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Boner, Winifred. "HBV pre-C/C variation : geographical and functional aspects." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360172.
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Rolfe, Kathryn Jane. "Molecular aspects of hepatitis C virus infection and associated mitochondrial DNA damage." Thesis, Open University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495578.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main cause of viral hepatitis in the UK and leads to chronic liver disease in many infected individuals. There is a substantial burden on diagnostic laboratories to provide rapid, cost-effective tests for monitoring HCV infection. Commercial assays are expensive and so the development of validated in-house methods is beneficial. This thesis describes the development and implementation of rapid and inexpensive real-time PCR assays for HCV quantitation and genotyping to support clinical practice. Additionally, the development of methods for defining HCV isolates at the subtype level, important in epidemiological and transmission studies, is described. These assays were utilised in a study on spontaneous HCV clearance, the results of which suggest that HCV type 1 infection and younger age at infection are factors which are associated with spontaneous viral clearance. Chronic HCV infection is linked to oxidative stress with numerous deleterious cellular effects. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more susceptible to oxidative damage than nuclear DNA making it an ideal marker to assess the overall level of cellular DNA damage - including deletions and mutations. This thesis illustrates the development of real-time PCR assays to detect and quantify two major mtDNA deletions. The D-Ioop region of mtDNA is particularly prone to damage - with two well recognised 'hotspots of mutation'. The creation of an RSCA (heteroduplexbased) method using capillary electrophoresis, to detect and quantify damage in this region, is described. To evaluate the clinical utility of these assays, a study of mtDNA damage in patients with liver disease was undertaken. The aim of this study was to identify whether chronic HCV infection results in increased levels of mtDNA damage compared to other liver pathologies. Low levels of mtDNA deletions were detected in the majority of liver biopsy specimens and there was no correlation between liver aetiology and quantity of deletions. The RSCA method identified numerous D-Ioop mtDNA species within the liver tissue of several individuals. There was no correlation between liver aetiology and the presence of multiple D-Ioop species.
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Yuen, Man-fung, and 袁孟峰. "Role of hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C on chronic liver disease in the Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B33710089.
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Fisher, Scott Andrew. "Clinical and molecular analysis of the hepatitis C virus." University of Western Australia. School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0099.
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[Truncated abstract] The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant human pathogen for which there are limited post-infection therapies and no effective vaccine. Research into HCV is notoriously difficult due to the absence of suitable in vitro and in vivo model systems with which to study the virus. Furthermore, our understanding of HCV host interaction is limited and the mechanisms by which it subverts the host immune system remains largely unknown. Due to the difficult nature associated with studying HCV, the work presented in this thesis was designed to addresses a broad range of issues relating to both clinical and molecular aspects of HCV. Chronic HCV infection is often associated with the development of cirrhosis, end stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. To date, histological examination of liver biopsies provides the only approved method with which to assess the level of liver damage. While clinically informative, liver biopsies are highly invasive and may be contraindicative for patients such as haemophiliacs. Cytokine specific ELISPOT assays were used to determine whether cytokine secretion from PBMCs isolated from chronically infected HCV patients could be used as a non-invasive method to assess liver damage. Chronically infected patients with sever liver fibrosis demonstrated a significantly reduced ability to produce IFN-γ in response to HCV Core, but not other unrelated antigens, indicating that decreased IFN-γ secretion by PBMCs in response to HCV antigen could be used as a non-invasive marker for the development of liver fibrosis ... A series of HCV expression vectors covering the full length of the HCV ORF were constructed and their expression extensively tested before being used to assess the ability of HCV proteins to interact with Jak/STAT mediated Type I IFN signalling. Additionally, an alternative set of HCV IRES-EGFP reporter vectors were developed and used to access HCV IRES functionality between different eukaryotic cell lines. HCV Core protein expressed alone or in concert with E1-P7 and non-structural protein NS5B were shown to significantly reduce Jak/STAT mediated IFN expression. While the influence of HCV Core on Type I IFN signalling is consistent with previous reports in the literature, these results identify a new role for NS5B as a possible candidate protein involved in inhibition of Type I IFN signalling.
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Northfield, John. "Aspects to T-cell phenotype during infection with HIV, CMV and Hepatitis C virus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:283098ce-e24d-4099-8826-07dcc75381f2.
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This work concerns itself with understanding the organisation of cellular immune responses to three major human pathogens - HIV, CMV and Hepatitis C (HCV). Each was studied to form three projects, each undertaken with a different approach - arrived at independently - and largely owing their origins to opportunity and circumstance as much as design. Each project led to exploration of a particular aspect of T-cell phenotype (that is the expression of particular molecular markers on T-cells) and its’ broader biological significance. I found that T-cell phenotype was strongly linked to the magnitude of T-cell responses (CMV) and the ability of T-cells to control infection (HIV). Finally I explored the significance of expression of a molecule known as CD161 on the surface of HCV specific CD8+ T-cells, indicating a phenotype of T-cell that may not follow the ‘normal rules’ applicable to T-cells in general.
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Davis, Christopher A. "The role of Claudin-CD81 Co-Receptor interaction(s) in Hepatitis C virus entry." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2844/.
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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a hepatotropic, enveloped virus with a positive sense RNA genome. The prevalence rate of the virus has been shown to be 2.9% of the world population, equating to around 170 million infected individuals. Due to the high level of chronic infection and progressive nature of the liver disease, HCV is a major health concern. Four host proteins have so far been indicated as viral receptors; scavenger receptor BI, CD81, Claudin1 and Occludin. The interaction of CD81 and Claudin1 has been previously demonstrated which lead us to determine whether specific interactions are essential for HCV entry. Using a combination of imaging and biochemical methods we were able to demonstrate that only receptor active Claudins specifically interacted with CD81. We also evaluated the ability of previously published Claudin1 mutants to interact with CD81 and demonstrated that receptor inactive mutants no longer form an association with CD81. A bioinformatic model predicted the association of the T149, E152 and T153 residues of CD81 EC2 with the 62-66 region of Claudin1. Mutation of these residues lead to an ablation of Claudin1 association and a reduction in on HCV entry, further indicating the requirement of the Claudin1-CD81 complex in the entry process.
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Grove, Joseph. "The role of scavenger receptor B-I in hepatitis C virus attachment and entry." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/347/.
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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) poses a global health problem, leading to progressive disease often culminating in conditions such as hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV has a propensity to persist, with 70-80% of infected individuals failing to clear the virus. Recent evidence suggests that HCV entry is dependent on at least three cellular entry factors: CD81, Scavenger Receptor B-I (SR-BI) and Claudin-1. SR-BI is a receptor for high density lipoprotein (HDL), it is predominantly expressed in the liver and steroidogenic tissue. HCV is believed to interact with SR-BI via the viral envelope protein E2, interestingly the SR-BI ligand HDL enhances HCV infection. In this study we have investigated the interaction of HCV soluble glycoprotein with cell expressed SR-BI. We have shown that over expression of SR-BI in human hepatoma cells enhances HCV infection, indicating that SR-BI surface expression levels limit infection. Furthermore, anti-SR-BI serum inhibits HCV. We demonstrate that a cell culture adapted HCV mutant has a reduced dependency on SR-BI. This altered receptor dependency is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to neutralisation by soluble CD81 and enhanced binding of E2 to cell surface expressed CD81. The adapted variant also exhibits an altered relationship with lipoproteins and a heightened sensitivity to neutralising antibodies.
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Poliakov, Anton. "Peptide-Based Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Serine Protease: Kinetic Aspects and Inhibitor Design." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskaplig biokemi, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4127.
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Hepatitis C is a serious disease that affects about 200 million people worldwide. No anti-HCV vaccine or specific anti-viral drugs are available today. Non-structural protein 3 (NS3) of HCV is a bifunctional serine protease/helicase, and the protease has become a prime target in the search for anti-HCV drugs. In this work, the complete HCV NS3 gene has been cloned and expressed, and the protein has been purified using affinity chromatography. An assay for measuring the protease activity of full-length NS3 protease has been developed and used for inhibition studies. A series of peptide-based inhibitors of NS3 protease varying in length, the composition of the side-chain and the N- and C-terminal groups have been studied. Potent tetra-, penta- and hexapeptide inhibitors of the NS3 protease were discovered. Hexapeptides with an acyl sulfonamide C-terminal residue were the most potent inhibitors of the NS3 protease, having nanomolar Ki-values. The selectivity of the inhibitors was assessed using other serine and cysteine proteases. NS3 protease inhibitors with electrophilic C-terminal groups were non-selective while those comprising a C-terminal carboxylate or acyl sulfonamide group were selective. All inhibitors with a small hydrophobic P1 side-chain residue were non-selective for the NS3 protease, being good inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. This result highlights the importance of the P1 residue for inhibitor selectivity, which stems from the major role of this residue in determining substrate specificity of serine proteases. Electrophilic inhibitors often cause slow-binding inhibition of serine and cysteine proteases. This was observed with other proteases used in our work but not with NS3 protease, which indicates that mechanism of inhibition of NS3 protease by electrophilic inhibitors may not involve formation of a covalent bond. The structure-activity relationships obtained in this work can be used for improvement of peptide-based inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease towards higher inhibitory potency and selectivity.
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Thetford, H. Clare, and clare_thetford@yahoo com. "Reconceiving the Spoiled Female Identity: Childbearing and Motherhood among Women with Hepatitis C." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050331.222115.
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This thesis explores the impact of hepatitis C on womens childbearing decisions and experiences of motherhood. A partial grounded theory approach was used, in which 34 women living with hepatitis C participated in semi-structured interviews to determine the direct and indirect effects of hepatitis C on their own personal decisions regarding childbearing and to describe their lived experiences of motherhood. The qualitative interview data were analysed thematically, in which common themes were identified and explored.¶ Three key areas are explored: womens social experience of hepatitis C; hepatitis C and childbearing decisions; and the meaning of motherhood for women with hepatitis C.¶ The interviews revealed that living with hepatitis C had direct effects on the childbearing decisions of women. The direct effects of the virus which impacted on womens childbearing decisions included poor physical and emotional hepatitis C related health, the perceived risk of vertical transmission of hepatitis C, concerns their future hepatitis C related health might impact upon their mothering abilities, and childbearing can conflict with treatment for hepatitis C. However, of greater importance to these women, appeared to be the indirect effects of living with a virus which is so highly stigmatised within our society. In particular, hepatitis C is closely associated with injecting drug use, which means these women are often assumed to possess the stereotypical characteristics associated with injecting drug users. As a result, they experience widespread medical discrimination and social rejection. Hepatitis C also impacts indirectly upon a wide range of factors that most women in contemporary society take into consideration in their childbearing decisions, for example, available social support, financial security and age.¶ The experiences reported by these women are discussed in terms of their concordance or discord with prevailing theories of deviance, stigma and the social construction of motherhood. The interview data, considered in light of such theories reveal that possibly the greatest impact that hepatitis C can have upon women is to prevent them from achieving a legitimate adult female status through childbearing and becoming a good mother.¶ The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of public health and social policy.
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Mouton, Marlize National Centre in HIV Social Research Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. ""More than a liver" - the role of the social work practitioner in hepatitis C treatment centres." Publisher:University of New South Wales. National Centre in HIV Social Research, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41466.
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Hepatitis C is a fast growing infectious disease in Australia and is often associated with related psycho-social and mental health problems. The conventional treatment process for hepatitis C is challenging due to a number of reasons. This study explored social workers perceptions of the contribution of their role in hepatitis C treatment centres in relation to the treatment experience of patients. The roles that social workers fulfill, their contribution to the multidisciplinary team and towards a culturally competent service, were explored. Furthermore the knowledge, skills and values required for providing a competent service in a hepatitis C treatment setting was explored. The broad theoretical frameworks that inform social work practice were considered, especially the biopsycho-social model, the strengths perspective, the critically reflexive approach and communications theory. This qualitative study used a semi-structured interview method for data collection. Ten social workers in hepatitis C treatment clinics participated in the study. The findings highlight the needs of patients and how social worker participants described helping to address and meet these needs by employing their knowledge, skills and values through their social work roles and interventions in a team context in a multicultural and multi-faceted work environment. A major challenge that social workers described was to keep patients on treatment despite debilitating side effects that diminish patients' motivation to complete treatment. A shortcoming in the service was described to be the limited psychiatric support available at many treatment centres. The findings lead to a number of recommendations to improve social work services in hepatitis C treatment settings. More research was recommended in areas such as motivational techniques, psychiatric support, and effective group work strategies. The need for increased funding for social work positions in the hepatitis C field was also highlighted. It is anticipated that findings of this study can be applied to hepatitis C treatment in broader settings such as prisons, drug and alcohol settings and general practice. This research will contribute to literature in the field of hepatitis C treatment models and in the field of social work practice in hepatitis C contexts.
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Gómez, Garmendia Jon. "Exclusión farmacéutica: un análisis criminológico sobre el caso de la hepatitis C en Galicia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673286.
