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Journal articles on the topic 'Helopeltis Theivora'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Rusli Rustam and Melisa Sep Arianti Simarmata. "UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK TEPUNG BUAH SIRIH HUTAN (Piper adumcum L.) UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN Helopeltis theivora." DINAMIKA PERTANIAN 38, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/dp.2022.vol38(1).10428.

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The main pest that attacks cocoa crops is Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse. The Helopeltis theivora pest can cause a loss of 60%. Helopeltis theivora pest control generally still uses synthetic chemical insecticides because they can control pests quickly and efficiently. The control using botanical pesticide extracts of forest betel fruit (Piper aduncum L.) is an alternative to overcome the impacts caused by the use of synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to increase the concentration of forest betel powder extract to obtain an effective concentration to control Helopeltis theivora. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University. This study was conducted from August to September 2020. The research used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications to obtain 24 experimental units. The treatments given were the concentration of forest betel fruit powder extract of 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, and 10%. The results showed that increasing the concentration could increase the effectiveness of forest betel powder extract (Piper aduncum L.) to control Helopeltis theivora which at a concentration of 8% forest betel flour can cause total mortality of 87,50% with an initial time of death at 9 hours after application and lethal time 50 at 39 hours after application.

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2

Rusli Rustam and Ice S. Hutagalung. "¬UJI BEBERAPA KONSENTRASI BIJI PINANG (Areca catechu L.) UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN Helopeltis theivora." DINAMIKA PERTANIAN 37, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/dp.2021.vol37(2).11867.

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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a plantation commodity that plays an important role in Indonesia’s economic activities and is a potential foreign exchange earner. One of the biggest obstacles in growing cacao in Indonesia is the attack of the cocoa pod-sucking pests (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse). The aim of this study is to obtain an effective concentration of betel nut to control the fruit-sucking pests (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse) in cocoa plants in the laboratory. The research was conducted at the Plant Pest Laboratory and Experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University from August to October 2020. The treatment given was the administration of areca nut extract with the following concentrations: P0: 0 g.l-1 water, P1: 20 g.l-1 water, P2: 40 g.l-1 water, P3: 60 g.l-1 water, P4: 80 g.l-1 water, P5: 100 g.l-1 water and 20 experimental units were obtained. The results showed that the application of betel nut had a significant effect in controlling cocoa pod sucking pests (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse). The application of areca nuts extract at a concentration of 60 g.l-1 of water was an effective concentration in controlling Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse with a mortality of 80% with an initial time of death of 10.50 hours after application and lethal time of 50 which is 33.00 hours after application.

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3

Thube, Shivaji H., Gagana Kumar Mahapatro, Chandrika Mohan, Thava Prakasa Pandian R., Elain Apshara, and Jose C.T. "Biology, feeding and oviposition preference of Helopeltis theivora, with notes on the differential distribution of species of the tea mosquito bug species complex across elevations." Animal Biology 70, no. 1 (2020): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-20191083.

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Abstract Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important beverage crop and commercially grown as a plantation crop. With the changing climate, the tea mosquito bug species complex, viz., Helopeltis theivora, H. bradyi and H. antonii, is emerging as a major threat to cocoa cultivation in India. Among the species of this complex H. theivora is responsible for causing considerable damage. The present investigations were carried out to find a weak link in the life cycle of H. theivora so it can be managed effectively. Specimens of the tea mosquito bug were found to first appear during the first week of September in South India. Helopeltis theivora requires on average 29.28 days to complete its life cycle on cocoa. The highest level of natural mortality was recorded in the first-instar nymph. The total developmental period of the fifth-instar nymph was significantly longer than that for the other nymphal instars. The sex ratio reflects that the population is highly female-biased, which may contribute to the dominant nature of this species in the cocoa ecosystem. Observation of the feeding and oviposition behavior of H. theivora revealed that the insect prefers to feed and oviposit on developing pods rather than on leaves and shoots. Analysis of the species distribution of tea mosquito bug at different elevations revealed that cocoa gardens situated less than 300 meter above mean sea level are dominated by H. theivora, whereas gardens situated more than 300 meter above mean sea level are dominated by H. bradyi. This separation of species across elevation may be driven either by abiotic or biotic factors.

