Academic literature on the topic 'Hepatitis C Victoria Epidemiology'

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Journal articles on the topic "Hepatitis C Victoria Epidemiology"

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Fairley, Christopher K., David E. Leslie, Suellen Nicholson, and Ian D. Gust. "Epidemiology and hepatitis C virus in Victoria." Medical Journal of Australia 153, no. 5 (September 1990): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb136899.x.

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MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Nicole Romero, Nasra Higgins, Rachel Coutts, Rachel Chan, Nicola Stephens, and Benjamin C. Cowie. "Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B and C in Victoria, Australia: insights and impacts from enhanced surveillance." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 44, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12934.

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Cowie, Benjamin C., Jim Adamopoulos, Karen Carter, and Heath Kelly. "Hepatitis E Infections, Victoria, Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 3 (March 2005): 482–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1103.040706.

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Alter, Miriam J. "Epidemiology of hepatitis C." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 8, no. 4 (April 1996): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-199604000-00005.

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Jafri, Syed‐Mohammed, and Stuart C. Gordon. "Epidemiology of Hepatitis C." Clinical Liver Disease 12, no. 5 (December 2018): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cld.783.

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Alter, M. J. "Epidemiology of hepatitis C." Hepatology 26, S3 (December 1997): 62S—65S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510260711.

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Sinclair, M., S. Roberts, W. Kemp, V. Knight, A. Dev, P. Gow, H. Philpott, et al. "Epidemiology of hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in Victoria." Internal Medicine Journal 43, no. 5 (May 2013): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.12068.

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FAYYAZ, MOHAMMAD, Muhammad Ayub Khan, MASROOR ALI QAZI, Ghulam Mohyud Din `Chaudhary, and GULZAR AHMED. "HEPATITIS B, C & HIV." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 04 (December 16, 2006): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4941.

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Objective: To determine the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV in healthyblood donors in Blood Transfusion Services, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Design: Prospective observationalstudy. Setting: Blood Transfusion Services, Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH), affiliated with Quaid-e-Azam medicalCollege Bahawalpur. Period: From 1 January t st o 31st December 2005. Methods and Materials: All the personscoming for blood donations , at the BVH facility, were included. Clinically anaemic, ill, past history of jaundice and ageof less than 18 or more than 50 years were excluded. All the donors (27938) from various areas of Bahawalpur,Bahawalnagar, Lodhran, Vehari and Rahim Yar Khan districts, were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs)Antigen, hepatitis C antibody (Anti HCV) & Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Antibody (Anti-HIV)on sera by one StepTest Device. All the positives cases were confirmed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay. Results: Out of total27938, 25420(91%) were male. Mean age was 28 years with age range 18-50. No HIV positive case was detected.HBV was 2.69%, slightly more than HCV, 2.52%. Males were significantly (p<0.02) more infected than females.Conclusion: Risk of transmission of viral hepatitis is a major problem of blood transfusion. Frequency of viral hepatitisin blood donors is higher in our area as compared to rest of the world. HIV infection is very low. Preventive strategiesinclude good blood transfusion services along with safe sex and other measures.
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NAEEM, MUHAMMAD, AMEER AHMAD, IMRAN QAISAR, and Fiaz Ahmad. "STATUS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 03 (September 10, 2011): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.03.2364.

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Objective: To know the status of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children admitted in Pediatric ward of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and duration of study: Pediatric unit-1 Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur over a period of 2 months and 15 days. Material and methods: This study was conducted over 500 children admitted in children ward-1 of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Children of 1-15 years of age were included in the study. The blood samples of these children were taken at the time of admission and serum was tested for HCV with ICT method and later on confirmed by ELISA. Children having HCV infection were tested for SGPT level. Different risk factors for transmission of HCV infection were also studied. Results: Out of 500 children 43 were HCV positive by ICT method. Out of these 43 ICT positive children 38 were confirmed by ELISA. In this way 7.6% children were found positive for HCV. In 23 cases (60.5%) SGPT was raised (>40). Statistically significant risk factors for transmission of HCV infection found in this study were past history of blood transfusion and history of injections in past. Conclusions: HCV infection is quite common in children. Safe blood transfusions and use of disposable and sterilized syringes is important for prevention of this infection.
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Shire, Norah J., and Kenneth E. Sherman. "Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus." Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 44, no. 4 (December 2015): 699–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2015.07.002.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hepatitis C Victoria Epidemiology"

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Sweeting, Michael John. "Statistical modelling in hepatitis C epidemiology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612187.

