Journal articles: 'Hemagglutination Assay'

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Enders, Martin, Uwe Bartelt, Frank Knotek, Kristina Bunn, Sirpa Strobel, Klaus Dietz, and Gisela Enders. "Performance of the Elecsys Rubella IgG Assay in the Diagnostic Laboratory Setting for Assessment of Immune Status." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2013): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00688-12.

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ABSTRACTRubella in early pregnancy bears a high risk for congenital defects (e.g., cataracts, hearing loss, and heart disease) and for long-term sequelae in the newborn. Despite implementation of vaccination programs in many regions, the threat of devastating consequences from congenital rubella virus infection remains and careful screening of maternal immune status before and during pregnancy helps to reduce the risk. This study compared the performance of the Elecsys Rubella IgG assay with that of other assays routinely used for screening. Samples from 1,090 women undergoing routine antenatal care were tested using the Elecsys and Enzygnost Rubella IgG assays and the hemagglutination inhibition test. Samples with hemagglutination inhibition titers of <32 (n= 148) were additionally tested using the Vidas, AxSYM, Liaison, and Architect Rubella IgG assays. Agreement of qualitative results from the Elecsys, Enzygnost, and hemagglutination inhibition assays was good in all samples. All assays showed 100.0% specificity. In samples with hemagglutination inhibition titers of <32, the Elecsys, AxSYM, and Enzygnost assays showed higher sensitivity (>90.0%) than the other immunoassays (78.6 to 82.4%). The Elecsys assay reported significantly higher rubella virus IgG levels than the other immunoassays across the whole set of 1,090 samples, with the largest bias and deviation from limits of agreement in Bland-Altman analysis. In conclusion, the Elecsys assay is highly sensitive and specific with regard to qualitative results and suitable for routine automated screening. However, given the considerable variation between quantitative results from different immunoassays, testing methods should be documented and the same assay used throughout an individual's antenatal follow-up wherever possible.

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Bǎlunǎ, Roxana-Georgeta, Doina Barac, Ruxandra Tarnavschi, and Irena Belaşcu. "Hemagglutination assay for human serum fibronectin." Journal of Immunological Methods 79, no. 1 (May 1985): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(85)90392-8.

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Nam, Sung-Wook, Dong-Gyu Jeon, Young-Ran Yoon, Gang Ho Lee, Yongmin Chang, and Dong Il Won. "Hemagglutination Assay via Optical Density Characterization in 3D Microtrap Chips." Biosensors 13, no. 7 (July 14, 2023): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13070733.

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Hemagglutination assay has been used for blood typing and detecting viruses, thus applicable for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, including COVID-19. Therefore, the development of microfluidic devices for fast detection of hemagglutination is on-demand for point-of-care diagnosis. Here, we present a way to detect hemagglutination in 3D microfluidic devices via optical absorbance (optical density, OD) characterization. 3D printing is a powerful way to build microfluidic structures for diagnostic devices. However, mixing liquid in microfluidic chips is difficult due to laminar flow, which hampers practical applications such as antigen-antibody mixing. To overcome the issue, we fabricated 3D microfluidic chips with embedded microchannel and microwell structures to induce hemagglutination between red blood cells (RBCs) and antibodies. We named it a 3D microtrap chip. We also established an automated measurement system which is an integral part of diagnostic devices. To do this, we developed a novel way to identify RBC agglutination and non-agglutination via the OD difference. By adapting a 3D-printed aperture to the microtrap chip, we obtained a pure absorbance signal from the microchannels by eliminating the background brightness of the microtrap chip. By investigating the underlying optical physics, we provide a 3D device platform for detecting hemagglutination.

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Patel, C. P., and T. W. Willis. "Potato lectin activity assay based on hemagglutination." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 60, no. 1 (1992): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740600118.

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Nguyen, Michael, Katherine Fries, Rawia Khoury, Lingyi Zheng, Branda Hu, Stephen W. Hildreth, Robert Parkhill, and William Warren. "Automated Imaging and Analysis of the Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay." Journal of Laboratory Automation 21, no. 2 (April 2016): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2211068215610061.

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Chantratita, Narisara, Vanaporn Wuthiekanun, Aunchalee Thanwisai, Direk Limmathurotsakul, Allen C. Cheng, Wirongrong Chierakul, Nicholas P. J. Day, and Sharon J. Peacock. "Accuracy of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Crude and Purified Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 14, no. 1 (November 8, 2006): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00289-06.

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ABSTRACT Five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays developed to detect antibodies to different Burkholderia pseudomallei antigen preparations were evaluated as diagnostic tests for melioidosis in northeast Thailand. The highest diagnostic indices were observed for an affinity-purified antigen (sensitivity, 82%; specificity, 72%) and crude B. pseudomallei antigen (sensitivity, 81%; specificity, 70%), an improvement over the indirect hemagglutination assay (sensitivity, 73%; specificity, 64%).

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Noah, Diana L., Heather Hill, David Hines, E. Lucile White, and Mark C. Wolff. "Qualification of the Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay in Support of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Licensure." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 4 (February 18, 2009): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00368-08.

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ABSTRACT Continued outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza over the past decade have spurred global efforts to develop antivirals and vaccines. As part of vaccine development, standard methods are needed for determining serum antibody titers in response to vaccination. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays are appropriate for assessing the immunogenicity of pandemic influenza vaccines in support of license approval. We demonstrate that a rigorous qualification of the HAI assay for H5N1 influenza virus, evaluating for precision, intermediate precision, linearity, range, specificity, and robustness, satisfies the intent of regulatory guidance for assay validation despite the lack of availability of specific reference standard antigens and antisera.

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Wang, Xiaolei, Zhiyuan Yang, Xiuqing Wang, Huijuan Duan, Lixin Liu, Huimin Cheng, Chenghuai Yang, et al. "Development of a Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay for Duck Tembusu Virus." Avian Diseases 63, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/11954-082018-reg.1.

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CHENG, ALLEN C., GARY LUM, KEVIN FREEMAN, BART J. CURRIE, and MATHEW O’BRIEN. "INDIRECT HEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY IN PATIENTS WITH MELIOIDOSIS IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.330.