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Con la pandemia de la COVID-19 la cuestión del Derecho al Acceso a Medicamentos Esenciales (DAME) ha adquirido protagonismo. Un asunto que, sobre todo, se ha convertido en objeto de debate con la inequidad mundial en la accesibilidad a las vacunas o la no suspensión de las patentes que las protegen. No obstante, este trabajo fue iniciado antes de la pandemia y refleja, en parte, que el problema ya venía de antes. Así, esta investigación tuvo como objeto uno de los problemas relativos a la no garantía del DAME: la exclusión farmacéutica. Un proceso amplio y multidimensional que implica barreras en el acceso a medicamentos y es, en parte, el resultado de la acción u omisión de entidades e instituciones que tienen responsabilidades en la garantía del DAME. La finalidad del trabajo consistió en conocer y profundizar cómo se produce este daño. Una tarea que, para ello, tuvo como objeto de estudio los sucesos acontecidos en Galicia en torno al no acceso al Sovaldi de las personas afectadas por hepatitis C y la lucha realizada por la Plataforma Galega de Afectad@s pola Hepatite C (PGAHC). Unas historias y experiencias que a través de las entrevistas reflejaron que desde el punto de vista criminológico podríamos decir que nos encontramos ante una injusticia o violencia estructural y que el deterioro del sistema sanitario (incluidos los recortes del gasto público) y la situación de monopolio de la Industria Farmacéutica (sobre todo, para fijar los precios de los medicamentos) fomentan este tipo de problemas. Unos problemas que, en definitiva, son un reflejo más del conflicto que existe entre el capital y la vida y dejan constancia sobre la necesidad de ampliar los campos de estudio de la criminología, la importancia de mirar desde la sostenibilidad a la vida y el necesario espíritu crítico sobre el presente y el futuro en relación con el DAME y las consecuencias que traerá la pandemia.<br>With the COVID-19 pandemic, the issue of the Right of Access to Essential Medicines (RAME) has gained prominence. An issue that, above all, has become the subject of debate with the global inequity in accessibility to vaccines or the failure to suspend the patents that protect them. However, this work was initiated before the pandemic and reflects, in part, that the problem already existed before. Thus, this research focused on one of the problems related to the non-guarantee of the RAME: pharmaceutical exclusion. A broad and multidimensional process that involves barriers to access to medicines and is, in part, the result of the action or omission of entities and institutions that have responsibilities in guaranteeing the RAME. The purpose of the study was to learn more about how this harm occurs. A task that, for this purpose, had as an object of study the events that took place in Galicia regarding the non-access to Sovaldi for people affected by hepatitis C and the struggle carried out by the Plataforma Galega de Afectad@s pola Hepatite C (PGAHC). Some stories and experiences that through the interviews reflected that from a criminological point of view we could say that we are facing a structural injustice or violence and that the deterioration of the health system (including cuts in public spending) and the monopoly situation of the pharmaceutical industry (specially to set the prices of medicines) encourage such problems. Problems that, in short, reflect the conflict between capital and life and leave evidence of the need to expand the fields of study of criminology, the importance of looking from sustainability to life and the necessary critical spirit about the present and the future in relation to the DAME and the consequences that the pandemic will bring.<br>Amb la pandèmia de la COVID-19 la qüestió del Dret a l'Accés a Medicaments Essencials (DAME) ha adquirit protagonisme. Un assumpte que, sobretot, s'ha convertit amb objecte de debat amb la iniquitat mundial en l'accessibilitat a les vacunes o la no suspensió de les patents que les protegeixen. Tanmateix, aquest treball va ser iniciat abans de la pandèmia i reflexa, en part, que el problema ja venia d'abans. Així, aquesta investigació va tenir com objecte un dels problemes relatius a la no garantia del DAME: l'exclusió farmacèutica. Un procés ampli i multidimensional que implica barreres en l'accés a medicaments i és, en part, el resultat de l'acció o omissió d'entitats i institucions que tenen responsabilitats en la garantia del DAME. La finalitat d'aquest treball va consistir a conèixer i profunditzar com es produeix aquest dany. Una tasca que va tenir com objecte d'estudi els successos que van tenir lloc a Galícia amb relació al no accés de Sovaldi a les persones afectades per l'hepatitis C i la lluita realitzada per la Plataforma Galega de Afectad@s pola Hepatite C (PGAHC). Unes històries i experiències que, a través de les entrevistes, reflectiren que des de el punt de vista criminològic podríem dir que ens trobem davant d'una injustícia o violència estructural i que el deteriorament del sistema sanitari (incloses les retallades de la despesa pública) i la solució del monopoli de la Indústria farmacèutica (sobretot per fixar els preus dels medicaments) fomenten aquests tipus de problemes. Uns problemes que, en definitiva, són un reflex més del conflicte que existeix entre el capital i la vida i deixen constància sobre la necessitat d'ampliar els camps d'estudi de la criminologia, la importància de mirar des de la sostenibilitat a la vida i la necessitat d'un esperit crític sobre el present i el futur en relació amb el DAME i les conseqüències que esdevindran arran de la pandèmia.<br>Coa pandemia da COVID-19 gañou protagonismo a cuestión do Dereito ao Acceso a Medicamentos Esenciais (DAME). Unha cuestión que, sobre todo, converteuse en obxecto de debate coa desigualdade mundial na accesibilidade das vacinas ou a non suspensión das patentes que as protexen. Non obstante, este traballo iniciouse antes da pandemia e reflicte, en parte, que o problema xa viña de antes. Así, esta investigación tivo como obxecto un dos problemas relacionados coa non garantía do DAME: a exclusión farmacéutica. Un proceso amplo e multidimensional que implica barreiras no acceso a medicamentos e é, en parte, o resultado da acción ou omisión de entidades e institucións que teñen responsabilidades en garantir o DAME. A finalidade do traballo consistiu en coñecer e afondar en como se producen estes danos. Unha tarefa que, para iso, tivo como obxecto de estudo os sucesos acontecidos en Galicia arredor da falta de acceso ao Sovaldi por parte das persoas afectadas pola hepatite C e a loita levada a cabo pola Plataforma Galega de Afectad@s pola Hepatite C (PGAHC). Unhas historias e experiencias que a través das entrevistas reflectiron que desde o punto de vista criminolóxico poderiamos dicir que estamos ante unha inxustiza ou violencia estrutural e que o deterioro do sistema sanitario (incluídos os recortes no gasto público) e a situación de monopolio da Industria Farmacéutica (sobre todo, para fixar os prezos dos medicamentos) promove este tipo de problemas. Uns problemas que, en definitiva, son un reflexo máis do conflito que existe entre o capital e a vida e amosan a necesidade de ampliar os campos de estudo da criminoloxía, a importancia de mirar desde a sostibilidade á vida e o necesario espírito crítico sobre o presente e o futuro en relación co DAME e as consecuencias que traerá a pandemia.<br>COVID-19 pandemiarekin Oinarrizko Sendagaiak Eskuratzeko Eskubidearen (OSEE) auziak protagonismoa hartu du. Gai hori eztabaidagai bihurtu da, batez ere, mundu mailan txertoekiko dagoen eskuragarritasun urria eta horiek babesten dituzten patenteen etete eza dela eta. Hala ere, pandemia baino lehen hasi zen lan honek, neurri batean, arazoa lehenagotik zetorrela islatzen du. Hala, ikerketa honen aztergaia OSEEren berme ezari buruzko arazoetako bat izan zen: bazterketa farmazeutikoa. Prozesu zabal eta multidimentsional bat, sendagaiak eskuratzeko oztopoak dakartzana eta, neurri batean, OSEEren bermean erantzukizunak dituzten erakunde eta instituzioen ekintzaren edo omisioaren emaitza dena. Honela, lanaren helburua kaltea nola gertatzen den ezagutzea eta sakontzea izan zen. Horretarako, Galizian C hepatitisak jotako pertsonek Sovaldia eskuragarri ez izateari eta Plataforma Galega de Afectad@s pola Hepatite C- ek (PGAHC) egindako borrokari buruz gertatutakoak aztertu ziren. Elkarrizketen bidez, historia eta esperientzia horiek ikuspegi kriminologikotik injustizia edo egiturazko indarkeria baten aurrean gaudela eta osasun-sistemaren narriadurak (gastu publikoaren murrizketak barne) eta farmazia-industriaren monopolio egoerak (batez ere, botiken prezioak finkatzeko) horrelako arazoak sustatzen dituztela erakutsi zuten. Azken batean, arazo horiek kapitalaren eta bizitzaren artean dagoen gatazkaren beste isla bat dira, eta agerian uzten dute kriminologiaren azterketa-eremuak zabaltzeko beharra, iraunkortasunetik bizitzara begiratzearen garrantzia eta OSEE delakoari eta pandemiak ekarriko dituen ondorioei dagokionez, orainari eta etorkizunari buruzko espiritu kritikoa sustatzeko beharra.
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黎程正家 and Cheng Cheng-gea Alice Lai. "Parenting and children's social competence in families with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Guangzhou: an ecologicalstudy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31234227.
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Perzynski, Adam Thomas. "Between Facts and Voices: Medical and Lay Knowledge of the Spread of Hepatitis C." online version, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=case1207328082.
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Bangah, Ramesh. "The State of Needle Exchange Programs in Sweden and Hepatitis C Virus Incidence." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40833.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects up to 45,000 people in Sweden today. Although it is a very treatable disease, the prevalence of HCV is extremely high within the population of people who inject drugs (PWID). This study examines the direct effect of needle exchange programs (NEPs) on HCV rates in Sweden. Previous research has shown that NEPs reduce the transmission of other blood-borne diseases among PWID. Using an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis, this study investigates if there are statistically significant differences between HCV rates in Swedish counties before and after the implementation of NEPs. The study also investigates via linear regression to see if there is a relationship between sterile injecting equipment (needles and syringes) dispensed and HCV rates in the counties where NEPs exist. While there has been a steady decrease in HCV rates across the country as a whole, the ITS analyses show no statistically significant differences in HCV rates due to the opening of NEPs. Because of the relatively recent introduction of NEPs in Sweden, more data points post-intervention may be needed before we can truly see the effect they have on regional HCV rates. There is also no relationship between the number of needles and syringes dispensed and county HCV rates. However, Sweden falls far short of the 300 syringes/needles per user per year recommendation of the World Health Organization at this time. Standardized data collection and further research can help answer these questions more clearly.
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Buchanan, Ryan Malcolm. "The social and genetic epidemiology of Hepatitis C in an isolated network of people who inject drugs." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/417993/.
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Background and Aims: Hepatitis C (HCV) causes liver cirrhosis, liver cancer and is a leading cause of death worldwide. In the UK the commonest risk factor for HCV is current or previous injecting drug use but many cases are undiagnosed and many known cases are disengaged from treatment services. The Isle of Wight (IOW) is a deprived, rural and geographically isolated population but suffers from the same obstacles to HCV care as larger nearby mainland populations. The overall aim of this thesis is to understand the burden of HCV in people who inject drugs (PWID) on the IOW and how their social network could be utilised in an HCV elimination strategy. Method: A sequential mixed method research design was used. Qualitative methods informed the design of a quantitative survey, which recruited PWID via respondent driven sampling (RDS) for a social network questionnaire and HCV bio-behavioural survey. This was used to estimate the population prevalence of HCV and the total population size of PWID on the IOW. Data from the social network survey were combined with a phylogenetic analysis of HCV RNA positive cases and qualitative narratives to give a representation of the HCV transmission network in PWID. This network was then used in an individualbased model (IBM) testing different treatment strategies. Results: Sixty-nine PWID participated in the HCV bio-behavioural and social network surveys. The estimated prevalence of HCV was 29% (95% CI 13.3-44%) and the estimated total population size was 262 individuals. The social network survey described 179 PWID, connected together into a cohesive network component via injecting partnerships. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that a number of these partnerships had led to the transmission of HCV and that genotype 3a virus had been transmitted between PWID living on the IOW. In the IBM the preferential treatment of well-connected PWID, via injecting and social relationships, led to significantly fewer new infections of HCV than treating at random (9.56 vs. 6.58 P < 0.01 and 9.56 vs. 7.84 p=0.011 respectively). Conclusion: The burden of HCV in PWID on the IOW is lower than expected and existing case-finding initiatives are effective. The qualitative and quantitative results indicate that PWID are linked together in a dense network and the treatment of well-connected nodes within this network may be an effective treatment as prevention strategy for the elimination of HCV on the IOW.
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Kirkpatrick, Raelene. "A mathematical analysis of the financial and medical impact of hepatitis C among drug users in Perth, Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2003. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1332.
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The ability of public health planners continues to be hampered by uncertainties encountered with transmissible diseases. Key epidemiological factors such as, how many Western Australian injecting drug users are hepatitis C seropositive or will become infected, duration of intravenous drug use, the intensity of infection, the fraction of those infected that will develop end-stage disease and after how long a period, all combine to limit the ability of a mathematical model to predict future trends. These models can, however, provide information about certain epidemiological parameters and identify data required to predict future trends. They can be applied to make predictions about the course of infection in the individual and provide a guide to the interpretation of the observed data. This research aims to develop a model of the transmission and spread of hepatitis C, adapting existing models used to predict the spread of HIV and AIDS in one and two sex communities. This model will be used to demonstrate the dynamics and incidence of hepatitis C infection among injecting drug users in Perth, Western Australia. Predictions derived from the model will then be used to undertake an analysis of the cost of treating those with hepatitis C and cirrhosis related complications, resulting in a prediction of the financial impact of hepatitis C on the Western Australian community.
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Gritt, Andrew Jonathan. "Aspects of agrarian change in south-west Lancashire, c.1650-1850." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2000. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/19663/.
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This thesis examines agricultural and agrarian developments 1650-1850 in a region - south-west Lancashire - that was increasingly dominated by industry and large urban centres. The thesis is firmly located within two distinct historiographical traditions: 'agrarian capitalism' and 'agricultural revolution'. The debates encompassed by these concepts have been largely conducted around the development of arable agriculture. Large parts of the north and west of England have been peripheral to these debates and the models of agrarian development were not constructed with counties like Lancashire in mind. This thesis, therefore, offers a geographical corrective to the existing literature. Not surprisingly, the models are found wanting, and patterns of agrarian and agricultural developments in Lancashire follow a different path to arable counties in the English Midlands and East Anglia. Yet, agriculture in Lancashire did not stagnate and farmers and landlords were enclosing and improving land from at least the middle of the seventeenth century in a bid to increase productivity. However, change was much more pronounced from the last third of the eighteenth century, when population growth, industrial expansion, increasing market demand for food and the development of the transport infrastructure offered new opportunities to farmers. They responded in a way which suited the local economic and social setting. In terms of farm size, labour structure and land use, the farmers of south-west Lancashire fell outside contemporary (and subsequent) perceptions of best practice. Lancashire developed a highly specialised and productive agricultural system that was not predicated upon conventional agrarian capitalism and avoided many of the negative outcomes of the processes of agricultural revolution.
