Journal articles: 'Hepatitis B Victoria'

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FAYYAZ, MOHAMMAD, Muhammad Ayub Khan, MASROOR ALI QAZI, Ghulam Mohyud Din `Chaudhary, and GULZAR AHMED. "HEPATITIS B, C & HIV." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 04 (December 16, 2006): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4941.

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Objective: To determine the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV in healthyblood donors in Blood Transfusion Services, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Design: Prospective observationalstudy. Setting: Blood Transfusion Services, Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH), affiliated with Quaid-e-Azam medicalCollege Bahawalpur. Period: From 1 January t st o 31st December 2005. Methods and Materials: All the personscoming for blood donations , at the BVH facility, were included. Clinically anaemic, ill, past history of jaundice and ageof less than 18 or more than 50 years were excluded. All the donors (27938) from various areas of Bahawalpur,Bahawalnagar, Lodhran, Vehari and Rahim Yar Khan districts, were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs)Antigen, hepatitis C antibody (Anti HCV) & Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Antibody (Anti-HIV)on sera by one StepTest Device. All the positives cases were confirmed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay. Results: Out of total27938, 25420(91%) were male. Mean age was 28 years with age range 18-50. No HIV positive case was detected.HBV was 2.69%, slightly more than HCV, 2.52%. Males were significantly (p<0.02) more infected than females.Conclusion: Risk of transmission of viral hepatitis is a major problem of blood transfusion. Frequency of viral hepatitisin blood donors is higher in our area as compared to rest of the world. HIV infection is very low. Preventive strategiesinclude good blood transfusion services along with safe sex and other measures.

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Thompson, Sandra C., and Maureen Norris. "Hepatitis B Vaccination of Personnel Employed in Victorian Hospitals: Are Those at Risk Adequately Protected?" Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 01 (January 1999): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501552.

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AbstractObjective:To examine the policies and practices in hospitals within the state of Victoria, Australia, with respect to vaccination of staff against hepatitis B infection.Design:A written self-administered questionnaire to be completed by the infection control officer (or designated officer for hepatitis B vaccination) within each hospital.Setting:Public (teaching and nonteaching) and private hospitals, including metropolitan and rural institutions in Victoria.Participants:A random sample of 30% of Victorian hospitals were asked to participate in the survey. Of 78 eligible institutions, 69 (88%) completed and returned questionnaires.Results:There was no consistent hepatitis B prevention policy in place across Victoria. Of the 69 responding hospitals, 63 (91%) offered hepatitis B vaccination to staff, and 58 (84%) of these also paid all costs of vaccination. Of the 63 hospitals offering vaccination to staff, 39 offered vaccination to all staff, 23 offered vaccination based on job title, and one offered vaccination based on anticipated exposure. In many institutions, postexposure protocols were recalled more readily than preexposure vaccination guidelines. Numerous respondents indicated a need for clear guidelines on policy and clarification on practical matters of management, such as acceptable immune levels, management of nonresponders to the primary series, and the need for, and timing of, booster doses of vaccine. Eleven (18%) of the 63 hospitals offering hepatitis B vaccination to staff undertook routine prevaccination screening, a practice not generally regarded as cost-effective in Australia. Fifty-five of these hospitals (91%) also undertook postvaccination screening.Conclusions:It is evident from this study that a considerable number of potentially susceptible healthcare personnel in Victorian hospitals remain unprotected against hepatitis B infection. A more reliable and consistent approach to preexposure hepatitis B vaccination is recommended

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van Gemert, Caroline, Wayne Dimech, Mark Stoove, Rebecca Guy, Jess Howell, Scott Bowden, Suellen Nicholson, et al. "Tracking the uptake of outcomes of hepatitis B virus testing using laboratory data in Victoria, 2011–16: a population-level cohort study." Sexual Health 16, no. 4 (2019): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh18102.

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Background A priority area in the 2016 Victorian Hepatitis B Strategy is to increase diagnostic testing. This study describes hepatitis B testing and positivity trends in Victoria between 2011 and 2016 using data from a national laboratory sentinel surveillance system. Methods: Line-listed diagnostic and monitoring hepatitis B testing data among Victorian individuals were collated from six laboratories participating in the Australian Collaboration for Coordinated Enhanced Sentinel Surveillance (ACCESS) of sexually transmissible infections and blood-borne viruses. Diagnostic tests included hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-only tests and guideline-based hepatitis B tests (defined as a single test event for HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antibody and hepatitis B core antibody). Using available data, the outcomes of testing and/or infection were further classified. Measures reported include the total number of HBsAg and guideline-based tests conducted and the proportion positive, classified as either HBsAg positive or chronic hepatitis B infection. Results: The number of HBsAg tests decreased slightly each year between 2011 and 2016 (from 91043 in 2011 to 79664 in 2016; P < 0.001), whereas the number of guideline-based hepatitis B tests increased (from 8732 in 2011 to 16085 in 2016; P <0.001). The proportion of individuals classified as having chronic infection decreased from 25% in 2011 to 7% in 2016, whereas the proportion classified as susceptible and immune due to vaccination increased (from 29% to 39%, and from 27% to 34%, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusions: The study findings indicate an increased uptake of guideline-based hepatitis B testing. The ongoing collection of testing data can help monitor progress towards implementation of the Victorian Hepatitis B Strategy.

