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Journal articles on the topic 'Hepatitis B Victoria Prevention'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Thompson, Sandra C., and Maureen Norris. "Hepatitis B Vaccination of Personnel Employed in Victorian Hospitals: Are Those at Risk Adequately Protected?" Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 01 (January 1999): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501552.

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AbstractObjective:To examine the policies and practices in hospitals within the state of Victoria, Australia, with respect to vaccination of staff against hepatitis B infection.Design:A written self-administered questionnaire to be completed by the infection control officer (or designated officer for hepatitis B vaccination) within each hospital.Setting:Public (teaching and nonteaching) and private hospitals, including metropolitan and rural institutions in Victoria.Participants:A random sample of 30% of Victorian hospitals were asked to participate in the survey. Of 78 eligible institutions, 69 (88%) completed and returned questionnaires.Results:There was no consistent hepatitis B prevention policy in place across Victoria. Of the 69 responding hospitals, 63 (91%) offered hepatitis B vaccination to staff, and 58 (84%) of these also paid all costs of vaccination. Of the 63 hospitals offering vaccination to staff, 39 offered vaccination to all staff, 23 offered vaccination based on job title, and one offered vaccination based on anticipated exposure. In many institutions, postexposure protocols were recalled more readily than preexposure vaccination guidelines. Numerous respondents indicated a need for clear guidelines on policy and clarification on practical matters of management, such as acceptable immune levels, management of nonresponders to the primary series, and the need for, and timing of, booster doses of vaccine. Eleven (18%) of the 63 hospitals offering hepatitis B vaccination to staff undertook routine prevaccination screening, a practice not generally regarded as cost-effective in Australia. Fifty-five of these hospitals (91%) also undertook postvaccination screening.Conclusions:It is evident from this study that a considerable number of potentially susceptible healthcare personnel in Victorian hospitals remain unprotected against hepatitis B infection. A more reliable and consistent approach to preexposure hepatitis B vaccination is recommended

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2

FAYYAZ, MOHAMMAD, Muhammad Ayub Khan, MASROOR ALI QAZI, Ghulam Mohyud Din `Chaudhary, and GULZAR AHMED. "HEPATITIS B, C & HIV." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 04 (December 16, 2006): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4941.

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Objective: To determine the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV in healthyblood donors in Blood Transfusion Services, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Design: Prospective observationalstudy. Setting: Blood Transfusion Services, Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH), affiliated with Quaid-e-Azam medicalCollege Bahawalpur. Period: From 1 January t st o 31st December 2005. Methods and Materials: All the personscoming for blood donations , at the BVH facility, were included. Clinically anaemic, ill, past history of jaundice and ageof less than 18 or more than 50 years were excluded. All the donors (27938) from various areas of Bahawalpur,Bahawalnagar, Lodhran, Vehari and Rahim Yar Khan districts, were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs)Antigen, hepatitis C antibody (Anti HCV) & Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Antibody (Anti-HIV)on sera by one StepTest Device. All the positives cases were confirmed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay. Results: Out of total27938, 25420(91%) were male. Mean age was 28 years with age range 18-50. No HIV positive case was detected.HBV was 2.69%, slightly more than HCV, 2.52%. Males were significantly (p<0.02) more infected than females.Conclusion: Risk of transmission of viral hepatitis is a major problem of blood transfusion. Frequency of viral hepatitisin blood donors is higher in our area as compared to rest of the world. HIV infection is very low. Preventive strategiesinclude good blood transfusion services along with safe sex and other measures.

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3

Adamson, E., N. Yussf, and E. Schreiber. "Using Liver Cancer Prevention Messages to Scale up the Diagnosis and Treatment of People Living With Hepatitis B." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 132s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.32800.