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Saha, Repon Kumer, Srijan Acharya, Maha Jamiruddin, Priyanka Roy, Md Sohidul Islam, and Syed Sahidul Haque Shovon. "Antimicrobial effects of a crude plant lectin isolated from the stem of Tinospora tomentosa." Journal of Phytopharmacology 3, no. 1 (January 25, 2014): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2014.3107.

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Crude plant lectins were isolated from the stem of Tinospora tomentosa and found its antibacterial and antifungal effects. Lectins were isolated by ammonium sulphate precipitation method. Presence of carbohydrate and proteins were investigated by thin layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy techniques. Lectin was characterized by its binding affinity with carbohydrates and human erythrocytes by hemagglutination inhibition assay and SDS-page gel electrophoresis. The amount of proteins was quantitatively measured by Lowry method. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were investigated by disk diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of bacteria and fungus were determined from their dose-response curve. Salmonella induced hemagglutination activity was performed to investigate its binding affinity with bacterial cell surface. Isolated lectin contained carbohydrates and protein residues in its structure. Its molecular weight was about 32 kD and seemed as a monomeric. It showed binding affinities to lactose sugar and bacterial cell surfaces and inhibited hemagglutination. It showed a dose-response relationship in its antibacterial and antifungal activities. The stem of Tinospora tomentosa may be considered as an important medicinal plant for antimicrobial therapeutics.

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Kruis, I., A. Van der Heijden, M. Salden, and G. Pruijn. "AB0049 A RAPID HEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY FOR ACPA DETECTION IN PATIENT BLOOD." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (May 30, 2023): 1203.2–1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.3502.

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BackgroundAnti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are the most specific serological marker of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and are produced by about 75% of RA patients. The presence of ACPA early in the disease, even before onset of clinical symptoms, facilitates early diagnosis and ACPA is among the most prominent classification criteria for RA.[1]Importantly, early diagnosis and immediate start of treatment is strongly correlated with improved outcomes. Several ACPA-detection assays are available for clinical use, which nearly all are based on the same principle: ELISA or related assays with cyclic citrullinated peptides or citrullinated proteins.[2]While these methods can be automated in modern diagnostic laboratories, they are ill-suited for low volume laboratories or resource-poor environments.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to develop a rapid and easy to perform assay for ACPA detection. The assay is based on ACPA-dependent agglutination of erythrocytes and can be executed with whole blood.MethodsAn agglutination mediator was developed by protein engineering. Addition of this mediator to (diluted) blood samples results in hemagglutination when ACPA are present. After optimization of the assay with RA serum-spiked blood samples, the applicability was assessed by the analysis of fresh blood samples from 100 RA patients and from 100 psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients as a control group. Anti-CCP2 and RF levels in these patient samples were determined by standardized ELISAs.ResultsThe agglutination mediator that was generated is based on a single-chain antibody fragment that binds to glycophorin A,[3]one of the major surface proteins of erythrocytes. It is conjugated to a citrullinated peptide that is efficiently recognized by ACPA. In the presence of erythrocytes and ACPA the mediator induces agglutination of the erythrocytes, which can be detected by the naked eye. The addition of the mediator resulted in detectable agglutination in 64% percent of the RA patient samples. Agglutination correlated well with the results obtained with a commercial anti-CCP2 ELISA for ACPA detection. Efficient agglutination was observed with only 7% of the PsA samples. No correlation with rheumatoid factor levels was observed.ConclusionAn ACPA-dependent hemagglutination mediator was generated. This agglutination mediator allows the rapid and efficient detection of ACPA by hemagglutination in human blood samples.References[1]Aletaha, D. et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 2010; 62:2569-81.[2]Pruijn, G.J.M. et al. The use of citrullinated peptides and proteins for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010; 12:203.[3]Bigbee, W.L. et al. Binding specificities of eight monoclonal antibodies to human glycophorin A – studies with McM, and MkEn(UK) variant human erythrocytes and M and MNV-type chimpanzee erythrocytes. J Immunol. 1984: 133:3149-55.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsIlmar Kruis: None declared, Annemarie Van der Heijden: None declared, Martin Salden Employee of: CEO/ R&D director Novio Catalpa BV, Ger Pruijn Grant/research support from: Research grant from Novio Catalpa B.V.

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Katunin, G. L., and A. B. Rubtsov. "Using standard serology blood tests to diagnose latent syphilis." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 92, no. 3 (June 24, 2016): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2016-92-3-69-74.

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Goal. To conduct a comparative assessment of the results of regulated serological tests obtained as a result of blood tests in patients suffering from latent syphilis. Materials and methods. The authors examined 187 patient medical records with newly diagnosed latent syphilis in FGBU GNTsDK (State Research Center for Dermatology, Venereology and Cosmetology), Health Ministry of the Russian Federation, in 2006-2015. The results of patient blood tests were analyzed with the use of non-treponemal (microprecipitation test/RPR) and treponemal (passive hemagglutination test, immune-enzyme assay (IgA, IgM, IgG), IFabs, immunofluorescence test and Treponema pallidum immobilization test) serology tests. Results. According to the results of blood tests of latent syphilis patients, the largest number of positive results was obtained as a result of treponemal serology tests such as immune-enzyme assay (100%), passive hemagglutination test (100%) and IFabs (100%). The greatest number of negative results was observed in non-treponemal (microprecipitation test/RPR) serology tests: in 136 (72.7%) patients; evidently positive results (4+) test results were obtained in 8 (4.3%) patients only. According to the results of a comparative analysis of blood tests in patients suffering from latent syphilis obtained with the use of treponemal serology tests, the greatest number of evidently positive results (4+) was noted for the passive hemagglutination test (67.9%). Negative treponemal test results were obtained with the use of the immunofluorescence test and Treponema pallidum immobilization test (21.9% and 11.8% of cases, respectively). Moreover, weakly positive results prevailed for the immunofluorescence test: in 65 (34.7%) patients. Conclusion. These data confirm that the following treponemal tests belong to the most reliable ones for revealing patients suffering from latent syphilis: immune-enzyme assay, passive hemagglutination test and IFabs.