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4

Ekka, Preety, Lakhi Ram Saikia, and Azariah Babu. "BIO-EFFICACY OF BPA/B7 FORMULATIONS AGAINST HELOPELTIS THEIVORA WATERHOUSE." Journal of Biopesticides 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.16.1.63-67.

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Tea garden soil harbors several microorganisms that help in maintaining the crop agro-ecosystem. Some soil microorganisms are beneficial and some may cause harm. The beneficial entomopathogenic fungus (BPA/B7) isolated from Tinsukia (Assam) was found to be more effective against Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse compared to other strains of Beauveria bassiana. This pathogenic fungus has been mass produced and formulated into powder and liquid formulation and its different properties have been screened under laboratory and field conditions and both the formulations were found to be effective against H. theivora.

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5

SANGITA BORTHAKUR and DIPSIKHA BORA. "Identification of chemical cues of Camellia sinensis (Ericales: Theaceae) and alternate host plants for preference by tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae)." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0123.

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The tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a polyphagous pest causing serious economic loss in tea plantations of north east India. The push-pull companion cropping system can be used as a component of integrated pest management system to control the pest. We examined the host plant choice of H. theivora for Duranta erecta (Lamiales: Verbenaceae), Senna tora (Fabale: Fabaceae), Lawsonia inermis (Myrtales: Lythraceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) and Melastoma malabathricum (Myrtales: Melastomataceae) including the primary host, Camellia sinensis (Ericales: Theaceae) using two-choice olfactometric bioassay. The growth index and relative growth index of H. theivora were calculated for different host plants. H. theivora preferred the odor released from the mechanically damaged leaves of C. sinensis and P. guajava. The further study on biochemical constituents of all the host plants reflected the role of soluble sugar, total flavonoids and terpenoids as cues for host preference by H. theivora which indicate a scope for electroantennographic assessment in future. The information generated for P. guajava preference can be utilized in trap cropping or trap formulating approaches for management of H. theivora.

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6

T, SIVAKUMAR, and YESHWANTH H. M. "Helopeltis theivora (Heteroptera, Miridae) as a pest of betel vine (Piper betle)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i2.99053.

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Tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera, Miridae) has been recorded for the first time from Kerala, India, as a pest of betel vine (Piper betle L.). Nymphs and adults feed on the tender leaves making it unfit for consumption and sale. Angular water-soaked patches which later appear like shot holes were the symptoms of infestation. Neem oil soap emulsion (0.2%) was effective against the pest. The infested plot was not near tea or cashew plantations, which ruled out the possibility of opportunistic incidence of H. theivora on P. betle. Hence, it is evident that H. theivora has to be reckoned as a pest of betel vine. The current observation on betel vine is important as many of the betel vine growing states in the country are also known for large scale cultivation of tea. Host shift from tea to betel vine and vice versa in these areas may pose a challenge to the production of both the crops. An IPM module with safe organic pesticides has to be developed for contingencies in future.

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7

BAKAR, SARIPAH BINTI. "Infestations Of Two Major Pests Of Cocoa, Conopomorpha Cramerella and Helopeltis Theivora Under Natural Condition." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 35, no. 3 (January 13, 2020): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i3.359.

