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Journal articles on the topic 'Hepatitis C – Patients'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Nouman, Muhammad Khuram, Bushra Zaidi, Ghulam Mohiuddin, Faryal Asif, and Muhammad Khan Malik. "HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 03 (March 10, 2018): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.03.381.

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Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most communal source of non-A,non-B viral hepatitis in the world. The disease is illusory, and the majority of patients do notacquire jaundice at its onset. Treatment of hepatitis C with interferon attained a sustainedvirological response (SVR) in almost 50% of the patients with HCV infection. Viral genotype isimportant to determine the response. The present study aims to provide the incidence of relapseof HCV in patients taking interferon therapy and to identify the predictors for relapse. StudyDesign: Retrospective observational study. Setting: Department of Medicine, DHQ TeachingHospital, Sargodha. Period: Two years. Methods: A total of 60 patients were retrospectivelyevaluated for this study. The exclusion criteria include the patients co- infected with hepatitisB virus or HIV. All the patients were monitored 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 weeks after the endof treatment with interferon alpha. Results: We observed that the patients with relapse weresignificantly older and heavier (P value < 0.05). At the start of treatment, viral load was higherin relapsed patients (P value < 0.04). Conclusion: On the bases of our study findings, we canconclude that low incidence of relapse occurred with interferon therapy. High ALT level, viralloads, older age and obesity were some of strong predictors of relapse among HCV patients.
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Dudanova, Olga Petrovna, Marina E. Marina, Maria M. Pisareva, and Mikhail P. Grudinin. "Extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C." Journal of Biomedical Technologies, no. 1 (June 2014): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j6.art.2014.3001.

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3

MEHBOOB, FATIMA, and ZAFAR MAJEED BABA BABAR. "HEPATITIS C PATIENTS;." Professional Medical Journal 15, no. 01 (March 10, 2008): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2008.15.01.2698.

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Objectives: To determine the impact of antiviral treatment of Hepatitis C patients with poor socioeconomic resources. Design: Prospective cohort study. Place and Duration: Department of Medicine, Sheikh ZayedMedical College / Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, from August 2006 to February 2007. Subjects and Method:One hundredknown cases of hepatitis C were selected. PCR and biochemical tests were performed before the start of therapy.Interferon and Ribavirin therapy was given according to standard therapeutic protocol. Patients were continuouslymotivated and educated for regular treatment. The observations were collected regularly. Results: Out of hundredcases 95 improved symptomatically. One got worse while 4 remained symptomatic. At the end of therapy PCR wasperformed only in 4 cases. Conclusion: In non affording patients although exact status of viral clearance is not knownbut some thing is better than nothing rule was applied for treatment of patients
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Nouman, Muhammad Khuram, Bushra Zaidi, Ghulam Mohiuddin, Faryal Asif, and Muhammad Khan Malik. "HEPATITIS C;." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 03 (March 6, 2018): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4065.

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Khan, Momin, Abdul Jabbar, Bacha Amin Khan, Abdul Ahad, and Fazal Akbar. "HEPATITIS C;." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 04 (April 8, 2018): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4293.

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Leite, Juliana Mayara da Silva, Jéssica de Oliveira Inácio, Raissa Silva De Melo Monteiro, Cristiane da Câmara Marques, Vanessa Pinheiro Barreto, and Alexsandra Rodrigues Feijão. "Sociodemographic and clinical characterization of patients with chronic hepatitis C." Enfermería Global 18, no. 3 (June 6, 2019): 157–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.18.3.316971.

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Objetivo: Describir la caracterización sociodemográfica y clínica de los pacientes portadores de hepatitis C crónica acompañados en el ambulatorio de un hospital de referencia en infectología. Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, cuantitativo, con usuarios portadores de hepatitis C crónica asistidos en el ambulatorio de un hospital de referencia durante noviembre de 2015 a abril de 2016 con una muestra de 47 usuarios. Resultados: Los participantes son de sexo masculino (76,6%) con rango de edad superior a 57 años (57,5%), pardo (38,3%), casado (55,3%), con grado de escolaridad (31,9%), y residente en la capital (61,7%), con tiempo de descubrimiento de hasta 6 años (68,1%), desconociendo la forma de contaminación (57,5%), inmunizado contra la hepatitis B (65,9%), realizando tratamiento medicamentoso (85,1%) con Ribavirina (55,6%); Y el 70,2% presentó efectos adversos. Conclusión: La caracterización sociodemográfica y clínica auxilian en la práctica clínica del equipo multiprofesional con los portadores de hepatitis C crónica. Objective: To describe the sociodemographic and clinical characterization of patients with chronic hepatitis C followed at the outpatient clinic of a reference hospital in infectology.Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative study with chronic hepatitis C patients attended at a referral hospital during November 2015 to April 2016 with a sample of 47 users. Results: The participants were male (76.6%), 57 years old (57.5%), brown (38.3%), married (55.3%), (61.7%), with a discovery time of up to 6 years (68.1%), not knowing the form of contamination (57.5%), immunized against hepatitis B (65.9%), undergoing drug therapy (85.1%) with Ribavirin (55.6%); And 70.2% had adverse effects. Conclusion: Sociodemographic and clinical characterization assist the clinical practice of the multiprofessional team with patients with chronic hepatitis C Objetivo: Descrever a caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica dos pacientes portadores de hepatite C crônica acompanhados no ambulatório de um hospital referência em infectologia. Método: Estudo transversal, descritivo, quantitativo, com usuários portadores de hepatite C crônica assistidos no ambulatório de um hospital referência durante Novembro 2015 a Abril de 2016 com uma amostra de 47 usuários. Resultados: Os participantes encontram-se no sexo masculino (76,6%) com faixa etária acima de 57 anos (57,5%), pardo (38,3%), casado (55,3%), com grau de escolaridade fundamental incompleto (31,9%), e residente na capital (61,7%), com tempo de descoberta de até 6 anos (68,1%), desconhecendo a forma de contaminação (57,5%), realizando tratamento medicamentoso (85,1%) com Ribavirina (55,6%); e 70,2% apresentaram efeitos adversos. Conclusões: A caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica auxiliam na prática clínica da equipe multiprofissional com os portadores de hepatite C crônica.
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7

Jamali, Ghulam Mustafa, Anwar Ali Jamali, and Habibullah Shaikh. "HEPATITIS C VIRUS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 11 (November 3, 2017): 1621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.11.646.