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Zacour, Mary, Brian J. Ward, Angela Brewer, Patrick Tang, Guy Boivin, Yan Li, Michelle Warhuus, Shelly A. McNeil, Jason J. LeBlanc, and Todd F. Hatchette. "Standardization of Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay for Influenza Serology Allows for High Reproducibility between Laboratories." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 3 (January 27, 2016): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00613-15.

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ABSTRACTStandardization of the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay for influenza serology is challenging. Poor reproducibility of HAI results from one laboratory to another is widely cited, limiting comparisons between candidate vaccines in different clinical trials and posing challenges for licensing authorities. In this study, we standardized HAI assay materials, methods, and interpretive criteria across five geographically dispersed laboratories of a multidisciplinary influenza research network and then evaluated intralaboratory and interlaboratory variations in HAI titers by repeatedly testing standardized panels of human serum samples. Duplicate precision and reproducibility from comparisons between assays within laboratories were 99.8% (99.2% to 100%) and 98.0% (93.3% to 100%), respectively. The results for 98.9% (95% to 100%) of the samples were within 2-fold of all-laboratory consensus titers, and the results for 94.3% (85% to 100%) of the samples were within 2-fold of our reference laboratory data. Low-titer samples showed the greatest variability in comparisons between assays and between sites. Classification of seroprotection (titer ≥ 40) was accurate in 93.6% or 89.5% of cases in comparison to the consensus or reference laboratory classification, respectively. This study showed that with carefully chosen standardization processes, high reproducibility of HAI results between laboratories is indeed achievable.

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Leiby, David A., Silvano Wendel, Deise T. Takaoka, Roberta M. Fachini, Lea C. Oliveira, and Melinda A. Tibbals. "Serologic Testing for Trypanosoma cruzi: Comparison of Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay with Commercially Available Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay, Indirect Hemagglutination Assay, and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 2 (2000): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.2.639-642.2000.

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The radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) has been used as a confirmatory test in several ongoing and published studies ofTrypanosoma cruzi in blood donors in the United States. Despite its use as a confirmatory test, few studies are available comparing RIPA to commercially available serologic test methods. Thus, we compared RIPA with two indirect hemagglutination assays (Biolab Diagnostica SA, São Paulo, Brazil; Hemagen Diagnostics, Inc., Waltham, Mass.) and four different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill.; Embrabio, São Paulo, Brazil; Organon Teknika, São Paulo, Brazil; and Gull Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah) using a panel of 220 serum specimens from Brazilian blood donors with a range of T. cruzi antibody titers as determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). A titer of 1:20 was used as the baseline for seropositivity. All IFA-negative serum specimens (n = 19) were nonreactive on all tests. At a titer of 1:20 (n = 9), reactivity rates varied considerably among the tests, with only the RIPA and the Organon and Gull assays identifying reactive specimens. For specimens at a 1:40 titer (n = 35), most assays identified at least 32 of 35 (91%) specimens as reactive, but the Biolab assay only identified 24 (69%). At higher titers (1:80, n = 56; 1:160,n = 101) the assays were comparable, with the exception of the Biolab assay, demonstrating rates of agreement with IFA of ≥98%. Overall, when compared with several other test formats, RIPA demonstrated equivalent or superior rates of agreement with IFA-positive specimens across all titers examined. In particular, at titers of >1:40, the RIPA compared favorably with other test methods currently in use, supporting its application as a confirmatory test, particularly in a research setting.

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Czakó, Rita, Robert L. Atmar, Antone R. Opekun, Mark A. Gilger, David Y. Graham, and Mary K. Estes. "Serum Hemagglutination Inhibition Activity Correlates with Protection from Gastroenteritis in Persons Infected with Norwalk Virus." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 2 (December 21, 2011): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05592-11.

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ABSTRACTA hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay to assess serum antibody responses following Norwalk virus (NV) infection was developed. HAI activity increased significantly in individuals experimentally infected with NV (n= 18) and correlated with antibody levels measured in a histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking assay. Prechallenge HAI antibody levels also correlated with protection from the development of gastroenteritis (Mann-Whitney test,P= 0.02). The HAI assay is another assay suitable for the detection of antibody that correlates with protection from Norwalk virus-associated disease.

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Farrington, M., S. Winters, C. Walker, R. Miller, and D. Rubenstein. "Cryptosporidium antigen detection in human feces by reverse passive hemagglutination assay." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32, no. 11 (1994): 2755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.11.2755-2759.1994.

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Harris, Patrick N. A., Natkunam Ketheesan, Leigh Owens, and Robert E. Norton. "Clinical Features That Affect Indirect-Hemagglutination-Assay Responses to Burkholderia pseudomallei." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 6 (April 29, 2009): 924–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00026-09.

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ABSTRACT Melioidosis, a disease endemic to northern Australia and Southeast Asia, is caused by the soil saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei. The indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) is the most frequently used serological test to help confirm exposure to the causative organism. However, despite culture-confirmed disease, patients often have a negative IHA result at presentation and occasionally fail to seroconvert in serial testing. We retrospectively examined results for all patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis from our laboratory between January 1996 and August 2008. One hundred forty patients had a recorded IHA titer at presentation, 71 of which were positive at a titer of 1:40 or greater. Fifty-three patients went on to have subsequent IHAs 1 month or more after presentation. The relationships between IHA responses and clinical features were examined. The presence of bacteremia was significantly associated with a negative IHA at presentation. The coexistence of diabetes was associated with the presence of a positive IHA at presentation. In total, 14 patients (26%) demonstrated persistently negative IHA titers upon serial testing. No clinical factors were found to be significantly associated with this phenomenon. Supplementary testing using melioidosis-specific immunoglobulin G by EIA demonstrated different effects, with only Aboriginal or Torres Straits Islander ethnicity being significantly associated with a positive EIA at presentation. Reasons for these findings are examined, and directions for future research are discussed.

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Arya, S. C. "Cryptosporidium antigen detection in human feces by reverse passive hemagglutination assay." Journal of clinical microbiology 33, no. 6 (1995): 1684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.33.6.1684-1685.1995.

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Levett, Paul N., and Carol U. Whittington. "Evaluation of the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay for Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 1 (1998): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.1.11-14.1998.

