Journal articles: 'Hepatitis B virus – New South Wales'

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McIver, Ruthy, Amalie Dyda, Vickie Knight, Rebecca Guy, and Anna McNulty. "Hepatitis B screening and vaccination: how does a Sexual Health service measure up?" Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15061.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a vaccine-preventable disease. Sexual health clinics in New South Wales see a high caseload of populations at risk of HBV, and thus screening and vaccination are part of routine care. Uptake of screening and vaccination at Sydney Sexual Health Centre was assessed and it was found that among 1577 new patients with an elevated risk of HBV infection, 864 (55%) were potentially susceptible. Of those susceptible, the majority were screened (76%) and approximately one-third (35%) were found to be eligible for vaccination. The majority (83%) initiated vaccination. Of concern, however, is that incremental gaps between initiation and completion of the vaccine course resulted in an overall HBV vaccine coverage of 26% among those HBV susceptible.

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GIDDING, H. F., J. AMIN, G. J. DORE, and M. G. LAW. "Hospitalization rates associated with hepatitis B and HIV co-infection, age and sex in a population-based cohort of people diagnosed with hepatitis C." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 8 (November 19, 2010): 1151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881000258x.

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SUMMARYTo determine the extent age, sex and co-infection affect morbidity in people infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), we performed a population-based study linking HCV notifications in New South Wales, Australia with their hospital (July 2000 to June 2006), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV notification, and death records. Poisson models were used to calculate hospitalization rate ratios (RRs) for all-cause, illicit drug and liver-related admissions. Co-infection RRs were used to estimate attributable risk (AR). The 86 501 people notified with HCV contributed 422 761 person-years of observation; 0·8% had HIV, 3·7% HBV, and 0·04% had both. RRs for males were equal to or lower than for females in younger ages, but higher in older ages (Pfor interaction ⩽0·013). HBV/HIV co-infection resulted in ARs of over 70% for liver disease and 30–60% otherwise. However, at the cohort level the impact was minimal (population ARs 1·3–8·7%). Our findings highlight the importance and success of public health measures, such as needle and syringe exchange programmes, which have helped to minimize the prevalence of co-infection in Australia. The findings also suggest that the age of study participants needs to be considered whenever the burden of HCV-related morbidity is reported by sex. The results are likely to be representative of patterns in hospital-related morbidity for the entire HCV-infected population in Australia and the ARs generalizable to other developed countries.

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Yap, Lorraine, Juliet Richters, Tony Butler, Karen Schneider, Kristie Kirkwood, and Basil Donovan. "Sexual practices and dental dam use among women prisoners - a mixed methods study." Sexual Health 7, no. 2 (2010): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09138.

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Background: Dental dams have been distributed to women prisoners for protection against HIV and other sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in some Canadian and Australian prisons for over a decade. However, we do not know whether they serve any useful public health purpose. Objective: To determine how dental dams are used in women’s prisons in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Method: Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we investigated women’s sexual practices with a focus on how dental dams are used in NSW prisons. Results: Although 71 of the 199 (36%) women reported having had sex with another inmate, with oral sex involved in most encounters, only eight (4%) had ever used a dental dam. The main sources of STI transmission risk among women prisoners were oral sex, manual sex and sharing dildos. Furthermore, sharing razors could also allow the transmission of blood-borne viruses, which could occur during sex in the presence of cuts or menstrual fluid. The high rates of hepatitis B and C among incarcerated women compound this risk. Conclusion: Dental dams are not widely used by women prisoners and we question their utility in women’s prisons. Oral sex is an important risk factor for acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 1, but most women in NSW prisons (89%) are already infected. Condoms and latex gloves may have more use. Condoms could be used as a barrier on shared dildos and sex toys, while latex gloves could be used to protect cut and grazed hands from vaginal and menstrual fluids.

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Nightingale, Scott, Michael O. Stormon, Andrew S. Day, Murray T. Webber, Kate A. Ward, and Edward V. O’Loughlin. "Chronic hepatitis B and C infection in children in New South Wales." Medical Journal of Australia 190, no. 12 (June 2009): 670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02633.x.

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Butler, Tony G., Kate A. Dolan, Mark J. Ferson, Linda M. McGuinness, Phillip R. Brown, and Peter W. Robertson. "Hepatitis B and C in New South Wales prisons: prevalence and risk factors." Medical Journal of Australia 166, no. 3 (February 1997): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140041.x.

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Butler, T., B. Donovan, J. Taylor, A. L. Cunningham, A. Mindel, M. Levy, and J. Kaldor. "Herpes simplex virus type 2 in prisoners, New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915174.

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Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antibodies in male and female prisoners. A cross-sectional random sample was used consisting of 789 prisoners (657 males and 132 females) from 27 correctional centres across New South Wales (NSW), stratified by sex, age and Aboriginality. Participants were questioned about demographics and behavioural risk factors and were screened for serum antibody to HSV-2. The overall prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies was higher in females (58%) than males (21%), and in Aborigines (34%) compared with non-Aborigines (24%). HSV-2 prevalence increased with the number of sexual partners. Few prisoners (1%) reported a previous diagnosis of genital herpes. Independent risk factors for the presence of HSV-2 antibodies were increasing age and Aboriginality for men, and higher reported number of lifetime sexual partners and the presence of hepatitis C antibodies for women. HSV-2 infection is common in prison inmates. There is a need to incorporate information about STDs, including HSV-2, into education programmes for inmates.

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Nguyen, Van TT, Janaki Amin, Matthew G. Law, and Gregory J. Dore. "Predictors and survival in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 24, no. 3 (March 2009): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05577.x.

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K Correll, Patricia, Andrew Hayen, and Margo Eyeson-Annan. "Hepatitis B immunisation in children aged 10?13 years in New South Wales, 2001." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 14, no. 2 (2003): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb03005.

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CONATY, S., P. BIRD, G. BELL, E. KRAA, G. GROHMANN, and J. M. McANULTY. "Hepatitis A in New South Wales, Australia, from consumption of oysters: the first reported outbreak." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 1 (February 2000): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003386.

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Between 22 January and 4 April 1997, 467 hepatitis A cases were reported to the New South Wales Health Department, Australia. To identify the cause of the outbreak, we conducted a matched case-control study, and an environmental investigation. Among 66 cases and 66 postcode-matched controls, there was a strong association between illness and consumption of oysters (adjusted odds ratio 42; 95% confidence interval 5–379). More than two-thirds of cases reported eating oysters, including one third of cases and no controls who reported eating oysters in the Wallis Lake area. A public warning was issued on 14 February, and Wallis Lake oysters were withdrawn from sale. Hepatitis A virus was subsequently identified in oyster samples taken from the lake. Hepatitis A virus poses a special risk to consumers who eat raw oysters because it can survive for long periods in estuaries and cause severe disease.

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Campbell, David H., Aileen J. Plant, Philip A. Mock, Jeffrey W. Sargent, Kenneth H. Archer, and Elizabeth R. Barrett. "Hepatitis B infection of children in a mixed‐race community in western New South Wales." Medical Journal of Australia 154, no. 4 (February 1991): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121084.x.

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Deng, Lucy, Joanne Reekie, James S. Ward, Andrew Hayen, John M. Kaldor, Marlene Kong, Jennifer M. Hunt, and Bette Liu. "Trends in the prevalence of hepatitis B infection among women giving birth in New South Wales." Medical Journal of Australia 206, no. 7 (April 2017): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja16.00823.

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Amin, Janaki, Dianne O'Connell, Mark Bartlett, Elizabeth Tracey, John Kaldor, Matthew Law, and Gregory Dore. "Liver cancer and hepatitis B and C in New South Wales, 1990-2002: a linkage study." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 31, no. 5 (October 2007): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00121.x.