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Objectives: The plan of this current research was in the direction for towards theassessment of the existing ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay) method throughantibodies testing for identification of hepatitis C virus disease by comparing their outcome withthe Real Time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Setting: Peoples Medical College HospitalNawabshah. Period: December 2015 to December 2016. Methods: In this current research 100blood samples were analyzed due to the presence of anti-HCV antibodies by 3rd-generationenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing. All the specimens were 100% positive. Polymerasechain reaction test was performed according to the laboratory directions in anti- hepatitis C virusantibodies positive patients to validate the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infectivity. Results: Thisresearch shows that, the entire results were positive by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assaytesting. As compared with polymerase chain reaction the of Enzyme Linked ImmunosorbantAssay in this research the screening test for anti hepatitis C virus - antibodies is about 2%false positive. Out of the 100 samples 98 cases are positive by Real Time polymerase chainreaction analysis while only 02 cases report are negative (2%). Conclusion: The proportion ofhepatitis C virus infectivity was 100% by 3rd-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assaytesting, 98% by Real Time polymerase chain reaction analysis. As in our research the hepatitisC virus –Ribonucleic acid is present in 98% cases who are the Anti- hepatitis C virus antibodiespositive patients, it can be suggested that Anti-HCV antibodies detection by third generationELISA technique in routine procedure is sufficient to determine HCV infection.
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8

Rajput, Aisha, Bagwan Das, Santosh Kumar, Rafique Ansari, Beshan Kumar, and Abdul Qadeer. "VIRAL HEPATITIS C PATIENTS." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 10 (October 10, 2016): 1263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.10.1739.

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Objectives: To determine the frequency of hypothyroidism in patients with viralhepatitis receiving interferon treatment. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional. Setting:Department of Medicine, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Duration of Study: Sixmonths. Subjects and Methods: All patients with age 30 to 60 years of either gender havingpersistent or intermittent elevation of alanine arninotransferase (ALT, the upper limit of normalALT is 40 IU/L) over a six-month period and Anti-HCV positivity and detection of HCV-RNA inthe sera On IFN-α mono therapy for more than 3 months were enrolled. History of duration ofdisease and treatment was obtained from patients. A 3 cc blood sample of Patients were drawnand send for TSH level. Presence of TSH level >4.0 miU/L was labelled as Hypothyroidism.Results: Mean age of the patients was 51.79±7.96 years. There were 51 (43.60%) males and 66(56.40%) females. Mean TSH level was 3.98±0.23 mIU/L. Mean duration of HCV was 6.42±1.67months. Mean duration of treatment was 5.42±1.67 months. Frequency of hypothyroidism wasfound in 62 (53%) patients. Conclusion: The frequency of hypothyroidism in patients with viralhepatitis receiving interferon treatment was found to be 62 (53%).
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9

Al-Kenani, Heyam Qaid Mohammed. "Diagnosis of Candidiasis and Hepatitis C virus in Thalasemia Patients." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 3954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr2020105.

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10

Boshnak, Noha H. "Reticulated Platelets in Egyptian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 02 (February 15, 2017): 17664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i2.75.

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11

Azam, Golam, Shahinul Alam, Abdullah Saeed Khan, Rubayat Sheikh Giasuddin, and Mobin Khan. "High Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among Adult Patients with Viral Hepatitis C than Hepatitis B." International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research 3, no. 5 (September 2017): 1365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.5.17.

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12

Khan, Momin, Abdul Jabbar, Bacha Amin Khan, Abdul Ahad, and Fazal Akbar. "HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.04.332.

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Introduction: WHO estimates that there are more than 185 million people overthe globe infected with hepatitis C. Among these 350,000 die each year with hepatitis. Heprevalence of hepatitis in Asia is estimated to be 3.4%. Pakistan has been rated as the secondmost common country in the world with active hepatitis C infection. This study aims at identifyingthe frequency of risk factors for hepatitis C irus transmission. Understanding the frequency ofcommon factors of HCV would help to implement strategies in long-term prevention of hepatitistransmission among community. Objectives: To determine the frequency of common factorsfor transmission of hepatitis C in adult patients. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectionalstudy. Setting: Department of Medicine, Saidu Teaching Center, Swat. Period: 01-01-2016 to01-12-2016. Methodology: 140 patients were observed and evaluated. Detailed medical historywas taken.5 ml of venous blood sample was collected under aseptic conditions. Blood wascentrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes and serum was transferred to separate test tubes for furthertesting. The initial screening was carried out by immunochromatography for the qualitative detectionHCV antibodies in serum or plasma. Output variable was stratified among age andgender. Chi square test was applied to see effect of modification. All the positive samples onICT were tested on ELISA (third generation) with signal-to-cut-off ratio > 1.0 for confirmation.Results: Our study shows that mean age was 45 years with SD ± 12.24. Fifty eight percentpatients were male and 42% patients were female. Forty two percent patients had hepatitis Cdue to Injection, infection and-* /transfusions, surgical scars were present in 23% patients withhepatitis C, (2%) patients with hepatitis C had tattoos, 8% patients had hepatitis C due to nose/ear piercing and 25% patients had hepatitis C due to dental procedures. Conclusion: Our studyconcludes that the most common risk factors responsible for transmitting hepatitis C in adultswere infections/transfusions (42%) followed by dental procedures (25%) and surgical scars(23%).
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13

Hwang, Y. Y., and R. H. S. Liang. "Hepatitis C in Haematological Patients." Hepatitis Research and Treatment 2010 (August 25, 2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/961359.

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There is no consensus guideline concerning the management of chronic hepatitis C patients during chemotherapy, and immunosuppression. However, there are some suggestions in literature that hepatitis C viral load increases during chemotherapy and there is a risk of rebound immunity against hepatitis C after discontinuation of immunosuppression with a consequent liver injury. A close monitoring of liver function of these patients is prudent during treatment of haematological malignancy. Antiviral treatment is deferred after the completion of chemotherapy and recovery of patients' immunity to minimize the toxicity of treatment. A combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin is the standard therapy in hepatitis C infected haematological patients.
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AHMED, WAHEED, SYED BADSHAH HUSSAIN ZAIDI, and MANZAR ZAKARIA. "HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 17, no. 01 (March 10, 2010): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.01.2087.