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Serology plays an important role in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Few laboratories have the resources and expertise to perform the microscopic agglutination test. There is a need for rapid and simple serological tests which facilitate the early diagnosis of leptospirosis, while antibiotic therapy may be most effective. A commercially available indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA; MRL Diagnostics, Cypress, Calif.) was evaluated with multiple serum specimens from 107 patients being investigated for leptospirosis. By using a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies and the microscopic agglutination test, 54 patients were found to have leptospirosis and 53 were found not to have leptospirosis. The sensitivity of IHA for the detection of acute leptospirosis was 100%, the specificity was 94%, the positive predictive value was 95%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. IHA was negative when 13 antinuclear antibody-positive sera, 24 serum specimens from patients with syphilis, and 16 serum specimens false positive by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test were tested. IHA was shown to detect both IgM and IgG classes of antibodies in human sera. Serum specimens from 27 dogs investigated for leptospirosis were studied: 3 samples gave nonspecific hemagglutination, but for all remaining samples, the results of IHA and an IgM ELISA were concordant. Performance of IHA was simple, and IHA requires no specialized equipment. It represents a useful assay for laboratories which require a leptospiral diagnostic capability but lack the expertise to perform specialist investigations.

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TSUDA, Shinya, Keiko T. NATSUAKI, and Keiichi TOMARU. "Passive-Hemagglutination Assay Using Specific Antibody to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 58, no. 2 (1992): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.58.319.

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Anderson, Tara C., P. Cynda Crawford, Jacqueline M. Katz, Edward J. Dubovi, Gabriele Landolt, and E. Paul J. Gibbs. "Diagnostic performance of the canineInfluenza A Virussubtype H3N8 hemagglutination inhibition assay." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24, no. 3 (April 23, 2012): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638712440992.

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Scheffel, James W., Dallas Wiesner, Andreas Kapsalis, Dena Traylor, and Adoracion Suarez. "RETROCELL HIV-1 Passive Hemagglutination Assay for HIV-1 Antibody Screening." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 3, no. 5 (May 1990): 540???545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00126334-199003050-00012.

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Scheffel, James W., Dallas Wiesner, Andreas Kapsalis, Dena Traylor, and Adoracion Suarez. "RETROCELL HIV-1 Passive Hemagglutination Assay for HIV-1 Antibody Screening." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 3, no. 5 (1990): 540???545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00126334-199005000-00012.

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Bahnass, Mosa, Ismail ElShahawy, and Elshaima Fawzi. "Comparative Analysis of Toxoplasmosis in Farm Animals by Indirect Hemagglutination Assay and Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 46, no. 1 (2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.184502.

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Bahnass, Mosa, Ismail ElShahawy, and Elshaima Fawzi. "Comparative Analysis of Toxoplasmosis in Farm Animals by Indirect Hemagglutination Assay and Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 46, no. 1 (2015): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.198247.

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El-Ashram, Saeed, Mahmoud E. Hashad, G. A. Abdel-Alim, Taher Abdelhamid, and Heba N. Deif. "Seroprevalence of mycoplasmosis in broiler, layer, and native chickens in Giza, Egypt." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e0254220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254220.

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We aimed to investigate Mycoplasma infections among chicken flocks (Ross, Lohmann and native) in Giza, Egypt, using serological tests, including the slide plate agglutination (SPA) test, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The slide plate agglutination examination, a serological test, indicated the prevalence of Mg and Ms infections of 10.9% and 13.2%, respectively. On 91 SPA test positive serum samples for either Mg or Ms, a passive hemagglutination/hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed. The SPA and HI test findings were found to be comparable. On 90 SPA test positive samples, an ELISA was performed using commercial kits for Mg and Ms serodiagnosis. According to the ELISA data, only 83.33% and 18.88% of SPA test positive samples were confirmed as positive for Ms and Mg infections, respectively. The prevalence increased to 84.44% and 77.77%, respectively, when suspected samples were deemed positive.

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Levett, Paul N., Songee L. Branch, Carol U. Whittington, Charles N. Edwards, and Helene Paxton. "Two Methods for Rapid Serological Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.2.349-351.2001.

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ABSTRACT Leptospirosis is a common and underdiagnosed zoonosis. Two rapid assays for serological diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in diagnostic laboratories, the immunoglobulin M (IgM)-dipstick assay and the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), were evaluated and compared with standard assays. Sera were examined from 104 patients admitted to a hospital for investigation in a leptospirosis diagnostic protocol. Specimens for serology were taken on days 1 and 4 of the patients' hospital stay. Antibodies were detected using an IgM-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microscopic agglutination test (MAT), an IgM-dipstick assay, and an IHA. Fifty-one patients were found to have leptospirosis. The sensitivity of the IgM-dipstick assay was 98%, its specificity was 90.6%, its positive predictive value was 90.9%, and its negative predictive value was 98%. The sensitivity of the IHA was 92.2%, its specificity was 94.4%, its positive predictive value was 95.9%, and its negative predictive value was 92.7%. The standard IgM-ELISA and MAT, were positive in the first samples tested from 67 and 55% of the cases, respectively, and the rapid IgM-dipstick assay and IHA were positive in 71 and 49%, respectively, in the first sample tested. Both rapid assays are highly sensitive and specific. Neither requires specialized equipment, and both are suitable for use in diagnostic laboratories.

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Laurie, Karen L., Othmar G. Engelhardt, John Wood, Alan Heath, Jacqueline M. Katz, Malik Peiris, Katja Hoschler, Olav Hungnes, Wenqing Zhang, and Maria D. Van Kerkhove. "International Laboratory Comparison of Influenza Microneutralization Assays for A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and A(H5N1) Influenza Viruses by CONSISE." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 8 (June 24, 2015): 957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00278-15.