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Grebely, J., J. Bryant, P. Hull, M. Hopwood, Y. Lavis, G. J. Dore, and C. Treloar. "Factors associated with specialist assessment and treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Viral Hepatitis 18, no. 4 (September 14, 2010): e104-e116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01370.x.

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Riley, Roslyn, Christopher Maher, and Anthony Kolbe. "Hepatitis B vaccination of high-risk neonates in the South West Region of New South Wales: evaluation of program coverage." Australian Journal of Public Health 17, no. 2 (February 12, 2010): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1993.tb00128.x.

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Hajarizadeh, B., J. Grebely, M. Byrne, P. Marks, J. Amin, T. Butler, P. Vickerman, et al. "Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in four prisons in New South Wales, Australia: The SToP-C study." Journal of Hepatology 68 (April 2018): S187—S188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(18)30587-7.

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Gunasekera, Sanjeevani, John Fraser, and Christian Alexander. "Quality of life in Hepatitis C virus infection: Assessment of rural patients living in north-western New South Wales." Australian Journal of Rural Health 16, no. 4 (August 2008): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2008.00983.x.

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Lago, Barbara V., Marcia P. do Espirito-Santo, Vanessa D. Costa, Vanessa A. Marques, Livia M. Villar, Lia L. Lewis-Ximenez, Elisabeth Lampe, and Francisco C. A. Mello. "Genetic Diversity of the Hepatitis B Virus Subgenotypes in Brazil." Viruses 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2019): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090860.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotypes may be related to clinical outcomes and response to antiviral therapy. Most Brazilian studies on HBV subgenotypes are restricted to some regions and to specific population groups. Here, we provide an insight about genetic diversity of HBV subgenotypes in 321 serum samples from all five geographical regions, providing a representative overview of their circulation among chronic carriers. Overall, HBV/A1 was the most prevalent subgenotype, being found as the major one in all regions except in South Brazil. Among HBV/D samples, subgenotype D3 was the most prevalent, found in 51.5%, followed by D2 (27.3%) and D4 (21.2%). D2 and D3 were the most prevalent subgenotypes in South region, with high similarity with European strains. D4 was found in North and Northeast region and clustered with strains from Cape Verde and India. For HBV/F, the most frequent subgenotype was F2 (84.1%), followed by F4 (10.1%) and F1 (5.8%), closely related with strains from Venezuela, Argentina and Chile, respectively. Phylogeographic analyses were performed using an HBV full-length genome obtained from samples infected with genotypes rarely found in Brazil (B, C, and E). According to Bayesian inference, HBV/B2 and HBV/C2 were probably introduced in Brazil through China, and HBV/E from Guinea, all of them mostly linked to recent events of human migration. In conclusion, this study provided a comprehensive overview of the current circulation of HBV subgenotypes in Brazil. Our findings might contribute to a better understand of the dynamics of viral variants, to establish a permanent molecular surveillance on the introduction and dispersion patterns of new strains and, thus, to support public policies to control HBV dissemination in Brazil.

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Hajarizadeh, B., J. Grebely, M. Byrne, P. Marks, J. Amin, T. Butler, P. Vickerman, et al. "Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in two maximum-security prisons in New South Wales, Australia: the SToP-C study." Journal of Hepatology 66, no. 1 (2017): S274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(17)30862-0.

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Bretaña, Neil A., Richard R. Gray, Evan B. Cunningham, Brigid Betz‐Stablein, Ruy Ribeiro, Frederik Graw, Fabio Luciani, and Andrew R. Lloyd. "Combined treatment and prevention strategies for hepatitis C virus elimination in the prisons in New South Wales: a modelling study." Addiction 115, no. 5 (May 2020): 901–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14830.

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Alavi, Maryam, Matthew G. Law, Heather Valerio, Jason Grebely, Janaki Amin, Behzad Hajarizadeh, Christine Selvey, Jacob George, and Gregory J. Dore. "Declining hepatitis C virus-related liver disease burden in the direct-acting antiviral therapy era in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Hepatology 71, no. 2 (August 2019): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.04.014.

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Di Giallonardo, Francesca, Angie N. Pinto, Phillip Keen, Ansari Shaik, Alex Carrera, Hanan Salem, Barbara Telfer, et al. "Limited Sustained Local Transmission of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in New South Wales, Australia." Viruses 11, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11050482.

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Australia’s response to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pandemic led to effective control of HIV transmission and one of the world’s lowest HIV incidence rates—0.14%. Although there has been a recent decline in new HIV diagnoses in New South Wales (NSW), the most populous state in Australia, there has been a concomitant increase with non-B subtype infections, particularly for the HIV-1 circulating recombinant form CRF01_AE. This aforementioned CRF01_AE sampled in NSW, were combined with those sampled globally to identify NSW-specific viral clades. The population growth of these clades was assessed in two-year period intervals from 2009 to 2017. Overall, 109 NSW-specific clades were identified, most comprising pairs of sequences; however, five large clades comprising ≥10 sequences were also found. Forty-four clades grew over time with one or two sequences added to each in different two-year periods. Importantly, while 10 of these clades have seemingly discontinued, the remaining 34 were still active in 2016/2017. Seven such clades each comprised ≥10 sequences, and are representative of individual sub-epidemics in NSW. Thus, although the majority of new CRF01_AE infections were associated with small clades that rarely establish ongoing chains of local transmission, individual sub-epidemics are present and should be closely monitored.

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Hajarizadeh, B., J. Grebely, M. Byrne, P. Marks, J. Amin, T. Butler, P. Vickerman, et al. "O6 Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in two maximum-security prisons in New South Wales, Australia: the StoP-C study." Journal of Virus Eradication 3 (August 2017): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30889-x.

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Carman, W. F., F. J. Van Deursen, L. T. Mimms, D. Hardie, R. Coppola, R. Decker, and R. Sanders. "The prevalence of surface antigen variants of hepatitis B virus in Papua New Guinea, South Africa, and Sardinia." Hepatology 26, no. 6 (December 1997): 1658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510260640.

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Akbar, Sheikh Mohammad Fazle, Mamun Al Mahtab, Ferdousi Begum, Shaikh A. Shahed Hossain, Sukumar Sarker, Ananta Shrestha, Md Sakirul Islam Khan, Osamu Yoshida, and Yoichi Hiasa. "Implications of Birth-Dose Vaccination against Hepatitis B Virus in Southeast Asia." Vaccines 9, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040374.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Regional Office (SEARO) covers 11 countries with a combined population of about 2 billion people, making it the most populous of the six WHO regions. In 1992, the WHO advocated including the hepatitis B vaccine in the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) and vaccinating all infants and children three times within 1 year of birth (HepB3). Recently, the WHO advocate birth-dose hepatitis B vaccination (HepB-BD) as soon as possible after birth, preferably within 24 hours. In 2016, the SEARO endorsed a regional hepatitis B control goal with a target of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroprevalence of ≤1% among children aged ≥5 years by 2020. Of the 11 SEARO countries, four achieved this target on schedule. Out of these four countries, two countries (Bangladesh and Nepal) have not adopted HepB-BD in EPI program. On the other hand, the coverage of HepB3 is not satisfactory in some SEARO countries, including India which adopted HepB-BD but could not achieve the overall target of SEARO. Thus, it is a point of debate whether emphasis should be placed on proper implementation of HepB3 or whether a new agenda of HepB-BD should be incorporated in developing countries of SEARO. The article discusses strengthening and expanding the Hepatitis B vaccination program in SEARO countries with an emphasis on HepB and HepB-BD programs.