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Jimenez, Gabriela, George Alex, Georgia Paxton, Thomas G. Connell, and Winita Hardikar. "B Alert: Hepatitis B virus infection in children in Victoria." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 49, no. 3 (March 2013): E213—E216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12115.

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AHMAD, AMEER, ABDUL REHMAN, and GHULAM QASIM KHAN KHICHI. "HEPATITIS B MARKERS." Professional Medical Journal 14, no. 02 (September 6, 2007): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2007.14.02.4894.

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Objective: To determine the transmission of Hepatitis B virus from infectedmother to their newborns. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting: Pediatrics Ward-2 and Gynecology &Obstetric Department Bahawal Victoria Hospital/Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Bahawalpur. Period: From August2004 to December 2005 Material and Methods: A total of 300 pregnant ladies admitted in the gynecological andobstetric department for delivery were screened for HBsAG, HBeAG, HBcAB, HBsAB, and HBeAB. The newborns ofthe mothers with HBsAG and HBeAG were tested for the same antigens at the time of birth and the ones who werepositives for the antigens were labeled as having “vertical infection” through placenta. Results were tabulated; incidenceof hepatitis was calculated. RESULTS: HBsAG was positive in 37(12.3%) out of the 300 enrolled mothers. Out of the37 babies born to 37 hepatitis B positive mothers, 4(21%) newborns were positive for HBsAG.In the mothers of theseinfected newborns, HBeAG was present in 3 while one mother did not have HBeAG. CONCLUSION: Universal prenatalscreening for hepatitis B in all the pregnant women and protection of their off springs should be provided both by activeand passive prophylaxis immediately after birth depending upon their serological status.

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Sinclair, M., S. Roberts, W. Kemp, V. Knight, A. Dev, P. Gow, H. Philpott, et al. "Epidemiology of hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in Victoria." Internal Medicine Journal 43, no. 5 (May 2013): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.12068.

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MacLachlan, Jennifer H., and Benjamin C. Cowie. "Uptake and trends in ordering of funded hepatitis B immunisation for priority populations in Victoria, Australia, 2013–2014." Sexual Health 14, no. 2 (2017): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16002.

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Background The Department of Health and Human Services in Victoria provides funded hepatitis B vaccine to many priority groups at risk of acquiring infection. We aimed to determine the uptake of vaccine ordering for at-risk groups over time, to assess any trends and identify any gaps in prevention of hepatitis B for those at risk. Methods: Routinely collected administrative data regarding the indication for vaccine ordered by practitioners were analysed for the period June 2013 to December 2014. Number of doses and courses distributed was determined and compared with the estimated size of the priority populations. Results: During the 18-month period assessed, 20 498 doses of funded hepatitis B vaccine were ordered, equating to ~5700 complete courses, with the overall number of orders per quarter increasing between 2013 and 2014. The most common indication was being a household or sexual contact of people living with hepatitis B (2803 courses, 49.2% of the total), equating to approximately one course per new chronic hepatitis B notification. The remaining doses were largely distributed to people living with HIV (648 courses, 11.4%), people living with hepatitis C (621 courses, 10.9%), and people who inject drugs (594 courses, 10.4%). Conclusions: This analysis demonstrates that access to hepatitis B immunisation among priority populations appears to have increased in Victoria during 2013–14, however it could still be improved. Continued assessment of these data over time will be important to measure the impact of interventions on increasing the reach of the funded vaccine program.

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Adamson, E., N. Yussf, and E. Schreiber. "Using Liver Cancer Prevention Messages to Scale up the Diagnosis and Treatment of People Living With Hepatitis B." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 132s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.32800.