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ABSTRACTThe microneutralization assay is commonly used to detect antibodies to influenza virus, and multiple protocols are used worldwide. These protocols differ in the incubation time of the assay as well as in the order of specific steps, and even within protocols there are often further adjustments in individual laboratories. The impact these protocol variations have on influenza serology data is unclear. Thus, a laboratory comparison of the 2-day enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 3-day hemagglutination (HA) microneutralization (MN) protocols, using A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and A(H5N1) viruses, was performed by the CONSISE Laboratory Working Group. Individual laboratories performed both assay protocols, on multiple occasions, using different serum panels. Thirteen laboratories from around the world participated. Within each laboratory, serum sample titers for the different assay protocols were compared between assays to determine the sensitivity of each assay and were compared between replicates to assess the reproducibility of each protocol for each laboratory. There was good correlation of the results obtained using the two assay protocols in most laboratories, indicating that these assays may be interchangeable for detecting antibodies to the influenza A viruses included in this study. Importantly, participating laboratories have aligned their methodologies to the CONSISE consensus 2-day ELISA and 3-day HA MN assay protocols to enable better correlation of these assays in the future.

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Safford, John W., Glenda G. Abbott, and Colleen M. Deimler. "Evaluation of a rapid passive hemagglutination assay for anti-rubella antibody: Comparison to hemagglutination inhibition and a vaccine challenge study." Journal of Medical Virology 17, no. 3 (November 1985): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890170304.

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Kulkarni, S. R., and V. J. Tayade. "Bacteriostatic activity of con a lectin from Canavalia ensiformis." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 1, no. 04 (December 31, 2013): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.4.11.

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The aim of this work was to explore the therapeutic applications of Con A lectin from Canavalia ensiformis and to explore its antibacterial activity. Activity of lectin was quantified by their ability to agglutinate erythrocytes using Hemagglutination assay. Characterization and purity of Con A lectin was evaluated by using SDS-PAGE analysis. The reversal of hemagglutination activity of lectin was evaluated by using the sugars namely; mannose, galactose, lactose, fructose, glucose. The antibacterial activity of lectins was tested against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli using pour plate method. Amoxycillin was used as standard. At 250mg/ml concentration Con A lectin showed good bacteriostatic activity.

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Rotanov, S. V., N. V. Frigo, A. A. Kubanova, and Ye L. Vasiliyeva. "On quality of serological diagnostics of syphilis in dermatovenerologicalinstitutions of the russian federation." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 86, no. 5 (October 15, 2010): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/vdv933.

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The article presents the results of a cycle of external quality control of serological tests for diagnostics of the syphilitic infection conducted by FGU GNTsD Rosmedtekhnologiy (State Research Center for Dermatology and Venereology of the Federal Agency for High-Technology Medical Aid) in 2009 in 125 serology laboratories of dermatovenerological institutions in different subjects of the Russian Federation. The authors evaluated the quality of serological tests (microprecipitation test, RPR, passive hemagglutination test, immunofluorescence test and immune-enzyme assay) of four reference serum samples based on formal and essential characteristics. The percentage of non-satisfactory results of studies for a set of reference serum samples in nontreponemal tests (microprecipitation test and RPR) was 10.9%; in treponemal tests: in immune-enzyme assay - 1.4%, in passive hemagglutination test - 1.2%, in immunofluorescence test - 0.9%. The most significant differences in the results were revealed in studies of reference serum samples with the low content of antibodies (weakly positive) as well as those that contained no antibodies to the syphilis causative agent.

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Linnik, Janina, Mohammedyaseen Syedbasha, Yvonne Hollenstein, Jörg Halter, Adrian Egli, and Jörg Stelling. "Model-based inference of neutralizing antibody avidities against influenza virus." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): e1010243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010243.

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To assess the response to vaccination, quantity (concentration) and quality (avidity) of neutralizing antibodies are the most important parameters. Specifically, an increase in avidity indicates germinal center formation, which is required for establishing long-term protection. For influenza, the classical hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, however, quantifies a combination of both, and to separately determine avidity requires high experimental effort. We developed from first principles a biophysical model of hemagglutination inhibition to infer IgG antibody avidities from measured HI titers and IgG concentrations. The model accurately describes the relationship between neutralizing antibody concentration/avidity and HI titer, and explains quantitative aspects of the HI assay, such as robustness to pipetting errors and detection limit. We applied our model to infer avidities against the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus in vaccinated patients (n = 45) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and validated our results with independent avidity measurements using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with urea elution. Avidities inferred by the model correlated with experimentally determined avidities (ρ = 0.54, 95% CI = [0.31, 0.70], P < 10−4). The model predicted that increases in IgG concentration mainly contribute to the observed HI titer increases in HSCT patients and that immunosuppressive treatment is associated with lower baseline avidities. Since our approach requires only easy-to-establish measurements as input, we anticipate that it will help to disentangle causes for poor vaccination outcomes also in larger patient populations. This study demonstrates that biophysical modelling can provide quantitative insights into agglutination assays and complement experimental measurements to refine antibody response analyses.

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Schoenthaler, S. L., and S. Kapil. "Development and Applications of a Bovine Coronavirus Antigen Detection Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.1.130-132.1999.

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ABSTRACT We developed a monoclonal antibody-based, antigen capture sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for bovine coronavirus. We compared the ELISA with electron microscopy and the hemagglutination test and found a close correlation between them. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 104 bovine coronavirus particles per ml of 10% fecal suspension. Compared with electron microscopy, bovine coronavirus ELISA had 96% specificity.

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UEMURA, YAHIRO, KAZUMI FUKUYAMA, MASAYUKI NISHIDA, TADAKAZU SUYAMA, and HITOSHI OHORI. "Establishment of passive hemagglutination assay (PHA) system for anti-HBc in plasma." Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 149, no. 1 (1986): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.149.11.

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Marcali, Merve, and Caglar Elbuken. "Impedimetric detection and lumped element modelling of a hemagglutination assay in microdroplets." Lab on a Chip 16, no. 13 (2016): 2494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6lc00623j.

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Ruano, Miguel, John El-Attrache, and Pedro Villegas. "A Rapid-Plate Hemagglutination Assay for the Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Virus." Avian Diseases 44, no. 1 (January 2000): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592512.

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van Doorn, H. Rogier, Henk Hofwegen, Rob Koelewijn, Henk Gilis, Ellen Wentink-Bonnema, Elena Pinelli, Perry J. J. van Genderen, Hans G. Schipper, and Tom van Gool. "Reliable serodiagnosis of imported cystic echinococcosis with a commercial indirect hemagglutination assay." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 57, no. 4 (April 2007): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.10.002.