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Richardson, Daniel, Hubert Chan, Rohan Bopage, David A. Lewis, Shailendra Sawleshwarkar, Charles Chung, and Jen Kok. "HIV-1 subtype variability and transmitted drug resistance in a culturally diverse population in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia." Sexual Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20013.

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Abstract Background Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance (TDR) is an important contributor to antiretroviral treatment failure, and is associated with HIV-1 transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM), non-MSM clusters and individuals diagnosed with concurrent sexually transmissible infections (STI). Western Sydney has a culturally diverse population, with a high proportion of non-Australian-born individuals. This study describes the prevalence of TDR and non-B HIV-1 subtypes in a clinic-based population. Methods: A clinic database was examined for all newly diagnosed treatment-naïve HIV-1 patients and information on their HIV-1 resistance and subtype, demographics including country of birth and diagnosis of a bacterial sexually transmissible infection was collected. Results: Data were available from 74/79 individuals (62 cis-male, 16 cis-female and 1 transgender woman). Of the 74 genotypes, the prevalence of non-B subtypes and TDR was 43/74 (58%; 95%CI = 46.9–69.3) and 14/74 (19%; 95%CI = 10.0 to 27.8). It was also found that 30/79 (38%) had a concurrent bacterial STI. TDR was associated with subtype B infection (OR 3.53; 95%CI = 1.41–8.82; P = 0.007) and being born in Australia (OR 12.0; 95%CI = 2.45–58.86; P = 0.002). Conclusion: The relative prevalence of non-B HIV-1 subtypes and TDR is higher in Western Sydney than in the rest of Australia. TDR is associated with subtype B HIV-1 and being Australian born, suggesting ongoing local transmission. This highlights the diversity of the HIV epidemic locally and the need for interventions to prevent ongoing HIV transmission.

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Fortier, Emmanuel, Maryam Alavi, Julie Bruneau, Michelle Micallef, Jacinta Perram, Sanjeev Sockalingam, Adrian J. Dunlop, et al. "Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among People With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and a History of Injecting Drug Use in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Addiction Medicine 11, no. 1 (2017): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000000261.

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Cullen, K. J., V. D. Hope, S. Croxford, J. Shute, F. Ncube, and J. V. Parry. "Factors associated with recently acquired hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: new findings from an unlinked anonymous monitoring survey." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 7 (August 14, 2014): 1398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814002040.

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SUMMARYMonitoring infections and risk in people who inject drugs (PWID) is important for informing public health responses. In 2011, a novel hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) avidity-testing algorithm to identify samples compatible with recent primary infection was introduced into a national surveillance survey. PWID are recruited annually, through >60 needle-and-syringe programmes and prescribing services. Of the 980 individuals that could have been at risk of HCV infection, there were 20 (2%) samples that were compatible with recent primary infection. These were more common among: those imprisoned ⩾5 times [8/213; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 8·7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·04–37·03]; women (8/230; aOR 3·8, 95% CI 1·41–10·38); and those ever-infected with hepatitis B (5/56; aOR 6·25, 95% CI 2·12–18·43). This study is the first to apply this algorithm and to examine the risk factors associated with recently acquired HCV infection in a national sample of PWID in the UK. These findings highlight underlying risks and suggest targeted interventions are needed.

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Blitz, Linda, Flor H. Pujol, Paul D. Swenson, Leticia Porto, Ricardo Atencio, Mary Araujo, Luciana Costa, et al. "Antigenic Diversity of Hepatitis B Virus Strains of Genotype F in Amerindians and Other Population Groups from Venezuela." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 3 (1998): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.3.648-651.1998.

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The adw4 subtype of hepatitis B virus (HBV) belongs to a unique genomic group (genotype F) representing the original HBV strains from the New World. Data regarding the prevalence of this subtype among HBV carriers in South America are, however, scarce, and those concerning HBV genotype F are based on only a few samples from Latin America. In this study, serum samples were obtained from 141 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers from Amerindians and urban populations from Venezuela. The HBsAg subtype was identified with monoclonal antibodies in 105 samples, and the HBV genotype was identified by reverse-phase hybridization with DNA fragments in 58 samples. The adw4 subtype was highly prevalent in the population studied (75%); among the Amerindians, the prevalence was 97%. The adw2 subtype was also present (10%), while other subtypes (ayw3 and ayw4) were only occasionally found. The HBV subtype was associated with the expected genotype in most cases (80%), and thus genotype F was highly prevalent. Sequencing of viral strains that gave genotypes unpredicted by the HBsAg subtyping confirmed seven of them as belonging to not previously described genotype-subtype associations: namely, adw2 and ayw4 within genotype F.

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Ooi, Catriona, Basil Donovan, and David A. Lewis. "Cross-sectional study of sexual behaviour and health of gay and bisexual men in suburban Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: contrasts between sex venue and clinic attendees." Sexual Health 18, no. 3 (2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20196.

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Abstract Background In Australia, men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) have higher rates of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and HIV compared with heterosexual men. We compared demographics, behaviour and HIV/STI prevalence for MSM attending a sex-on-premises-venue (SOPV) or the local sexual health clinic (SHC) to determine key differences. Methods: Men attending a SOPV during onsite HIV/STI screening from November 2015 for 12 months were compared with MSM attending a local SHC for screening. Each group completed a self-administered questionnaire and STI/HIV testing. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: Compared with SHC participants (n = 108), SOPV participants (n = 84) had a higher median age (47 years [range, 22–88] vs 33 years [range, 19–71]; P < 0.001) and less likely to report previous HIV testing (73% vs 89%; P < 0.01), STI testing (60% vs 90%; P < 0.001) or be vaccinated for hepatitis A (32% vs 65%; P < 0.001) or hepatitis B (35% vs 73%; P < 0.001). SOPV participants were more likely to be married, widowed or have a long-term female partner (39% vs 7%; P < 0.001) and have a higher prevalence of urethral and rectal chlamydia (7% vs 1%; P = 0.02 and 8% vs 2%; P = 0.03, respectively). There was no significant difference between the groups for detection of syphilis (4% vs 9%), gonorrhoea (5% vs 9%) or HIV (1% vs 0%). Conclusion: MSM attending the SOPV had higher anogenital chlamydial prevalence compared with those attending the SHC. They reported higher rates of sex with female partners, which may facilitate STI/HIV transmission to heterosexual populations. Our findings have implications for HIV/STI service provision, contact tracing and local health promotion initiatives.

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Perrett, Stephanie E., and Thomas D. Waite. "Exploring HIV infection in a UK vulnerable prisoner population in response to newly identified cases." International Journal of Prisoner Health 15, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-03-2018-0010.

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Purpose Prison populations are considered at elevated risk of blood borne virus (BBV) transmission. Between December 2015 and February 2016, four new cases of HIV infection were diagnosed across two male vulnerable prisoner (VP) custodial units in Wales, UK. Cases were identified through routine BBV testing. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach As a result of identifying four new HIV cases, targeted BBV testing across the VP units using dried blood spot testing for HIV, Hepatitis C (HCV) and Hepatitis B was undertaken. Findings A total of 617 men were offered testing, 256 (41 per cent) were tested. No further cases of HIV were identified. Eight men were identified as HCV antibody positive. There was no evidence to suggest the four original cases of HIV were linked. Practical implications Embedding universal BBV screening within prison health provision will ensure timely identification of cases. Further research is needed to better understand BBV transmission risks within subsets of the prison population such as the VP and sex offending groups. Originality/value Little is known about the prevalence of BBVs in vulnerable prison populations. The findings add to the knowledge available for practitioners in the field.