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Background and context: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a major public health issue in Australia, affecting an estimated 238,000 people. If not appropriately managed, chronic hepatitis B infection can cause cirrhosis and liver cancer. Liver cancer has the fastest increasing incidence rate of all cancers in Australia, and its survival is among the lowest. To reduce the burden of liver cancer, more people with CHB need to be diagnosed and treated. The majority of people living in Australia with CHB (61%) were born overseas, and research indicates people have low levels of understanding about hepatitis B, and its link to liver cancer. Cancer Council Victoria developed several communication campaigns to increase testing and diagnosis for hepatitis B in the Vietnamese and south Sudanese communities living in Victoria. Aim: •To raise awareness about hepatitis B and the link to liver cancer in the Vietnamese and south Sudanese community •To increase understanding about diagnosis, vaccination and management •To mobilize the community to talk to their trusted GP about hepatitis and to be tested. Strategy/Tactics: The campaign strategy was designed to address the knowledge barriers to testing for these two communities. To inform the strategy, qualitative focus groups and community interviews were used to identify perceptions of hepatitis B and liver cancer, as well as the barriers and motivators to testing. Both communities identified their local doctor as a trusted source of health information. Two media campaigns were developed featuring a known doctor from each community. An additional campaign was tailored specifically for young south Sudanese people using hip hop music as method of disseminating key messages about liver cancer prevention. Program/Policy process: The campaigns were designed by the Screening, Early Detection and Immunization Team at Cancer in Council Victoria, Australia. Outcomes: Digital metrics and face to face interviews with community members, nurses and doctors were used to assess the impact of the campaigns. Evaluation results also indicated people did visit their doctor to talk about hepatitis B. The success in motivating people to see their doctor was attributed to the campaigns featuring a message about liver cancer being caused by hepatitis B, and it being led by a known and respected doctor from their own community. What was learned: Cancer organizations can target liver cancer prevention efforts to · increase awareness about liver cancer and hepatitis B in at risk communities; · motivate at risk people to visit their doctor for hepatitis B testing, vaccination and treatment by linking the prevention of liver cancer to hepatitis treatment; · tailor communications to the specific needs of different culturally diverse communities; · collaborate closely with communities from culturally diverse backgrounds to ensure campaign messages and calls to action are culturally appropriate.

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Thompson, S. C., R. E. Goudey, A. M. Breschkin, J. Carnie, and M. Catton. "Exposure to hepatitis B and C of tattooists in Victoria in 1984." Journal of Viral Hepatitis 4, no. 2 (March 1997): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.1997.tb00216.x.

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Oman, Kimberly M., John Carnie, and Tilman Ruff. "Hepatitis B immunisation coverage of infants born to chronic carrier mothers in Victoria." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 21, no. 7 (December 1997): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1997.tb01788.x.

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Iddi, Shabani, Caroline A. Minja, Vitus Silago, Asteria Benjamin, Jastine Mpesha, Shimba Henerico, Benson R. Kidenya, Stephen E. Mshana, and Mariam M. Mirambo. "High Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Viral Load and Coinfection with Viral Hepatitis Are Associated with Liver Enzyme Abnormalities among HIV Seropositive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in the Lake Victoria Zone, Tanzania." AIDS Research and Treatment 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6375714.

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Background. Liver enzymes abnormalities have been found to be common among patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Apart from the effects of ART on these changes, other factors that can potentially contribute to the abnormal levels of these enzymes have been found to vary in different geographical locations. This study investigated factors associated with liver enzymes abnormalities among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals on ART from the Lake Victoria zone, Tanzania. Methods. A cross-sectional study involving a total of 230 sera from HIV seropositive patients from different regions of the Lake Victoria zone was carried out in July 2017. All samples with required variables/parameters such as age, sex, ART regimen, and residence were serially included in the study. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) detection and liver enzymes assays (alanine transaminase (ALAT) and aspartate transaminase (ASAT)) were assessed following the standard procedures. Data were analyzed by using STATA version 13. Results. The median age of the study participants was 38 (interquartile range [IQR]:30-48) years. The overall prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes was 43.04% (99/230, 95% CI: 36.6-49.3). A total of 26.09% (60/230) had elevated ASAT while 23.9% (55/230) patients had elevated ALAT levels. ASAT levels were significantly high among patients with high HIV viral load (P= 0.002) while ALAT levels were significantly high among those coinfected with hepatitis C virus (P=0.017) and hepatitis B virus (P<0.001). Conclusion. A significant proportion of HIV seropositive individuals on ART have abnormal levels of liver enzymes, which is significantly associated with high HIV viral load and viral hepatitis. This calls for the need to emphasize screening of viral hepatitis and provision of appropriate management among HIV seropositive individuals in this setting.

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Bennett, Noel McK, James A. Carson, Barry S. Fish, Lewis J. W. George, Peter J. Puszet, Douglas W. Rankin, Patricia Wilkinson, et al. "An assessment of the prevalence of hepatitis B among health care personnel in Victoria." Medical Journal of Australia 143, no. 11 (November 1985): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb119910.x.

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Thompson, Sandra C., Elaine Stevenson, Rory Wilby, and Nick Crofts. "Hepatitis B infection in Victoria 1992: time to review the high‐risk vaccination strategy." Medical Journal of Australia 159, no. 8 (October 1993): 562–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb138023.x.