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Jindayok, Thanyasiri, Savittree Piromsontikorn, Somboon Srimuang, Kalayanee Khupulsup, and Theerapong Krajaejun. "Hemagglutination Test for Rapid Serodiagnosis of Human Pythiosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 7 (June 3, 2009): 1047–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00113-09.

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ABSTRACT Human pythiosis is an emerging, life-threatening infectious disease, caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum. Thailand is an area where human pythiosis is endemic and the genetic blood disorder thalassemia is a predisposing factor. Patients with pythiosis present with arterial occlusions of the lower extremities, corneal ulcers, or chronic cutaneous infections. Diagnosis relies on time-consuming, relatively insensitive tests such as culture identification and immunodiffusion assay. Most patients undergo surgical removal of infected organs, and many die from the infection. Delayed diagnosis results in a poor prognosis. Here, we describe a hemagglutination (HA) test for rapid diagnosis of human pythiosis. Sheep red blood cells were coated with P. insidiosum protein extract and used in duplicated detection assays using serum samples from 33 patients with vascular (n = 27), cutaneous (n = 2), or ocular (n = 4) pythiosis and serum samples from 289 control patients with other infectious diseases (n = 77), with highly positive antinuclear antibody (n = 5), with thalassemia (n = 21), or with no known disorder (i.e., healthy blood donors) (n = 186). Based on receiver-operating characteristic analysis, a serum titer of 1:160 was selected as the cutoff point for the HA test. Serum samples that generated HA at the cutoff titer were read as positive, while samples that did not were read as negative. Positive results were obtained with the serum samples of all patients with vascular and cutaneous pythiosis and with two serum samples from the control group. Negative results were obtained with serum samples from all ocular pythiosis patients and the 287 remaining serum samples from the control group. Sensitivity and specificity of the HA were 88% and 99%, respectively. In conclusion, the HA test for detection of anti-Pythium antibodies is a simple, rapid, and reliable test for serodiagnosis of vascular and cutaneous pythiosis.

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Lorenson, M. S., M. Miani, J. A. Guizzo, B. Barasoul, S. Martínez-Martínez, E. F. Rodríguez-Ferri, C. B. Gutiérrez-Martín, L. C. Kreutz, and R. Frandoloso. "Altered indirect hemagglutination method for easy serotyping of Haemophilus parasuis." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, no. 1 (February 2017): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9193.

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ABSTRACT Glässer's disease is an emergent bacterial disease that affects swine husbandries worldwide causing important economic losses. The aetiological agent, Haemophilus parasuis, is currently divided in fifteen serovars but an increasing number of non-typeable serovars have been reported. Indirect hemagglutination (IHA) is indicated as a serotyping method for H. parasuis. In the present study, we describe an additional step that aims to work around a possible obstacle in the original protocol that may compromise the outcome of this assay. We observed that the choice of anticoagulant for blood collection influences and/or impairs spontaneous adsorption of H. parasuis antigens on sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). However, regardless of the anticoagulant used, chemical treatment of SRBCs with tannic acid induces a stable antigen adsorption (sensitization step). The addition of 1% BSA to SRBCs washing buffer and to antisera dilution augments IHA specificity. Tannic acid treated SRBCs combined with thermo-resistant H. parasuis antigens increases the assay resolution. Thus, our results demonstrate an improvement in the technique of H. parasuis serotyping that will prove valuable to understand Glässer's disease epidemiology and to better characterize serovars involved in outbreaks.

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Marchi, Serena, Ilaria Manini, Otfried Kistner, Pietro Piu, Edmond J. Remarque, Alessandro Manenti, Fabrizio Biuso, et al. "Serologically-Based Evaluation of Cross-Protection Antibody Responses among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (November 5, 2020): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040656.

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After the influenza H1N1 pandemic of 2009, the seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007 strain was replaced by the A/California/07/2009 strain for the influenza virus vaccine composition. After several seasons with no indications on the occurrence of antigenic drift, A/Michigan/45/2015 was chosen as the H1N1 vaccine strain for the 2017/2018 season. Since the immune response to influenza is shaped by the history of exposure to antigenically similar strains, the potential cross-protection between seasonal human influenza vaccine strains and the emerging pandemic strains was investigated. Human serum samples were tested by hemagglutination inhibition and single radial hemolysis assays against A/Brisbane/59/2007, A/California/07/2009, and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains. Strong cross-reactions between A/California/07/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains were observed in 2009/2010, most likely induced by the start of the 2009 pandemic, and the subsequent post-pandemic seasons from 2010/2011 onward when A/California/07/2009 became the predominant strain. In the 2014/2015 season, population immunity against A/California/07/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains increased again, associated with strong cross-reactions. Whereas hemagglutination inhibition assay has a higher sensitivity for detection of new seasonal drift, the single radial hemolysis assay is an excellent tool for determining the presence of pre-existing immunity, allowing a potential prediction on the booster potential of influenza vaccines against newly emerging drifted strains.

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Barrett, S. M., M. Romine-Jenkins, and K. E. Blick. "Passive hemagglutination inhibition test for diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite envenomation." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.10.2104.

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Abstract Our goal was to recreate a passive hemagglutination inhibition (PHAI) test to diagnose brown recluse spider (BRS; Loxosceles reclusa) bite envenomation for treatment trials. Guinea pigs received intradermal injections of concentrated spider venom from the following species: Loxosceles reclusa, Argiope aurantia, Argiope trifasciata, Phidippus audax, and Lycosa frondicola. Skin lesion exudate was collected and tested with the BRS venom PHAI assay. From 51 separate collections of exudate, test sensitivity was 90% as long as 3 days after venom injection. Specificity was 100% with venom from the other spider species listed above in vivo (7 test samples) and in vitro (5 test samples), as well as with random bacterial exudate with and without added serial dilutions of BRS venom (10 test samples). The test was reproducible over repetitive assays to within one 10-fold dilution. A positive PHAI test result could function as an entry criterion for BRS bite victims in human treatment trials.

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Yamada, Ken-Ichiro, Tomohiko Takasaki, Masaru Nawa, Sadao Yabe, and Ichiro Kurane. "Antibody Responses Determined for Japanese Dengue Fever Patients by Neutralization and Hemagglutination Inhibition Assays Demonstrate Cross-Reactivity between Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis Viruses." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 4 (July 2003): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.4.725-728.2003.