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Maher, Lisa, Jiong Li, Bin Jalaludin, Handan Wand, Rohan Jayasuriya, David Dixon, and John M. Kaldor. "Impact of a reduction in heroin availability on patterns of drug use, risk behaviour and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in injecting drug users in New South Wales, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 89, no. 2-3 (July 10, 2007): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.01.001.

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Kwon, Jisoo A., Georgina M. Chambers, Fabio Luciani, Lei Zhang, Shamin Kinathil, Dennis Kim, Hla-Hla Thein, et al. "Hepatitis C treatment strategies in prisons: A cost-effectiveness analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): e0245896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245896.

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In Australian prisons approximately 20% of inmates are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), providing an important population for targeted treatment and prevention. A dynamic mathematical model of HCV transmission was used to assess the impact of increasing direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment uptake on HCV incidence and prevalence in the prisons in New South Wales, Australia, and to assess the cost-effectiveness of alternate treatment strategies. We developed four separate models reflecting different average prison lengths of stay (LOS) of 2, 6, 24, and 36 months. Each model considered four DAA treatment coverage scenarios of 10% (status-quo), 25%, 50%, and 90% over 2016–2045. For each model and scenario, we estimated the lifetime burden of disease, costs and changes in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in prison and in the community during 2016–2075. Costs and QALYs were discounted 3.5% annually and adjusted to 2015 Australian dollars. Compared to treating 10% of infected prisoners, increasing DAA coverage to 25%, 50%, and 90% reduced HCV incidence in prisons by 9–33% (2-months LOS), 26–65% (6-months LOS), 37–70% (24-months LOS), and 35–65% (36-months LOS). DAA treatment was highly cost-effective among all LOS models at conservative willingness-to-pay thresholds. DAA therapy became increasingly cost-effective with increasing coverage. Compared to 10% treatment coverage, the incremental cost per QALY ranged from $497-$569 (2-months LOS), -$280–$323 (6-months LOS), -$432–$426 (24-months LOS), and -$245–$477 (36-months LOS). Treating more than 25% of HCV-infected prisoners with DAA therapy is highly cost-effective. This study shows that treating HCV-infected prisoners is highly cost-effective and should be a government priority for the global HCV elimination effort.

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Segal, Talia A., Ashar Ata, Adam Rowden, Danielle P. Wales, and Michael Waxman. "1058. Demographics of Hepatitis C Virus Antibody and RNA Positivity within an Emergency Department Screening Program." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1244.

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Abstract Background In support of the recent United States Preventive Services Task Force’s (USPSTF) revised recommendations for non-targeted HCV screening, we have noted a shift away from active infections within the birth cohort (patients born between 1945-1965), as these individuals have often undergone successful treatment, and a shift towards younger adults who are RNA positive, especially people who use intravenous drugs (PWID). Methods Located in Northeastern New York State, Albany Medical Center conducts routine emergency department (ED) HCV screening, with active linkage to care. We performed a retrospective study of our HCV linkage to care data from April 2019 to June 2020. Patients were offered screening if they belonged to the birth cohort, were PWID, or at staff discretion. We estimated the effect of birth cohort, intravenous drug use and other potential risk factors on RNA positivity via Chi-square tests and Modified Poisson Regression. Results There were 242 people that were HCV antibody positive. The mean age was 50.9 years-old, with 118 (46.8%) in the birth cohort and 103 (42.56%) PWID. As compared to the birth cohort, a significantly greater proportion of non-birth cohort patients were PWID (62% vs 21.2%, p< 0.01) and homeless (17.7% vs 9.3%, p=0.05). Birth cohort patients were 0.55 times (95%CI: 0.39 to 0.79) less likely to be RNA positive. PWID were 2.22 times (95% CI: 1.58 to 3.13) and homeless people were 2.05 times (95% CI: 1.50 to 2.80) more likely to be RNA positive. After multivariable adjustment, birth cohort was not a significant risk factor for RNA positivity but PWID (RR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.26 to 2.68) and homelessness (RR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.20 to 2.39) were significantly associated with RNA positivity. Conclusion These data suggest that the RNA positivity rate is higher among the non-birth cohort age group but is explained by the higher prevalence of drug use and homeless. The findings support USPSTF’s new guidelines for testing all adults and shed light on the demographics of populations at risk for active infection vs. populations who are antibody positive and RNA negative. Further research might explore (a) whether these findings are applicable to other clinical settings and geographic locations and (b) the feasibility of targeting patients with active infection in settings such as the ED. Disclosures Talia A. Segal, BS, GILEAD FOCUS Foundation (Grant/Research Support) Ashar Ata, MD, MPH, PHD, GILEAD FOCUS Foundation (Grant/Research Support) Adam Rowden, DO, GILEAD FOCUS Foundation (Grant/Research Support) Danielle P. Wales, MD, MPH, Gilead (Grant/Research Support) Michael Waxman, MD, MPH, Gilead FOCUS Foundation (Grant/Research Support)

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Zhou, Fei, Qinning Wang, Vitali Sintchenko, Gwendolyn L. Gilbert, Matthew V. N. O’Sullivan, Jonathan R. Iredell, and Dominic E. Dwyer. "Use of the 5′ untranslated region and VP1 region to examine the molecular diversity in enterovirus B species." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.074682-0.

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Human enteroviruses evolve quickly. The 5′ untranslated region (UTR) is fundamentally important for efficient viral replication and for virulence; the VP1 region correlates well with antigenic typing by neutralization, and can be used for virus identification and evolutionary studies. In order to investigate the molecular diversity in EV-B species, the 5′ UTR and VP1 regions were analysed for 208 clinical isolates from a single public-health laboratory (serving New South Wales, Australia), representing 28 EV-B types. Sequences were compared with the 5′ UTR and VP1 regions of 98 strains available in GenBank, representing the same 28 types. The genetic relationships were analysed using two types of software (mega and BioNumerics). The sequence analyses of the 5′ UTR and VP1 regions of 306 EV-B strains demonstrated that: (i) comparing the two regions gives strong evidence of epidemiological linkage of strains in some serotypes; (ii) the intraserotypic genetic variation within each gene reveals that they evolve distinctly largely due to their different functions; and (iii) mutation and possible recombination in the two regions play significant roles in the molecular diversity of EV-B. Understanding the tempo and pattern of molecular diversity and evolution is of great importance in the pathogenesis of EV-B enteroviruses, information which will assist in disease prevention and control.

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Toi, Cheryl S., and Dominic E. Dwyer. "Prevalence of varicella-zoster virus genotypes in Australia characterized by high-resolution melt analysis and ORF22 gene analyses." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.019547-0.

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DNA sequence variation analysis has divided varicella-zoster virus (VZV; Human herpesvirus 3) into distinct geographical clades: European, Asian, African and Japanese. These genotypes are becoming increasingly prevalent within regions atypical to their original source and there has been the suggestion of recombination between genotypes. Seventy-eight clinical isolates from hospitalized patients with varicella were collected in New South Wales, the Northern Territory, Western Australia and Victoria from 2006 to 2009. The wild-type strains and the vaccine strain (vOka) were differentiated by single nucleotide polymorphism detection using high-resolution melt analysis of five target genes (ORF1, -21, -37, -60 and -62), and by DNA sequence analysis of a 484 bp region of ORF22. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 46 % (36/78) of the clinical isolates were European clade 1 (C/E1) strains, 21 % (16/78) were European clade 3 (B/E2) strains, 12 % (9/78) were Asian/African clade 5 (A/M1) strains, 10 % (8/78) were clade 4 (J2/M2), 6 % (5/78) were clade 2 (J/J) and 5 % (4/78) belonged to the novel clade VI. No significant association was shown between VZV genotype and region, age or gender. Although European strains were most common, the results suggest an increase in African/Asian, Japanese and clade VI genotypes circulating in Australia.