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The Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and Helopeltis theivora (Miller) (Hemiptera: Miridae) are the major pests of cocoa in the South East Asian Region. C. cramerella started to infest cocoa pod which more than 7cm in length, whereas H. theivora started to infest the pod at a very early stage of pod development. The present study aims to determine the relationship and the degree of damage severity of these two significant pests under natural condition. No insecticide spraying was carried out throughout sampling occasions; however, other management practices were implemented. Destructive sampling of fifty cocoa pods at various lengths was carried out at fortnightly basis.Percentage of infestation, number of CPB eggs, entry, and exit holes were recorded for an individual pod. The results obtained denoted that H. theivora begin attacking pods at a young age and the majority of the pods were infested when they reached 8 cm in length. The percentage of damage severity increased as the pod developed. In contrast to H. theivora incidence, the number of C. cramerella eggs were recorded higher when the percentage of H. theivora incidences were low. The highest mean number of C. cramerella eggs were recorded when the pod length is more than 150 mm. Although infestation of the C. cramerella was more serious, management of both pests must be started when the pod length is less than 8 cm. Integrated control approaches must be targeted to both pests at the appropriate time, to reduce significant losses.

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8

K. S., Shilpa, Minimol J. S., Gavas Rakesh, Suma B., Jiji Joseph, Maheswarappa H. P., and Panchami P. S. "Deciphering the role of polyphenol in defence mechanism against tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse.) in cocoa (Theobroma cocoa L.)." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): e0271432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271432.

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Tea mosquito bug (TMB) is a serious pest of cocoa whose prevalence is high, mostly during summer and post monsoon season. Three species of tea mosquito bug have been reported on cocoa: Helopeltis antonii Signoret, H. theivora Waterhouse, and H. bradyi Waterhouse. H. theivora is the most prevalent one causing damage to young shoots, cherelles and pods. Rearing of tea mosquito bug on cocoa was found to be a failure in the present study hence Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse was maintained on the alternate host mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha Kunth) under laboratory condition in insect rearing cages. Using freshly reared tea mosquito bugs twenty cocoa hybrids were screened for resistance and were ranked after 72 hours of screening. All the hybrids having less than three lesions per plant in seedlings and less than 33 lesions on pods were ranked as highly resistant. It was observed that hybrids classified as highly resistant had significantly higher phenol content than those classified as susceptible. The significantly low phenol content in the susceptible hybrids suggests that phenolics have a function in mediating resistance to tea mosquito bug in cocoa. From correlation and regression analysis it is confirmed that phenol content can be used as a potential marker indicating the level of resistance of cocoa hybrids against tea mosquito bug resistance.

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9

Pancaningtyas, Sulistyani, Ariza Budi Tunjung Sari, and Dwi Suci Rahayu. "DNA Barcoding for Identification of Helopeltis sp. from Kaliwining Experimental Station using Mitochondrial COI Gene." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 38, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v38i3.521.

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Helopeltis sp. is one of the major pests of the cocoa plant. Helopeltis can decrease cocoa yield by 50 to 60%. Several species of Helopeltis spp. are still often misidentified due to similarity in morphology such as size and color. This study aimed to identify Helopeltis sp. through DNA barcoding using the mitochondrial cyto- chrome C oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene. Analysis was carried out on 100 adults Helopeltis sp. from Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jember, Indonesia. Specimens were preserved in 96% ethyl alcohol at 4oC until molecular studies were carried out. PCR amplification was conducted through specific primer from COI gene. Sequences data analysis using MEGA 5.05 software was carried out. The study results using DNA barcoding showed that Helopeltis samples in Kaliwining cocoa plantations are Helopeltis bradyi with a percentage identity above 99% and E value of 0; this sequence as significantly matched. Mean length of the sequences was 679.5 base pairs. Phy- logenetic tree data also shows that the Helopeltis species analysed were also of the same descent, H. bradyi with the accession number KT189562.1. Helopeltis sp. specimens were clustered together. No taxonomic deviation was detected at the species level, indicating that most of the examined species of Helopeltis sp. could be authenticated by the barcode approach using the COI gene. In addi- tion, Helopeltis specimens were also aligned with H. antonii and H. theivora from the genebank to determine their genetic relationship.

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10

Stonedahl, Gary M. "The Oriental species of Helopeltis (Heteroptera: Miridae): a review of economic literature and guide to identification." Bulletin of Entomological Research 81, no. 4 (December 1991): 465–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300032041.