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Cowie, Benjamin, Theo Karapanagiotidis, Adam Enriquez, and Heath Kelly. "Markers of hepatitis B virus infection and immunity in Victoria, Australia, 1995 to 2005." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 34, no. 1 (February 2010): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00477.x.

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Aitken, Campbell, Cheryl Delalande, and Kay Stanton. "Pumping iron, risking infection? Exposure to hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV among anabolic–androgenic steroid injectors in Victoria, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 65, no. 3 (February 2002): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00174-0.

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MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Nicole Romero, Nasra Higgins, Rachel Coutts, Rachel Chan, Nicola Stephens, and Benjamin C. Cowie. "Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B and C in Victoria, Australia: insights and impacts from enhanced surveillance." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 44, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12934.

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Ssuuna, Charles, Victor Ssempijja, Sarah Kalibbala, David Serwadda, Ping Teresa Yeh, Maria Wawer, Ronald Gray, Larry Chang, Joseph Kagaayi, and Steven Reynolds. "Hepatitis B virus infection and factors associated with its acquisition among adults in a Lake Victoria HIV hyperendemic fishing community in Kyotera district, Uganda: a cross-sectional observation." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e050436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050436.

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ObjectiveTo investigate hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence and factors associated with viral acquisition in a HIV-hyperendemic fishing community, we tested sera for anti-hepatitis B core (HBc) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).DesignObservational cross-sectional study.SettingLarge fishing village on Lake Victoria, one of the HIV-hyperendemic Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS) sites (HIV prevalence ~40%).ParticipantsSample of 460 RCCS participants aged 15–49 years from survey conducted from 5 December 2016 to 13 February 2017. These proportionately included HIV-negative, HIV-positive antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve and HIV positive on ART participants.ResultsOf the 460 participants, 49.6% (95% CI 45.0% to 54.1%) had evidence of prior HBV infection and 3.7% (95% CI 2.3% to 5.9%) were either acutely or chronically infected. HBV risk increased with age, number of lifetime sex partners and HIV seropositivity. HBV risk decreased with HIV ART use among HIV-positive participants. Prevalence of prior HBV infection was 17.1% in participants aged 15–19 years, 43.2%, 55.3% and 70.1% in participants aged 20–39, 30–39 and 40–49 years, respectively (p<0.001). Additionally, the prevalence of prior HBV infection was 23.8% in participants with 0–1 lifetime sex partners, 43.2% and 54.8% in participants with 2–3 lifetime sex partners and 4+ lifetime sex partners, respectively (p<0.001).ConclusionsFindings from this fishing community suggest the need to provide HBV vaccination to adults at risk of sexual transmission who have not been previously immunised.

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Gemert, C., J. Howell, J. Wang, M. Stoove, B. Cowie, N. Allard, C. Enright, E. Dunn, V. Towell, and M. Hellard. "P63 Knowledge and practices of chronic hepatitis B virus testing by general practitioners in Victoria, 2014–2015." Journal of Virus Eradication 3 (August 2017): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30804-9.

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Williams, Stephanie, Hassan Vally, James Fielding, and Benjamin Cowie. "Chronic hepatitis B surveillance in Victoria, 1998-2008: instituting a 21st Century approach to an old disease." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 35, no. 1 (October 7, 2010): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00611.x.

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Batool, Tayyaba, Shaheena Nawab, Badar Mehmood, Nadeem Shahid Younas, Muhammad Irfan Khan, and Khadija Nadeem. "The Analysis of Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) in Thalassemia Patients." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22162269.

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Objective: To find out the analysis of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) in β-thalassemia patients at a tertiary care hospital of South Punjab, Pakistan. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: The Department of Hematological Disorder, Thalassemia and Bone Marrow Transplantation Centre, and Department of Biochemistry, “Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Quaid e Azam Medical College”, Bahawalpur, Pakistan from February January 2020 to December 2021. Methodology: Patients of blood transfusion-dependent 𝛽-thalassaemia of both genders and aged 5 to 12 years were analyzed. Blood was collected from patients aseptically and serum separated in Eppendorf tubes and stored at –200C. Screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were performed through Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) technique. Results: In a total of 1212 patients, 745 (61.5%) were male. Overall, mean age was calculated to be 8.7±4.6 years while 874 (72.1%) patients were below 10 years of age. There were 866 (71.5%) patients who belonged to rural areas of residence. Parental consanguineous marriages were reported in 951 (78.5%) cases. There were 205 (16.9%) patients who were found to have TTIs. Out of these 205 patients, 169 (13.9%) were having HCV, 11 (0.9%) HBV, 20 (1.7%) syphilis whereas HIV was noted in 5 (0.4%) patients. Conclusion: Prevalence of TTIs was found to be high among multi-transfused patients of β-thalassemia. Most common types of TTIs were HCV which is consistent to what has previously been reported in the local literature. Identification of HIV in 0.5% cases in the present study is pointing towards disturbing development regarding spread of HIV in our region. Keywords: β-thalassemia, blood transfusion, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus.