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Objectives: To determine the frequency of thrombocytopenia and its manifestations in patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virusinfection treated with interferon and ribavirin. Data Source: In door and out door patients. Design of Study: Case series. Setting and Periodof Study: Department of Medicine PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi, from 1s t August 2006 to 1s t July 2007. Materials and Methods: A Proformawas designed to enter the data of 100 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria included in the study. Adult patients between the ages of 18 and50 years of both gender were selected. Presence of anti HCV antibodies, elevated serum alanine transaminase, a positive polymerase chainreaction for hepatitis C ribonucleic acid and compensated liver disease were prerequisites. All patients were treated with combination ofinterferon and ribavirin. Blood counts, alanine transaminase and prothrombin time were done at baseline and at 2,4 & 8 weeks intervals afterstarting interferon. A drop in platelets count below 100,000/cmm was taken as interferon induced thrombocytopenia. Results: In our studythrombocytopenia occurred in 11 % patients. Grade 3 thrombocytopenia (platelet counts < 50,000) occurred in 01 patient out of hundred in whichthere was severe gum bleeding and purpura so antiviral treatment was discontinued. Grade 2 thrombocytopenia (platelet counts between 50,000- 75,000) was observed in 03% patients but there were no bleeding episodes, 50% reduction dose was done in these patients. Grade 1thrombocytopenia (platelet counts between 75,000-100,000) was noticed in 07% patients but there were no bleeding manifestations and dosereduction was not done. Conclusion: Combination therapy is well tolerated, however, it can cause life threatening complications like bleedingepisodes in a few patients. Bleeding complications and manifestations as a result of thrombocytopenia are uncommon.
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Atmane, Seba. "Viral Hepatitis C (HCV) in Hemodialysis." Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies 1, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8808/009.

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The aim of the study is to show the prevalence and risk factors of HCV at our hemodialysis (HD) center , in a study carried out on chronic hemodialysis patients during the year 2019, we identified eight cases out of 87 patients infected with HCV, or 9%. The average age in this population is 48 years, dialysed for an average of 15 years. Viral infection was discovered on average 12.5 years after the start of hemodialysis, during a routine screening examination. In this series, the genotype 1b was found in 2 cases (25%). Seven patients were treated out of the eight HCV hemodialysis patients, received dual therapy with sofosbuvir 400mg and daclar 60 mg for three months, with an early virologic response. A study done during a previous period, between 2015 and 2018, in the same center, looking at the risk factors for HCV transmission: 11 cases out of 134 hemodialysis patients infected with HCV. Among these cases, we noted the following factors; Blood transfusion: 3 cases (27.2%), surgery: 4 cases (45.4%), dental care: 2 cases (18%), no obvious cause: 2 cases (9%). Serologically ; HCV antibodies positive: 11/134, i.e. an 8.2% seroprevalence, PCR-viral RNA was positive in 10 out of 11 patients, i.e. a prevalence of 7.4% by PCR, number of copies: Above 1.03x 1, 000,000 (100%), number of Logs: Sup to 3.32 (100%), negative PCR: 01 patient.
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MEHMOOD KHAN, MUZAFFAR, Muhammad TAHIR, Mohsin RAZA, Muhammad Ali BHATTI, and Muhammad Riaz Khokar. "HEPATITIS ‘C’;." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 02 (February 22, 2012): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.02.2007.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to determine association of Interferon-Ribavarin therapy with hearing loss in patientssuffering from Hepatitis ‘C’. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration: Otolaryngology Department Combined MilitaryHospital Rawalpindi from 09 June 2006 to 08 June 2007. Patients and Methods: Consenting sixty patients of Hepatitis C divided into two equalgroups of 30 each, (group A receiving Interferon-Ribavarin therapy and group B, not receiving it) during the study period fitting the inclusioncriteria were selected. Pure Tone Audiometery including both air and bone conduction performed as base line data at commencement oftherapy and then at the end of therapy (after six months) . Patients were sampled by Convenience (non-probability) technique. Results: Thenumber of patients who were found to have defined hearing loss was 06 (20%) in Group A (n=30) and 05(16.67%) in Group B (n=30). Chi Squaretest was applied which showed a p-value of 0.739 which is highly insignificant. Conclusions: Interferon-Ribavarin Therapy does not have asignificant association with hearing loss in patients of Hepatitis ‘C’.
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Lok, Anna S. F., Ramsey Cheung, Rachel Chan, and Vincent Liu. "Hepatitis C viremia in patients with hepatitis C virus infection." Hepatology 15, no. 6 (June 1992): 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840150606.

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18

Malghani, Waseem Sarwar, Farooq Mohyud Din Chaudhary, Muhammad Ali Wadhak, Asma Tameez Ud Din, Anum Khakwani, and Asim Tameez Ud Din. "CHRONIC HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 06 (June 9, 2018): 860–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4466.

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19

Sajjad, Aiza, Shahnawaz Gardezi, Fatima Mukhtar, Amna Anjum, Qiarush Saeed, and Noor Dawood. "HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 11 (November 10, 2015): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.11.871.

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Background: With a high magnitude of hepatitis C in the country and theburden still rising it was imperative to assess the knowledge of HCV infected individuals, whichwould determine the further spread of the disease or otherwise based on the adoption of goodpractices by these patients. Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge and practice regardingHCV in Hepatitis C patients presenting at Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore and toformulate recommendations based on study results to improve knowledge about hepatitisC. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting: Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital(GTTH), Lahore. Period: January to May 2015. Methods: The patients of hepatitis C registeredat GTTH for treatment were included in the study after obtaining voluntary informed consentfrom the respondents and approval of the study from the institutional ethical review board. Theconvenience non-probability sampling technique was used to recruit 169 study participants.A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect information, which was recordedand analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences version 21.0. Data is describedin the form of frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and mean and standarddeviation for continuous variable. Results: Of the 169 HCV patients, 110(65%) had heard ofhepatitis C before acquiring it, the popular source of information regarding HCV was identifiedas relatives by 67(39.8%) of the patients. 70(41.4%) of the respondents were aware of a virusbeing the cause of hepatitis C, 140(82.8%) knew that HCV can be spread through sharinginjecting equipment, nearly half the respondents 87(51.5%) had asked their family membersto get tested for HCV and 68(40.2%) patients practiced safe sex. Conclusion: Majority of therespondents had heard of HCV before acquiring the disease. A large proportion of patients wereaware of the disease being spread through sharing injecting equipment. Half of the patients hadtheir family members tested for HCV. But less than half practiced safe sex.
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Tagar, Muhammad Paryal, Mujeeb Rehman Abbasi, Mohammad Rafique Pathan, and Hafeezullah Shaikh. "HEPATITIS B & C;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 02 (February 14, 2017): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.02.508.