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Martin, Lisa Marie. "Socio-Demographic, Clinical, and Social Influences on Health-Related Quality of Life in individuals with Hepatitis C (HCV)." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1212677301.
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Laughton, Jane. "Aspects of the social and economic history of late medieval Chester, 1350-c.1500." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273128.
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Terrell, Terran A. "A Geographical Examination of Social, Behavioral, and Demographic Determinants Association with Hepatitis C Viral Infection in the State of Georgia." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/143.
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Background: Approximately 170 million persons are infected with the hepatitis C viral infection (HCV), globally. Of this number, 3.2 – 4 million persons in the U. S. are infected with HCV. Although previous research has indicated a decrease in the rates of Hepatitis C in the U.S. approximately 12,000 deaths occur annually from those who suffer from chronic liver disease, as a result of being chronic carriers of HCV. Being a recipient of blood transfusions prior to 1992, intravenous drug users (IDUs), or persons with multiple sex partners are associated with increased risk for HCV infection. IDUs constitute the largest cohort for those infected with HCV. Due to the few clinical manifestations HIV and HCV share and HIV patients living longer due to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), Many individuals infected with HIV are discovering co-morbidities with HCV. Methods: Secondary Data from the State Electronic Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (SENDSS) were used to analyze all confirmed cases of hepatitis C in the state of Georgia for the year 2009. All subjects in this analysis were confirmed as Hepatitis C infected. Descriptive frequencies for all categorical data were tested and analyzed, which included: gender, race, geographic region, disease status, age distribution, risk factor data such as injection drug use, blood transfusion prior to 1992, long term hemodialysis, accidental needle stick, tattoo, sexual contacts, and incarceration. Binary logistic regression for univariate and multivariate analysis was used to test the associations between geographic region of all HCV cases and their demographic characteristics. Results: Descriptive analysis of the prevalence of HCV cases in Georgia in 2009 reveal higher rates of HCV in rural regions (GOA) of the state among White males of non-Hispanic origin. In this same region, these cases were more likely to report risk factors involving injection drug use, blood transfusions prior to 1992, incarceration, or tattoos. Prevalence of most cases of HCV in Georgia for the year 2009 are seen in those age 20 – 30 and those 40 – 60. A higher number of those reporting intravenous drug use in metropolitan Atlanta (MSA) are Black of non-Hispanic origin. Bivariate logistic regression reveals that White Non-Hispanics living in rural areas of Georgia (GOA) have a 3.48 higher odds of being infected with Hepatitis C than Black Non-Hispanics (OR = 3.48, p < 0.001, CI 2.54 – 4.77). Conclusion: Resources for prevention of Hepatitis C should be directed to marginalized communities within Georgia regions outside of the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area. The primary focus of prevention should also be tailored to new initiates of intravenous drug use and those 20 – 30 and 40 – 60 years of age. Further knowledge and understanding of behaviors that put individuals at risk for acquiring Hepatitis C, such as intravenous drug use, in rural Georgia may warrant interventions tailored to benefit these communities from acquiring or spreading Hepatitis C.
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Eklund, Per-Olof. "Psykosociala problem vid hepatit C." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26624.
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Vissa sjukdomar för konsekvenser med sig utöver den somatiska bördan. Hepatit C är en av dessa. Detta virus påverkar den drabbades liv på ett sätt som står över den patologiska beskrivningen. Varje år anmäls 2000 fall av hepatit C i Sverige. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att få kunskap om omfattningen av psykosociala problem hos hepatit C-smittade. Litteraturstudien grundar sig på sju vetenskapliga artiklar. Forskningsprocessen inspirerades av Goodmans sju olika steg. Som teoretisk referensram har använts Carnevalis modell för ett funktionellt hälsotillstånd i dagligt liv. Resultatet presenteras genom fyra olika teman som identifierades under artikelgranskningen: (1) Stigmatisering av individer med hepatit C, (2) rädsla förknippad med hepatit C, (3) Depressiva symtom förknippade med hepatit C och (4) Bristande socialt stöd vid hepatit. Resultatet pekar på att hepatit C-smittade i stor omfattning upplever psykosociala problem. Detta medför att den smittades livssituation påverkas negativt och därmed minskar dennes möjlighet till att uppleva hälsa.<br>Certain diseases carry consequences beyond the somatic burden. Hepatitis C is one of them. This virus influences the infected beyond its pathological description. Every year 2000 cases of Hepatitis C are reported in Sweden. The aim of this study was to illuminate the extent and character of psychosocial problems in patients with the diagnosis hepatitis C. The study is based on seven scientific articles. The seven steps for a literature study presented by Goodman inspired the research process. As a theoretical frame of reference Carnevali´s model for a functional and healthy daily life has been used. The analysis resulted in four themes: (1) Stigmatization, (2) fear associated with hepatitis C, (3) depressive symptoms connected with the diagnosis and (4) lack of social support The results indicate that patients with the diagnosis hepatitis C experience psychosocial problems to a larger extent. This also means that these patients are negatively influenced leading to a decreased opportunity to experience health.
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Trepo, Eric. "Role of genetic factors in the progression of fibrosis in alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis C." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209659.
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La maladie alcoolique du foie (MAF) et l’hépatite C chronique (HCC) sont les causes les plus fréquentes de cirrhose, carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) et transplantation hépatique dans les pays industrialisés. La fibrose hépatique est le stigmate lésionnel de la progression de la maladie vers la cirrhose comme dans toutes les hépatopathies chroniques. Certains facteurs de risque cliniques environnementaux ont été identifiés. Toutefois, ils n’expliquent pas l’extrême variabilité individuelle de la progression de la fibrose. L’influence ethnique à développer une maladie plus sévère ainsi que les études de concordance des jumeaux mono- et di-zygotiques sur la prévalence de la cirrhose alcoolique ont suggéré l’existence de facteurs génétiques associés. Les nombreuses études de gènes candidats réalisées n’ont identifié que très peu de variants associés de manière reproductible. Pour l’HCC par exemple, le score de risque de cirrhose ou « CRS » a montré sa capacité à prédire une fibrose avancée dans diverses cohortes caucasiennes. Récemment, une étude d’association pangénomique (GWAS) dans la stéatohépatopathie non-alcoolique (NAFLD) a mis en évidence un singleton (single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]) particulier (rs738409 C>G) dans le gène PNPLA3. Ce dernier s’est révélé être, dans diverses études, le SNP ayant l’impact le plus robuste et le plus reproductible dans cette maladie. Par ailleurs, ce même variant a également été significativement associé à la cirrhose alcoolique chez les hispaniques.<p><p>Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont permis de montrer que :<p><p>1) Le CRS avait la capacité de prédire la progression de la fibrose chez des patients caucasiens ayant une HCC dans 2 cohortes européennes indépendantes.<p><p>2) Par ailleurs, dans la MAF, nous avons répliqué chez des patients caucasiens l’association entre le SNP rs738409 dans le gène PNPLA3 et la cirrhose. Nous avons également montré pour la première fois, que l’expression de PNPLA3 était significativement diminuée chez les patients avec une fibrose plus avancée. De plus, nous avons observé dans 2 cohortes européennes que rs738409 était également associé à la prévalence du CHC.<p><p>3) Enfin, nous avons également mis en évidence l’impact de ce même SNP sur la stéatose hépatique et la fibrose dans l’HCC sans toutefois qu’il influence la réponse à la thérapie antivirale dans 3 cohortes caucasiennes indépendantes.<p><p>Ainsi de manière remarquable, un même SNP (rs738409) apparait associé à des lésions hépatiques sévères dans les trois pathologies hépatiques chroniques les plus fréquentes (la MAF, l’HCC et la NAFLD). Ceci suggère des voies pathogéniques communes de la fibrogénèse hépatique. Par ailleurs, ces travaux soulignent indirectement que les GWAS ont la capacité d’ouvrir de nouvelles voies physiopathologiques et d’identifier de nouveaux variants, gènes ou région génétiques capables de constituer de nouveaux biomarqueurs et cibles thérapeutiques dans l’HCC et la MAF.<br>Doctorat en Sciences médicales<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Borsay, Anne. "Patrons and governors : aspects of the social history of the Bath Infirmary, c.1739-1830." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683159.
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Young, Craig. "The economic, social and geographical aspects of rural tradespeople in Scotland, with specific reference to Lowland Perthshire, c.1750-c.1950." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26066.
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This thesis investigates the economic and social geography of small scale craft producers and production in the context of a rural area of Lowland Scotland. The study area and time period chosen were Lowland Perthshire, c.1750-c.1950. Chapter One presents a summary of evidence which points to the likely importance of the trades in rural Scotland in an historical context. This chapter also outlines the main features of the study area. Chapter Two details the methodological considerations necessary for this study, assesses the sources used, and describes the methods adopted. In Chapters Three and Four the importance of the trades in long term change in the countryside is illustrated. Chapter Three focusses on the period of the agricultural Improvements, c.1750-c.1849., and examines both the effects of change on the craft sector and the tradespeople, and also assesses the role of the tradespeople as agents of change. Chapter Four develops a picture of the form of craft production in the nineteenth century, and focusses on the economic aspects. A quantitative analysis of changing numbers in the craft sector is also presented for 1861-1940. The economic theme is continued in Chapter Five which focusses on the involvement of the small scale producers in the credit system. The importance of credit in production is considered, as is the spatial availability of credit and how this varied over time. Chapter Six turns the focus of attention to the social characteristics of the trades by examining the role of the family in small scale production. In addition, features such as family size, structure and the occupations of family members are discussed. Social characteristics are further examined in Chapter Seven. While the small master tradespeople can be assigned as part of a petite bourgeoisie group in structural terms, it is necessary to assess whether such a class can be isolated on the grounds of social relationships and values. Features such as servant holding, the social relations of the credit system, formal organisation among masters and operatives, and local politics are examined to this end. In the conclusion, Chapter Eight, the main points of the thesis are summarised. It is concluded that the tradespeople formed an important socio-economic group.
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Griffiths, Paul. "Some aspects of social history of youth in early modern England, with particular reference to the period c.1560-c.1640." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273130.
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Clarida, Jill Courtney. "Substance Abuse and Psychosocial Factors in the Hepatitis C Population: Identifying Risk Factors in Disease Severity and Quality of Life." VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1531.
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Hepatitis C is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the United States. Research has focused on contributing factors to the development and progression of liver disease, but few studies have considered nicotine use as a potential prognostic factor with CHC. Research has commonly found that CHC patients report with a diminished quality of life. Several factors have been proposed to account for a decrease in QOL; however, the mechanisms underlying the impairment in QOL have not yet been elicited. 76 CHC patients completed self-report measures on a variety of psychosocial variables and biochemical data for determining the patient's liver disease severity was obtained. The findings revealed strong support for the deleterious effects of smoking cigarettes on liver disease symptomatology and its progression. Smokers endorsed experiencing significantly more severe symptoms of fatigue, poor appetite, and headaches. The CHC smokers tended to present with higher scores on the Aspartate Arninotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI). The smokers' mean score is above the cut-off value of 1.50 that indicates a .88 predictive value for the presence of hepatic fibrosis. The level of cigarette consumption could also be a factor in the progression of liver disease. Individuals smoking more than one pack per day tended to report more severe symptoms of fatigue and a poorer appetite. Heavy smokers presented with an APRI mean score above the cut-off value of 2.00 that indicates a .93 negative predictive value for the presence of cirrhosis below the cut-off value.General active coping moderated the relationship between liver disease severity and QOL. The results revealed that patients using more avoidant coping reported lower levels of QOL on the physical and mental component of the SF-36. Tobacco use moderated the relationship between liver disease severity and QOL. Interestingly, smokers reported a higher level of QOL compared to nonsmokers when experiencing more severe liver disease. CHC patients with higher levels of psychological distress reported lower QOL on both physical and mental functioning. Individuals smoking marijuana also tended to report lower levels of QOL on mental functioning. Information garnered from this study is aimed to help slow the progression of advanced liver disease in CHC patients in addition to improving their QOL.
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Côco, Layla Tatiane [UNESP]. "Adesão ao tratamento da Hepatite C - o papel das variáveis sociodemográficas e psicológicas: revisão integrativa." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144422.