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Rehman, A., A. Mazhar, M. A. Sheikh, M. M. Naeem, and I. A. Bhatti. "Hepatitis B surface antigen carrier rate in unvaccinated and vaccinated children with thalassaemia major at Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2012.18.4.378.

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Crofts, Nick, Sandra Thompson, Elizabeth Wale, and Franz Hernberger. "Risk Behaviours for Blood-borne Viruses in a Victorian Prison." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 29, no. 1 (March 1996): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589602900102.

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Hepatitis B and C viruses continue to spread in Victorians at risk of incarceration. We have therefore studied risk behaviours for these infections among 51 prisoners with a history of injecting drug use (IDU) in the central Victorian prison; 33 were also interviewed about their tattooing experience. Half had injected inside prison in the preceding month, an average of 5.5 times, suggesting up to 9,000 injections p.a. in this prison. Almost all shared inadequately disinfected equipment, with no way of knowing how many had used it before. First sharing of injecting equipment had been in prison for a fifth. Almost 90% were HCV infected. Almost all had been tattooed, with 60% having had at least one while in prison, while five reported more than 50 tattoos in prison. Urgent consideration of methods to decrease these risks is necessary, including assessment of the feasibility of controversial strategies such as needle and syringe exchange programs and the provision of sterile tattooing equipment.

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Muraskin, William A. "The Role of Organized Labor in Combating the Hepatitis B and Aids Epidemics: The Fight for an Osha Bloodborne Pathogens Standard." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 1 (January 1995): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/llq1-2c2k-y274-ylg9.

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The United States is experiencing a hepatitis B epidemic that has until recently received relatively little public attention. Many groups of workers are at risk of infection, death, or chronic carriership because of workplace exposure to blood; those at risk include not only health care professionals but police, fire fighters, life guards, hospital-based laundry and cafeteria workers, park rangers, sanitation workers, etc. One of the most important victories against the hepatitis B pandemic in the United States occurred when the Occupational Safety and Health Administration issued a Bloodborne Pathogens Standard that required employers to protect 5½ million workers from infection by offering those at risk free hepatitis B vaccination, and forced employers to bear the costs of providing equipment (e.g., gloves, gowns, masks, puncture-proof containers) to maintain “universal precautions” for employees handling bodily fluids. While most people assume the new standard was primarily aimed at fighting the AIDS epidemic, it was actually based on the more significant risk posed by hepatitis B infection. The standard resulted not from leadership provided by the experts in the Public Health Service mandated to control infectious disease, but rather from pressure applied by labor unions—providing a clear example of the continued importance of unions for worker protection in our supposedly post-union era.

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Coombes, Caitlin, Keisuke Horikawa, Sanjiv Jain, Jun Hee Lim, Sewa Rijal, Kartik Saxena, and Dipti Talaulikar. "Somatic Mutations Associated with IgVH4-34 FR1 Region Unmutated QW and Avy Motifs in DLBCL Patients." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-142486.