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Objectives: To determine the frequency of hepatitis b & c viral infection insurgical patients. Study Design: Descriptive case series. Place and Duration of Study: Thisstudy was conducted at surgical department of multiple hospitals and compares the results,JPMC Karachi, Civil Hospital Naushahro Feroze and Jamshoro, Pakistan from August 2014 toDecember 2015. Methodology: All 2645 patients were admitted for emergency and electivesurgery. All patients taken detail history regarding demographic parameter and risk factorslike previous surgery, blood transfusion, barbar, Road Traffic accident, haemodialysis, Tattoos/body piercing, injecting drug user, family history of hepatitis, previous history of jaundiceand Hospitalization. Hospital laboratory was used for screened HBsAg and Anti HCV usingimmunochromatography (ICT method). Patients excluded who were those did not need thesurgery or known case of HBsAg and Anti HCV. Data collected was entered into and analyzedby using statistical package for the social science – 20. Results: Out of 2645 patients, maleto female ratio were 1.9:1. The mean age was 40.2+6.12years (20 to 60 years). Out of 2645patients, Anti HCV was positive in 288(10.88%) cases followed by HBsAg was in 152(5.74%)cases. While both positive in 36 (1.36%) cases. We observed Previous surgery was main riskfactor in the reactive 156(32.77%) cases followed by Barbar, Blood transfusion were 74(15.54%)and 47(9.87%) respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that preoperatively screening of hepatitisB and C should be performed.
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KITCHLEW, RIZWANA, FUAD AHMAD SIDDIQI, and ASIF HASHMI. "HEPATITIS C;." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 03 (May 10, 2012): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.03.2149.

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Background: Liver biopsy the gold standard for the histological assessment in chronic hepatitis C is an invasive procedure withcertain limitations. Objective: It was to evaluate the relation of serum ALT levels with the histological changes in healthy blood donors screenedpositive for HCV. Study Design: This cross sectional comparative study Setting: It was conducted at department of medicine CombinedMilitary Hospital Lahore, from January to August 2004 Method: 76 apparently healthy blood donor soldiers age 20 – 49 years positive for HCVantibodies by third generation ELISA test, evaluated by medical history, physical examination, serum ALT levels , PCR test for HCV RNA andultrasound abdomen were enrolled. Liver biopsy was done through percutaneous route and histology was graded according to Knodell scoringsystem. Results: Serum ALT levels showed a skewed distribution with mean of 130.9+96.9 IU/L and median of 8.5IU/L. Eleven patients hadnormal ALT (<40 IU/L).On histological analysis of liver biopsy specimen 17 had Knodell score ≤3 (mild inflammation),38 had score between 4and 7 (moderate inflammation)and 21 had > 8. Patients with score > 8 were older than the former groups.The difference was significant(p=0.047). Relation of ALT levels with stage of fibrosis and grade of inflammation was estimated using ANOVA it showed no statisticalsignificance. Patients with stage 1 fibrosis had highest mean serum ALT levels (p=0.108). Conclusions: No association found between theALT level & liver biopsy histological score. However patients with normal ALT levels usually had mild necroinflammatory changes.
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Anjum, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Safdar Khan, Nazar Muhamamd Afridi, and Syed Humayun Shah. "HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUS INFECTIONS." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 10 (October 10, 2015): 1284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.10.981.

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Patients with end stage renal disease require haemodialysis as a part of theirtreatment. The incidence of hepatitis B and C virus infection is quite high in patients undergoingmaintenance haemodialysis than in general population. This risk is specifically associatedwith use of blood and its products as well as repeated intravascular access in these patients.Objectives: To determine the seropositivity of hepatitis B and C virus infection in patientsreceiving haemodialysis. Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Setting: NephrologyDepartment, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Period: From October 2014 toApril 2015. Methods: Five hundred patients were included in the study based on inclusionand exclusion criteria. Demographic data was recorded and detailed history was taken fromeach patient specifically about the no of blood transfusions received, the frequency of dialysisand the dialysis done in other centers. All patients were checked for the presence of hepatitisB surface antigen (HbsAg) and antibodies to HCV using third generation enzyme linkedimmunoassay (ELISA). Results: Mean age of study sample was 46±5 years with 60.8 % males.Incidence of hepatitis positive cases was 164 (32.8 %), out of which 66 (13.2 %) patients wereHBV positive and 98 (19.08 %) patients were HCV positive. The hepatitis B and C infectionswere more common in males than females. Seropositivity of HBV and HCV was higher (HBV18.1 % and HCV 22.2 %) among haemodialysis patients who have received more than threeblood transfusions. The frequency of HBV and HCV infections increases significantly with theincrease in frequency of dialysis, with 49 (17.11 %) patients were HBV positive and 70 (24.5%) patients were HCV positive cases, who have received haemodialysis for more than fivetimes. There were 48 (15.7 %) HBV positive cases as well as 68 (22.3 %) HCV positive cases inpatients who have received their treatment from a single center. Conclusion: Hepatitis B andC infection is quite common in patients undergoing haemodialysis. The risk of these infectionscan be reduced by following infection control guidelines, proper training of the staff and strictscreening of blood and blood products specifically for hepatitis C virus.
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Gülseren, Yasemin Derya, Fatma Esenkaya Taşbent, Mehmet Özdemir, and Bahadır Feyzioğlu. "Hepatitis C Genotypes in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection: A Three-Year Evaluation." Flora the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/flora.69063.