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Bosch, F. Xavier, and Josepa Ribes. "Epidemiology of Liver Cancer in Europe." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 14, no. 7 (2000): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/815454.

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Liver cancer (LC) ranks fifth in frequency in the world, with an estimated 437,000 new cases in 1990. The estimates are different when LC frequency is analyzed by sex and geographical areas. In developed areas, the estimates are 53,879 among men and 26,939 among women. In developing areas, the estimates are 262,043 in men and 93,961 in women. Areas of highest rates include Eastern and South Eastern Asia, Japan, Africa and the Pacific Islands (LC age-adjusted incidence rates [AAIRs] ranging from 17.6 to 34.8). Intermediate rates (LC AAIRs from 4.7 to 8.9 among men) are found in Southern, Eastern and Western Europe, Central America, Western Asia and Northern Africa. Low rates are found among men in Northern Europe, America, Canada, South Central Asia, Australia and New Zealand (LC AAIRs range from 2.7 to 3.2). In Europe, an excess of LC incidence among men compared with women is observed, and the age peak of the male excess is around 60 to 70 years of age. Significant variations in LC incidence among different countries have been described and suggest differences in exposure to risk factors. Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the etiology of LC is well established. In Europe, 28% of LC cases have been attributed to chronic HBV infection and 21% to HCV infection. Other risk factors such as alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and oral contraceptives may explain the residual variation within countries. Interactions among these risk factors have been postulated. New laboratory techniques and biological markers such as polymerase chain reaction detection of HBV DNA and HCV RNA, as well as specific mutations related to LC, may help to provide quantitative estimates of the risk related to each these factors.

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Yousefi, Masoud, Gholam Reza Sharifzadeh, Azadeh Ebrahimzadeh, Zohreh Azarkar, Mohammad Hasan Namaei, Ghedsiyeh Azarkar, Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht, et al. "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of HTLV-1 and Co-infections of Blood-Borne Viruses in Birjand, Iran’s Eastern Border." Archives of Iranian Medicine 23, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.85.

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Background: Blood-borne viruses (BBVs) are one of the most important public health concerns. South Khorasan has a long border with Afghanistan and concern has risen there about blood-borne oncogenic viral infections. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and co-infections of BBVs in Birjand, Iran’s eastern border. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 3441 subjects were tested for sero-prevalence of HTLV-1 by ELISA. The data on demographic features, HTLV-1-related risk factors and other characteristics of the population were analyzed by Pearson chi-square and logistic regression tests. Finally, the co-infection of BBVs was evaluated in the study. Results: The prevalence of HTLV-1 was 0.3% (95% CI: 0.12–0.48). Notably, the sero-prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in our previous studies was reported at 0%, 0.2%, 1.2% and 1.6%, respectively. The results indicated that the occurrence of HTLV-1 infection was associated only with the history of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR]: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07–0.97, with P = 0.04). The co-infection of HBV with HCV was the most common (2.35%), while a co-infection rate of 1.17% was found for both HBV/HTLV-1 and HBV/HDV. Conclusion: Although a higher prevalence of the viruses was expected, it was close to the overall Iranian population. With respect to close relationship with an HTLV-1 endemic area (Mashhad and Neyshabour), the prevalence is very low; however, more attention is needed. Our findings reinforce the importance of increasing knowledge about BBV-related health risk behaviors to prevent the emergence of new cases, especially in low-risk populations.

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Razali, K., J. Amin, GJ Dore, MG Law, and HCV Projections Working Group. "Modelling and calibration of the hepatitis C epidemic in Australia." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 18, no. 3 (November 26, 2008): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280208094689.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Australia is predominantly transmitted through injecting drug use. A reduction in the heroin supply in Australia in late 2000 and early 2001 may have impacted the number of injecting drug users (IDUs) and the number of new hepatitis C infections. This paper updates estimates of HCV incidence between 1960 and 2005 and models long-term sequelae from infection. Outcomes among those with HCV were also recently assessed in a linkage study assessing cancer and causes of death following HCV diagnosis in New South Wales. Linkage study outcomes have been used here to calibrate modelled outcomes. Mathematical models were used to estimate HCV incidence among IDUs, migrants to Australia from high HCV-prevalence countries, and other HCV exposure groups. Recent trends in numbers of IDUs were based on indicators of injecting drug use. A natural history of HCV model was applied to estimate the prevalence of HCV in the population. Model predicted endpoints that were calibrated against the NSW linkage data over the period 1995—2002 were: (i) incident hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); (ii) opioid overdose deaths; (iii) liver-related deaths; and (iv) all-cause mortality. Modelled estimates and the linkage data show reasonably good calibration for HCC cases and all-cause mortality. The estimated HCC incidence was increased from 70 cases in 1995 to 100 cases in 2002. All-cause mortality estimated at 1000 in 1995 increased to 1600 in 2002. Comparison of annual opioid deaths shows some agreement. However, the models underestimate the rate of increase observed between 1995 and 1999 and do not entirely capture the rapid decrease in overdose deaths from 2000 onwards. The linkage data showed a peak of overdose deaths at 430 in 1999 compared to 320 estimated by the models. Comparison of observed liver deaths with the modelled numbers showed poor agreement. A good agreement would require an increase in liver deaths from the assumed 2 to 5% per annum following cirrhosis in the models. Mathematical models suggest that HCV incidence decreased from a peak of 14,000 infections in 1999 to 9700 infections in 2005, largely attributable to a reduction in injecting drug use. The poor agreement between projected and linked liver deaths could reflect differing coding of causes of deaths, underestimates of the numbers of people with cirrhosis following HCV, or underestimates of rates of liver death following cirrhosis. The reasonably good agreement between most of the modelled estimates with observed linkage data provides some support for the assumptions used in the models.

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Cheng, Chieh-Lung, Erin Huang, Ming-Kai Chuang, Wen-Chien Chou, and Hwei-Fang Tien. "Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Positivity Is an Independent Unfavorable Prognostic Factor for Overall Survival in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated with Standard Chemoimmunotherapy." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-114982.