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Previous issue date: 2016-09-06<br>Introdução: Adesão ao tratamento refere-se a um comportamento ativo do paciente em relação à doença e ao tratamento compartilhando as decisões com o profissional de saúde. Considera-se a adesão um fenômeno resultante da interação de fatores de diferentes naturezas que afetam diretamente o comportamento do paciente: fatores relacionados ao indivíduo; fatores sociais, econômicos; fatores relacionados ao serviço de saúde e aos profissionais de saúde e ainda os fatores relacionados à doença e ao tratamento. Objetivo: Este estudo propõe-se a realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura nacional e internacional sobre fatores associados à adesão ao tratamento da Hepatite C, com especial ênfase aos fatores psicológicos e sociais. Método: Foram estabelecidas as várias fases deste estudo, segundo o procedimento proposto: elaboração da pergunta de pesquisa, estabelecimento dos critérios para seleção da amostra, apresentação das características das pesquisas selecionadas, análise dos dados, interpretação dos resultados e a síntese da revisão. Realizou-se busca dos artigos nas bases de dados: Medline, Web of Science, Cinahl, Lilacs, Psycinfo, Scopus e Scielo. Foram incluídos artigos nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, publicados entre os anos 2000 a 2016 e excluídos os artigos que não foram considerados pertinentes ao objeto de estudo. Resultados: Obteve-se um corpus com 14 artigos, totalmente estrangeiro, publicado em inglês, nos anos de 2001 a 2015, majoritariamente indexados no Medline, o método quantitativo predominou entre as pesquisas selecionadas (onze artigos) em relação aos qualitativos (três artigos). As variáveis psicológicas pesquisadas em relação à possível associação com a adesão/não adesão ao tratamento de Hepatite C, nos estudos quantitativos, foram: presença de sintomas psicológicos, como ansiedade e depressão, raiva, hostilidade, transtornos psiquiátricos, autoeficácia, ainda foram investigados funcionamento social, problemas interpessoais e comportamentos relacionados à saúde. Esses estudos avaliaram também a possível influência na adesão ao tratamento de características sociodemográficas: idade, ocupação, escolaridade, sexo, etnia, apoio social e ainda o uso de álcool e outras drogas (abstinência e tratamento). Entre estes fatores foi verificada associação significativa entre não adesão e presença de transtornos psiquiátricos, sintomas de depressão, ansiedade fóbica, comportamento hostil, intrusividade, uso regular de substâncias, idade (ser mais jovem), desemprego, não estar em relacionamento estável. Já as variáveis associadas estatisticamente com adesão ao tratamento foram iniciar medicação psiquiátrica durante o tratamento, comportamentos relacionados à saúde (dieta e comportamento alimentar), menor distância do centro de tratamento, genótipo 3, coinfectado HIV e virgens de tratamento. Também foram avaliados três estudos qualitativos em que foram apontadas e discutidas como barreiras e como facilitadores da adesão ao tratamento: percepção e experiências com o tratamento, presença de estigma, apoio social, estratégias de enfrentamento, sistemas de crenças, medo e ansiedade. Conclusões: Conhecer os fatores que podem interferir na adesão ao tratamento da Hepatite C é extremamente importante, seja pela gravidade da doença, pelo aumento de sua incidência, pela complexidade e custo do tratamento que exige adesão completa para se obter RVS, além do impacto pessoal e social dessa doença e de seu tratamento, que faz da Hepatite C um problema de saúde pública. Considera-se que a relevância desta revisão está ainda em apontar a necessidade de se ampliarem as pesquisas sobre o papel das variáveis psicológicas e sociais sobre as características da comunicação com os profissionais de saúde que possam favorecer melhor adesão. Pesquisas com esse intuito, ainda tão ausentes na literatura, poderão contribuir para o desenvolvimento de programas psicoeducativos para que se amplie a adesão aos tratamentos hoje disponíveis.<br>Introduction: Adherence to treatment refers to an active patient behavior regarding the disease and treatment by sharing decisions with the health professional. Adherence is considered a phenomenon resulting from the interaction of factors of different nature that directly affect patient behavior: factors related to the individual; social and economic factors; factors related to health care and health care professionals and also factors related to the disease and treatment. Objective: This study aims to carry out an integrative review of national and international literature of factors associated with adherence to treatment of hepatitis C, with special emphasis to psychological and social factors. Method: We establish the various stages of this study according to the proposed procedure: the development of the research question, establishment of criteria for sample selection, presentation of the characteristics of the selected research, data analysis, interpretation of results and a summary of the review. A search of articles was conducted in the following databases: Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, Lilacs, Psycinfo, Scopus and Scielo. Complete articles were included, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published between 2000 and 2016, and articles considered not relevant to the object of study were excluded. Results: Obtained a corpus with 14 totally foreign articles published in English between 2001-2015, mainly indexed in Medline, the quantitative method predominated among the selected studies (eleven articles) against three articles using the qualitative method. The psychological variables studied in relation to the possible association with adherence/non-adherence to treatment of hepatitis C, in the quantitative study were: presence of psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression, anger, hostility, psychiatric disorders, and self-efficacy, but social functioning, interpersonal problems, behaviors related to health and quality of life were also investigated. These studies also assessed the possible impact on treatment adherence of sociodemographic characteristics: age, occupation, education, gender, ethnicity, social support and even the use of alcohol and other drugs (abstinence and treatment). Among these factors there was significant association between non-adherence and presence of psychiatric disorders, symptoms of depression, phobic anxiety, hostile behavior, intrusiveness, regular substance use, age (being younger), unemployment, not being in a stable relationship. The variables statistically associated with adherence to treatment were: starting psychiatric medication during treatment, health-related behaviors (diet and eating behavior), shorter distance from the center of treatment, genotype 3, HIV co-infected and treatment first timers. The three qualitative studies were also evaluated and the barriers and facilitators of adherence to treatment were identified and discussed: perception and experiences with treatment, presence of stigma, social support, coping strategies, belief systems, fear and anxiety. Conclusions: Knowing the factors that can interfere with adherence to hepatitis C treatment is extremely important because the severity of the disease, the increase in incidence, the complexity and cost of treatment that requires full adherence to achieve SVR in addition to the personal and social impact of the disease and its treatment, which makes it a public health problem. It is considered that the relevance of this review is still to point out the need to expand research on the role of psychological and social variables on the characteristics of communication with health professionals who can promote better adherence. Research to this end, yet so absent from the literature, may contribute to the development of psychoeducational programs to broaden adherence to currently available treatments.
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Silva, Ana Heloisa Veras Ayres. "Análise espacial dos casos das hepatites virais B e C no município de Foz do Iguaçu: análise das variáveis associadas." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3554.
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Previous issue date: 2017-08-11<br>This study aimed to analyze the incidence of hepatitis B and C, according to spatial variation, in Foz do Iguaçu, between 2010 and 2015. It is an ecological, retrospective, cross-sectional study using spatial analysis techniques. Data from hepatitis B and C cases were obtained from the hepatitis clinic of Foz do Iguaçu and the population-based information from the IBGE. Spatial analysis was performed using the GeoDaTM 1.6.7 and QGIS 2.16 softwares. A positive spatial autocorrelation (I = 0.5953 and I = 0.4798; p <0.05) was found, indicating the presence of census tracts clusters in relation to the incidence rates for hepatitis B and C, respectively. A total of 525 cases of hepatitis B were reported, distributed equally among the sex and predominance of the age range of 35 to 49 years-old. Regarding the raw incidence rate, the average was 52.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and 50 High-High type census tracts were found, mainly in the eastern, northeastern and southern districts of the municipality. In relation to hepatitis C, 177 cases were reported, predominantly in men and in the age range of 50 to 64 years-old. Regarding the raw incidence rate the average was 18.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The High-High pattern was found in 35 census tracts, mainly in the East, West, Northeast and South districts. The socioeconomic indicators that were significantly and positively related to hepatitis B were: other types of housing, per capita income between 2 and more than 10 SM and undeclared income, garbage on land or with another destination, houses with 5 inhabitants, use of water from well or other sources and houses without a bathroom, indicating relation with socioeconomically more vulnerable populations. For hepatitis C, the relation with the socioeconomic pattern was different and there was a significant and positive association with: income of the person in charge of 3 to 15 SM and per capita income of 2 to 3 SM at 5 to 10 SM, water from well, other type of water and other garbage. Significant and negative association was obtained with the variables: householder with no declared income, householder income of up to ½ SM, ½ to 1 SM and 1 to 2 SM, per capita income of ½ to 1 SM and without declared income, water in a network, '3, 5, 8 and 10 residents' and collected garbage, indicating that a higher income and more diverse population is affected. For both infections, the level of literacy of the householders was not significant. Hepatitis B reached mainly the populations of census tracts with poorer socioeconomic patterns, which did not necessarily occur with hepatitis C. In conclusion, the city has high incidence rates of hepatitis B and C, its distributions presented spatial dependence determined by socioeconomic factors of the population. The research opens new possibilities for epidemiological research on viral hepatitis, allowing the reflection about the care, prevention and surveillance of viral hepatitis in the border region.<br>Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la incidencia de las hepatitis B y C, según variación espacial, en Foz do Iguaçu, entre 2010 y 2015. Es un estudio ecológico, retrospectivo, transversal, utilizando técnicas de análisis espacial. Los datos de los casos de hepatitis B y C fueron obtenidos en el ambulatorio de hepatitis de Foz do Iguaçu y las informaciones de base poblacional junto al IBGE. El análisis espacial se realizó utilizando los programas GeoDaTM 1.6.7 y QGIS 2.16. Se encontró una autocorrelación espacial positiva (I = 0,5953 e I = 0,4798, p <0,05), indicando la presencia de agrupaciones entre los sectores censales en relación a las tasas de incidencia por hepatitis B y C, respectivamente. Se notificaron 525 casos de hepatitis B, distribuidos equitativamente en cuanto al sexo y predominio del grupo de edad de 35 a 49 años. En cuanto a la tasa de incidencia bruta, la media fue de 52,1 casos por 100.000 habitantes, y se encontraron 50 sectores censales con padrón Alto-Alto, principalmente en los distritos Este, Nordeste y Sur del municipio. En relación a la hepatitis C, 177 casos fueron notificados, con predominio en hombres y grupo de edad de 50 a 64 años. En cuanto a la tasa de incidencia bruta, la media fue de 18,7 casos por 100.000 habitantes. El patrón Alto-Alto fue encontrado en 35 sectores censales, principalmente en los distritos Este, Oeste, Nordeste y Sur. Los indicadores socioeconómicos relacionados de forma significativa y positiva con la hepatitis B fueron: otros tipos de vivienda, renta del responsable entre hasta ½ y 2 salarios mínimos (SM), ingreso per cápita entre 2 y hasta más de 10 SM y renta no declarada, basura en terrenos o con otro destino, casas con 5 residentes, utilización de agua de pozo o de otras fuentes y casas sin baño, indicando relación con la población más vulnerable socioeconómicamente. Para la hepatitis C, la relación con el patrón socioeconómico se presentó diferentemente, donde hubo asociación significante y positiva con: rentas del responsable de 3 a 15 SM y ingreso per cápita de 2 a 3 SM a 5 a 10 SM, agua de pozo, agua otros y basura otros. La asociación significante y negativa fue obtenida con las variables: casa propia, sin renta declarada, renta del responsable hasta ½ SM, ½ a 1 SM y 1 a 2 SM, ingreso per cápita de ½ a 1 SM y sin renta declarada, agua en red, "3, 5, 8 y 10 residentes" y basura recogida, indicando que una población de mayor renta y más diversificada es afectada. Para ambas infecciones, el nivel de alfabetización del responsable no fue significativo. La hepatitis B alcanzó principalmente a las poblaciones de sectores censales con un patrón socioeconómico más pobre, lo que no ocurrió necesariamente con la hepatitis C. Se concluye que el municipio presenta altas tasas de incidencia de hepatitis B y C, que sus distribuciones presentaron dependencia espacial, determinado por factores socioeconómicos de la población. La investigación abre nuevas posibilidades de investigación epidemiológica sobre las hepatitis virales, permitiendo una reflexión acerca de la atención, prevención y vigilancia de las hepatitis virales en la región fronteriza.<br>Este estudo visou analisar a incidência das hepatites B e C, segundo variação espacial, em Foz do Iguaçu, entre 2010 e 2015. É um estudo ecológico, retrospectivo, transversal, utilizando técnicas de análise espacial. Os dados dos casos de hepatites B e C foram obtidos no ambulatório de hepatites de Foz do Iguaçu e as informações de base populacional junto ao IBGE. A análise espacial foi realizada utilizando-se os programas GeoDaTM 1.6.7 e QGIS 2.16. Uma autocorrelação espacial positiva (I = 0,5953 e I = 0,4798; p < 0,05) foi encontrada, indicando a presença de agrupamentos entre os setores censitários em relação às taxas de incidência por hepatite B e C, respectivamente. Foram notificados 525 casos de hepatite B, distribuídos equitativamente quanto ao sexo e predominância da faixa etária de 35 a 49 anos. Quanto à taxa de incidência bruta, a média foi de 52,1 casos por 100.000 habitantes, e foram encontrados 50 setores censitários com padrão Alto-Alto, principalmente nos distritos Leste, Nordeste e Sul do município. Em relação à hepatite C, 177 casos foram notificados, com predominância em homens e faixa etária de 50 a 64 anos. Quanto à taxa de incidência bruta a média foi 18,7 casos por 100.000 habitantes. O padrão Alto-Alto foi encontrado em 35 setores censitários principalmente nos distritos Leste, Oeste, Nordeste e Sul. Os indicadores socioeconômicos relacionados de forma significativa e positiva com a hepatite B foram: outros tipos de moradia, renda do responsável entre até ½ e 2 salários mínimos (SM), renda per capita entre 2 e até mais de 10 SM e renda não declarada, lixo em terrenos ou com outra destinação, casas com 5 moradores, utilização de água de poço ou de outras fontes e casas sem banheiro, indicando relação com população mais vulneráveis socioeconomicamente. Para a hepatite C, a relação com o padrão socioeconômico apresentou-se diferentemente, onde houve associação significante e positiva com: rendas do responsável de 3 a 15 SM e renda per capita de 2 a 3 SM a 5 a 10 SM, água de poço, água outros e lixo outros. Associação significante e negativa foi obtida com as variáveis: casa própria, sem renda declarada, renda do responsável até ½ SM, ½ a 1 SM e 1 a 2 SM, renda per capita de ½ a 1 SM e sem renda declarada, água em rede, ‘3, 5, 8 e 10 moradores’ e lixo coletado, indicando que uma população de maior renda e mais diversificada é afetada. Para ambas as infecções, o nível de alfabetização do responsável não foi significativo. A hepatite B atingiu principalmente as populações de setores censitários com padrão socioeconômico mais pobre, o que não ocorreu necessariamente com a hepatite C. Conclui-se que, o município apresenta altas taxas de incidência de hepatite B e C, que suas distribuições apresentaram dependência espacial, determinado por fatores socioeconômicos da população. A pesquisa abre novas possibilidades de investigação epidemiológica sobre as hepatites virais, permitindo uma reflexão a respeito da atenção, prevenção e vigilância das hepatites virais em região de fronteira.