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Introduction: In case of chronic hepatitis C infection, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma may progress. HCV genotypes and subtypes have been found to vary according to geographical regions. In addition to its epidemiological importance, HCV genotype is an important factor in determining the response and duration of treatment. In this study, it was aimed to determine the genotype distribution in our region. Materials and Methods: The results of 241 patients with HCV RNA positivity detected in our laboratory Molecular unit between 2016 and 2018 were retrospectively screened. HCV-RNA extraction for genotyping was performed by automated system (EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v.2.0, Germany), and ‘’line probe assay’’ (LIPA) based on reverse hybridization method was applied. HCV-RNA levels were determined by real-time PCR method (Artus HCV QS-RGQ kit, Qiagen, Germany). Results: Two hundred and forty-one patients were included in the study, and 116 (48%) were females and 125 (52%) were males. Mean age was 56.1 ± 19.4 (range: 16-90) years. Mean logarithmic viral load value was 5.7 ± 0.9 IU/ml (range; 2.71 x 102-17 x 106), mean value of AST was 50.5 ± 43.7 IU/ml and mean ALT value was 63.4 ± 63.5 IU/ml. Genotype 1b was detected in 58.9% of the patients, genotype 3a in 14.1%, genotype 1a in 13.27%, genotype 2b in 4.1%, genotype 4a in 1.2%. The subtypes could not be determined for 4.9%, 1.2%, 1.6% and 0.4% of infected patient in genotype 1,2,4 and 5 respectively. Conclusion: In our study, genotype 1b (58.9%) was found as the dominant genotype. This was followed by genotype 3a (14.1%). In patients infected with genotype 1, viral load value was found to be significantly higher than other genotypes. Monitoring genotype change is important for determining treatment protocols and duration.
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Iqbal, Sajjad, Khalil-Ur Rahman, Muhammad Haroon Yousuf, and Nazish Jahan. "HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 04 (April 10, 2015): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.04.1321.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected about 200 million individuals across theworld and is known as the major cause of liver disease . Objectives: Viral load measurementat early stages of the therapy in Hepatitis C patients is believed to be a more effective toolto predict the sustained virological response (SVR). The primary aim of the present studywas to evaluate whether the decline in viral load of HCV at early stages of the therapy maypredict the treatment response. Another objective was to see the benefits of therapy extensionin non-responders. Study Design: Descriptive, analytical study. Setting: Shalamar HospitalLahore. Period: November 2010 to October 2013. Methods: Four hundred and thirty patients,chronically infected with different genotypes of Hepatitis C virus were treated with Interferonalpha 2b plus Ribavirin (IFNα-2b + RBV). Viral load was assessed at day zero, week four, inthe mid time of therapy and at the end of therapy. The treatment duration was extended 12-24weeks (according to HCV genotypes) in non-responders. Results: The patients with <2 MIU/mL viral load at day zero, able to drop ≥2 log viral load at week-4 or showed no virus at thetime of half therapy completion, exhibited better response. The extension of therapy was morebeneficial for those non-responder who had <0.05 MIU/mL viral load at the end point of therapythan those who had ≥0.05 MIU/mL at that stage. Conclusions: The viral load detection at earlystages of the therapy will be useful in clinical practice. Moreover, the patients with <0.05 MIU/mL viral load at the end of therapy are suitable candidates for the therapy extension.
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Iqbal, Sadia, Firasat Waqar, Aisha Javed, Nida Sajid, Tayyaba Iqbal, and Qamar un Nisa. "CHRONIC HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 03 (March 10, 2018): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.03.385.

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Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of Occulthepatitis B virus (DNA) in cases of chronic hepatitis C in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi.Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Medical Department of Abbasi ShaheedHospital and Karachi Medical and Dental College after permission of ethical committee.Period: 15 December 2015 to 15 December 2016. Methods: Patients greater than 18 years ofage of either sex were included while those with positive HBsAg, history of alcoholism, bloodtransfusion, intravenous drug abuse and hemodialysis were excluded. After informed consentblood samples were collected and evaluated for HBV DNA by performing qualitative PCR. Datawas analyzed on SPSS version 16.0.p value of <0.05 was taken as significant. Result: Out of377 patients with chronic Hepatitis C Occult hepatitis B virus (DNA) was found in 211 (55.9%)patients. 238(63.1%) were male and 139 (36.9%) were female. Mean age of patient with occultHBV DNA was 56.07 9.19 years. Highest prevalence 99(46.7%) was found in patients withhistory of Hepatitis C for more than three year (p value 0.02). Conclusion: Occult hepatitis Bvirus is found significantly among HCV infected patients. A masked HBV infection may interferewith the clinical outcome of chronic hepatitis C and accelerate the evolution to cirrhosis.
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BURUK, Celal Kurtuluş, Gülçin BAYRAMOĞLU, Ahu REİS, Neşe KAKLIKKAYA, İlknur TOSUN, and Faruk AYDIN. "Determination of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes Among Hepatitis C Patients in Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey." Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 47, no. 4 (October 30, 2013): 650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/mb.5796.

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Marinaki, Smaragdi. "Hepatitis C in hemodialysis patients." World Journal of Hepatology 7, no. 3 (2015): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.548.

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Natov, Svetlozar N., and Brian J. G. Pereira. "Hepatitis C in Dialysis Patients." Advances in Renal Replacement Therapy 3, no. 4 (October 1996): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1073-4449(96)80004-5.

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Zarski, Jean-Pierre, and Vincent Leroy. "Counselling patients with hepatitis C." Journal of Hepatology 31 (January 1999): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80390-0.

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PHULPOTO, JAVED AHMED. "CHRONIC HEPATITIS C-INFECTED PATIENTS;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 01 (December 10, 2012): 068–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.01.478.

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Background: In our region the sensitivity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in predicting the severity ofhepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is unclear. Objective: To compare histologic scoring of liver pathology in patients with chronic HCVinfection with normal or elevated serum ALT. Study Design: Prospective observational study. Place & Duration of Study: Liver clinic,Ghulam Mohammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur, between January 2010 and December 2010. Methods: Liver biopsies wereperformed in patients with HCV infection and either normal (n=40) or elevated (n=76) serum ALT levels, and scored for activity andfibrosis using the modified histological activity index. Results: Patients with normal ALT and elevated ALT had similar demographicfeatures. Median (range) histological activity grade was higher in patients with elevated ALT than in those with normal ALT (6 [1-15] vs. 5[0-11], respectively; p=0.001), as was the fibrosis stage (2 [0-6] vs. 1 [0-6]; p=0.02). Two patients with normal ALT and 4 with elevatedALT had liver cirrhosis. Conclusions: Among patients with chronic HCV infection, liver lesions are milder in those with normal serum ALTlevels than those with abnormal ALT levels. However, some patients with normal ALT too may have advanced liver disease.
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Carra, R., G. Elia, N. Santangelo, B. A. Trovato, D. Rosso, E. Giunta, and R. Siciliano. "Hepatitis C virus genotypes in elderly patients with chronic hepatitis C." Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 22 (January 1996): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4943(96)86950-0.