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Abstract Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most common viral infections in humans. Global prevalence of chronic HBV infection is heterogeneous, with 2-20% of a given population being infected with HBV. In some parts of Africa, Asia and South America, HBV infection is endemic and remains to be a significant public health issue.Previous studies have shown a positive association between hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive HBV infection and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of B-cell NHL. Nevertheless, the clinical characteristics of HBsAg positivity and negativity, as well as their prognostic implications in DLBCL patients treated with frontline standard chemoimmunotherapy remain to be clarified. Methods We conducted a single-institution retrospective study in a tertiary referral hospital in Taiwan, an HBV prevalent country in Asia. From January 2001 to December 2015, patients aged ≥20 years with newly diagnosed DLBCL treated with standard rituximab plus combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) were selected. Retrospective chart review was performed to collect data on clinical features, laboratory profiles, serum markers for HBV infection such as HBsAg and HBV-DNA loads before chemotherapy, as well as data on treatment response and outcome. The cohort was followed up until the cutoff date of June 30, 2018. Results A total of 393 DLBCL patients were analyzed in this study, with a median age of 60.5 years (range, 23.5 years to 90.9 years) and the sex ratio of 1.38 to 1.The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 65.2% after a median follow-up time of 68.8 months. In this cohort, 100 patients (25.4%) were found to have HBsAg positivity before treatment.Eighty-two of them had received prophylactic antiviral therapy, including 28 with lamivudine, 44 with entecavir and 10 with others. Besides, forty-five of HBsAg-positive patients had data of serum HBV-DNA loads before treatment, and 44 of them had received prophylactic anti-HBV therapy. Compared to HBsAg-negative patients, HBsAg-positive patients had a younger median onset age (55.9 years vs. 61.4 years, P=0.004), a trend of more advanced stage (stage III/IV: 62% vs. 51.2%, P=0.064), higher serum LDH levels at diagnosis (62% vs. 50.2%, P=0.048), and a trend of higher National Comprehensive Cancer Network-International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) score (high-intermediate/high: 50% vs. 41.6%, P=0.162). Regarding to treatment response and outcome, HBsAg-positive patients, compared to HBsAg-negative patients, had a trend of lower overall response rates (78% vs. 84.3%, P=0.169) and complete remission rates (73% vs. 79.9%, P=0.163). Furthermore, compared to HBsAg-negative patients, HBsAg-positive patientshad a poorer median OS (median OS, not reached vs. 95.8 months, P=0.001, Figure 1) and a shorter median progression-free survival (PFS) (median PFS, not reached vs. 34.3 months, P=0.031), respectively. By multivariate analysis, HBsAg positivity is an independent poor prognostic factor for OS irrespective of NCCN-IPI score, serum albumin levels and B symptoms. No significant difference was found in outcome between patients with high HBV-DNA loads (> 2000 IU/mL, n=21) and those with low HBV-DNA loads (≤2000 IU/mL, n=24). With respect to prophylactic anti-HBV treatment, patients without prophylactic therapy (n=18), compared to those with prophylactic therapy (n=82), had a trend of shorter median OS (27.9 months vs. 96.2 months, P=0.346). Moreover, no significant difference was found in median OS between HBsAg-positive patients when administrated with anti-HBV lamivudine and those when administrated with anti-HBV entecavir. Conclusions This study demonstrated that HBsAg positivity has unique clinical relevance to patients with DLBCL, as well as its impact in the efficacy of treatment. HBsAg positivity may serve as a relevant biomarker to predict clinical outcome in DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP. Prophylactic anti-HBV therapy may be of great importance in HBsAg-positive DLBCL patients. Further studies to explore the etiopathogenesis of HBV infection in DLBCL may help to discovery new treatment targets to improve the outcome of this group of patients. Figure 1. Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Ye, Jiazhou, Yinguang Wang, Rong Liang, Xue Wu, Yang Shao, and Feixiang Wu. "Genomic landscape of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma in south China patients with high mutational frequency of TP53 and TERT promoter." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e15670-e15670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e15670.

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e15670 Background: Development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex process with accumulations of polygene abnormalities and multi-pathway misregulation. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposure can cause liver damage and promote hepatocarcinogenesis via various biological effects. We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology of HBV-related HCC development, and provide new insights into novel molecular targets. Methods: 84 HBV-positive HCC patients from Guangxi Province, South China, who underwent hepatic resection, were enrolled in this study. Genomic alterations were analyzed in pair-matched tumor and adjacent normal tissue using a hybridization capture-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay targeting 422 cancer-relevant genes. Results: In total, 691 somatic mutations, 166 copy number variations and 10 gene fusions were detected in 81 (96.4%) of 84 tumor samples. The most commonly mutated gene is TP53 in this cohort (84% of the patients), which is much higher than its frequency in the reported overall HCC patients. TERT promoter has somatic mutations in 32% of the patients, reactivation of which has been implicated in multiple cancer types. Dysfunction in the cell cycle control pathway (TP53, RB1, CCND1, CDKN2A and CCNE1) was dominant, followed by PI3K/AKT cascade (PIK3CA, AKT3, MTOR, TSC1 and TSC2), while genes of WNT signaling pathway (CTNNB1, APC and AXIN2) were mutated at a lower frequency. In addition, 69 variants in 25 DNA damage repair (DDR) genes were identified in 37 (45.7%) patients. Patients with DDR mutations had a higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) than those without DDR mutations. Conclusions: This study revealed a unique genomic landscape of HBV-related HCC. Besides TP53 being the highest mutated gene, a significant fraction of patients was identified with TERT promoter mutations, suggesting that TERT may play a role in HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis as a novel molecular marker. Furthermore, the most common biological processes affected by HBV status in HCC were cell cycle control, PI3K/AKT and WNT signaling pathways. The possible synergistic effects of HBV in hepatocarcinogenesis warrant further investigations.

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Hayes, R. C., G. D. Li, B. S. Dear, A. W. Humphries, and J. R. Tidd. "Persistence, productivity, nutrient composition, and aphid tolerance of Cullen spp." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 12 (2009): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09095.

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The persistence, productivity, and nutrient content of accessions of Cullen australasicum, C. cinereum, C. tenax, and C. parvum were compared with lucerne (Medicago sativa) in grazed swards for 3 years on an acid soil in southern New South Wales. All Cullen spp. established satisfactorily from seed sown into a cultivated seed bed, but C. australasicum accessions were more persistent than C. cinereum, C. parvum, and C. tenax, which declined to a frequency of <5% by the start of the fourth year under rotational grazing. Cullen australasicum was the most productive of the 4 Cullen spp. with herbage yields similar to the lucerne cv. Sceptre. Leaves and stems of the Cullen spp. had significantly lower S, K, B, and Na contents than lucerne. The herbage P content of all Cullen spp., except C. tenax, was lower than in lucerne. Calcium and Mn levels were higher in C. australasicum than in all other species. Sheep often avoided grazing all Cullen spp. when other herbage was available, suggesting that these species had lower palatability. The dry matter digestibility (DMD) of lucerne herbage (76%) in September was higher than in C. australasicum (74.3%), C. cinereum (71.3%), and C. tenax (69.7%) (P < 0.001). The metabolisable energy content of the herbage of C. australasicum was similar to lucerne (10.7–10.9 MJ/kg DM) but was lower in C. cinereum and C. tenax (9.9–10.3 MJ/kg DM). The crude protein content of the 4 Cullen spp. was similar (21.4–22.3%) but significantly lower than for lucerne (33.6%). Glasshouse studies found C. australasicum, C. cinereum, C. pallidum, C. parvum, and C. tenax to be moderately to highly susceptible to bluegreen aphids (BGA) (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji), but one C. australasicum accession was highly tolerant, suggesting that aphid susceptibility can be overcome by selection. All 5 Cullen species proved highly resistant to spotted alfalfa aphids (Therioaphis trifolii Monell). Cullen australasicum was found to be susceptible to Alfalfa mosaic virus, which resulted in stunting of growth of some plants in the field experiment. Of the 4 Cullen spp. examined in the field experiment, C. australasicum demonstrated the most potential as a forage plant for low-rainfall regions with superior persistence and productivity under grazing and the highest resistance to BGA.

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Waller, Karen MJ, Nicole L. De La Mata, James A. Hedley, Brenda M. Rosales, Michael J. O’Leary, Elena Cavazzoni, Vidiya Ramachandran, et al. "New Blood Borne Virus Infections Among Organ Transplant Recipients: A Data-Linked Cohort Study Examining Transmissions and De Novo Infections." International Journal of Population Data Science 5, no. 5 (December 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v5i5.1642.