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Background and context: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a major public health issue in Australia, affecting an estimated 238,000 people. If not appropriately managed, chronic hepatitis B infection can cause cirrhosis and liver cancer. Liver cancer has the fastest increasing incidence rate of all cancers in Australia, and its survival is among the lowest. To reduce the burden of liver cancer, more people with CHB need to be diagnosed and treated. The majority of people living in Australia with CHB (61%) were born overseas, and research indicates people have low levels of understanding about hepatitis B, and its link to liver cancer. Cancer Council Victoria developed several communication campaigns to increase testing and diagnosis for hepatitis B in the Vietnamese and south Sudanese communities living in Victoria. Aim: •To raise awareness about hepatitis B and the link to liver cancer in the Vietnamese and south Sudanese community •To increase understanding about diagnosis, vaccination and management •To mobilize the community to talk to their trusted GP about hepatitis and to be tested. Strategy/Tactics: The campaign strategy was designed to address the knowledge barriers to testing for these two communities. To inform the strategy, qualitative focus groups and community interviews were used to identify perceptions of hepatitis B and liver cancer, as well as the barriers and motivators to testing. Both communities identified their local doctor as a trusted source of health information. Two media campaigns were developed featuring a known doctor from each community. An additional campaign was tailored specifically for young south Sudanese people using hip hop music as method of disseminating key messages about liver cancer prevention. Program/Policy process: The campaigns were designed by the Screening, Early Detection and Immunization Team at Cancer in Council Victoria, Australia. Outcomes: Digital metrics and face to face interviews with community members, nurses and doctors were used to assess the impact of the campaigns. Evaluation results also indicated people did visit their doctor to talk about hepatitis B. The success in motivating people to see their doctor was attributed to the campaigns featuring a message about liver cancer being caused by hepatitis B, and it being led by a known and respected doctor from their own community. What was learned: Cancer organizations can target liver cancer prevention efforts to · increase awareness about liver cancer and hepatitis B in at risk communities; · motivate at risk people to visit their doctor for hepatitis B testing, vaccination and treatment by linking the prevention of liver cancer to hepatitis treatment; · tailor communications to the specific needs of different culturally diverse communities; · collaborate closely with communities from culturally diverse backgrounds to ensure campaign messages and calls to action are culturally appropriate.

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4

MacLachlan, Jennifer H., and Benjamin C. Cowie. "Uptake and trends in ordering of funded hepatitis B immunisation for priority populations in Victoria, Australia, 2013–2014." Sexual Health 14, no. 2 (2017): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16002.

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Background The Department of Health and Human Services in Victoria provides funded hepatitis B vaccine to many priority groups at risk of acquiring infection. We aimed to determine the uptake of vaccine ordering for at-risk groups over time, to assess any trends and identify any gaps in prevention of hepatitis B for those at risk. Methods: Routinely collected administrative data regarding the indication for vaccine ordered by practitioners were analysed for the period June 2013 to December 2014. Number of doses and courses distributed was determined and compared with the estimated size of the priority populations. Results: During the 18-month period assessed, 20 498 doses of funded hepatitis B vaccine were ordered, equating to ~5700 complete courses, with the overall number of orders per quarter increasing between 2013 and 2014. The most common indication was being a household or sexual contact of people living with hepatitis B (2803 courses, 49.2% of the total), equating to approximately one course per new chronic hepatitis B notification. The remaining doses were largely distributed to people living with HIV (648 courses, 11.4%), people living with hepatitis C (621 courses, 10.9%), and people who inject drugs (594 courses, 10.4%). Conclusions: This analysis demonstrates that access to hepatitis B immunisation among priority populations appears to have increased in Victoria during 2013–14, however it could still be improved. Continued assessment of these data over time will be important to measure the impact of interventions on increasing the reach of the funded vaccine program.

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5

Body, Amy, Jennifer F. Hoy, Allen C. Cheng, and Michelle L. Giles. "Incident hepatitis B infection subsequent to the diagnosis of HIV infection in a Melbourne cohort: missed opportunities for prevention." Sexual Health 11, no. 1 (2014): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13019.

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Background The characteristics associated with incident hepatitis B (HBV) infection in HIV-positive individuals are not well described in the Australian setting. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of and risk factors for HBV infection within HIV-infected individuals in a Melbourne cohort between 1985 and 2011. Methods: Individuals susceptible to HBV at their HIV diagnosis were identified using their HBV serology stored within the Victorian HIV database. Within this group, those who had a subsequent positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis B core antibody were identified as infected with HBV after their HIV diagnosis. Incident cases were matched with controls from the initially susceptible group who did not seroconvert for analysis. An incidence rate was calculated from the number of seroconversions and the cumulative time at risk (in 1000 patient-years of follow-up). Results: Of the 4711 patients with HIV seen more than once, 3223 had HBV testing. Of the 174 with positive HBV test results, 39 individuals met the definition of seroconversion after HIV diagnosis, representing the incident cases. The estimated HBV incidence rate was 1.81 (95% confidence interval: 1.28–2.47) per 1000 patient-years at risk. These individuals form the basis of a detailed case series and case–control study. Data collected include demographic details, immunological and virological characteristics, antiretroviral treatment and vaccination history. Conclusions: HIV-infected individuals should be screened for HBV and monitored for incident infection. Optimal control of HIV and improved vaccination coverage provide the best opportunity for prevention.