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Malghani, Waseem Sarwar, Farooq Mohyud Din Chaudhary, Muhammad Ali Wadhak, Asma Tameez Ud Din, Anum Khakwani, and Asim Tameez Ud Din. "CHRONIC HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 06 (June 10, 2018): 860–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.06.271.

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Background: Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin combination was themain treatment for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients in Pakistan till 2016. An important sideeffect of this combination was thyroid dysfunction (TD). Objectives: To evaluate thyroid functionabnormalities in Chronic Hepatitis C patients treated with PEG-IFN and ribavirin. Study Design:Descriptive study. Setting: Outpatient Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Nishtar Hospital Multan. Period: January to September 2016. Methods: Using non-probabilityconsecutive sampling. There were 337 CHC patients enrolled in the study who fulfilled theinclusion criteria. Patients were given PEG-IFN plus ribavirin combination therapy and at 12weeks their serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels were measured to identify any TD.Data was entered and analyzed by computer program SPSS-17. Results: Of these 337 cases,211 (62.6%) were male patients while 126 (37.4%) were female patients. Mean age of our caseswas noted to be 30.92 ± 5.84 years. Mean disease duration was 16.19 ± 6.42 months. In ourstudy 98 patients (29.1%) had genotype 2 while 239 (70.9%) had genotype 3. TD was seenin 28 (8.3%) patients, 70% of whom were females. Equal number of cases of Hypothyroidismand hyperthyroidism were seen (14 each). Hypothyroidism was significantly associated withrelatively older age group patients and genotype 3 (p value <0.05). A statistically significantassociation (p<0.05) was found between hyperthyroidism and genotype 3, female gender andyounger patients. Conclusion: PEG-IFN plus ribavirin combination therapy induces TD amongpatients with CHC with equal incidence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
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IQBAL, MUHAMMAD ZAFAR, MUHAMMAD AZEEM, and MUHAMMAD RAZZAQ MALIK. "HEPATITIS 'B' AND 'C'." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 01 (March 10, 2011): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.01.1861.

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Background: Hepatitis B and C is a global problem. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C in orthopedic patients is quite high with the common risk factors: previous history of surgery or blood transfusion. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to, "Find out the prevalence of Hepatitis B and C and their risk factors in patients admitted in Orthopedic Unit of Sheikh Zayed Medical College Hospital Rahim Yar Khan.”. Design & Duration: This was a prospective cohort study. The duration was from July 2009 to December 2009. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in Orthopedic Department of Sheikh Zayed Medical College Hospital Rahim Yar Khan. Patients of either sex and of all ages who were undergoing orthopedic surgery were included in the study. All patients underwent screening for Hepatitis-B and Hepatitis-C and confirmed by Elisa method in positive patients. Data regarding age, sex, HBV, HCV was noted and analyzed by SPSS version 14. Results: Among 745 patients. 581 (77.98%) were male and 164 (22.02%) were female. Hepatitis B and C was present in 165 (22.15) patients. Out of these positive cases 125 (75.76%) were suffering from hepatitis C and 36 (21.81%) were suffering from hepatitis B, and 4 (2.43%) patients were positive for both HBV & HCV. Among the predisposing factors previous history of surgery was positive in 39 patients; history of blood transfusion in 27 patients, dental procedure was in 17 patients’ and 123 patients having injection therapy in the past. Conclusions: All the patients who need surgery should be properly screened for HBV and HCV. It is also necessary that separate operation theaters and instruments should be used for HBV and HCV positive cases.
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HAYAT, ATIF SITWAT, MUHAMMAD ADNAN BAWANY, TARIQ ZAFAR SHAIKH, Adnan Ali Khahro, and Shireen Rahat Khanzada. "CHRONIC HEPATITIS “C”;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 04 (August 15, 2013): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.04.1029.

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OBJECTIVE: To find spectrum of various dermatological manifestations during hepatitis “C” virus infection in localpopulation of hyderabad. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted in medicine department of Isra University HospitalHyderabad from January 2011 to June 2012. A total of 325 anti-HCV positive patients were enrolled. All patients were subjected todetailed history, careful clinical examination of skin by a dermatologist to diagnose skin disease. All data was analyzed using statisticalpackage SPSS 14.0. RESULTS: A total of 325 HCV positive patients (61% males and 39% females) were enrolled in this study. Mean agewas 43 (SD+10 years), ranging from 15 to 78 years. About 41% had one or more dermatologic manifestations. Pruritis was the leadingmanifestation found in 11% , lichen planus (oral and cutaneous) was next to be found in 6.7% patients and hyperpigmentation in 5.2%patients. Urticaria (acute & chronic) was next counting in 5.23%. Jaundice, alopecia and vitiligo were seen in 4.9% each. Dry skin andinterferon injection site erythema were observed in 4.6% patients each. Cutaneous vasculitis was noticed in 3.6% each, whilephotosensitivity, psoriasis and Raynaud's phenomenon were seen in 1.8%, 2.5%, 1.5% patients respectively. CONCLUSION:Dermatological manifestations are very common in patients with chronic HCV infection and when confronted with a suspected skinlesion, patient should be screened for it. Epidemiological studies are essential to determine the real prevalence of other dermatoses duringcourse of HCV infection.
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Ohkawa, Kazuyoshi, Norio Hayashi, Nobukazu Yuki, Hideki Hagiwara, Michio Kato, Keiji Yamamoto, Hiroshi Eguchi, Hideyuki Fusamoto, Manabu Masuzawa, and Takenobu Kamada. "Hepatitis C virus antibody and hepatitis C virus replication in chronic hepatitis B patients." Journal of Hepatology 21, no. 4 (1994): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(94)80094-4.

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Salam, Abdul, Bilqis Aslam Baloch, Naseer Khan, Ghulam Sarwar, and Masoom ,. "SEROPREVALENCE OF HBsAg (HBS) AND ANTI-HCV." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 04 (December 7, 2018): 766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.04.2424.