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Farías, Adrián Alejandro. "Hepatitis C en Córdoba: Implicancias de la coinfección HIV/HCV y cambios locales en el perfil epidemiológico molecular." Doctoral thesis, Farías AA. Hepatitis C en Córdoba: Implicancias de la coinfección HIV/HCV y cambios locales en el perfil epidemiológico molecular [Internet]. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 2013 [citado el 13 de febrero de 2020]. Disponible en: https://rdu.unc.edu.ar/handle/11086/6732, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/6732.
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Tesis - Doctor en Ciencias de la Salud - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Secretaría de Graduados en Ciencias de la Salud, 2013<br>139 h. : il., 29 cm.<br>The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered one of the major causes of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Co-infection with HIV accelerates the progression of liver disease, increases the efficiency of transmission of HCV by non-parental routes and has been associated with the decrease in the effectiveness of HAART. Worldwide, HCV distribution and its molecular pattern are markedly heterogeneous and are continuously changing, due to cultural changes, associated to new risk behaviors, as well as population movements.
The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and genetic diversity of HCV infection in HIV co-infected individuals of Córdoba, evaluate its influence on antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and in HCV transmission, and identify possible changes in HCV genotype distribution pattern of Córdoba in the last 10 years.
This study included the following samples obtained from patients of Córdoba: a) 349 serum samples from chronically infected individuals collected between 1999-2009; b) 86 serum samples from HCV/HIV co-infected patients obtained from a total of 558 HIV+ patients, collected in 2 periods between 2003-2007; and c) 37 biological fluid samples of HCV moninfected (n=21) and HCV/HIV co-infected individuals (n=16) [cervical swab (n=16), saliva (n=37), seminal plasma (n=21) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (n=37)]. RT-nested PCR of the 5’ non-coding region (5’ NC) was used for HCV molecular detection. For genomic characterization and subsequent phylogenetic and viral evolution analysis, non-structural 5B and E1/E2 genomic regions were amplified and sequenced.<br>El virus de la Hepatitis C es considerado una de las principales causas de hepatitis crónica, cirrosis hepática y cáncer hepático. La coinfección con HIV acelera la progresión de la enfermedad hepática, aumenta la efectividad de la transmisión de HCV por vías no parenterales y ha sido asociada a la disminución de la efectividad de la terapia HAART. A nivel mundial, la distribución y el patrón molecular de HCV son marcadamente heterogéneos y se modifican continuamente debido tanto a cambios culturales, asociados a nuevas conductas de riesgo, como a movimientos poblacionales. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la prevalencia y la diversidad genética de la infección por HCV en individuos coinfectados con HIV de Córdoba, evaluar su influencia en la terapia antiretroviral (HAART) y en la transmisión de HCV, y detectar posibles cambios en el patrón regional de distribución de genotipos en los últimos 10 años.
En este estudio se incluyeron las siguientes muestras obtenidas de pacientes de Córdoba: a) 349 muestras de suero obtenidas de individuos crónicamente infectados por HCV colectados entre 1999-2009; b) 86 sueros de pacientes coinfectados HCV/HIV obtenidos de un total de 558 pacientes HIV+, colectados en dos periodos entre 2003-2007; y c) 37 muestras de fluidos biológicos de pacientes monoinfectados (n=21) y coinfectados HCV/HIV (n=16) [hisopado cervical (n=16), saliva (n=37), plasma seminal (n=21) y células mononucleares de sangre periférica (n=37)].
Para la detección molecular de HCV se utilizó RT-nested PCR de la región 5’ no codificante (5’ NC), y para la caracterización genómica y posterior análisis filogenético y evolución viral, se amplificaron y secuenciaron las regiones no estructural 5B y E1/E2.<br>Fil: Farías, Adrián Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Instituto de Virología Dr. José María Vanella; Argentina.
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Lindsay, Christy. "Reading associations in England and Scotland, c.1760-1830." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cfeb9aa2-6917-4356-8d11-b26237c795a5.
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This thesis examines provincial literary culture in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, through the printed and manuscript records of reading associations, the diaries of their members, and a range of other print materials. These book clubs and subscription libraries have often been considered to be polite and sociable institutions, part of the cultural repertoire of a new urban, consumer society. However, this thesis reconsiders reading associations' values and effects through a study of the reading materials they provided, and the reading habits they encouraged; the intellectual and social values which they embodied; and their role in the performance of gender, local and national identities. It questions what politeness meant to associational members, arguing for the importance of morality and order in associational conceptions of propriety, and downplaying their pursuit of structured sociability. This thesis examines how provincial individuals conceived of their relationship to the reading public, arguing that associations provided a tangible link to this abstract national community, whilst also having implications for the 'public' life of localities and families. The thesis also considers how these institutions interacted with enlightenment thought, suggesting that both the associations' reading matter and their philosophies of corporate improvement enabled 'ordinary' men and women to participate in the Enlightenment. It assesses English and Scottish associations, which are usually subjected to separate treatment, arguing that they constituted a shared mechanism of British literary culture in this period. More than simply a 'polite' performance, reading, through associations, was fundamentally linked to status, to citizenship, and to cultural participation.
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Hodes, Rebecca. "Siyayinqoba/Beat it! : HIV/AIDS on South African television c. 1999-2006." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670010.
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Abdesselam, Kahina. "Network Distribution and Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) Inference About People Who Inject Drugs in Ottawa, Ontario." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38744.
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Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is very useful in collecting data from individuals in hidden populations, where a sampling frame does not exist. It starts with researchers choosing initial respondents from a group which may be involved in taboo or illegal activities, after which they recruit other peers who belong to the same group. Analysis results in unbiased estimates of population proportions though with strong assumptions about the underlying social network and RDS recruitment process. These assumptions bear little resemblance to reality, and thus compromise the estimation of any means, population proportions or variances inferred from studies. The topology of the contact network, denoted by the number of links each person has, provides insight into the processes of infectious disease spread. The overall objective of the thesis is to identify the topology of an injection drug use network, and critically review the methods developed to produce estimates. The topology of people who inject drugs (PWID) collected by RDS in Ottawa, 2006 was compared with a Poisson distribution, an exponential distribution, a power-law distribution, and a lognormal distribution. The contact distribution was then evaluated against a small-world network characterized by high clustering and low average distances between individuals. Last a systematic review of the methods used to produce RDS mean and variance estimates was conducted. The Poisson distribution, a type of random distribution, was not an appropriate fit for PWID network. However, the PWID network can be classified as a small world network organised with many connections and short distances between people. Prevention of transmission in such networks should be focussed on the most active people (clustered individuals and hubs) as intervention with any others is less effective. The systematic review contained 32 articles which included the development and evaluation of 12 RDS mean and 6 variance estimators. Overall, the majority of estimators perform roughly the
same, with the exception of RDSIEGO which outperformed the 6 other RDS mean estimators. The Tree bootstrap variance estimate does not rely on modelling RDS as a first order Markov (FOM) process, which seems to be the main limitation of the other existing estimators. The lack of FOM as an assumption and the flexible application of this variance estimator to any RDS point estimate make the Tree bootstrapping estimator a more efficient choice.
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Böckle, Ingrid. "Managerial perceptions of corporate social responsibility and social practices present at McDonalds South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003088.
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This study deals with corporate social responsibility (CSR) and focuses on managerial perceptions of CSR at McDonald’s South Africa (SA) and how social responsibility is translated into social practices. The key objectives of the research are: to analyse McDonald’s both internationally and locally in South Africa to establish whether CSR policies exist, then to investigate how these policies are perceived and integrated by outlet managers. Lastly to investigate what kind of social responsibility (SR) involvement, if at all, occurs at outlet level. The research site covers three regions in South Africa, which are the Eastern Cape, Western Cape and Gauteng. The total research sample is 38. 33 interviewees were outlet managers, who were purposively selected, and 5 additional interviews took place with: 2 McDonald’s SA Head Office representatives, 2 interviews with beneficiaries of McDonald’s SR involvement and 1 with the trade union SACCAWU. The research was carried out through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The design of this research is based on an interpretive social science approach. The aim of the research was to investigate outlet managers’ perceptions of CSR and social practices present at McDonald’s SA outlets. The key findings of the research indicate that: CSR policies at McDonald’s SA head office are not communicated sufficiently to outlet managers, SR involvement is evident, especially for initiatives focusing on children’s welfare, but far too little occurs at the outlet level. There are also too few checks on social involvement by head office and no formal reporting system is available to the outlets except through an internal magazine, called the Big Mag. There is no official CSR report at McDonald’s SA. The fact that no report exists makes this study more relevant since this research investigates matters pertaining to CSR and social practices. The overall significance of the study is that it brings to the forefront the importance of internal company and external broader regulation which is part of the greater debate of CSR. This is because the analysis of managerial perceptions and implementation of CSR shows some unwarranted discrepancies between policies and practices, locally, nationally and internationally even within the same organisation.
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Tsakiropoulou, Ioanna Zoe. "The piety and charity of London's female elite, c.1580-1630 : the wives and widows of the aldermen of the City of London." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1b933cc5-905a-4be0-b10b-a20aec49997a.
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Why was an ideal of elite women's virtue promoted in London c. 1580-1630, and why was it based on their reformed piety and charity? To what extent can elite women's piety and charity reveal their religious identity, among an elite characterised as 'puritan' by contemporaries and historians? How did women practise piety and charity in a worldly City, and did they share a civic ethos? This thesis engages with historiographies of urban history, the history of charity and hospitality, and gender history. It concerns over 400 wives and widows of the 331 aldermen elected 1540-1630, and uses 78 widows' wills. Women's wills are analysed qualitatively save to consider widows' public charitable bequests. From preambles to exceptionally diffuse bequests, wills are an intimate source for studying women's religious identity through their piety and charity. They reveal women's understanding of their gender in a patriarchal society that fostered an attitude of sorority that is particularly evident in women's charity and hospitality. To study the piety and charity of aldermen's wives extra-testamentary personal evidence complements the wills. Sources written by women themselves include a household book used to reconstruct a woman's charity and hospitality, portraits, devotional works and letters. Sources of praise and abuse authored by men including Stow's Survay, funeral sermons, verse libel and verbal abuse are used to reconstruct ideals and antitypes of elite female virtue and hypocrisy, and are read critically in comparison with other sources to furnish evidence of female piety and social conduct. Chapter II-VII focus on the conforming female elite, comparing contemporary discussion of female piety, charity and religious identity to women's lives and practice in the household and the community, and Chapter VIII considers three Catholic women to ask to what extent the civic ethos shared by reformed City women could accommodate even their recusant kinswomen.
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Fredin, Rebecca Layton. "Perceptions of quality of medical care among consumers with schizophrenia who have a comorbid medical illness." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330979750.
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Hall, Arthur Lewis. "The representation of aspects of Afrikaner and British masculinity in the first season of Arende (1989) by Paul C Venter and Dirk de Villiers : a critical analysis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/33360.
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This study performs a critical analysis of the representation of Afrikaner and
British masculinity in the first season of the South African War (1899-1902)
television series Arende (1989-1993). The study first identifies key concepts in
both western identity and masculinity and then moves on to build an historical
theoretical base from which season one is analysed. This theoretical base is
created through the assimilation of historical sources dealing with masculinity and
masculine events from both the Afrikaners and the British.
In order to provide a suitable foundation for the investigation into masculinity, the
study first briefly explores the concept of identity and how it manifests in both the
Afrikaner and British society represented in the first season of Arende. This was
done by using a psychological model designed by Roy F Baumeister (1986) which
involves both individual and societal identity. Identity as a social construct is also
investigated, and the question why identity matters in society is discussed
Arguments for a structuralist semiotic approach to identity in a particular society
are presented.
In dealing with the overview of dominant western masculinity a number of key
terms were identified and discussed. These include patriarchy, the female body
and masculine control, social labelling, gender order and ‘women watching,’ the
family unit, division of labour and public and private space, hegemonic masculinity
and the male hero. After this overview, the study conducted an assimilation
exercise into historic Afrikaner and British masculinity during the time before and
after the South African War. This discussion centres on a number of points
dealing with both societies, namely the model male, male military tradition,
masculine rebels/outcasts and other masculine issues, and male relations with
women.
The final part of this study involves the analysis of the masculine theory,
generated in the previous chapter, on the Arende text. This was done by selecting six characters from each of the two societies in season one and describing how
they represent themselves in a masculine manner (or not).<br>Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>gm2014<br>Visual Arts<br>unrestricted
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Telionis, Pyrros A. "Novel Applications of Geospatial Analysis in the Modeling of Infectious Diseases." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89432.
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At the intersection of geography and public health, the field of spatial epidemiology seeks to use the tools of geospatial analysis to answer questions about disease. In this work we explore two areas: the use of geostatistical modeling as an extension of niche modeling, and the use of mobility metrics to augment modeling for epidemic responses.
Niche modeling refers to the practice of using statistical methods to relate the underlying spatially distributed environmental variables to an outcome, typically presence or absence of a species. Such work is common in disease ecology, and often focuses on exploring the range of a disease vector or pathogen. The technique also allows one to explore the importance of each underlying regressor, and the effect it has on the outcome. We demonstrate that this concept can be extended, through geostatistical modeling, to explore non-logistic phenomena such as incidence. When combined with weather forecasts, such efforts can even predict incidence of an upcoming season, allowing us to estimate the total number of expected cases, and where we would expect to find them. We demonstrate this in Chapter 2, by forecasting the incidence of melioidosis in Australia given weather forecasts a year prior. We also evaluate the efficacy of this technique and explore the impact of environmental variables such as elevation on melioidosis.
But these techniques are not limited to free-living and vector-borne pathogens. We theorize that they can also be applied to diseases that spread exclusively by person-to-person contact. Exploring this allows us to find areas of underreporting, as well as areas with unusual local forcing which might merit further investigation by the health department. We also explore this in Chapter 4, by relating the incidence of hepatitis C in rural Virginia to demographic data.