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6

DAUD, SEEMA, IRAM MANZOOR, and NOREEN RAHAT HASHMI. "PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS B." Professional Medical Journal 14, no. 04 (October 12, 2007): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2007.14.04.4829.

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Objective: To assess the knowledge and practice of first year MBBS students, for the prevention ofHepatitis B. Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of study: The study was conducted at Lahore Medical &Dental College, Lahore. The data was collected in two weeks in December, 2006. Methodology: A total of 50 studentswere recruited using a non probability random sampling technique, through the lottery method. A pre-tested structuredquestionnaire was administered to collect information about the knowledge and practice of students about theprevention of hepatitis B. Data was presented in the form of simple tables and graphs. Results: Out of 50 students,majority (96%) responded that it was a disease of liver. Regarding knowledge about the communicability of HepatitisB, 78% said it was communicable, 19% assumed that it was water borne. Other responses included spread via bloodtransfusion (28%), through use of injection (21%), close physical contact (8%) and un-hygienic conditions (18%). Forprevention of Hepatitis B, the more common responses were, provision of clean water (24%), improvement in hygiene(27%), restriction to single sex partner (6%), avoidance of sharing syringes and needles (19%), screening blood beforetransfusion (9%) and vaccination (15%). The high risk group was identified as the poor people living in unhygienicconditions (34%), surgeons (32%), barbers (12%), Intravenous drug users (8%), recipient of blood transfusion (6%)and uneducated people (6%). Only 1 respondent (2%) said that sex workers could be at risk of getting this disease.When inquired about their vaccination status, 66% of students admitted to have been vaccinated against Hepatitis B,while 34% of have not been vaccinated. Conclusion: The present study concludes that there is lack of awarenessamong the medical students entering into the profession about the hazards of Hepatitis B, its routes of spread and itsmodes of prevention. Similarly, all the students were not vaccinated against Hepatitis B, which made them veryvulnerable to this disease.

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7

Chang, M. H., and D. S. Chen. "Prevention of Hepatitis B." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): a021493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a021493.

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8

Bastien, M. R. "Prevention of hepatitis B." Archives of Dermatology 125, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.125.2.212.

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9

Bastien, Michael R. "Prevention of Hepatitis B." Archives of Dermatology 125, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1989.01670140064010.

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10

Poland, Gregory A., and Robert M. Jacobson. "Prevention of Hepatitis B with the Hepatitis B Vaccine." New England Journal of Medicine 351, no. 27 (December 30, 2004): 2832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp041507.

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11

Barkin, J. S. "Prevention of Hepatitis B With the Hepatitis B Vaccine." Yearbook of Medicine 2006 (January 2006): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-3873(08)70584-4.

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12

Jimenez, Gabriela, George Alex, Georgia Paxton, Thomas G. Connell, and Winita Hardikar. "B Alert: Hepatitis B virus infection in children in Victoria." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 49, no. 3 (March 2013): E213—E216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12115.

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13

Lin, James, Horng-Yih Ou, Lee-Ming Chuang, and Ken C. Chiu. "Diabetes prevention through prevention of hepatitis B." Hepatology 64, no. 3 (February 19, 2016): 987–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.28399.

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14

SHAPIRO, CRAIG N., and HAROLD S. MARGOLIS. "HEPATITIS B EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION." Epidemiologic Reviews 12, no. 1 (1990): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036055.

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15

Stephenne, Jean. "Contribution to hepatitis B prevention." Vaccine 10, no. 13 (January 1992): 900–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(92)90321-a.

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16

AHMAD, AMEER, ABDUL REHMAN, and GHULAM QASIM KHAN KHICHI. "HEPATITIS B MARKERS." Professional Medical Journal 14, no. 02 (September 6, 2007): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2007.14.02.4894.