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AbstractThe taxonomy of the Oriental species of Helopeltis is revised and a review of the economic literature is given. An identification key is provided for the 14 recognized species, one of which, H. sulawesi, is described as new. A diagnosis and brief description is given for each species, as well as illustrations of useful taxonomic characters, information on distributions and host records, and a discussion of any known or suspected misidentifications. Lectotype designations are made for 13 nominal species and the following new synonymies are established: H. bradyi Waterhouse = H. ceylonensis De Silva, syn. n and H. romundei Waterhouse, syn. n;H. cinchonae Mann = H. brevicornis Poppius, syn. n.;H. clavifer (Walker) = H. australiae Kirkaldy, syn. n and H. niger Walker, syn. n;H. cuneata Distant = H. elegans Poppius, syn. n;H. fasciaticollis Poppius = H. pallidus Poppius, syn. n and H. pallidiceps Poppius, syn. n;H. theivora Waterhouse = H. oryx Distant, syn. n The somewhat obscure synonymy of H. theobromae Miller under H. theivora is confirmed. Two subgenera are recognized and diagnosed: Afropeltissubgen. n (type species Eucerocoris westwoodi White), including all African species of the genus, and Helopeltis sensu stricto, containing the Oriental and Australasian species.

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11

Chowdhury, Razia Sultana, Irin Siddiqua Moly, Mainuddin Ahmed, Mohammad Shameem Al Mamun, Md Mozammel Hoque, and Md Faruque Miah. "Impact of the mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora) infestation on the quality of tea (Camellia sinensis)." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 44, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v44i2.32759.

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The influence of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora) infestation on the physiological and biochemical changes in tea leaves as well as quality parameters of the made tea was investigated. Results revealed that physiological parameters such as polyphenol, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, catechins, reducing sugar and antioxidant activity reduced when the shoots are infested by tea mosquito bug. Black tea prepared from Helopeltis infested shoots contained significantly lower amount of theaflavin and thearubigin ratio, highly polymerized substances, total liquor colour, colour index, caffeine and lipid than that of uninfested fresh tea leaves. The infestation of tea mosquito bug significantly reduced the physiological parameters of tea leaves and quality parameters of made tea that hamper the quality of drinking tea.Bangladesh J. Zool. 44(2): 197-207, 2016

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12

Rustam, Rusli, Muhamad Pangky Sucahyono, and Desita Salbiah. "Biology of Helopeltis Theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Acasia Mangium Willd." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 4, no. 5 (2014): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.4.5.435.

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13

Jakkoksung, Apichaya, Korrawat Attasopa, Chun-I. Chiu, and Yaowaluk Chanbang. "Life Cycle and Damage Patterns of Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse), a Newly Recorded Pest on Arabica coff ee in Northern Thailand." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 50, no. 5 (September 30, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2023.047.

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The symptoms of “shot hole leaves” and “excess bud growth” in Arabica coffee have signifi cantly increased in northern Thailand since 2017, resulting in the death of shoots and reduced fl owering, ultimately leading to yield loss. This study investigates whether the “shot hole leaves” symptom is caused by the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) by rearing tea mosquito bugs with coffee and reproducing the same symptoms under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, we examine whether the “shot hole leaves” symptom is associated with the “excess bud growth” symptom in the fi eld. Our results show that H. theivora can complete their life cycle on Arabica coffee trees. Female bugs lay an average of 87.60±41.82 eggs underneath the soft tissue near young leaves on coffee branches, with a hatching rate of 73.97±6.69%, and an average incubation period of 8.20±0.97 days. The longevity of the fi rst to fi fth nymphal stages was 4.02±1.58, 3.36±0.93, 3.27±0.74, 3.23±0.96, and 3.83±1.18 days, respectively. The adult bugs had a lifespan ranging from 2 to 24 days, with an average of 11.61±7.89 days. The “shot hole leaves” symptom appear approximately 14 days after H. theivora begin feeding on young coffee shoots. We found that the bud number is signifi cantly higher on twigs with the symptom, indicating that both symptoms are caused by H. theivora. The study concludes by discussing control practices of H. theivora on coffee trees.