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Background: Hepatitis is the inflammation of liver caused by infectious and noninfectiousagents. Hepatitis B and C are inflammations of liver caused by the viruses which are themajor public health problems worldwide and the incidence is even more in our country.Objective: Objective of the study was, 1). To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitisC viruses infected persons among the general population coming to BMC Hospital. 2). To pointout the more affected area of Baluchistan. 3). To produce awareness in the people. 4). To bringthis issue in Government notice. Method: The data was obtained from the patients of BMCHQuetta in which one step test kits were used first and the positive cases were confirmed by ELISA.Results: Out of 46319 samples tested (both indoor & outdoor patients), 3078 (6.64%) werepositive. From overall positive samples 1631(3.52%) were HBs positive and 1447(3.12) sampleswere positive for HCV and 2 patients were positive for both HBs Ag and anti HCV. Conclusions:Prevalence of Hepatitis B is more comparing to Hepatitis C in this province. Prevalence of bothHepatitis B and Hepatitis C was high in Naseerabad district of Baluchistan Great care should beexercised during shaving, dental treatment, surgical procedures and blood transfusions. Policymessage: - Media should be used by National Hepatitis Control Programme of Pakistan toeducate the public about hazards of unscreened blood transfusion. Blood screening for HepatitisB and C infections should be made mandatory at all blood banks.
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Liddle, C. "Hepatitis C." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 24, no. 2 (April 1996): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9602400209.

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The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome was isolated during the late 1980s using molecular cloning techniques. It is recognized as the cause of most cases of percutaneously transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Prevalence of antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) in the general Australian population is 0.370. However; among regular intravenous drug users the prevalence exceeds 90%. The predominant risk factors for HCV are intravenous drug use, tattoos, exposure to blood products, occupational risk and ethnicity. In contrast to hepatitis B, sexual spread and vertical transmission of HCV from mother to neonate are relatively uncommon. The risk of acquiring HCV from a single HCV-contaminated needlestick accident is about 5%. Most cases of acute HCV infection are asymptomatic, but 50 to 80% progress to chronic disease. The percentage of those with chronic HCV progressing to cirrhosis is not accurately known, but is probably 20%. Treatment strategies for HCV utilizing recombinant interferons, are proving useful in patients with mild to moderate liver disease, but fare less well in patients with cirrhosis. Currently, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, so pre-exposure prophylaxis is not possible. Equally, no post-exposure intervention, for example with gamma globulin, has been shown to be beneficial, though there may be a role for early interferon therapy.
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ALI, SHAUKAT, SYED KHURRAM SHAHZAD, and ATIQ UR REHMAN SLEHRIA. "CHRONIC HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 17, no. 04 (December 10, 2010): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.04.2961.

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Objectives: To know efficacy of combination of standard interferon α2b and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C. Design: Prospective and analytical. Setting: CMH Bahawalpur. Period: Nov 2008 to Dec 2009. Materials and methods: A total of 126 patients, 104 males and 22 females, fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were started combination treatment. Of these, 110 (87.3%) completed the treatment while 16 (12.7%) patients could not complete the treatment so they were dropped out of this study. Patients were started on nterferon α2b in a dose of three million units sub-cutaneous (s/c) thrice a week along with daily Ribavirin 1000 milligram (mg) and 1200 mg orally for patients weighing less or more than 75 kilogram (kg) respectively. The primary outcomes, normalization of ALT and undetectable HCV-RNA by PCR, were determined at end of three and six months of treatment. Results: From Nov 2008 to Dec 2009, a total of 110 patients were treated with combination of Interferon α2b and Ribavirin for 24 weeks. Sixty eight patients (62%), 52 males and 12 females showed “end of treatment response” (ETR). Conclusions: Results of the study show effectiveness of the combination therapy of standard interferon and ribavirin for Chronic Hepatitis C. Results of this study are comparable to local and international studies.
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Thabet, Habib M., Ali M. AL Souraqy, Ali H. Abbas, Ibraheem Q. AL-hogary, ,. Esam N. Anam, and Noaman S. Noaman. "The relationship of Hepatitis C and B with diabetes of Yemeni patients." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 1, no. 4 (October 2014): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2014.1.4.11.

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Naveed, Shabnam, Syed Masroor Ahmed, Zeeshan Ali, Romana Awan, Humaira Zakir, and Lubna Ghazi. "HEPATITIS C INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 10 (October 10, 2015): 1278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.10.980.

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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis C virus infection in Type IIDiabetes Mellitus patients and its associated risk factors in our population. Duration and Placeof Study: Study was conducted in Jinnah Post graduate Medical Centre, Karachi betweenDecember 2013 to December 2014.Study Design: It is a Cross-sectional study. Data collectionand Results: Data was collected from registered diabetic patients, 355 diagnosed Type IIdiabetes mellitus patients including 128(36.1%) males and 227(63.9%) females were selectedand their Hepatitis C screening was done by ICT method. The bio-data of the patients, history andduration of diabetes mellitus, history of blood transfusion, previous surgery, accidents, shavingfrom barber, tattooing, nose piercing, acupuncture,insulin use were recorded on a proforma.Out of the 355 diabetes mellituspatients tested, 33 were positive for anti-HCV antibodies givinga prevalence of 9.3%. Conclusion:There is increased prevalence of HCV infectionin diabeticpatients when compared with general prevalence of HCV in Pakistan.
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Shahbaz, Tazeem, Ghulam Farid, Raja Sajjad Asghar, and Abdul Rashid. "HEPATITIS B AND C." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 11 (November 10, 2015): 1383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.11.859.

