 5.2–6.4; P < .001). Conclusions IPD notification incidence was 5 times higher among people notified with markers of hepatitis C than the general population. Pneumococcal vaccination should be offered to people with markers of hepatitis C virus infection. To facilitate appropriate treatment, young and middle-aged adults with IPD should be tested for hepatitis C.

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Rodrigues, Beverly, Nola Parsons, James Haridy, Stephen Bloom, Caroline Day, Geoffrey Haar, Amanda Nicoll, and Rohit Sawhney. "A nurse-led, telehealth-driven hepatitis C management initiative in regional Victoria: Cascade of care from referral to cure." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, June 18, 2021, 1357633X2110241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357633x211024108.

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Introduction Elimination of hepatitis C virus stands as an unresolved World Health Organization target, and is associated with complications including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C virus management has been revolutionised following the widespread availability of direct-acting antiviral agents in Australia since 2016; however, large proportions of the population remain untreated. Telehealth-based service delivery is an accessible and effective alternative, and we aimed to assess qualitative and clinical outcomes in a clinical nurse consultant-led regional telehealth model. Methods A prospective cohort analysis of all patients referred to a Victorian regional hospital’s hepatitis C virus telehealth clinic between 1 April 2017 and 10 June 2020 was conducted. Data were collated from outpatient and electronic medical records. Results Fifty-five out of 71 referred patients were booked, with 44 patients (80%) attending at least one appointment. A history of alcohol use disorder and psychiatric comorbidity was seen in 25 (54%) and 24 (52%) patients, respectively. Twenty-one out of 24 (88%) eligible patients had direct-acting antiviral agent treatment and 14 out of 21 (67%) successfully completed the treatment. An average of 46.5 km, 54.6 min and $AUD30.70 was saved per patient for each visit. Observed benefits included: increased medical engagement, adherence to and completion of HCV treatment and cirrhosis monitoring. Telehealth-driven hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance was successful in the cirrhotic subgroup. Conclusion Clinical nurse consultant-led hepatitis C virus management via telehealth allows access to marginalised regional populations. Clinical outcomes were comparable to other cohorts with additional cost-benefit, efficiency gains and carbon footprint reduction amongst a previously unreported regional Victorian hepatitis C virus population.

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Nelson, Cassidy K., Lucinda J. Franklin, and Katherine B. Gibney. "Infectious Disease Notification Practices in Victoria, 2016–17." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 43 (August 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2019.43.34.

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Introduction Infectious disease surveillance in Victoria, Australia is based upon a legislated requirement for doctors and laboratories to notify suspected or diagnosed cases of specific conditions to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The department undertakes regular audits of notification practices in Victoria typically every two years. The objective of this particular audit was to describe notification practices in 2016 and 2017, assess the effect of enhanced surveillance programs (ESPs) on Indigenous status data completeness and provide a baseline assessment that can be used to monitor the impact of a recent legislative change to notification requirements for several of the notifiable diseases which came into effect on 1 September 2018. Methods Notified cases reported to DHHS between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017 which met the confirmed and probable national case definitions were analysed by year, notifier type (doctor-only, laboratory-only, or both) and condition category (urgent versus routine). For three notifiable conditions (gonococcal infection and hepatitis B and hepatitis C of unspecified duration) Indigenous status completeness was compared pre- and post ESP commencement. Results The number of notified cases in Victoria increased 50% from 76,904 in 2016 to 115,318 in 2017 with a 277% increase in notified influenza alone. Almost half of cases were notified by both laboratory and doctor. Indigenous status was more likely to be complete following the introduction of ESPs (relative risk, RR 1.36 (95%CI: 1.33 – 1.40) p<0 .001). Discussion DHHS Victoria experienced a 1.5-fold increase in notified cases in 2017 compared with 2016, which was almost entirely attributable to influenza. For three notifiable conditions which had ESPs introduced during this period, Indigenous status reporting significantly improved. Indigenous identifiers on pathology request forms and data linkage are both interventions which are being considered to improve Indigenous status reporting in Victoria.

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Lee Wilkinson, Anna, Alisa Pedrana, Michael W. Traeger, Jason Asselin, Carol El-Hayek, Long Nguyen, Victoria Polkinghorne, et al. "Real-world monitoring progress towards the elimination of hepatitis C virus in Australia using sentinel surveillance of primary care clinics; an ecological study of hepatitis C virus antibody tests from 2009 to 2019." Epidemiology and Infection 150 (December 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821002624.

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Abstract To achieve the elimination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), sustained and sufficient levels of HCV testing is critical. The purpose of this study was to assess trends in testing and evaluate the effectiveness of strategies to diagnose people living with HCV. Data were from 12 primary care clinics in Victoria, Australia, that provide targeted services to people who inject drugs (PWID), alongside general health care. This ecological study spanned 2009–2019 and included analyses of trends in annual numbers of HCV antibody tests among individuals with no previous positive HCV antibody test recorded and annual test yield (positive HCV antibody tests/all HCV antibody tests). Generalised linear models estimated the association between count outcomes (HCV antibody tests and positive HCV antibody tests) and time, and χ2 test assessed the trend in test yield. A total of 44 889 HCV antibody tests were conducted 2009–2019; test numbers increased 6% annually on average [95% confidence interval (CI) 4–9]. Test yield declined from 2009 (21%) to 2019 (9%) (χ2P = <0.01). In more recent years (2013–2019) annual test yield remained relatively stable. Modest increases in HCV antibody testing and stable but high test yield within clinics delivering services to PWID highlights testing strategies are resulting in people are being diagnosed however further increases in the testing of people at risk of HCV or living with HCV may be needed to reach Australia's HCV elimination goals.

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Selfridge, Marion, Tamara Barnett, Karen Lundgren, Kellie Guarasci, Rozalyn Milne, Anne Drost, and Chris Fraser. "Treating people where they are: Nurse‐led micro‐elimination of hepatitis C in supported housing sites for networks of people who inject drugs in Victoria, Canada." Public Health Nursing, May 10, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phn.13092.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hepatitis C Victoria'

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