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Aisyah, Dewi Nur. "Assessing the epidemiology of hepatitis C to inform public health strategies towards hepatitis C elimination." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10058645/.

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Background: Major advances in hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment suggest that HCV might be eliminated in the future. In this thesis, I have undertaken a series of studies (systematic review, secondary analysis of existing cohort study, modelling) to investigate factors that are likely to impact on the feasibility of achieving HCV elimination. Overarching Aim: To improve our understanding of the epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis C in order to inform public health strategies working towards HCV elimination. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis assessing HCV spontaneous clearance rate and its predictors (Chapters 2&3). Prevalence surveys to assess the burden of and risk factors for HCV in Guernsey (Chapter 4) and in vulnerable populations in London (Chapter 5). Development of a mathematical model to estimate the required scale-up of DAA treatment that would be required to eliminate HCV in PWID in London by 2030 (Chapter 6). Findings: • HCV prevalence was high in people screened in homeless centres, a prison and drug treatment centres. Increased case finding is needed in these settings. • 35% of patients spontaneously clear HCV by 12 months - it may be appropriate to have a year observation before instigating treatment for recently infected patients in low and middle-income countries with low healthcare budgets. • A wide range of risk factors predict spontaneous clearance. Notably drug users and those with HIV are less likely to spontaneously clear than other groups. Thus, early treatment for high risk groups is recommended for those who are less likely to achieve clearance and pose a higher risk of onward transmission. • IL28B rs8103142, IL28B rs12979860, and IL28B rs8099917 are important host genetics predictors of clearance. • Treatment prioritisation with "watch and wait" approach is probably more appropriate to be implemented for developing and less developed countries, where large number of HCV patients were infected by iatrogenic transmission and usually those settings have limited DAAs drugs supply. However, for developed countries such as UK, treatment prioritisation is probably less relevant as the majority of HCV infection came from PWID and DAA's treatment are available. • The modelling suggests that elimination of HCV in PWID in London by 2030 would require 46% annual treatment coverage of those infected - this represents a major scale up from current activity. Retreatment of treatment failures lowers the coverage needed to 29.5%. The model is highly sensitive to: SVR (Sustained Virologic Response - suggesting need to support adherence and prevent resistance) and injecting duration (suggesting the need for drug treatment services). Conclusion: Hepatitis C elimination would require substantial additional investment to raise treatment coverage and prevent transmission through injecting drug use. My work has identified a number of approaches would could support efforts to achieve this goal.
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Mohsen, Abdul Hadi. "The epidemiology of hepatitis C and HCV-HIV coinfection." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424448.

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Corrado, Rachel E. "Distribution of Hepatitis C Testing in Philadelphia, 2012-2014." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/312884.

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Epidemiology
M.S.
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a widespread problem in the United States, but the disease's low screening rates mean that reported cases account for only a fraction of the population's antibody prevalence. In reality, chronic HCV is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the country. While newer infections may be completely asymptomatic, the virus can lead to serious complications in the liver down the line, including hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because HCV is a reportable disease, the Philadelphia Department of Public Health (PDPH) hepatitis surveillance registry has records of all of the positive tests performed in the city. Negative test results are not readily available, however, making it difficult to create an accurate picture of who is being tested for HCV. Our study used negative results collected from reference laboratories throughout the city to fill in many of the gaps and determine which neighborhoods were not sufficiently screening at-risk populations. Methods: Our dataset included approximately 100,000 individuals, a little over 90% of whom were HCV negative. Negative test results were obtained from Quest and Lab Corp, two of the major reference laboratories in the area that account for approximately 80% of all of the results of tests performed in Philadelphia. The screening data were then combined with records from the PDPH hepatitis surveillance registry. ArcGIS geographic information software was used to create maps out of neighborhood and census tract data, providing a visual representation of HCV screening distribution in Philadelphia. We also explored differences in demographic characteristics and testing facility information by test result. The data included anyone in the past 2 years who had undergone an antibody (Ab) or RNA test for HCV. Results: We found that census tract poverty rate was positively associated with HCV screening rate. Also, the majority of testing occurred in either hospital networks or private practices. There were significantly more males testing positive for HCV, despite the fact that many more females were tested overall. Similarly, the "baby boomer" age range (50-69) had the highest proportion of HCV positive test results, yet those aged 30-49 had the highest HCV testing rates. Conclusions: Negative test results for reportable diseases are rarely utilized, but can be extremely useful in identifying problem areas and focusing testing resources. Because so many people with HCV go undiagnosed, it is especially important that populations requiring additional attention be recognized and screened.
Temple University--Theses
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Polis, Suzanne Public Health &amp Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus in an antenatal population : an epidemiological study." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22035.