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Background and Aims: The working conditions of Health care workers (HCW’S)expose them for a constant threat of contracting and spreading hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus(HCV) not only to their patients but family members as well. The aim of this study was to assessthe knowledge and attitude toward hepatitis B and C infection among the health-care workersand correlate the level of awareness to their behavior towards prevention of the disease. StudySettings: The study was conducted in Rashid Latif medical college and its two affiliated hospitals(Arif memorial teaching hospital and Hameed Latif Hospital). Study Design: Descriptive crosssectional study. Methodology: A closed ended questionnaire was designed which consistsof questions for evaluating the knowledge and attitude of the participants regarding hepatitisB and C infection. Sampling was done by convenient method. 350 participants took part inthe study, which includes physicians, nurses and lab Technicians. Using the SPSS 16, we didstatistical analysis. Results: Total 350 health care workers filled the forms. 52.6 %( 184) of themwere nurses with 25.7% (90) physicians, and Lab workers were 21.7 %( 74). The mean age ofthe participants was 25.9 years with a range from 17-59 years. The service length of 73.2% ofhealth care workers was noted to be 1-5 year. (97.7%) participants know about hepatitis B andC. 88.6% identified blood and blood products, needles and sharps and 68.6% marked sexualintercourse routes of transmission. 56% gave opinion that Hepatitis B and C is a noso-comialinfection. 70.3% reported that both infections are widely transmitted like HIV/AIDS. Almost all ofthe participants (83.7%) mentioned that they are in a position to acquire these infections becauseof their duty with patients 88% of the respondents reported vaccination against Hepatitis B asa tool of prevention. Proper disposal of sharps, a needle and blood product as a preventingmeasure was also written by 88%of participants. A lot of them believe that transmission of theseinfections can be prevented by avoiding needle/sharps injury (73.7%) and casual sex (61.1%).82.9 mentioned wearing of gloves while in contact with patients and 80.6% said that adequatedisposal of sharps are the best ways of prevention. Complete vaccination for the hepatitis Bwas reported by 47.9 %( 174) with 36 %( 126) was partially vaccinated and 14.8 %( 52) were notvaccinated at all. No specific reason was identified for lack of vaccination. It is noted that morefemales (87.7%) and physician (88.9%) and Nurses (88.2%) have completed the vaccinationschedule than the Lab. Technicians (75%). Conclusion: There is a need of extensive healtheducation campaign for training of HCWs to control and prevent the spread of these infections.
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Salim Rind, Muhammad, Muhammad Iqbal shah, Ramesh Kumar Suthar, and Syed Jahangir. "CHRONIC HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 01 (January 10, 2016): 050–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.01.791.

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The major causative factor of hepatic cirrhosis and its complications in chronichepatitis C is due to presence of liver fibrosis. To assess prognosis and management relateddecisions, the exact staging of liver fibrosis is of greatest importance. Now, liver biopsyis the inexact gold standard for this purpose. APRI or AST to platelet ratio Index is the bestnoninvasive marker which can predict presence of fibrosis in majority of chronic hepatitis Cpatients without the need of biopsy. It is also cost effective and only depends on routine testing(Platelet count and serum AST). Objectives: To determine the positive predictive value ofAPRI Score for the prediction of fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. Studydesign: Cross sectional study. Setting: Medical wards and Out Patient Medicine Departmentof Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad / Jamshoro. Period: 6 months. Methodology: A totalof 51 patients of either gender, age >14 years presenting to Medical wards and OPD for theevaluation of chronic hepatitis were enrolled in this research study after giving preference andavoiding criteria. Clinical data was collected at the time of liver biopsy and blood samples forliver function tests, blood glucose and complete blood picture with platelet count were collectedbefore the biopsy (only AST and platelet count are needed for APRI score) a core biopsy needleof 14 gauge was used and the procedure was conducted under ultrasound guidance. Fibrosisstage was determined according to the METAVIR group scoring system. The patients wereexamined in a very comfortable manner and all the information collected from the patients waskept confidential and entered in the predesigned proforma. Results: A total of 51 patients wereselected for this study. Out of these 31 (60.78%) were male and 20(39.22%) were female. Themean age was 42.53 years (±11.2 SD). The positive predictive value for APRI score between0.5 to 1.0 was 58.82% whereas the positive predictive values for APRI score 1.1-1.5 was 70.58%.Conclusion: The positive predictive values of APRI score in the ranges of 0.5 to 1.5 were notindicative of the presence of significant liver fibrosis in this research study. However, additionaldata are required to authenticate or disprove the usefulness of APRI score for the prediction ofsignificant hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients.
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Yan, Fu Ming. "Hepatitis C virus may infect extrahepatic tissues in patients with hepatitis C." World Journal of Gastroenterology 6, no. 6 (2000): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v6.i6.805.

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Meda, Srikala, Harish Talla, Siva Parcha, Varun Vemulapalli, Tejaswi Vemuru, and Ravikumar Vemuru. "Association Of Hepatitis C Versus Non-Hepatitis C Patients With Colorectal Adenomas." American Journal of Gastroenterology 109 (October 2014): S221. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-201410002-00764.

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Carreño, Vicente, Javier Bartolomé, Inmaculada Castillo, and Juan Antonio Quiroga. "Hepatitis C virus replication in patients with occult hepatitis C virus infection." Hepatology 49, no. 6 (April 7, 2009): 2128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22936.

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Schleicher, Sabine, Ricardo L. Chaves, Thomas Dehmer, Michael Gregor, Georg Hess, and Bertram Flehmig. "Identification of GBV-C hepatitis G RNA in chronic hepatitis C patients." Journal of Medical Virology 50, no. 1 (September 1996): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199609)50:1<71::aid-jmv12>3.0.co;2-0.

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Lo Re, Vincent, Valerie Teal, A. Russell Localio, Valerianna K. Amorosa, David E. Kaplan, and Robert Gross. "Adherence to Hepatitis C Virus Therapy in HIV/Hepatitis C-Coinfected Patients." AIDS and Behavior 17, no. 1 (August 21, 2012): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0288-9.

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TISMINETZKY, S., M. GEROTTO, P. PONTISSO, L. CHEMELLO, M. RUVOLETTO, F. BARALLE, and A. ALBERTI. "Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Italian patients with chronic hepatitis C." International Hepatology Communications 2, no. 2 (February 15, 1994): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0928-4346(94)90020-5.

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Davitkov, Perica, Melissa K. Osborn, and Stanley Martin Cohen. "Hepatitis C Management in Patients with Hepatitis C and HIV Co-infection." Current Hepatology Reports 15, no. 3 (July 8, 2016): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11901-016-0307-9.

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Selim, Heba, Mohamed El Barrawy, Osama Mohamed, and Marwa Gamal El-Din. "Hepatitis G Virus Infection in Patients with Hepatitis C." Journal of High Institute of Public Health 40, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jhiph.2010.20620.

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