The West African Ebola Outbreak of 2014 demonstrated the need to include mobility in predictive disease modeling. One can no longer assume that neglected tropical diseases will remain contained and immobile, and the assumption of random mixing across large areas is unwise. Our efforts with modeling mobility are twofold. In Chapter 3, we demonstrate the creation of mobility metrics from open source road and river network data. We then demonstrate the usefulness of such data in a meta-population patch model meant to forecast the spread of Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In Chapter 4, we also demonstrate that mobility data can be used to strengthen outbreak detection via hotspot analysis, and to augment incidence models by factoring in the incidence rates of neighboring areas. These efforts will allow health departments to more accurately forecast incidence, and more readily identify disease hotspots of atypical size and shape.<br>Doctor of Philosophy<br>The focus of this work is called “spatial epidemiology”, which combines geography with public health, to answer the where, and why, of disease. This is a growing field, and you’ve likely seen it in the news and media. Have you ever seen a map of the United States turning red in some virus disaster movie? The real thing looks a lot like that. After the Ebola outbreak of 2014, public health agencies wanted to know where the next one might hit. Now that there is another outbreak, we need to ask where and how will it spread? What areas are hardest hit, and how bad is it going to get? We can answer all these questions with spatial epidemiology. Our work adds to two aspects of spatial epidemiology: niche modeling, and mobility. We use niche modeling to determine where we could find certain diseases, usually those that are spread by insects or animals. Consider Lyme disease, you get it from the bite of a tick, and the tick gets it from a white-footed mouse. But both the mice and ticks only live in certain parts of the country. With niche modeling we can determine where those are, and we can also guess at what makes those areas attractive to the mice and ticks. Is it winter harshness, summer temperatures, rainfall, and/or elevation? Is it something else? In Chapter 2, we show that you can extend this idea. Instead of just looking at where the disease is, what if we could guess how many people will get infected? What if we could do so, a year in advance? We show that this can be done, but we need a good idea of what the weather will be like next year. In Chapter 4, we show that you can do the same thing with hepatitis C. Instead of Lyme’s ticks and mice, hepatitis C depends on drug-use, unregulated tattooing, and unsafe sex. And like with Lyme, these things are only found in certain places. Instead of temperature or rainfall, we now need to find areas with drug-problems and poverty. But we can get an idea of this from the Census Bureau, and we can make a map of hepatitis C as easily as we did for Lyme. But hepatitis C spreads person-to-person. So, we need some idea of how people move around the area. This is where mobility comes in. Mobility is important for most public health work, from detecting outbreaks to estimating where the disease will spread next. In Chapter 3, we show how one could create a mobility model for a rural area where few maps exist. We also show how to use that model to guess where the next cases of Ebola will show up. In Chapter 4, we show how you could use mobility to improve outbreak and hotspot detection. We also show how it’s used to help estimate the number of cases in an area. Because that number depends on how many cases are imported from the surrounding areas. And the only way to estimate that is with mobility.
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Reimers, Mia. "The glamour and the horror a social history of wartime, northwestern British Columbia, 1939-1945 /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0029/MQ62493.pdf.
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Serafim, Milena Pavan 1981. "A politica cientifica e tecnologica e a politica de inclusão social : buscando convergencia." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286692.
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Orientador: Renato Peixoto Dagnino<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T23:50:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: Esta dissertação analisa duas políticas públicas ¿ a política científica e tecnológica (PCT) e a política de inclusão social (PIS) ¿ e tem como ponto de partida a constatação de que existe uma inadequada interação entre elas. Como objetivo, este trabalho busca produzir elementos cognitivos capazes de possibilitar sua interlocução e convergência. Como hipótese explicativa da inadequada interação entre as duas políticas e de sua incapacidade para viabilizar a inclusão social, apontamos para o modelo cognitivo usado para a sua elaboração. O entendimento que os atores envolvidos com as políticas - formuladores, gestores, estudiosos da PIS e da PCT, etc. ¿ têm da relação entre ciência, tecnologia e sociedade e, em particular, a predominância das concepções da neutralidade e do determinismo científico e tecnológico, que ocupa um papel central nesse modelo cognitivo, é a importante condicionante dessa situação. Para estudar essa inadequada interação, usamos o instrumental de Análise de Política, dada a sua capacidade de explicitar os aspectos políticos envolvidos no processo de elaboração das políticas públicas e como estes influenciam o seu conteúdo. É privilegiada a análise dos processos de identificação de prioridades, de conformação da agenda e de formulação da política, por entendermos que eles são importantes para identificar o modelo cognitivo das políticas e, no âmbito de nosso trabalho, caracterizar a inadequada interação entre as duas políticas. O estudo da trajetória das duas políticas revelou mudanças mais ou menos concomitantes, associadas às alterações do contexto que as envolve. No caso do período mais recente, embora o governo atual tenha proposto um estilo de desenvolvimento distinto do até então adotado, o modelo cognitivo das duas políticas não se alterou de forma significativa, uma vez que foram mantidas aquelas concepções acerca da C&T. Como proposta normativa, este trabalho concebeu o que denominamos de "Enfoque Científico-tecnológico para Inclusão Social" orientado a viabilizar a interação entre as duas políticas através da constituição de um modelo cognitivo baseado na crítica àquelas duas concepções<br>Abstract: This Master's dissertation is focused on the analysis of two important public policies: science and technology policy and social inclusion policy. The study is based on the perception that the interaction between the two policies is rather inadequate. It is thus directed to discussing elements that may be used toward stimulating the interaction and convergence of these two policies. As an explanatory hypothesis regarding this inadequate interaction and the constraint it represents for social inclusion, we point out to the cognitive model used in the elaboration of these two policies. The perception shared by those involved with this process ¿ policy makers, administrators, STP and SIP researchers, etc. ¿ regarding science and technology and their relation to society, and particularly the view on scientific and technological neutrality and determinism, which plays a pivotal role in this cognitive model, is the main cause of this situation. In order to study in detail this inadequate interaction between the two policies, the Policy Analysis framework is utilized, given its capability of unveiling political aspects that involve policy making and policy characteristics. The analytical tools for priority identification, agenda conformation and policy making are emphasized, due to their importance in allowing a more complete understanding of public policies, including the cognitive model that shapes them and the aspects of their interaction. The analysis of the trajectory of these two policies has revealed some significant changes, somewhat connected, that are associated to some broader contextual changes. Particularly in the more recent period, despite a new proposal for development from the current office, it is noted that the cognitive model of the two policies has not been significantly altered, due to the persistence of the views on scientific and technological neutrality and determinism. As a normative proposal, the ¿Cognitive Approach to Social Inclusion¿ is presented. It is directed towards allowing the interaction between the two policies through the construction of a cognitive model based on the criticism concerned the views on scientific and technological neutrality and determinism<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica
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Freitas, Junior Moacir de [UNESP]. "O industrial e o salário: a contribuição de Roberto Simonsen para os estudos sobre padrão de vida de trabalhadores no Brasil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104701.
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000733675.pdf: 772007 bytes, checksum: a4852fff8773ba08aabb9493ea417288 (MD5)<br>O intento desta tese é investigar a contribuição de Roberto Simonsen para o conhecimento e a melhora das condições de vida dos trabalhadores no Brasil. Nossa hipótese é a de que o intelectual contribuiu de maneira fundamental para que o tema das condições de vida dos trabalhadores, especialmente dos operários, fosse inserido em uma agenda mais ampla, a do nacional-desenvolvimentismo, para a qual também contribuiu de maneira significativa, conforme debateremos ao longo deste trabalho. A obra de Simonsen é ampla e aborda aspectos variados, que se estendem desde os problemas centrais de nossa história econômica e social até questões relativas ao associativismo empresarial. Optamos por este tema porque entendemos que Simonsen tinha uma especial atenção para o tema das condições de vida e entendia que a superação da pobreza era a chave para que o Brasil se tornasse um país desenvolvido economicamente. Entendemos e pretendemos demonstrar ao longo do trabalho que foi a partir da constatação da situação de carestia em que a classe trabalhadora vivia no Brasil que o autor desenvolveu seus importantes conceitos sobre a economia e sobre a necessidade da industrialização como forma de superação da pobreza, sendo o tema o centro de suas teorias, o cerne, o alicerce do qual partiu para erguer o corolário de ideias sobre o Brasil e o mundo que o consagraram como um pensador do Brasil<br>The intent of this thesis is to investigate the contribution of Roberto Simonsen, for knowledge and improvement of living conditions of workers in Brazil. Our hypothesis is that the intellectual contributed in a fundamental way to the theme of the living conditions of workers, especially workermens, was inserted into a broader agenda, that of national developmentalism, to which she also contributed significantly, as we will discuss throughout this work. The work of Simonsen is broad and covers various aspects, which extend from the central problems of our economic and social history to issues relating to business associations. We chose this theme because we believe that Simonsen had a special attention to the issue of living conditions and understand that overcoming poverty was the key for Brazil, to become a developed country economically. We understand and we intend to demonstrate over the work, that was based on the statement of the situation of famine in the working class lived in Brazil, that the author developed his important concepts, about the economy and about the need for industrialization as a means of overcoming poverty, and the subject at the center of their theories, the core, the foundation of which went to build the corollary ideas about Brazil and the world consecrated as a thinker of Brazil
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Paterson, Craig. "Prohibition & resistance: a socio-political exploration of the changing dynamics of the southern African cannabis trade, c. 1850 - the present." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002403.
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Looking primarily at the social and political trends in South Africa over the course of the last century and a half, this thesis explores how these trends have contributed to the establishment of the southern Africa cannabis complex. Through an examination of the influence which the colonial paradigm based on Social Darwinian thinking had on the understanding of the cannabis plant in southern Africa, it is argued that cannabis prohibition and apartheid laws rested on the same ideological foundation. This thesis goes on to argue that the dynamics of cannabis production and trade can be understood in terms of the interplay between the two themes of ‘prohibition’ and ‘resistance’. Prohibition is not only understood to refer to cannabis laws, but also to the proscription of inter-racial contact and segregation dictated by the apartheid regime. Resistance, then, refers to both resistance to apartheid and resistance to cannabis laws in this thesis. Including discussions on the hippie movement and development of the world trade, the anti-apartheid movement, the successful implementation of import substitution strategies in Europe and North America from the 1980’s, and South Africa’s incorporation into the global trade, this thesis illustrates how the apartheid system (and its collapse) influenced the region’s cannabis trade.
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L, Potter Yvonne. "Progress, pubs and piety : Port Adelaide 1836-1915." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php869.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 504-529) Argues that social tensions evolved at Port Adelaide, South Australia, between the stable, traditional environment both the working and middle class settlers were trying to create for their families, and the wharfside activities of brawls, bars and brothels which were a common way of life for many transient seafarers after long periods at sea.
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Brener, Loren Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Implicit and explicit attitudes of health care workers and their injecting drug using clients with hepatitis C: is this related to treatment experiences?" 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40603.
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People with hepatitis C (HCV) face stigma and discrimination because of the association of this disease with injecting drug use (IDU). Research has found that many instances of HCV-related discrimination occur in the health care sector. Health care workers' beliefs about their HCV positive clients are likely to influence how they relate to clients and their treatment delivery. This research assessed the implicit and explicit attitudes of both health care workers and their HCV positive injecting drug using (HCV+) clients toward each other and then established whether these affect the treatment experiences of health care workers and clients. The sample consisted of 60 health care workers (doctors and nurses), 120 HCV+ and 120 HCV- clients, recruited from the same treatment facility. Participants were given a series of attitude and treatment experiences measures to complete. Data illustrate that while health care workers' and HCV+ clients' explicit attitudes towards each other were positive, clients with HCV still rated their health care workers less highly and reported less satisfaction with their treatment than HCV- clients. Analyses also indicated that more conservative health care workers displayed greater prejudice toward their HCV+ clients because they believe that injecting drug use is controllable. This prejudice toward IDUs on the part of health care workers was associated with worry about the behaviour of IDU clients and this worry in turn predicted differences in treatment experiences reported by HCV+ and HCV- clients. These data support the contention that health care worker concerns, particularly those related to injecting drug use, underlie discriminatory treatment of people with HCV. Finally the research also addressed the impact of health care worker contact with HCV+ clients on their attitudes towards this group. Analysis revealed that while health care workers who have had more contact with people with HCV show more positive explicit attitudes, they also show less favourable implicit attitudes toward IDUs. This may reflect the difficulties and stresses associated in caring for IDUs and may provide insight into the hidden costs involved for health care workers working with a population that may be challenging and at times difficult to manage.
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Thetford, H. Clare. "Reconceiving the Spoiled Female Identity: Childbearing and Motherhood among Women with Hepatitis C." Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48208.
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This thesis explores the impact of hepatitis C on women’s childbearing decisions and experiences of motherhood. A partial grounded theory approach was used, in which 34 women living with hepatitis C participated in semi-structured interviews to determine the direct and indirect effects of hepatitis C on their own personal decisions regarding childbearing and to describe their lived experiences of motherhood. The qualitative interview data were analysed thematically, in which common themes were identified and explored. ¶ Three key areas are explored: women’s social experience of hepatitis C; hepatitis C and childbearing decisions; and the meaning of motherhood for women with hepatitis C. ¶ ...
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Parboosing, Raveen. "Clinical and epidemiological aspects of HIV and Hepatitis C virus co-infection in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1005.
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HIV is known to affect the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis and natural history of HCV infection whilst studies on the effects of HCV on HIV have shown conflicting results and are confounded by the influence of intravenous drug use and anti-retroviral therapy. This study was conducted in KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa where HIV is predominantly a sexually transmitted infection. Intravenous drug use is rare in this region and the study population was naive to anti-retroviral therapy. For this study, specimens from selected sentinel sites submitted to a central laboratory for routine HIV testing were screened for anti-HCV IgG antibodies. HIV positive HCV-positive patients were compared to HIV-positive HCV-negative patients in a subgroup of patients within this cohort in order to determine if HCV sero-prevalence was associated with clinical outcomes in a linked anonymous retrospective chart survey. The prevalence of HCV was 6.4% and that of HIV, 40.2%. There was a significantly higher prevalence of HCV among HIV infected patients as compared to HIV negative patients (13.4% vs. 1.73% respectively). HCV-HIV co-infected patients had significantly increased mortality (8.3 vs. 21%). A significant association was found between HCV serostatus and abnormal urea and creatinine levels. Hepatitis B surface antigen seropo-sitivity was not found to be a confounding factor. This study has found that hepatitis C co-infection is more common in HIV positive individuals and is associated with an increased mortality and renal morbidity.<br>Thesis (M.Med.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.