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There is increasing evidence for antigen-driven B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and other lymphoid malignancies. This includes antigens from infections e.g.Helicobacter pyloriand Hepatitis C virus, but it is theorised that self-antigens may play a major role in some cases of lymphoid malignancy. IgVH4-34 demonstrates intrinsic autoreactivity to self-antigens on red cells, which appears to be largely mediated by two motifs within the first framework region (FR1); Q6W7 and A24V25Y26. These motifs work together to for a hydrophobic patch which determines red cell antigen binding and are frequently mutated away from self-reactivity in normal B cells. IgVH4-34 has been reported to be over-represented in DLBCL compared with expression in normal B cells. We therefore sought to identify IgVH4-34 DLBCL cases from a local cohort and to screen them for Q6W7 and A24V25Y26 motifs expecting them to be less frequently mutated in DLBCL compared with normal B cells.We also aimed to screen V4-34 cases for associated somatic mutations in other genes using high-throughput sequencing. DLBCL patient samples were obtained via the Haematology Research Tissue Bank (HRTB) in Canberra, Australia, and the Victoria Cancer BioBank. Forty-eight Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) samples and 26 fresh frozen samples were screened. All samples were collected at the time of diagnosis. Patients were treated with standard chemoimmunotherapy approaches. IgVH 4-34 gene sequences were determined using an IgVH4 family-specific leader primer in combination with a JH consensus reverse primer. The IgVH region was then sequenced using Sanger sequencing. Sequences were analyzed using the IgBLAST database (National Centre for Biotechnology Information). DNA extracted from FFPE samples generally proved to have low concentration and fragmented DNA. Only 1 IgVH4-34 sequence was obtained from FFPE tissue. Five samples sequenced from fresh tissue were identified as using IgVH4-34. Using Hans criteria, it was possible to classify 3 of the 6 cases as germinal center (GC) and 1 as non-GC origin. Using fresh samples, we estimated the frequency of IgVH4-34 cases at 23%. Within FR1, Q6W7 was unmutated in all 6 samples. One sample had mutations in the A24V25Y26 motif resulting in a change to A24V25F26. The other 5 samples (83.3%) had unmutated AVY motifs. We extracted genomic DNA from and performed next generation sequencing on the 5 samples with unmutated Q6W7 and A24V25Y26 motifs using a customized capture library (SureSelectXT Target Enrichment System, Aqilent Technologies) covering genes involved in lymphomagenesis. The purified libraries were sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq500 platform at AGRF (Australian Genome Research Facility, Australia). Several genes (FCGR3A,NOTCH2andNOTCH2NLR) had mutations in all 5 samples.FCGR3Ais an IgG Fc receptor gene, and mutations inFCGR3Ahave previously been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).NOTCH2pathway genes are frequently mutated in DLBCL.CREBBPwas mutated in four of the five samples. Mutations inCREBBPhave previously been linked with DLBCL development and regulation of immune responses. We identified high rates of IgVH4-34 (23%) in our cohort of fresh samples as previously reported. Further, we noted preservation of the Q6W7 and A24V25Y26 motifs in IgVH4-34-expressing DLBCL. This over-representation of unmutated FR1 motifs suggests that the ability to recognise self-antigens likely provides important ongoing BCR signalling that promotes survival in DLBCL. This study also highlights the difficulties in conducting DNA-based research on FFPE clinical samples which have not been collected for research purposes and the importance of tissue banking fresh samples. Studies are currently being conducted into the efficacy of BCR pathway inhibitors e.g. ibrutinib in the treatment of DLBCL and testing for unmutated IgVH4-34 FR1 motifs may present a method to predict patients who are more likely to respond. Mutations in genes such as FCGR3A,NOTCH2andCREBBPmay work in conjunction with the preserved QW and AVY motifs to promote lymphomagenesis in IgVH4-34-expressing B cells and may present targets for future research into treatment therapies. Figure Disclosures Talaulikar: Roche:Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding;Janssen:Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau;Amgen:Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding;Takeda:Research Funding.

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Body, Amy, Jennifer F. Hoy, Allen C. Cheng, and Michelle L. Giles. "Incident hepatitis B infection subsequent to the diagnosis of HIV infection in a Melbourne cohort: missed opportunities for prevention." Sexual Health 11, no. 1 (2014): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13019.

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Background The characteristics associated with incident hepatitis B (HBV) infection in HIV-positive individuals are not well described in the Australian setting. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of and risk factors for HBV infection within HIV-infected individuals in a Melbourne cohort between 1985 and 2011. Methods: Individuals susceptible to HBV at their HIV diagnosis were identified using their HBV serology stored within the Victorian HIV database. Within this group, those who had a subsequent positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis B core antibody were identified as infected with HBV after their HIV diagnosis. Incident cases were matched with controls from the initially susceptible group who did not seroconvert for analysis. An incidence rate was calculated from the number of seroconversions and the cumulative time at risk (in 1000 patient-years of follow-up). Results: Of the 4711 patients with HIV seen more than once, 3223 had HBV testing. Of the 174 with positive HBV test results, 39 individuals met the definition of seroconversion after HIV diagnosis, representing the incident cases. The estimated HBV incidence rate was 1.81 (95% confidence interval: 1.28–2.47) per 1000 patient-years at risk. These individuals form the basis of a detailed case series and case–control study. Data collected include demographic details, immunological and virological characteristics, antiretroviral treatment and vaccination history. Conclusions: HIV-infected individuals should be screened for HBV and monitored for incident infection. Optimal control of HIV and improved vaccination coverage provide the best opportunity for prevention.

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Hoskins, Alex, Noleen Bennett, Sandra Johnson, Michael Malloy, Nabeel Imam, Ann Bull, and Leon Worth. "Are healthcare workers protected? Evaluation of measles and hepatitis B immunity in small Victorian healthcare facilities." Infection, Disease & Health 24 (November 2019): S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2019.09.022.

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Pierce, Anna B., Jude Armishaw, and Stacey Aitchison. "Developing an evidence-based guideline for the management of exposure to hepatitis B at a Victorian tertiary hospital." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 37, no. 5 (October 2013): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12107.

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Kitandwe, Paul Kato, Enoch Muyanja, Teddy Nakaweesa, Annet Nanvubya, Ali Ssetaala, Juliet Mpendo, Brenda Okech, Bernard S. Bagaya, Noah Kiwanuka, and Matt A. Price. "Hepatitis B prevalence and incidence in the fishing communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda: a retrospective cohort study." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (February 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10428-1.