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IntroductionSolid organ transplant recipients are at risk of infections, which may be either derived through transplantation or acquired later. Blood-borne viruses (BBV) are a particular concern for donor-derived transmissions. There is an increasing emphasis on biovigilance – monitoring the safety of donated organs. However, systematic surveillance to distinguish donor-transmitted infection from de novo post-transplant infection is challenging. Additional information can be obtained through linkage of administrative health data. Objectives and ApproachWe aimed to identify donor-transmitted and de novo BBV infections among organ transplant recipients. We conducted a cohort study of all solid organ donor-recipient pairs in New South Wales, Australia, 2000-2015. Donor and recipient BBV infections were identified by linking transplant registries with administrative health data. Proven/probable donor-transmissions were identified among new recipient infections within 12 months of transplant, classified according to an international algorithm. All other new BBV infections were classified as de novo infections. ResultsAmong 2,120 organ donors, 73 had a BBV infection (11/73 active, 62/73 past). Donors with BBV donated to 176 recipients, of whom 24/176 had the same BBV as their donor, and 152/176 did not; these 152 recipients were at risk of donor-transmission. Among those at risk, there were 3/152 proven/probable BBV transmissions (1 hepatitis C, 2 hepatitis B [HBV]) and 149/152 recipients with non-transmissions. All donor-transmissions were previously recognised by donation services, and were from donors with known BBV. There were no deaths from transmissions. There were 70 recipients with de novo BBV; 2/70 died from new HBV. Conclusion / ImplicationsThis work confirms the safety of Australian organ donation, with no unrecognised BBV transmissions and many non-transmissions from donors with BBV. This may support increasing targeted donation from donors with BBV. However, de novo BBV infections were substantial and preventable. Data-linkage may be a useful adjunct to current biovigilance systems.

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O’Keefe, Jacinta, Lilly Tracy, Lilly Yuen, Sara Bonanzinga, Xin Li, Brian Chong, Suellen Nicholson, and Kathy Jackson. "Autochthonous and Travel Acquired Hepatitis E Virus in Australia." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (February 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.640325.

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BackgroundHepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of acute viral hepatitis with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in pregnant women. There are four major genotypes which can cause disease in humans. Genotypes 1 and 2 are usually associated with outbreaks and spread via facal/oral route or contaminated water. Genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic and usually associated with handling of pigs or consumption of contaminated pork. The strains circulating in Australia have never been characterized.Rationale/AimsThe aims for this project are to identify the HEV genotypes found in Australia and link them to possible sources of transmission by phylogenetic analysis.Materials and MethodsBetween 2015 and 2020, 91 HEV isolates were sequenced and genotyped using an in-house PCR. Sixty-six of these were also sequenced by using the international HEVnet primers. Genotypes were determined using the BLASTn program. Relatedness to other strains in Australia was determined by phylogenetic analyses of the HEVnet sequences. Isolates were also stratified by state of origin, gender, age, predisposing factors and travel history (if known).ResultsOf the 91 HEV isolates sequenced, 55 (60.4%) were genotype 1. There were 34 (37.4%) genotype 3 strains and two genotype 4 (2.2%). At least 20 of the genotype 1 strains have been linked to travel in India, and another three with Pakistan. Five of the “Indian” strains were closely related and are suspected to have originated in Gujarat. Phylogenetic analysis also showed that 12 genotype 3 strains were genetically related and potentially acquired in/from New South Wales, Australia. The two genotype 4 strains may have originated in China.DiscussionThis is the first study to describe the HEV isolates identified in Australia. The results infer that HEV may be acquired during overseas travel as well as locally, presumably from consumption of pork or pork-related products. The phylogenetic analyses also reveal clusters of infection originating from India and Pakistan. This study provides some insight into the source and epidemiology of HEV infection in Australia which may be used to guide public health procedure and enable the implementation of measures to deal with potential outbreaks of infection.

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Ehimen, Ferguson Ayemere, Iboro Samuel Akpan, Emmanuel Friday Osagiede, A. N. Ofili, Pierre Oziegbe Okukpon, and I. A. Airefetalor. "Assessment of Standard Precautions’ Practices among Health Care Workers in a Rural Area of South-South Nigeria." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, June 16, 2020, 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i1530712.

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Introduction: Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids (BBFs) is a serious public health concern and it constitute a major risk factor for transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus, and human immune deficiency virus. Therefore, regular adherence to standard precautions remains the best strategy advocated by World Health Organization and Centres of Disease Control for controlling occupational exposure to blood and body fluids. Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge and practice of HCWs, as it relates to exposure to BBFs and adherence to standard precautions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out within 8 months among primary health care workers. Information on knowledge of exposure to BBFs, standard precaution practices and post-exposure management were collected using interviewers’ administered questionnaire and observational checklist. The study was conducted among two hundred and thirteen health care workers in Ekpoma, Edo State. Data were entered, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS for window, version 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical package software. Results: Sixty eight (41.7%) of cleaners and 29(17.8%) of nurses/community health extension workers were aware of blood borne infections associated with occupational exposure to BBFs compared to doctors, 3(1.8%) and laboratory workers, 4(2.5%). It was also found out that majority (74.2%) of the participants had poor knowledge of infection control practices. Conclusion: The knowledge and practice of standard precautions was found to be generally poor. Hence, all health care workers should be trained on the principles of infection control and exposure prevention. Also, relevant authorities need to formulate new strategies to create a favorable working environment that will ensure HCWs adherence to standard precautions.

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"BioBoard." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 11, no. 17n18 (September 30, 2007): 1159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030307001279.

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AUSTRALIA — Cervical Cancer Vaccine for Babies. AUSTRALIA — Cancer Research Using Kangaroos Given Grant. AUSTRALIA — New South Wales Funds Cyclotron to Boost Neurological Research. CHINA — China Has 120 Million Hepatitis B Carriers. CHINA — China Stresses International Pharmaceutical Cooperation. CHINA — Chinese Traditional Medicine Tested in Space. HONG KONG — Detection of 111 New HIV Cases in Hong Kong. INDIA — New Program in Hospital Operations Management to be Launched. INDIA — Global Diabetes Research Center to be Set Up Near Chennai. INDIA — India's First Stem Cell Facility to be Set Up in Karnataka. INDIA — British Companies Seeking Collaborations with Indian Pharma Healthcare Sectors. MALAYSIA — Malaysia to Set Up Agency to Control Distribution of GM Foods. SINGAPORE — Singapore Cancer Society Gives Out Grants to Four Research Projects. TAIWAN — Food and Drug Administration Permit Sought for Human Testing of New Taiwan Drug. THAILAND — New Push for GMO Field Tests.

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Valerio, Heather, Maryam Alavi, Matthew Law, Hamish McManus, Shane Tillakeratne, Sahar Bajis, Marianne Martinello, et al. "Opportunities to Enhance Linkage to Hepatitis C Care Among Hospitalized People With Recent Drug Dependence in New South Wales, Australia: A Population-based Linkage Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases, June 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab526.

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Abstract Background People who inject drugs are at greater risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and hospitalization, yet admissions are not utilized for HCV treatment initiation. We aimed to assess the extent to which people with HCV notification, including those with evidence of recent drug dependence, are hospitalized while eligible for direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy, and treatment uptake according to hospitalization in the DAA era. Methods We conducted a longitudinal, population-based cohort study of people living with HCV in the DAA era (March 2016–December 2018) through analysis of linked databases in New South Wales, Australia. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to report HCV treatment uptake by frequency, length, and cause-specific hospitalization. Results Among 57 467 people, 14 938 (26%) had evidence of recent drug dependence, 50% (n = 7506) of whom were hospitalized while DAA eligible. Incidence of selected cause-specific hospitalization was highest for mental health-related (15.84 per 100 person-years [PY]), drug-related (15.20 per 100 PY), and injection-related infectious disease (9.15 per 100 PY) hospitalizations, and lowest for alcohol use disorder (4.58 per 100 PY) and liver-related (3.13 per 100 PY). In total, 65% (n = 4898) of those who were hospitalized had been admitted ≥2 times, and 46% (n = 3437) were hospitalized ≥7 days. By the end of 2018, DAA therapy was lowest for those hospitalized ≥2 times, for ≥7 days, and those whose first admission was for injection-related infectious disease, mental health disorders, and drug-related complications. Conclusions Among people who have evidence of recent drug dependence, frequent hospitalization—particularly mental health, drug, and alcohol admissions—presents an opportunity for engagement in HCV care.