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"Determination of the differential roles of wild-type and C-terminal truncated hepatitis B virus X protein in hepatocarcinogenesis and construction of inducible cells expressing truncated HBx." 2007. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896731.
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Li, Sai Kam.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-179).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Abstract --- p.i<br>Abstract in Chinese (摘要） --- p.ii<br>Acknowledgements --- p.iii<br>Table of Content --- p.iv<br>Abbreviations --- p.xi<br>List of Figures --- p.xiv<br>List of Tables --- p.xvii<br>Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Hepatitis B Virus<br>Chapter 1.1.1 --- General information --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1.2 --- Classification --- p.2<br>Chapter 1.1.3 --- Virus life cycle and genome --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.1.4 --- Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) --- p.7<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Enigmatic functions of HB --- p.x<br>Chapter 1.2.1 --- HBx as a transactivator --- p.10<br>Chapter 1.2.2 --- HBx as a cell cycle regulator --- p.12<br>Chapter 1.2.3 --- HBx as an apoptosis modulator --- p.13<br>Chapter 1.3 --- Etiology of HBV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis --- p.14<br>Chapter 1.4 --- Clinical mutants of HBV --- p.16<br>Chapter 1.5 --- Hypothesis and aims of the research --- p.16<br>Chapter 1.6 --- Basis of Tet-On system --- p.18<br>Chapter CHPATER 2 --- EXPERIMENT MATERIALS<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Cell culture<br>Chapter 2.1.1 --- Cell-lines --- p.21<br>Chapter 2.1.2 --- Culture medium --- p.22<br>Chapter 2.1.3 --- Culture medium supplements --- p.23<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Reagents for subcloning<br>Chapter 2.2.1 --- Reagents for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) --- p.24<br>Chapter 2.2.2 --- Reagents for restriction enzyme digestion --- p.24<br>Chapter 2.2.3 --- Reagents for ligation --- p.25<br>Chapter 2.2.4 --- Reagents for electrophoresis --- p.25<br>Chapter 2.2.5 --- Reagents for E. coli DH5a preparation --- p.25<br>Chapter 2.2.6 --- Materials for bacterial culture work --- p.27<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Reagents for subcellular localization study<br>Chapter 2.3.1 --- Reagents for cell staining --- p.28<br>Chapter 2.3.2 --- Reagents for mounting slides --- p.29<br>Chapter 2.3.3 --- Materials for site-directed mutagenesis --- p.29<br>Chapter 2.4 --- Reagents for cell cycle analysis and cellular proliferation<br>Chapter 2.4.1 --- Reagents for cell cycle analysis --- p.29<br>Chapter 2.4.2 --- Reagents for cellular proliferation study --- p.30<br>Chapter 2.5 --- Reagents for protein expression study<br>Chapter 2.5.1 --- Cell lysis buffer --- p.30<br>Chapter 2.5.2 --- Reagents for SDS-PAGE --- p.30<br>Chapter 2.5.3 --- Reagents for Western blot --- p.33<br>Chapter 2.5.4 --- Antibodies --- p.34<br>Chapter 2.6 --- Reagents for gene expression study<br>Chapter 2.6.1 --- Reagents for RNA extraction --- p.36<br>Chapter 2.6.2 --- Reagents for first strand cDNA synthesis --- p.37<br>Chapter 2.6.3 --- Reagents for real-time PCR --- p.37<br>Chapter 2.7 --- Reagents for establishment of Tet-On inducible stable cell-lines<br>Chapter 2.7.1 --- Reagents for MTT assay --- p.38<br>Chapter 2.7.2 --- Reagents for selection of stable clones --- p.38<br>Chapter 2.8 --- Vectors used in the project<br>Chapter 2.8.1 --- Vectors for subcellular localization study --- p.39<br>Chapter 2.8.2 --- Vectors for establishment of Tet-on inducible cell-lines --- p.39<br>Chapter 2.9 --- Primers used in the project<br>Chapter 2.9.1 --- Primers used for subcloning --- p.42<br>Chapter 2.9.2 --- Primers used for site-directed mutagenesis --- p.43<br>Chapter 2.9.3 --- Primers used in real-time chain polymerase reaction --- p.43<br>Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESEARCH METHODS<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Subcloning of HBx and mutant genes into a green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression vector<br>Chapter 3.1.1 --- Amplification of HBxWt，HBxΔC44 and HBxAN60 genes --- p.45<br>Chapter 3.1.2 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.46<br>Chapter 3.1.3 --- Restriction enzyme digestion --- p.47<br>Chapter 3.1.4 --- Ligation of gene products with pEGFP-C 1 vector --- p.47<br>Chapter 3.1.5 --- Preparation of chemically competent bacterial cells E. coli strain DH5α --- p.47<br>Chapter 3.1.6 --- Transformation of the ligation product into competent cells --- p.48<br>Chapter 3.1.7 --- PCR confirmation of successful ligation --- p.48<br>Chapter 3.1.8 --- Small scale preparation of bacterial plasmid DNA --- p.49<br>Chapter 3.1.9 --- DNA sequencing of the cloned plasmid DNA --- p.50<br>Chapter 3.1.10 --- Large scale preparation of target recombinant plasmid DNA --- p.50<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Subcellular localization pattern study<br>Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cell transfection --- p.51<br>Chapter 3.2.2 --- Mitochondria and nucleus staining --- p.52<br>Chapter 3.2.3 --- Epi-fluorescence microscopy --- p.53<br>Chapter 3.2.4 --- Analysis of fluorescence images --- p.53<br>Chapter 3.2.5 --- In vitro site-directed mutagenesis --- p.53<br>Chapter 3.3 --- Cell cycle phase analysis with flow cytometry<br>Chapter 3.3.1 --- Cell transfection --- p.55<br>Chapter 3.3.2 --- Cell staining --- p.55<br>Chapter 3.3.3 --- Flow cytometry --- p.55<br>Chapter 3.4 --- Cellular proliferation quantification by BrdU proliferation assay<br>Chapter 3.4.1 --- Cell transfection --- p.57<br>Chapter 3.4.2 --- BrdU ELISA measurement --- p.57<br>Chapter 3.5 --- Protein expression<br>Chapter 3.5.1 --- Cell lysate collection --- p.58<br>Chapter 3.5.2 --- Quantification of protein samples --- p.59<br>Chapter 3.5.3 --- SDS-PAGE --- p.59<br>Chapter 3.5.4 --- Western blot --- p.60<br>Chapter 3.5.5 --- Western blot luminal detection --- p.60<br>Chapter 3.6 --- Gene expression<br>Chapter 3.6.1 --- Primer design --- p.61<br>Chapter 3.6.2 --- Cell transfection --- p.61<br>Chapter 3.6.3 --- RNA extraction --- p.61<br>Chapter 3.6.4 --- Reverse transcription for first strand complementary DNA (cDNA) --- p.63<br>Chapter 3.6.5 --- Quantitative real-time PCR --- p.63<br>Chapter 3.7 --- Establishment of Tet-On inducible stable cell-lines<br>Chapter 3.7.1 --- Subcloning of HBx gene into pTRE2 vector --- p.64<br>Chapter 3.7.2 --- Construction of WRL68/Tet-On stable cell-lines --- p.64<br>Chapter 3.7.3 --- Construction of WRL68/Tet-On HBx and mutants expression cell-lines --- p.68<br>Chapter 3.7.4 --- Characterization of Tet-On gene expression monoclones --- p.69<br>Chapter 3.8 --- Statistical analyses --- p.70<br>Chapter CHPATER 4 --- STUDY ON MITOCHONDRIA TARGETING<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Establishment of pEGFP-Cl-HBx and mutants constructs --- p.71<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Transactivation C-terminus domain is essential for granular localization --- p.73<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Wild-type HBx localizes in mitochondria --- p.76<br>Chapter 4.4 --- C-terminal transactivation domain is sufficient for mitochondria targeting --- p.79<br>Chapter 4.5 --- Mapping of the HBx region crucial for mitochondria targeting --- p.81<br>Chapter 4.6 --- The 111-117 amino acids in HBx do not work as a signal peptide --- p.83<br>Chapter 4.7 --- Site-directed mutagenesis identifies the key amino acid at 115 in HBx for mitochondrial targeting --- p.85<br>Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CELL PROLIFERATION AND REGULATION<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Alteration of S-phase distribution in cell cycle --- p.88<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Analysis of DNA synthesis using BrdU proliferation ELISA --- p.92<br>Chapter 5.3 --- Differential molecular regulation of cell cycle --- p.94<br>Chapter 5.4 --- Regulation of the mRNA expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors p2raf/cipl and p27kipl --- p.98<br>Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- TRANSACTIVATION AND RAS/RAF/MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION<br>Chapter 6.1 --- Determination of p53-dependency of p21、vaf/cipl expression --- p.101<br>Chapter 6.2 --- Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway activation by HBx variants<br>Chapter 6.2.1 --- ERK1/2 phophorylation by HBx variants --- p.104<br>Chapter 6.2.2 --- ERK inhibition blocks the regulation effect on p53Wt and p21waf/cipl --- p.107<br>Chapter 6.3 --- Transactivation activity on oncogenes/ proto-oncogenes<br>Chapter 6.3.1 --- Effect on c-myc (NM´ؤ002467) mRNA expression --- p.109<br>Chapter 6.3.2 --- Effect on RhoC (NM_017744) and Rabl4 (NM´ؤ016322) mRNA expression --- p.112<br>Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONSTRUCTION OF TET-ON INDUCIBLE CELL-LINES<br>Chapter 7.1 --- Establishment of WRL/Tet-On monoclonal cell-lines Page<br>Chapter 7.1.1 --- Determination of geneticin selection dosage --- p.116<br>Chapter 7.1.2 --- Selection of the best WRL/TOn clone using luciferase assay --- p.118<br>Chapter 7.2 --- Establishment of inducible WRL/TOn/Gene monoclonal cell-lines<br>Chapter 7.2.1 --- Determination of hygromycin selection dosage --- p.120<br>Chapter 7.2.2 --- Selection of positive WRL/TOn/Gene clones with viral genes --- p.122<br>Chapter 7.3 --- Characterization of TOXDC1 cell-line<br>Chapter 7.3.1 --- Cell morphology --- p.125<br>Chapter 7.3.2 --- Growth pattern of TOXDC1 --- p.126<br>Chapter 7.3.3 --- HBxAC44 induced p21waf/cipl mRNA expression --- p.127<br>Chapter 7.3.4 --- Doxycycline concentration dependent HBxAC44 expression in TOXDC1 --- p.129<br>Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- DISCUSSION<br>Chapter 8.1 --- Selection of cell model<br>Chapter 8.1.1 --- Selection of cell models --- p.130<br>Chapter 8.1.2 --- Selection of truncation mutant --- p.131<br>Chapter 8.2 --- Differential sub-cellular localization of HBx and its variants<br>Chapter 8.2.1 --- Mechanisms of mitochondria targeting --- p.132<br>Chapter 8.2.2 --- Mitochondria as site of HBx-induced apoptosis --- p.134<br>Chapter 8.2.3 --- Stimulation of calcium release from mitochondria by wild-type HBx --- p.135<br>Chapter 8.3 --- Cell cycle distribution profiling and its regulations<br>Chapter 8.3.1 --- Cell cycle pattern and cell proliferation --- p.136<br>Chapter 8.3.2 --- Differential cell cycle molecular pathway activation --- p.138<br>Chapter 8.4 --- Ras/Raf/MAPK mediated transactivation by HBxWt and its mutants<br>Chapter 8.4.1 --- p53-mediated p21waf/cipl expression --- p.142<br>Chapter 8.4.2 --- ERK-mediated p21waf/cipl and wild-type p53 mRNA expression --- p.143<br>Chapter 8.4.3 --- Regulation of oncogenes/ proto-oncogenes expression --- p.147<br>Chapter 8.5 --- General discussions on differential effects of HBxWt and HBxAC44 --- p.149<br>Chapter 8.6 --- Establishment of Tet-On/HBxAC44 cell-line TOXDC1 --- p.153<br>Chapter 8.7 --- Conclusions --- p.154<br>Chapter 8.8 --- Future Prospects<br>Chapter 8.8.1 --- From mitochondria targeting to calcium signaling --- p.157<br>Chapter 8.8.2 --- Construction of a complete cell cycle regulation pathway --- p.158<br>Chapter 8.8.3 --- Elucidation of the transcriptional transactivation regulation --- p.159<br>Chapter 8.8.4 --- To make the best use of the Tet-on stable cell-line TOXDC1 --- p.159<br>Chapter 8.8.5 --- Study with other carboxy-terminal truncation mutants --- p.160<br>Chapter 8.8.6 --- In vivo study --- p.160<br>REFERENCES --- p.162
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Buczek, Magdalena Marta. "Qualitative study of a primary care-based hepatitis C treatment program at a safety-net hospital." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/23754.
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INTRODUCTION: Mortality associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is increasing, yet only a small percentage of HCV-infected individuals are aware of their infections, complete treatment, and achieve a cure, defined as a sustained virologic response. In March 2015, the Section of General Internal Medicine at Boston Medical Center (BMC), New England’s largest safety-net hospital, implemented the Adult Primary Care HCV Treatment and Triage Program to increase access to treatment. We are unaware of prior studies that have explored a pharmacist-centered primary care-based HCV treatment model in the era of newer direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications.