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ABSTRACT Titers of antibodies to infecting dengue virus serotypes determined by serum neutralization assay were higher than those of antibody to Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in Japanese dengue patients after disease day 8. Titers of antibody to dengue virus antigens determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay were higher in only 1 of 23 serum specimens after disease day 11. Thus, the neutralization test is more reliable than the HI test for serological diagnosis of dengue in countries where JE vaccination is widely used or JE is endemic.

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Tahir, Rafique A., Kern A. Pomeroy, and Sagar M. Goyal. "Evaluation of Shell Vial Cell Culture Technique for the Detection of Bovine Coronavirus." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7, no. 3 (July 1995): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700301.

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The effect of blind passage and centrifugation on the isolation of bovine coronavirus in human rectal tumor cells cultured in shell vials was investigated. A total of 68 fecal samples known to be positive for bovine coronavirus by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination were used. The samples were centrifuged onto human rectal tumor cell monolayers and incubated in the presence of trypsin. The growth of bovine coronavirus in infected cells was demonstrated by fluorescent antibody staining, and the extracellular virus was detected and confirmed by hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests, respectively. Of the 68 TEM-positive samples, 51 (75%), 58 (85%), and 61 (90%) grew in shell vial cell cultures at first, second, and third passages, respectively. Of the 51 cultures positive on first passage, 19 were examined by TEM; 18 of these were positive for bovine coronavirus. The shell vial technique was also compared with direct detection of bovine coronavirus by staining cryostat sections of infected tissues in a direct fluorescent antibody assay. The results of direct fluorescent antibody assay were available for 54 of the 68 samples, of which 53 (98%) and 43 (80%) were positive by shell vial technique and direct fluorescent antibody assay, respectively. For identification of bovine coronavirus, shell vials using human rectal tumor cells in the presence of trypsin is more sensitive than direct fluorescent antibody assay but is relatively less sensitive than transmission electron microscopy.

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Gilmore, Glenda, Jodie Barnes, Natkunam Ketheesan, and Robert Norton. "Use of Antigens Derived from Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, and B. cepacia in the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay for Melioidosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 14, no. 11 (September 5, 2007): 1529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00197-07.

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ABSTRACT The serological diagnosis of melioidosis is carried out using the indirect hemagglutination assay. We looked at the reactivity of sera from culture-proven cases of melioidosis from north Queensland against antigens derived from Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, and B. cepacia. Cross-reactivity between sera from culture-positive cases of melioidosis and B. thailandensis was demonstrated.

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CENGİZ, A. Tevfik, and G. İştar DOLAPÇI. "Serodiagnostic Techniques for Rubella." European Journal of Therapeutics 8, no. 1, 2 (January 1, 1997): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.58600/eurjther.1997-8-1-2-1508-arch.

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In this article, serological techniques used in the recognition of rubella virus infections have been explained and the importance of rubella spesific lgM antibodies has been emphasized after discussing the validity of hemagglutination inhibition (HAi), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), complement fixation, fluorescent antibody techniques (iFA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other methods in the diagnosis of rubella

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Nazir, Iqra. "Evaluation of In Ovo Antiviral Activities of Medicinal Flowers against Newcastle Disease Virus and Avian Influenza Virus." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 26, no. 01 (July 1, 2021): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1823.

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In Pakistan, the poultry industry is one of the rapidly growing industries. Due to lack of biosecurity measures, this is affected by some important infectious agents such as Avian Influenza virus (H9N2) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) results in a huge economic loss. So, to control these losses discovery of new anti-viral drugs required to bring into line to fight against these infections. It is a general perception that the active components of medicinal plants have effective results against various infections like the influenza virus. The current therapeutic facilities need to be improved by investigating new antiviral drugs from natural resources to fight against viral infections. The present study was conducted on ethanolic extracts of seven different flowers to examine their antiviral activity against NDV and H9N2 in ovo using chicken embryonated egg inoculation. The spot agglutination and hemagglutination tests showed inhibitory effects of Rosa damascena Miller, Achillea millefolium, Woodfordia fruticosa Kurtz and Bombax ceiba L. against NDV as no agglutination observed. While the extracts of Taxacum officianale Weber, Hyssopus officianalis L. and Chrysanthemum cinerafolium (Trevis.) Vis. showed positive results for both spot agglutination and hemagglutination assay against NDV. However, both spot agglutination and hemagglutination assay showed inhibitory effect of all the flowers extracts against H9N2. The bioactive components such as alkaloids, ethers, terpenoids, etc. of each flower were analyzed through Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The current results revealed that ethanolic extracts of these flowers possess strong antiviral activity because of their active ingredients. These ingredients should be isolated, commercialized and used for therapeutic purpose. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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Effler, Paul V., Harry Y. Domen, Sandra L. Bragg, Tin Aye, and David M. Sasaki. "Evaluation of the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay for Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis in Hawaii." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 3 (2000): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.3.1081-1084.2000.

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Timely diagnosis of leptospirosis is important to ensure a favorable clinical outcome. The definitive serologic assay, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), requires paired sera and is not useful for guiding early clinical management. The only screening test approved for use in the United States, the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), has not undergone extensive field evaluation. To assess the performance of the leptospirosis IHA in Hawaii, serum from patients evaluated for leptospirosis between 1992 and 1997 were tested with the IHA at the Hawaii State Laboratories Division and with the MAT at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leptospirosis was considered confirmed by a fourfold rise in MAT titer and/or a positive culture. A total of 92 (41%) of 226 specimens from 114 persons with confirmed leptospirosis were found positive by IHA. Only 18 (15%) of 119 specimens obtained within 14 days of onset were IHA positive, compared to 74 (69%) of 107 specimens collected more than 14 days after onset (P <0.001). Repeat testing ultimately resulted in 78 (68%) of the confirmed cases having at least one specimen found positive by IHA. Thirteen different presumptive infecting serogroups were identified among 251 specimens with an MAT titer of ≥200 and obtained from persons with confirmed or probable leptospirosis. Fifty (68%) of 73 specimens with Icterohaemorrhagiae as the presumptive infecting serogroup were found positive by IHA, compared to 44 (47%) of 93 specimens with Australis as the presumptive infecting serogroup (P, 0.01). The IHA test was positive for 3 (1%) of 236 specimens from 154 persons without leptospirosis. The sensitivity of the leptospirosis IHA in Hawaii was substantially below figures reported previously, particularly early in the course of illness, limiting its usefulness for diagnosing acute infection. Since the presumptive infecting serogroup affected IHA results and the prevalence of serovars varies with geography, the performance of the IHA should be assessed locally. More sensitive leptospirosis screening tests are needed in Hawaii.