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Robertson, Mark, John-Sebastian Eden, Avram Levy, Ian Carter, Rachel L. Tulloch, Elena J. Cutmore, Bethany A. Horsburgh, et al. "The spatial-temporal dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus infections across the east–west coasts of Australia during 2016–17." Virus Evolution 7, no. 2 (July 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/veab068.

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Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human respiratory pathogen. In temperate regions, a distinct seasonality is observed, where peaks of infections typically occur in early winter, often preceding the annual influenza season. Infections are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality and in some populations exceed that of influenza. Two subtypes, RSV-A and RSV-B, have been described, and molecular epidemiological studies have shown that both viruses mostly co-circulate. This trend also appears to be the case for Australia; however, previous genomic studies have been limited to cases from one Eastern state—New South Wales. As such, the broader spatial patterns and viral traffic networks across the continent are not known. Here, we conducted a whole-genome study of RSV comparing strains across eastern and Western Australia during the period January 2016 to June 2017. In total, 96 new RSV genomes were sequenced, compiled with previously generated data, and examined using a phylodynamic approach. This analysis revealed that both RSV-A and RSV-B strains were circulating, and each subtype was dominated by a single genotype, RSV-A ON1-like and RSV-B BA10-like viruses. Some geographical clustering was evident in strains from both states with multiple distinct sub-lineages observed and relatively low mixing across jurisdictions, suggesting that endemic transmission was likely seeded from imported, unsampled locations. Overall, the RSV phylogenies reflected a complex pattern of interactions across multiple epidemiological scales from fluid virus traffic across global and regional networks to fine-scale local transmission events.

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"BIOBOARD." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 21, no. 09 (September 2017): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030317000659.

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JAPAN – Potential drug for treating chronic pain with few side effects. AUSTRALIA – Fellowship supports search for new disease treatments. TAIWAN – A novel platform for neurodegenerative disease studies: Applying photocontrollable probe to induce pathological proteins into amyloid fibers in live cells. TAIWAN – CLEC5A is critical in innate immunity against bacterial infections. SINGAPORE – Singapore scientists uncover how neural stem cells are activated intrinsically by spindle matrix proteins. SINGAPORE – NUS establishes additive manufacturing facilities for biomedical applications. SINGAPORE & GERMANY – Breakthrough immunotherapy for Chronic Hepatitis B virus infection. SINGAPORE, HONG KONG & SOUTH KOREA – First in Asia - Launch of multi-centre lung cancer research platform. SINGAPORE & TAIWAN – ASLAN Pharmaceuticals collaborates with Academia Sinica’s Genomic Research Centre. GERMANY – ASIT biotech announces follow-up study of Phase I/IIa clinical trial for house dust mite rhinitis. USA – Test uses nanotechnology to quickly diagnose Zika virus.

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McRae, Jocelynne E., Helen E. Quinn, Gemma L. Saravanos, Alissa McMinn, Philip N. Britton, Nicholas Wood, Helen Marshall, and Kristine Macartney. "Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance (PAEDS) annual report 2016: Prospective hospital-based surveillance for serious paediatric conditions." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 43 (February 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2019.43.5.

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Introduction The Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance (PAEDS) network is a hospital-based active surveillance system employing prospective case ascertainment for selected serious childhood conditions, particularly vaccine preventable diseases and potential adverse events following immunisation (AEFI). PAEDS data is used to better understand these conditions, inform policy and practice under the National Immunisation Program, and enable rapid public health responses for certain conditions of public health importance. PAEDS enhances data available from other Australian surveillance systems by providing prospective, detailed clinical and laboratory information on children with selected conditions. This is the third annual PAEDS report, and presents surveillance data for 2016. Methods Specialist nurses screened hospital admissions, emergency department records, laboratory and other data, on a daily basis in 5 paediatric tertiary referral hospitals in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland to identify children with the conditions under surveillance. Retrospective data on some conditions was also captured by an additional hospital in the Northern Territory. Standardised protocols and case definitions were used across all sites. Conditions under surveillance in 2016 included acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) (a syndrome associated with poliovirus infection), acute childhood encephalitis (ACE), influenza, intussusception (IS; a potential AEFI with rotavirus vaccines), pertussis, varicella-zoster virus infection (varicella and herpes zoster), invasive meningococcal and invasive Group A streptococcus diseases. Most protocols restrict eligibility to hospitalisations; Emergency Department (ED) only presentations are also included for some conditions. Results In 2016, there were 673 cases identified across all conditions under surveillance. Key outcomes of PAEDS included: contribution to national AFP surveillance to reach World Health Organization (WHO) reporting targets; identification of the leading infectious causes of acute encephalitis which included human parechovirus, influenza, enteroviruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and bacterial meningo-encephalitis; demonstration of high influenza activity with vaccine effectiveness (VE) analysis demonstrating some protection offered through vaccination. All IS cases associated with vaccine receipt were reported to the relevant state health department. Varicella and herpes zoster case numbers increased from previous years associated with suboptimal vaccination in up to 40% of cases identified. Pertussis surveillance continued in 2016 with the addition of test negative controls captured for estimating vaccine effectiveness. Surveillance for invasive meningococcal disease showed predominance for serotype B in absence of immunisation, and new invasive group A streptococcus surveillance captured severe disease in children. Conclusions PAEDS continues to provide unique policy-relevant data on serious paediatric conditions using hospital-based sentinel surveillance. Keywords: paediatric, surveillance, child, hospital, vaccine preventable diseases, adverse event following immunisation, acute flaccid paralysis, encephalitis, influenza, intussusception, pertussis, varicella zoster virus, meningococcal, group A streptococcus.

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Ubrihien, Ashley, Kylie Gwynne, and David A. Lewis. "Enabling culturally safe sexual health services in western Sydney: a protocol to improve STI treatment outcomes for Aboriginal young people." Pilot and Feasibility Studies 7, no. 1 (May 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40814-021-00847-7.

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Abstract Background Aboriginal people face challenges on several fronts when it comes to the health and wellbeing of their community, compared to the rest of the Australian population. This is no different in urban areas such as Australia’s largest urban Aboriginal community located in Blacktown, NSW, where sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain an issue of concern. Across Australia, rates of infectious syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis C infection have increased by 400, 260, and 15% respectively while gonorrhoea decreased 12% in the 5-year period from 2013 to 2017. This study explores how to address the barriers that prevent young Aboriginal people under 30 years of age from accessing STI treatment through Government Sexual Health Services. Methods This qualitative study will use purposeful sampling to recruit 20 male and 20 female health consumers, 10 Aboriginal elders and 10 sexual health clinicians. This recruitment will be undertaken with the assistance of the local Government Health Services and local Aboriginal organisations. One-on-one semi-structured interviews will be undertaken by someone of the same gender in order to address cultural preferences. Data will be entered into NVivo and thematically analysed. Discussion This study will seek to add to the literature that explores why young Aboriginal people do not access sexual health services. This study seeks to understand the experience of clinicians, Aboriginal elders and Aboriginal young people to provide practical policy and clinical redesign evidence that can be used to improve the experience and cultural safety of sexual health services in urban areas of Australia. The results of the qualitative research will be disseminated with the assistance of participating local Aboriginal organisations, and the findings will be published through peer-reviewed scientific journals and conference presentations. Trial registration The study is approved by the Western Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/16/WMEAD/449) and the New South Wales Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council’s Human Research Ethics Committee (1220/16).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hepatitis B virus – New South Wales'

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