OBJECTIVES: To gain a deeper understanding of the roles of each program staff member, as well as an understanding of how primary care providers (PCPs) who refer patients to the program perceive and interact with the program. Such an understanding will help promote implementation and dissemination of the program.
METHODS: We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with six staff members and with five PCPs in the Section of General Internal Medicine at BMC who refer patients to the program. We asked staff members about their roles and their perception of the program’s impact on patient linkage to HCV treatment. We probed PCPs about their experiences with HCV screening, referral, and follow-up processes, and differences in accessing HCV treatment for their patients prior to and following the implementation of the program. We audiotaped and transcribed interviews, and identified major themes through qualitative analysis.
RESULTS: We identified five major themes that characterize how the HCV treatment program delivers care: 1) efficiency (“So here I feel like…they get evaluated…they get treated. Boom, it’s done”); 2) clear and open communication (“…one of the strengths of our program is that we have…a lot of direct contact with patients…”); 3) personalized medicine (“…I've set up the pill box for them [patients]…we tailor it to whatever they need”); 4) high patient engagement (“So if I get a referral for a patient…I call the patient three times. If I haven’t heard from the patient…I send them a letter and I tell the PCP”); 5) patient empowerment through education (“I think patient education is the best thing…if the patient is involved then… they’ll do what they need to do”). Additionally, the public health social worker and the pharmacist play key roles in the program. The social worker supports patients throughout treatment and addresses psychosocial barriers to treatment engagement (“I had a patient…who stopped taking his medication because his apartment was infested with bed bugs…[Social worker] got the patient furniture for free and got an exterminator…”). The pharmacist provides medication management during face-to-face patient visits (“…I go over everything imaginable...proper adherence…adverse effects, interactions…”).
CONCLUSIONS: The HCV treatment program at BMC is a promising model to deliver HCV treatment to urban, underserved patient populations. Our findings suggest that public health social workers and pharmacists may be one approach to increasing access to HCV treatment in primary care settings in the era of DAA medications. Further study of the program’s efficacy in improving HCV outcomes is warranted.
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Cabral, Naciely Manuela. "Structures of risk: lived experiences of multi-syndemic clustering in the greater Boston area." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/23775.
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People who experience structural violence are an increased risk for health conditions including HIV and Hepatitis C. Particularly they are at greater risk for experiencing known syndemic interactions between these two chronic infectious diseases. The risks are mediated bio-socially through the ways that structural inequality increases social and biological vulnerability to illness and suffering. Structural inequalities, or experiences of structural violence shape environments of risk; environments of risks increase social and biological vulnerability to the structures of risk promoting syndemic interactions between biological, behavioral, and psychological conditions. The lived experiences of people diagnosed with a combination of HIV, HCV, and mental health conditions (MHC) (e.g., mood disorders and depression) are, however, thus far understudied. Many aspects and consequences of structural violence and social suffering; poverty, homelessness, substance use, lack of access to healthcare, and structural risks for HIV, HCV, MHC and interactions between the three. Through this mixed-methods, primarily qualitative, ethnographic fieldwork with individuals in the Boston area living with HIV, HCV, or both HIV and HCV, or suffering from MHC I ethnographically explore people’s perceptions of their vulnerability to these syndemic interactions. I also investigate their experiences of being at-risk for these conditions. Through this process, I seek to illuminate individuals’ understandings of the impact structures of risk (i.e., substance use, food insecurity and unstable housing) have on lived experiences with HIV/HCV, HIV/MHC, and HCV/MHC syndemics. The perceptions of the lived realities of disease-behavioral-psychological interactions and health consequences are analyzed in the context of substance use. Substance use’s biological and social dimensions have a role in promoting syndemic interactions for each of the syndemics experienced within this population. Therefore, substance use is a syndemogenic factor because of its role as a mediator for environments of risks, and as a structural risk factor in all three of these syndemics. These interactions, and consequential health outcomes, in sufferers’ own words, enrich the landscape of syndemics research, producing a clearer picture regarding the structures of risks affecting this vulnerable group in the greater Boston area.
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""去污名化"的政治: 中国乙肝携带者与公民社会组织的反歧视抗争". 2013. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5549711.
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近年来，针对就业和就学中遭遇歧视的困境，中国乙肝携带者发起一场要求消除歧视、维护合法权益的抗争运动。为什么乙肝携带者就业歧视问题在中国如此显著？面对国家和市场这两大最具权势的系统，公民社会将何以对抗？本文旨在从社会学的视角对这场“将‘乙肝’去除"的运动进行解读。<br>本文采用个案研究方法，以北京益仁平中心为主要研究对象，围绕 “乙肝"在中国的建构和重构过程，将研究聚焦于三个方面：第一，乙肝污名化过程以及国家、市场中的话语权；第二，反乙肝歧视维权运动的条件和动员机制；第三，“将‘乙肝’去除"中的政治和权力话语三角。<br>本文从社会运动理论中的资源动员、政治机会结构和框架理论出发解读中国乙肝携带者的维权运动；将运动中的微观景象与宏观社会结构结合起来，考察影响乙肝携带者维权运动的主要因素以及运动的动员机制。研究伊始分别从国家和市场两个领域审视乙肝歧视问题在中国的建构过程，阐明乙肝污名化是政府权威以及市场中医药商和医学权威共谋下的合力作用，从而为乙肝携带者反歧视抗争运动的后续研究选择一个合适的立足点。笔者在案例中发现，组织在维权运动中将乙肝携带者群体动员起来，采取有效的策略，充分利用其在资源获得方面的优势、建立乙肝维权组织网络、善于把握时机营造政治机会空间、并能够吸纳律师和媒体的专业力量是维权行动能取得成功的重要因素。<br>组织在维权行动中的话语框架对运动的发展至关重要。乙肝携带者群体对组织运动框架的认同是动员成功的基础；掌握定义“乙肝"的主动权、运动领袖的可信性、框架话语表达的日常化、与媒体的良好关系等策略有助于框架在动员中与参与者、旁观者产生共鸣；抗争精英通过话语框架为抗争活动提供合法性。<br>反乙肝歧视维权运动可以看作是一个“将‘乙肝’去除"的“去污名化"运动。一方面，中央政府与地方政府有着各自自主性利益；另一方面，乙肝携带者群体内部就抗争形式也难以统一，这两种分裂情况交叉形成了一个围绕“将‘乙肝’去除"的，以规则、效益和权利为话语的权力三角，支撑反歧视行动的抗争空间。权力三角的多变性决定去除“乙肝"的行动是有策略的、冒险的，但却相对稳定。<br>Hepatitis B Virus carriers (HBVers) have launched series social movements targeting at eliminating discriminations against HBVers in job market and promoting fair employment in recent decade of years. Why does nowhere match the HBV discrimination in such country like China? How is contentious politics possible when the powerless engage in struggles with power holders, like state and market in China? The thesis attempts to learn the intricacies of body politics with sociological approaches.<br>Yirenping, a NGO located in Beijing, is selected as research object in this case study. Concentrating on the political nature of the HBV confrontations, this thesis is comprised of three parts: first, the stigmatization of HBV in China; second, tactics and strategies that employed against the system of discrimination; third, the politics of “Removing HBV" and the power triangle among state, market and civil society.<br>The analysis of the HBV movement is informed by three sociological theories of social movements: resource mobilization, political opportunity structure and framing, meanwhile macro structure and micro interaction are combined. It is postulated that this disease discrimination in China occurs when confronting an entrenched stigmatization conjoined from both state and market dedicated to keeping the HBVers excluded and marginalized, which serves as a departure point for further analysis of the struggles for power against this discrimination. Resources mobilized, leaderships and organizations, networks among HBVers and outside supporters, strategies in mobilization positively facilitate the anti-discrimination movements. Utilizing the institutional advocacies as well as informal networks with officials, NPC & CPCCC delegates open more political opportunities within the preexisting political environment.<br>Framing is essential to the movement mobilization. Identifying closely with the visions and missions in movements, the self conceptualization of HBV-discrimination, charismatic leaders, the everyday narrative of the frame, as well as strategic media coverage help promoting resonance among movement participants and standers-by. Framing strategies provide legitimacy for HBV selves in collective movements.<br>Finally, the thesis came to the conclusion that anti-discrimination-against-HBVers social movements in China can be interpreted as a process of struggle to “Removing HBV" power. Central government and local ones have their autonomies and interests respectively, while weak but observed divisions in protesting strategies also exist within the HBVers, which shape a triangle of power struggles among the dominant and dominated groups. The power triangle is flexible, and the “Removing HBV" movements are strategic, risk-taking, while being routinized.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>郭娜.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-156)<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Abstracts in Chinese and English.<br>Guo Nuo.<br>中文摘要 --- p.i<br>英文摘要 --- p.ii<br>引言 --- p.1<br>Chapter 第一章 --- 导论 乙肝：作为医学问题和作为社会问题 --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.1 --- 作为医学问题的乙型肝炎及其全球地理分布 --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.2 --- 乙型肝炎在中国 --- p.6<br>Chapter 1.3 --- 作为社会问题的乙肝歧视 --- p.8<br>Chapter 1.4 --- 研究方法 --- p.10<br>Chapter 1.5 --- 小结 --- p.14<br>Chapter 第二章 --- 研究问题与文献回顾 --- p.15<br>Chapter 2.1 --- 社会运动理论的发展脉络 --- p.16<br>Chapter 2.2 --- 认同与社会运动的动员 --- p.21<br>Chapter 2.3 --- 中国底层社会与维权抗争研究回顾 --- p.24<br>Chapter 2.4 --- 中国反乙肝歧视运动的分析框架 --- p.26<br>Chapter 2.5 --- 小结 --- p.34<br>Chapter 第三章 --- 政府与入职体检 --- p.35<br>Chapter 3.1 --- 新中国成立之初的公共卫生政策 --- p.35<br>Chapter 3.2 --- 中国人事制度改革和公务员职业声望 --- p.39<br>Chapter 3.3 --- 体检标准与强制乙肝检测 --- p.43<br>Chapter 3.4 --- 小结 --- p.47<br>Chapter 第四章 --- 市场话语权与定义“乙肝" --- p.49<br>Chapter 4.1 --- 市场中的虚假广告 --- p.50<br>Chapter 4.2 --- 体检经济 --- p.54<br>Chapter 4.3 --- 医药商与医学权威 --- p.56<br>Chapter 4.4 --- 小结 --- p.58<br>Chapter 第五章 --- 乙肝携带者的个人经验 --- p.61<br>Chapter 5.1 --- 疾病的社会建构 --- p.62<br>Chapter 5.2 --- 乙肝携带者的认知过程 --- p.66<br>Chapter 5.3 --- 乙肝携带者的抗争选择 --- p.68<br>Chapter 5.4 --- 小结 --- p.74<br>Chapter 第六章 --- 从个体经验到集体行动：公民社会的回应 --- p.76<br>Chapter 6.1 --- 从个人困境到集体行动 --- p.76<br>Chapter 6.2 --- 反乙肝歧视运动中的资源动员 --- p.80<br>Chapter 6.3 --- 反乙肝歧视组织网络 --- p.82<br>Chapter 6.4 --- 反乙肝歧视运动中的机会空间 --- p.86<br>Chapter 6.5 --- 小结 --- p.90<br>Chapter 第七章 --- 框架策略：反乙肝歧视运动中的动员 --- p.91<br>Chapter 7.1 --- 认同与社会运动 --- p.91<br>Chapter 7.2 --- 反乙肝歧视运动的行动框架 --- p.95<br>Chapter 7.3 --- 反乙肝歧视运动的动员策略 --- p.100<br>Chapter 7.4 --- 小结 --- p.107<br>Chapter 第八章 --- 身体的政治：将“乙肝"去除 --- p.108<br>Chapter 8.1 --- 权力的维度 --- p.108<br>Chapter 8.2 --- 反乙肝歧视行动的抗争轨迹 --- p.111<br>Chapter 8.3 --- 国家、市场与公民社会：将“乙肝"去除 --- p.116<br>Chapter 8.4 --- 小结 --- p.130<br>Chapter 第九章 --- 总结与讨论 --- p.131<br>参考文献 --- p.137<br>Chapter 附录A --- 访谈提纲 --- p.157<br>Chapter 附录B --- 64名被访者基本信息概况 --- p.160<br>致谢 --- p.162
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Machado, Eduarda Sofia Rodrigues. "Suporte social, qualidade de vida e morbilidade psicológica em toxicodependentes com hepatite B e C." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/13631.
Full textAbstract:
No presente estudo pretende-se avaliar a relação existente entre o suporte social, a qualidade de vida e a morbilidade psicológica em toxicodependentes infetados com o vírus da hepatite B e C. Na avaliação foram aplicados três instrumentos, a Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social, o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida breve (WHOQOL – BREF) e a Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão Hospitalar (HADS), a uma amostra de 31 pessoas, utentes do IDT de Braga. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que os toxicodependentes com diagnóstico de hepatite B ou C percecionam a sua qualidade de vida como elevada, assim como a sua rede de suporte social. No entanto, existem diferenças nos níveis de ansiedade e depressão nos indivíduos com os diferentes tipos de hepatite, os indivíduos com hepatite B têm maiores níveis de ansiedade e os indivíduos com hepatite C experimentam maiores níveis de depressão.<br>The present study aims to assess the relationship between social support, life quality and psychological morbidity among drug users infected with hepatitis B and C. In evaluating three instruments were applied, the Satisfaction Scale Social Support, the Life Quality Questionnaire brief (WHOQOL - BREF) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a sample of 31 people, users of IDT Braga. The results of this study indicate that drug users diagnosed with hepatitis B or C perceives its high life quality as well as their social support network. However, there are differences in levels of anxiety and depression in individuals with different types of hepatitis, individuals with hepatitis B have higher levels of anxiety and individuals with hepatitis C experience higher levels of depression.