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Abstract Introduction Hepatitis B is a serious potentially fatal hepatocellular disease caused by the hepatitis B virus. In the fishing communities of Lake Victoria Uganda, the hepatitis B virus infection burden is largely unknown. This study assessed the prevalence and incidence of hepatitis B in these communities. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study that tested serum samples collected from 13 to 49-year-old study participants that were residing in two Ugandan Lake Victoria fishing communities of Kasenyi (a mainland) and Jaana (an island). The samples were collected between 2013 and 2015 during the conduct of an HIV epidemiological cohort study in these communities. A total of 467 twelve-month follow-up and 50 baseline visit samples of participants lost to follow-up were tested for hepatitis B serological markers to determine prevalence. To determine hepatitis B virus incidence, samples that were hepatitis B positive at the follow-up visit had their baseline samples tested to identify hepatitis B negative samples whose corresponding follow-up samples were thus incident cases. Results The baseline mean age of the 517 study participants was 31.1 (SD ± 8.4) years, 278 (53.8%) of whom were females. A total of 36 (7%) study participants had hepatitis B virus infection, 22 (61.1%) of whom were male. Jaana had a higher hepatitis B virus prevalence compared to Kasenyi (10.2% vs 4.0%). In total, 210 (40.6%) study participants had evidence of prior hepatitis B virus infection while 48.6% had never been infected or vaccinated against this disease. A total of 20 (3.9%) participants had results suggestive of prior hepatitis B vaccination. Hepatitis B incidence was 10.5 cases/100PY (95% CI: 7.09–15.53). Being above 25 years of age and staying in Jaana were significant risk factors for hepatitis B virus acquisition (AOR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.2; p < 0.01 and 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.8; p < 0.01 respectively). Conclusion Hepatitis B virus incidence in Lake Victoria fishing communities of Uganda is very high, particularly in the islands. Interventions to lower hepatitis B virus transmission in these communities are urgently needed.

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Williams, S., H. Vally, J. Fielding, and B. Cowie. "Hepatitis B prevention in Victoria, Australia – the potential to protect." Eurosurveillance 16, no. 22 (June 2, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/ese.16.22.19879-en.

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Nelson, Cassidy K., Lucinda J. Franklin, and Katherine B. Gibney. "Infectious Disease Notification Practices in Victoria, 2016–17." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 43 (August 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2019.43.34.

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Introduction Infectious disease surveillance in Victoria, Australia is based upon a legislated requirement for doctors and laboratories to notify suspected or diagnosed cases of specific conditions to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The department undertakes regular audits of notification practices in Victoria typically every two years. The objective of this particular audit was to describe notification practices in 2016 and 2017, assess the effect of enhanced surveillance programs (ESPs) on Indigenous status data completeness and provide a baseline assessment that can be used to monitor the impact of a recent legislative change to notification requirements for several of the notifiable diseases which came into effect on 1 September 2018. Methods Notified cases reported to DHHS between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017 which met the confirmed and probable national case definitions were analysed by year, notifier type (doctor-only, laboratory-only, or both) and condition category (urgent versus routine). For three notifiable conditions (gonococcal infection and hepatitis B and hepatitis C of unspecified duration) Indigenous status completeness was compared pre- and post ESP commencement. Results The number of notified cases in Victoria increased 50% from 76,904 in 2016 to 115,318 in 2017 with a 277% increase in notified influenza alone. Almost half of cases were notified by both laboratory and doctor. Indigenous status was more likely to be complete following the introduction of ESPs (relative risk, RR 1.36 (95%CI: 1.33 – 1.40) p<0 .001). Discussion DHHS Victoria experienced a 1.5-fold increase in notified cases in 2017 compared with 2016, which was almost entirely attributable to influenza. For three notifiable conditions which had ESPs introduced during this period, Indigenous status reporting significantly improved. Indigenous identifiers on pathology request forms and data linkage are both interventions which are being considered to improve Indigenous status reporting in Victoria.

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Yussf, Nafisa, Jack Wallace, Meg Perrier, Nicole Romero, Benjamin Cowie, and Nicole Allard. "Women with hepatitis B: how mothers with chronic hepatitis B understand and experience the prevention of mother-to-child transmission interventions in Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py22014.

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"P1-131: Findings from a novel hepatitis B surveillance system in the Australian state of Victoria, 2011-2016." Journal of Viral Hepatitis 25 (June 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvh.101_12923.

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MacLachlan, J. H., Y. J. Wang, and B. C. Cowie. "A validation of the use of names to screen for risk of chronic hepatitis B in Victoria, Australia, 2001 to 2010." Eurosurveillance 18, no. 47 (November 21, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.47.20638.