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Objective: To determine the transmission of Hepatitis B virus from infectedmother to their newborns. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting: Pediatrics Ward-2 and Gynecology &Obstetric Department Bahawal Victoria Hospital/Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Bahawalpur. Period: From August2004 to December 2005 Material and Methods: A total of 300 pregnant ladies admitted in the gynecological andobstetric department for delivery were screened for HBsAG, HBeAG, HBcAB, HBsAB, and HBeAB. The newborns ofthe mothers with HBsAG and HBeAG were tested for the same antigens at the time of birth and the ones who werepositives for the antigens were labeled as having “vertical infection” through placenta. Results were tabulated; incidenceof hepatitis was calculated. RESULTS: HBsAG was positive in 37(12.3%) out of the 300 enrolled mothers. Out of the37 babies born to 37 hepatitis B positive mothers, 4(21%) newborns were positive for HBsAG.In the mothers of theseinfected newborns, HBeAG was present in 3 while one mother did not have HBeAG. CONCLUSION: Universal prenatalscreening for hepatitis B in all the pregnant women and protection of their off springs should be provided both by activeand passive prophylaxis immediately after birth depending upon their serological status.

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17

Zuckerman, J. N. "Review: hepatitis B immune globulin for prevention of hepatitis B infection." Journal of Medical Virology 79, no. 7 (2007): 919–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20816.

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18

Sinclair, M., S. Roberts, W. Kemp, V. Knight, A. Dev, P. Gow, H. Philpott, et al. "Epidemiology of hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in Victoria." Internal Medicine Journal 43, no. 5 (May 2013): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.12068.

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19

Abramson, J. S., C. J. Baker, M. C. Fisher, M. A. Gerber, H. C. Meissner, D. L. Murray, G. D. Overturf, et al. "Prevention of Hepatitis B in Adolescents." PEDIATRICS 108, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 1392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.6.1392.

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20

Abramson, Jon S., Carol J. Baker, Margaret C. Fisher, Michael A. Gerber, H. Cody Meissner, Dennis L. Murray, Gary D. Overturf, et al. "Prevention of Hepatitis B in Adolescents." Pediatrics 108, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 1392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.6.1392b.

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21

Gitlin, Norman. "Hepatitis B: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 1500–1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.8.1500.

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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs worldwide and is an important cause of acute and chronic viral hepatitis in the US. In this review, I describe the virus, risk factors for infection, clinical features of infection, results of laboratory tests during infection, and standard and emerging treatment for chronic infection. Although 95% of adult patients recover completely from HBV infection, 90% of children ≤4 years of age develop chronic infection. Active vaccination is highly efficacious.

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22

Alter, Miriam J. "Epidemiology and Prevention of Hepatitis B." Seminars in Liver Disease 23, no. 1 (2003): 039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-37583.

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23

Masters, N., A. Livingstone, and V. Cencora. "Hepatitis B: prevention in primary care." BMJ 298, no. 6678 (April 8, 1989): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6678.908.

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24

Shanmugaratnam, K., and R. S. Pattman. "Hepatitis B: prevention in primary care." BMJ 298, no. 6683 (May 13, 1989): 1313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6683.1313-c.

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25

Schiff, Eugene R. "Prevention of mortality from hepatitis B and hepatitis C." Lancet 368, no. 9539 (September 2006): 896–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69347-1.

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26

Sjogren, Maria H. "Prevention of hepatitis B in nonresponders to initial hepatitis B virus vaccination." American Journal of Medicine 118, no. 10 (October 2005): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.012.

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27

Sadlier, Corinna, Keeva Madden, Sean O’Gorman, Brendan Crowley, and Colm Bergin. "Development of chronic hepatitis B infection in a hepatitis B vaccine responder." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 5 (November 12, 2016): 526–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416674835.

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The Hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective for the prevention of hepatitis B (HBV) infection. We report the development of chronic HBV infection (Genotype F) in a vaccinated immunocompetent individual with an anti-HBsAb of 35 mIU/mL post completion of vaccine series. HBV vaccine is based on recombinant proteins of genotype-A and D (predominant genotypes in Europe). It may not be as effective for the prevention of more genetically diverse viruses such as genotype F (predominant genotype in Central and South America). Healthcare providers and patients should be aware that the HB vaccine does not confer 100% protection against HBV infection, even in the setting of protective antibody levels. Partners of individuals infected with non-A or -D genotypes should be advised to consider additional precautions to prevent transmission even in the setting protective antibody levels. Surveillance of circulating HBV genotypes should be undertaken to inform public health policy in relation to prevention of HB in high-risk groups such as men who have sex with men.