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Devi, Hijam Kiranbala, Sanjenbam Kunjeshwori Devi, Huidrom Rully, Sorokhaibam Jibankumar Singh, Wayenbam Sobhachandra Singh, Helena Thongam, and Laishram Rupachandra Singh. "Purification and Characterization of a Novel Rhamnose/Fucose-Specific Lectin from the Hemolymph of Oak Tasar (Antheraea proylei J.) Silkworm." Protein & Peptide Letters 27, no. 7 (August 13, 2020): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866527666200129155343.

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Background: Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune origin which bind specifically but reversibly to carbohydrates or glycoconjugates. They play a crucial role in various biological processes including host defense mechanism, inflammation and metastasis. Therefore, there is an expanding scientific emphasis on purification and characterization of novel lectins possessing different useful biological properties. Objective: The present investigation is concerned with purification and characterization of a novel lectin from the hemolymph of oak tasar (Antheraea proylei J.) silkworm. Methods: The lectin was purified from the hemolymph by a procedure involving successive steps of hemocyte-free hemolymph preparation, ammonium sulfate (0-40%) fractionation and affinity chromatography on a column of Sephadex G-50 covalently coupled with L-rhamnose. It was then characterized by various physico-chemical methods including SDS-PAGE, gel filtration, hemagglutination assay, hemagglutination inhibition assay and tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/ MS) coupled with Mascot sequence matching software (Matrix Science). Results: The lectin was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the silkworm hemolymph and was found to be a monomeric protein with a native molecular weight of 39.5 kDa. It was specifically inhibited by L-rhamnose and D-fucose, the former being sixteen times more inhibitory than the latter. The hemagglutinating activity was further characterized by independency of metal ion, optimum at pH 7-7.5 and thermal stability with t1/2 of 60°C. Analysis with tandem mass spectrometry coupled with Mascot sequence matching software confirmed the purified lectin to be a protein not purified and characterized earlier. Conclusion: A novel rhamnose/fucose-specific lectin was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the hemolymph of oak tasar (Antheraea proylei J.) silkworm. The lectin was found to be a monomeric protein with a native molecular weight of 39.5 kDa. Its activity was found to be independent of metal ion, optimum at pH 7-7.5 and characterized by thermal stability with t1/2 of 60°C. Analysis with tandem mass spectrometry coupled with Mascot sequence matching software confirmed the purified lectin to be a protein not characterized earlier.

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Johnson, James R., Jennifer J. Brown, and Parvia Ahmed. "Diversity of Hemagglutination Phenotypes among P-Fimbriated Wild-Type Strains of Escherichia coli in Relation to papG Allele Repertoire." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 5, no. 2 (March 1, 1998): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.5.2.160-170.1998.

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ABSTRACT Data regarding the hemagglutination (HA) patterns of the three variants (classes I, II, and III) of the Escherichia coliadhesin PapG are conflicting. These HA patterns usually have been assessed for each papG allele separately with recombinant strains in slide HA assays. We rigorously evaluated an alternative microtiter tray HA assay and then used it to assess the HA of four erythrocyte types (human A1P1 and OP1, rabbit, and sheep erythrocytes) by multiple wild-typeE. coli strains representing the four naturally occurring combinations of the papG alleles, i.e., class I plus III, class III only, class II plus III, and class II only. The microtiter tray HA assay displayed significantly better reproducibility of intraobserver (83%) and interobserver (86%) results than did slide HA assays (39 and 73%, respectively). Novel findings from the study of 32 wild-type P-fimbriated strains included reproducible determinations of phenotypic diversity among different papG categories, among strains within each papG category, and from day to day for individual strains. There was also substantial overlap of phenotypes between papG categories I plus III and III only and between II plus III and II only. A class III papG recombinant strain’s HA pattern differed significantly from that of the wild-type class III strains. These data demonstrate that HA phenotypes of wild-type P-fimbriated E. coli strains can be reproducibly assessed by a microtiter HA assay and that they correspond broadly topapG genotype but in a more complex and varied fashion than previously recognized.

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Wang, Long-Bai, Qiu-Yong Chen, Xue-Min Wu, Yong-Liang Che, Cheng-Yan Wang, Ru-Jing Chen, and Lun-Jiang Zhou. "Isolation of a Reassortant H1N2 Swine Flu Strain of Type “Swine-Human-Avian” and Its Genetic Variability Analysis." BioMed Research International 2018 (May 29, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1096079.

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We isolated an influenza strain named A/Swine/Fujian/F1/2010 (H1N2) from a pig suspected to be infected with swine flu. The results of electron microscopy, hemagglutination (HA) assay, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, and whole genome sequencing analysis suggest that it was a reassortant virus of swine (H1N1 subtype), human (H3N2 subtype), and avian influenza viruses. To further study the genetic evolution of A/Swine/Fujian/F1/2010 (H1N2), we cloned its whole genome fragments using RT-PCR and performed phylogenetic analysis on the eight genes. As a result, the nucleotide sequences of HA, NA, PB1, PA, PB2, NP, M, and NS gene are similar to those of A/Swine/Shanghai/1/2007(H1N2) with identity of 98.9%, 98.9%, 99.0%, 98.6%, 99.0%, 98.9%, 99.3%, and 99.3%, respectively. Similar to A/Swine/Shanghai/1/2007(H1N2), we inferred that the HA, NP, M, and NS gene fragments of A/Swine/Fujian/F1/2010 (H1N2) strain were derived from classical swine influenza H3N2 subtype, NA and PB1 were derived from human swine influenza H3N2 subtype, and PB2 and PA genes were derived from avian influenza virus. This further validates the role of swine as a “mixer” for influenza viruses.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hemagglutination Assay'

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