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Although Australian epidemiology of HBV and HCV has been well described for populations groups at higher risk, but the information available for groups generally considered to be lower risk is much more limited. An understanding of the prevalence of these infections and their risk factors in antenatal women is important to guide testing policy and practice. A study was therefore conducted of the epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in women. In addition, women were asked about their experience with antenatal testing. A total of 516 women participated in the survey, of these 479 (95%) women had been tested for HCV antibodies .The prevalence of HCV antibodies was 4% overall, and 2% among women who were unaware of their HCV status prior to their antenatal test. A history of injecting drug use and residing with a HCV positive person were significantly associated with HCV infection in multivariate analyses. HBV testing was conducted in 468 (99.6%) of women, and the overall prevalence was 2%. Risk factors identified were birthplace in countries of South East Asia. Women were asked about their perception of antenatal testing and pre-test information. Nearly a third (143, 30.5%) of women who had been tested for HCV infection either said that they did not know whether they had been tested, or said that they had declined testing. The corresponding proportion for HBV infection was 28.8% (135). Over 65% and 66% of women said that had not received any information about testing for HCV and HBV respectively. The finding that virtually all antenatal women were being tested for HCV was in contrast to government and non-government organisation policies of ???selective??? screening in place during the study period. Of concern was the substantial proportion of women who were tested despite reporting that they had declined their clinician???s offer to test for HCV and HBV, and the large number of women who reported an absence of pre-test information. Women who said they had received information reported the delivery and quality of information varied according to the antenatal clinician group, but perceived the overall quality as poor.
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Halasz, Robert. "Epidemiology and clinical importance of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-3997-7/.

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Thein, Hla-Hla Public Health &amp Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Measuring the health burden of hepatitis C at an individual and population level in Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24967.

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This thesis examines the effect of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) to define burden of disease at individual and population levels. A systematic review of HCV HRQOL studies was undertaken with translation of Short Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey data into community-weighted health state utilities using three different methods. Derived estimates of health utilities were 0.87 for HCV treatment-induced sustained virological response (SVR); 0.81 for pre-cirrhosis; 0.76 for compensated cirrhosis; 0.69 for decompensated cirrhosis; 0.67 for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); and 0.77 for liver transplant. The HCV health state utilities varied considerably from expert estimates, with relatively lower estimates for early liver disease and higher estimates for advanced liver disease, but were comparable to direct patient-elicited utilities. A study utilising data from population-based health surveys incorporating HCV screening among prisoners at Australian correctional centres in 1996 and 2001 showed no measurable effect of HCV on HRQOL, including that attributable to HCV viraemia. Compared to uninfected Australian norms, prisoners had lower HRQOL irrespective of HCV status. Several non-HCV factors such as age, co-morbidity, severity of depressive symptoms, and medical care utilization influenced HRQOL. A prospective study of health outcomes among HCV monoinfected and HIV/HCV coinfected individuals conducted at Sydney tertiary level hepatitis clinics between 2003 and 2005 found similar cognitive function, mood, and HRQOL patterns in these two HCV groups in the context of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) alfa-2a and ribavirin therapy. The HCV groups had similar levels of pre-treatment HRQOL impairment, further on-treatment deterioration, and posttreatment improvements. SVR was associated with significant HRQOL improvements, but mental HRQOL improvement was also seen in individuals not achieving an SVR. The impact of HCV treatment uptake on HCV-related burden of disease at a population level in Australia was examined using a mathematical model. The model estimated that in 2004, there were ~181,500 cases of chronic HCV infection, 7,020 with HCV-related cirrhosis, and annual incidence of 238 cases of HCV-related liver failure and 70 cases of HCV-related HCC. Compared to no treatment, current treatment levels (~1% of HCV-infected individuals per annum) would reduce projected HCV-related cirrhosis and advanced liver disease numbers by ~30% at 2020 and a gain of ~122,200 Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Even with a five-fold increase from current treatment levels, advanced liver disease numbers will continue to increase through 2020 but will be reduced by ~55% and a gain of ~483,200 QALYs.
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Judd, Ali. "Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in injecting drug users in London." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411031.