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The burden of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is increasing in Australia, particularly in those born in the Asia-Pacific region, and nearly half are undiagnosed. Primary care clinicians have a key role in diagnosing CHB, however identification of patients at risk is hindered by lack of awareness and limited information on country of birth in patient records. This study evaluates the potential of a validated list of names associated with Asian country of birth as a screening tool to predict risk of CHB, by comparing it with surveillance records for all people diagnosed with CHB or salmonellosis in Victoria from 2001 to 2010, and analysed using standard screening tools. Name list match was associated with CHB notification, with over 60% of cases having one name matching the list (sensitivity), and nearly one third matching both given name and surname; less than 15% and 2% of salmonellosis notifications matched for one name and both names, respectively (false positives). These results show that more than half of notified cases of CHB would have been identified by this name list, and that it could be used in support of initiatives to improve diagnosis of patients with diseases associated with country of birth when limited information is available.

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Butt, Zahid, Naveed Janjua, Stanley Wong, Amanda Yu, Maria Alvarez, Nuria Chapinal, Jason Wong, et al. "Differential spatial distribution of hepatitis B virus by ethnicity in British Columbia, Canada: Expanded role of a large administrative cohort." International Journal of Population Data Science 3, no. 4 (September 4, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v3i4.846.

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IntroductionMost chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in Canada are diagnosed among immigrants from endemic countries and lack traditional risk factors while most acute infections are usually diagnosed in Caucasian population with co-occurring risk factors. Thus, understanding geographical distribution of HBV infection by ethnicity could inform screening and care strategies. Objectives and ApproachWe identified geographic clusters of HBV infection in British Columbia by ethnicity during the years 1990-2015 using the BC Hepatitis Testers Cohort (BC-HTC). The BC-HTC includes ~1.7 million individuals tested for HCV or HIV at the BC Public Health Laboratory or reported as a case of HCV, HIV, or HBV linked to healthcare administrative databases. We plotted maps of HBV diagnoses (acute and chronic) rate at the Dissemination Area level between 1990-2015 stratified by ethnicity and compared this distribution with injection drug use (IDU) distribution in BC. ResultsThe distribution of HBV varied considerably by ethnicity. From 1990 to 2015, a higher rate of HBV infection was found among East Asians and Caucasians followed by South Asians and other ethnicities. East Asians with highest rates were mainly concentrated in Vancouver city, Burnaby and Richmond (Metro Vancouver) while South Asians with highest rates were mostly concentrated in urban areas in Surrey and Abbotsford. Caucasians with higher rates were clustered in Downtown Eastside in Vancouver, Surrey and Abbotsford (Metro Vancouver) and urban areas in Greater Victoria (Vancouver Island), Prince George (Northern BC) and Kamloops (Interior BC). The distribution of IDU closely followed the distribution of HBV among Caucasians but did not align with other ethnic groups. Conclusion/ImplicationsResults highlight distinct areas of HBV infection clustering by ethnicity, which differ from areas with high IDU distribution except in Caucasians. Findings support ethnicity-based HBV screening/prevention and care services to areas with immigrants from HBV-endemic countries and integrated HBV and harm reduction services for early diagnosis and treatment in Caucasians.

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"Company News." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 05, no. 18 (September 3, 2001): 428–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030301000635.

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SciClone Pharmaceuticals' Hepatitis B Treatment to Gain Approval in Japan. Prana Biotechnology Partners with Neuroscience Victoria. EGF Approved for Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer. US-based Disease Sciences to Explore Possibility of Mad Cow Disease in China and Australia. US-based GeneMachines Supplies Microarrayers to Genome Institute of Singapore. Beijing Genomics Institute Selected as Sun Microsystems Center of Excellence. US-based Pharmacia Donates Eye Medicine to China. SciClone's ZADAXIN Approved as Cancer Treatment in the Philippines. US-based Trinity Files New Drug Application for HIV Treatment in Thailand. Genemedix to Launch US$28.6 Million Biotech Venture Capital Fund. Germany's Degussa Focussing on Asia. Kirin Brewery to Expand Collaboration with US-based Dendreon. India's Candila Pharma to Increase Sales in Australia and NZ. Australian Biotech Firm among Founders of New Stem Cell Research Facility. Australian Firm, Cerylid Biosciences, Receives A$9.9 Million Investment. Shriram Biotech to Produce Xanthan Gum. Singapore Firm Buys British Drug Company. Marketing of Bayer's Anti-Cholesterol Drug in Taiwan Halted. Taiwan Biowell Produces Biochip to Help Fight Crime. US-based Arena Pharmaceuticals Announces Multi-Receptor Cart Collaboration with Taiwan Taigen Biotechnology. US Tanox to Set up Protein Drug Plant in Taiwan.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hepatitis B Victoria'

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