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28

Foschini, Maria, Antonio De Toni, Deborah Padula, Giuseppe Pizzocolo, Alberto Arrighini, and Carlo Zunin. "Prevention of Perinatally Transmitted Hepatitis B Virus Infection by Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin Immunoprophylaxis." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 4, no. 4 (August 1985): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198508000-00004.

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29

Germinario, Cinzia, Pietzo Luigi Lopalco, Maria Chicanna, and Giuliano Da Villa. "From hepatitis B to hepatitis A and B prevention: the Puglia (Italy) experience." Vaccine 18 (February 2000): S83—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00473-9.

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Germinario, Cinzia, Pietzo Luigi Lopalco, Maria Chicanna, and Giuliano Da Villa. "From hepatitis B to hepatitis A and B prevention: the Puglia (Italy) experience." Vaccine 18, no. 28 (August 2000): 3326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00204-8.

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31

Kubo, Ai, Lyle Shlager, Amy R. Marks, Dena Lakritz, Colette Beaumont, Kim Gabellini, and Douglas A. Corley. "Prevention of Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B." Annals of Internal Medicine 160, no. 12 (June 17, 2014): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/m13-2529.

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32

Trevisan, Andrea, Annamaria Nicolli, and Federica Chiara. "Hepatitis B: prevention, protection and occupational risk." Future Virology 10, no. 1 (January 2015): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl.14.90.

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33

Schalm, S. W., and P. Pit-Grosheide. "PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS B TRANSMISSION AT BIRTH." Lancet 333, no. 8628 (January 1989): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91699-1.

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34

Bleich, Lauren M., and Eugene S. Swenson. "Prevention of Neonatal Hepatitis B Virus Transmission." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 48, no. 9 (October 2014): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0000000000000115.

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35

Zandi, M., and S. M. Alavian. "PP-004 Hepatitis B prevention for nurses." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 12 (November 2008): S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1201-9712(09)60155-7.

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36

Chang, M. "S8 Hepatitis B virus and cancer prevention." European Journal of Cancer Supplements 8, no. 2 (March 2010): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6349(10)70744-8.

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37

Petersen, Trudi. "Hepatitis B transmission prevention in primary care." Primary Health Care 14, no. 1 (February 2004): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc2004.02.14.1.27.c480.

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38

SHERMAN, DOROTHY. "Prevention of Hepatitis B in GI Laboratories." Gastroenterology Nursing 14, no. 3 (December 1991): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001610-199112000-00001.

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Bleich, Lauren, Scott E. Swenson, and Caroline Loeser. "Prevention of Neonatal Hepatitis B Virus Transmission." American Journal of Gastroenterology 108 (October 2013): S330—S331. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-201310001-01114.

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40

Nelson, Noele P., Denise J. Jamieson, and Trudy V. Murphy. "Prevention of Perinatal Hepatitis B Virus Transmission." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 3, suppl_1 (September 1, 2014): S7—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piu064.

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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the most common form of chronic hepatitis worldwide, is a major public health problem affecting an estimated 360 million people globally. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is responsible for more than one third of chronic HBV infections worldwide. An estimated 15%–40% of persons chronically infected develop HBV-related complications, such as cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma, and 25% die from these complications. MTCT can occur during pregnancy or during delivery. Screening pregnant women for HBV infection, providing infant postexposure prophylaxis, and maternal treatment with antiviral medications are strategies for reducing MTCT transmission rates and the global burden of new chronic HBV infections. Administration of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine within 24 hours of birth, followed by completion of the vaccine series, is 85%–95% efficacious for prevention of MTCT. Despite timely post-exposure prophylaxis, MTCT occurs in 5%–15% of infants. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive, hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) positive mothers with HBV DNA level ≥106 copies/mL (>200 000 IU/mL) are at greatest risk of transmitting HBV to their infants. Consensus recommendations and evidence-based guidelines for management of chronic HBV infection and screening of pregnant women have been developed. The safety and efficacy of antiviral drug use during pregnancy are areas of ongoing research. Substantial advances have been achieved globally in reducing MTCT, but MTCT remains an ongoing health problem. Attaining a better understanding of the mechanisms of MTCT, implementing existing policies on maternal screening and infant follow-up, and addressing research gaps are critical for further reductions in MTCT transmission.

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41

Villamil, Federico G., and Fernando M. Cairo. "Hepatitis B virus: Prevention of recurrent infection." Clinical Liver Disease 2, no. 4 (August 2013): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cld.224.