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Tucker, Timothy Johan Paul. "Epidemiology, molecular characterisation and tropism of the Hepatitis G Virus / GBV-C." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25669.

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The hepatitis G virus and GBV-C are recently discovered variants of the same virus belonging to the family Flavivirus (HGV/GBV-C). Although initially thought to be a hepatitis virus, it has been shown to have no association with liver disease. No work has been performed on the prevalence or molecular characteristics of HGV/GBV-C in southern Africa. In addition, although it is clear that the liver is not the primary site of replication, there is no data on the sites of HGV/GBV-C replication in normal subjects. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of HGV/GBV-C carriage in the urban and rural adult Black communities of the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa, and compare it to the prevalence of serological markers of the hepatitis viruses A-E. In addition, this study aimed to assess the molecular features of South African HGV/GBV-C isolates and demonstrate the organs where viral replication was present. The mean prevalences of antibodies to hepatitis A lgG, hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen were 98%, 4.3% and 61.1 % respectively. The mean prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C was 1.8%. No significant differences in prevalence were shown between the urban and rural regions for these viruses. The mean anti-hepatitis E prevalence varied from 5.8% to 19.1 % in the different regions. Those living in mud houses without access to chlorinated tap water had a significantly higher prevalence of antihepatitis E. No anti-hepatitis D positive samples were isolated. The overall prevalence of HGV/GBV-C was 26.9%, with rural communities having a significantly lower prevalence than urban communities. A significant relationship was observed between HGV/GBV-C infection with the use of illicit drugs, female gender, younger age and past blood transfusions. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a novel fourth South African HGV/GBV-C genotype, distinct from the previously described genotypes 1-3. In addition, certain isolates showed a major deletion in the highly conserved 5' non-coding region of HGV/GBV-C. Analysis of 23 tissue biopsies from infected cadavers suggested that the spleen and bone marrow were the primary sites of HGV/GBVC replication.
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Markov, Peter V. "Molecular epidemiology, evolution and adaptation of hepatitis C virus to population immunity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711633.

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Books on the topic "Hepatitis C Victoria Epidemiology"

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Hatzakis, Angelos, ed. Hepatitis C: Epidemiology, Prevention and Elimination. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64649-3.

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British Association for the Study of the Liver, British Society of Gastroenterology, and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, eds. The effective management of hepatitis C infection. 2nd ed. London: Aesculapius Medical Press, 2003.

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San Francisco (Calif). Dept. of Public Health. Communicable Disease Control Unit. Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection surveillance report: 2009, San Francisco, California. San Francisco, Calif: San Francisco Department of Public Health, 2010.

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San Francisco (Calif). Dept. of Public Health. Communicable Disease Control Unit. Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection surveillance report: 2010, San Francisco, California. San Francisco, Calif: San Francisco Department of Public Health, 2012.

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San Francisco (Calif.). Dept. of Public Health. Communicable Disease Control Unit. Registry match: Chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C infection and HIV : 2010, San Francisco, California. San Francisco, Calif: San Francisco Department of Public Health, 2011.

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National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Management of Hepatitis C (1997 National Institutes of Health). NIH Consensus Development Conference on Management of Hepatitis C: [program and abstracts]. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health, Continuing Medical Education, 1997.

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Ruiz, Juan D. Seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and risk behaviors among inmates entering the California correctional system. [Sacramento]: California Dept. of Health Services, Office of Aids, HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Branch, 1996.

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McKnight, Evelyn V. A never event: Exposing the largest outbreak of hepatitis C in American healthcare history. Ramsey, NJ: Arbor Books, 2008.

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Cook, Catherine. The global state of harm reduction 2008: Mapping the response to drug-related HIV and hepatitis C epidemics. London: International Harm Reduction Association, 2008.

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New York (State). Legislature. Senate. Health Committee. Public hearing, adequacy of procedures for oversight and monitoring of health care in non-hospital setting. [NY]: Roy Allen & Associates, Inc., 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hepatitis C Victoria Epidemiology"

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Thomas, D. L. "Hepatitis C Epidemiology." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 25–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59605-6_2.

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Davis, Gary L. "Epidemiology of Chronic HCV." In Chronic Hepatitis C Virus, 3–11. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1192-5_1.

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Ozaras, Resat, and Hakan Leblebicioglu. "Global Epidemiology of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection." In Viral Hepatitis: Chronic Hepatitis C, 1–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03757-4_1.

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Karamitros, Timokratis, Dimitrios Paraskevis, and Gkikas Magiorkinis. "Hepatitis C Virus Origin." In Hepatitis C: Epidemiology, Prevention and Elimination, 45–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64649-3_2.

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Kurstak, Edouard. "Hepatitis C and hepatitis E viruses: epidemiology and transmission." In Viral Hepatitis, 181–84. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-4437-4_21.

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Cochrane, Alexandra, and Peter Simmonds. "Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus." In The Molecular Epidemiology of Human Viruses, 197–216. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1157-1_9.

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Goel, Aparna, Aijaz Ahmed, and Imam Waked. "Clinical Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus." In Clinical Epidemiology of Chronic Liver Diseases, 149–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94355-8_12.

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Sypsa, Vana. "Epidemiology: Modeling of Natural History." In Hepatitis C: Epidemiology, Prevention and Elimination, 175–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64649-3_8.

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Asrani, Sumeet K., and W. Ray Kim. "Epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C in the United States." In GI Epidemiology, 322–31. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118727072.ch29.

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Gore, Charles. "Hepatitis C Elimination and Advocacy Groups." In Hepatitis C: Epidemiology, Prevention and Elimination, 201–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64649-3_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hepatitis C Victoria Epidemiology"

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Chaabna, Karima, and Laith Abu Raddad. "The Epidemiology Of Hepatitis C Virus In Yemen: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis." In Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarc.2014.hbpp0139.

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KG, Simon, Y. Serfert, P. Buggisch, S. Mauss, Böker KH, H. Klinker, T. Müller, et al. "Evolution of hepatitis C virus genotype 1a vs. 1b distribution reflects profound changes of HCV epidemiology in Germany between 2004 and 2018 - Analysis of 17,093 patients from five consecutive registries including the German Hepatitis C-Registry (DHC-R)." In DGVS Digital: BEST OF DGVS. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716166.

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Reports on the topic "Hepatitis C Victoria Epidemiology"

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Goldstein, Neal. Epidemiology Blog of Neal D. Goldstein, PhD, MBI. Neal D. Goldstein, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17918/goldsteinepi.

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Musings on topics related to epidemiology, epidemiological methods, public and clinical health. Written by Neal D. Goldstein, PhD, MBI. Dr. Goldstein is an Associate Professor of Epidemiology at the Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health. With a background in biomedical informatics, he focuses on computational approaches in complex data settings, especially electronic health records and disease surveillance, to understand infectious disease transmission. This has been demonstrated through his work with blood borne pathogens (HIV and hepatitis C), COVID-19, vaccine preventable diseases, and healthcare associated infections.
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Jenkins, J. Lee, Edbert B. Hsu, Anna Russell, Allen Zhang, Lisa M. Wilson, and Eric B. Bass. Infection Prevention and Control for the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforce. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb42.

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Objectives. To summarize current evidence on exposures to infectious pathogens in the emergency medical services (EMS) and 911 workforce, and on practices for preventing, recognizing, and controlling occupationally acquired infectious diseases and related exposures in that workforce. Review methods. We obtained advice on how to answer four Guiding Questions by recruiting a panel of external experts on EMS clinicians, State-level EMS leadership, and programs relevant to EMS personnel, and by engaging representatives of professional societies in infectious diseases and emergency medicine. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, CINAHL®, and SCOPUS from January 2006 to March 2022 for relevant studies. We also searched for reports from State and Federal Government agencies or nongovernmental organizations interested in infection prevention and control in the EMS and 911 workforce. Results. Twenty-five observational studies reported on the epidemiology of infections in the EMS and 911 workforce. They did not report demographic differences except for a higher risk of hepatitis C in older workers and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in minorities. EMS clinicians certified/licensed in Advanced Life Support have a high risk for blood and fluid exposure, and EMS clinicians had a higher risk of hospitalization or death from SARS-CoV-2 than firefighters whose roles were not primarily related to medical care. Eleven observational studies reported on infection prevention and control practices (IPC), providing some evidence that hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and on-site vaccine clinics are effective. Research on IPC in EMS and 911 workers has increased significantly since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Conclusions. Moderate evidence exists on the epidemiology of infections and effectiveness of IPC practices in EMS and 911 workers, including hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and vaccine clinics. Most evidence is observational, with widely varying methods, outcomes, and reporting. More research is needed on personal protective equipment effectiveness and vaccine acceptance, and better guidance is needed for research methods in the EMS and 911 worker setting.
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