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42

Cheung, Ka Wang, Mimi Tin Yan Seto, and Terence Tzu-Hsi Lao. "Prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 300, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-019-05190-0.

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43

Kim, Kyeongdeok, Manuel Lim, Jieun Kwon, Eunsung Jeong, Jaehun Yang, Okjoo Lee, Sang Jin Kim, et al. "HEPATITIS B IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROPHYLAXIS FOR PREVENTION OF DE NOVO HEPATITIS B INFECTION FROM HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIBODY-POSITIVE DONORS." Transplantation 104, S3 (September 2020): S527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000701348.41608.48.

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44

Kim, Kyeongdeok, Jinsoo Rhu, Jong Man Kim, Gyu-Seong Choi, and Jae-Won Joh. "Hepatitis B immunoglobulin prophylaxis for prevention of de novo Hepatitis B infection from hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors." Journal of Hepatology 73 (August 2020): S266—S267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(20)31036-9.

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45

Stevens, CE, PE Taylor, and MJ Tong. "Yeast-recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Efficacy with hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 26, no. 2 (April 1988): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(88)90294-9.

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46

Stevens, C. E. "Yeast-recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Efficacy with hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 257, no. 19 (May 15, 1987): 2612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.257.19.2612.

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47

Billah, Mustansar, Syed Muhammad Raza Shah, and Muhammad Mujtaba Hashir. "HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C;." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 08 (August 4, 2018): 1245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.08.88.

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Objectives: To determine the frequency of HBV and HCV among blood donorscoming voluntarily at the blood bank of Ibne- Siena hospital and research centre, Multan,Pakistan, to ascertain the disease burden in the community for their future prevention andcontrol. Study Design: It was a descriptive, cross- sectional study on blood units donated byhealthy individuals coming voluntarily for blood donation, and willing to get their blood testedfor HBV, HCV. Setting: Community medicine department of Multan medical and dental collegeMultan, and blood bank of affiliated tertiary hospital, Ibn-e- Siena hospital Multan. Period: Sixmonths period from Jan 2016 to June 2016. Materials and Methods: Data of the blood donorswas collected. Present study was based on previous well maintained records of hospital bloodbank. During the reported period, a total of 1195 blood donors attended the blood bank, andthey all were screened for HBsAg and anti-HCV. SPSS- 16 was used to analyze the data, fordetermination of frequencies of Hepatitis- B, and C according to the age and gender. Results:Total numbers of blood donors were 1195. 1191 were males, and 4 were females. All thefemales were negative for both HBV, and HCV. Males positive for HBV were 18 (1.5 %), andthose Positive for HCV were 27 (3.2%).

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Garrison, Mark W., and Danial E. Baker. "Therapeutic Advances in the Prevention of Hepatitis B: Yeast-Derived Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccines." DICP 25, no. 6 (June 1991): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809102500611.

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Murata, Ryosuke, Gen Isshiki, Hajime Yoshioka, Yasuo Chiba, Hiroshi Tada, Michio Koike, and Mikio Kimura. "Prevention of Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus by Yeast Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine." Pediatrics International 31, no. 2 (April 1989): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1989.tb01287.x.

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Praptiwi, Dwi Rahayu NL, and Andri Sanityoso. "Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Transmission in Pregnancy." Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Digestive Endoscopy 15, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24871/1532014170-176.

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Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a serious health problem in many countries, particularly in developing countries. In Asia-Pacific region, vertical transmission from mother to child is the main endemicity factor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Almost 50% cases of hepatitis B virus infection happen during perinatal and neonatal period, including vertical transmission from mother to child during pregnancy.World Health Organization (WHO), World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) and many countries have recommended immunoprophylaxis by the administration of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) to prevent transmission from mother to child. However, there are approximately 10-15% babies born from mother with hepatitis B infected by HBV through intrauterine transmission. Incidence of intrauterine transmission is accounted for around 43-50% if DNA of HBV in the mother is more than 107 copies/mL, although passive and active immunization to the baby has been administered. Therefore, administering antiviral drugs in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B accompanied by immunoprophylaxis is effective in preventing hepatitis B infection transmission during pregnancy, particularly in decreasing the number of virus and administering active or even passive immunization to neonates. Keywords: hepatitis B, pregnancy, prevention, transmission

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