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14

Bordoloi, Kuntala Sarma, Pooja Moni Baruah, and Niraj Agarwala. "Identification of circular RNAs in tea plant during Helopeltis theivora infestation." Plant Stress 8 (June 2023): 100150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2023.100150.

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15

Ekka, Preety, Azariah Babu, and Lakhi Ram Saikia. "POTENTIAL OF NEW STRAIN OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ISOLATED FROM TINSUKIA (ASSAM) AGAINST TEA MOSQUITO BUG HELOPELTIS THEIVORA WATERHOUSE (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)." Journal of Biopesticides 12, no. 01 (June 1, 2019): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.12.1.104-108.

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ABSTRACT Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, is the major sucking pest of tea plant. It mainly attacks the young shoots essential for tea production. In lacunae of proper management, the pest remains active throughout the year resulting in almost 100% crop loss. To manage the population of this pest below Economic Threshold Level (ETL) of 5%, several rounds of chemical pesticides are applied during the season. Tea, being a consumable product; the unwanted pesticide residue cause a major concern for the tea industry. Thus, incorporation of alternate strategies like Biological Control Agents (BCA) in pest management programme is important to overcome the problems besides prevent the pest from developing resistance. The BCAs like entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi and virus are effective in an eco-friendly management of the pest population. The entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana has been found to be effective pest control agent in several agro ecosystems including tea. Commercial B. bassiana formulations are available but the local strains are reported to be more efficient in managing the pest population. The present study was aimed to analyze the potential of a new strain of B. bassiana named as BPA/B7 (I.D. No. 10,928.8) isolated from tea soils of Tinsukia (Assam) against H. theivora. The efficacy of six concentrations (5 mlL-1, 10 mlL-1, 15 mlL-1, 20 mlL-1 and 25 mlL-1 ) of powder formulation of BPA/B7 was compared with a commercial formulation to estimate the LC50 of the same. The BPA/B7 (B. bassiana with a spore density of 1.68X106 spores/ml was found to kill 50% of H. theivora at a concentration of 21.87 mlL-1 within 96hrs. Further studies on the standardization of both liquid/powder formulations, shelf life studies, followed by their field evlauation, will ensure the possibility of utilizing this strain as a potential componemt of intergrated management of H. theivora.

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16

Daniel, J. Alfred, and K. Ramaraju. "Evaluation of profenofos against tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora waterhouse on tea." Pesticide Research Journal 32, no. 2 (2020): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-524x.2020.00028.x.

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17

Borbaruah, Priyanka, and Surajit Kalita. "Efficacy of Phlogocanthus thyrsiflorus against Oligonychus coffeae and Helopeltis theivora in Tea." Indian Journal of Entomology 82, no. 3 (2020): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2020.00133.9.

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18

Pandian, Prabhakaran, Radhakrishnan Balakrishnan, Srikumar Kodakkadal Kotian, and Kumar Bastian Suresh. "Efficacy of certain common ferns against red spider mite Oligonychus coffeae and tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora infesting tea." Plant Protection Science 53, No. 4 (August 30, 2017): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/23/2015-pps.

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In search for botanicals as an alternative remedy to synthetic chemicals in the pest control of tea plantations, ferns such as Adiantum raddianum, Asplenium aethiopicum, Cyclosorus interruptus, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium polypodioides, and Pteridium aquilinum were evaluated against the two major pests of tea, red spider mite Oligonychus coffeae Nietner and tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, which are the foremost seasonal pests in tea fields, causing severe crop loss. Apart from synthetic chemicals, only the neem kernel extract is recommended in tea fields. The aqueous extracts of ferns were screened at different concentrations against these pests under laboratory and field conditions. The extracts of P. aquilinum and D. linearis showed good contact toxicity at a 5% concentration to O. coffeae. The acaricidal activity was observed in the order P. aquilinum > D. linearis > C. interruptus > A. raddianum > D. polypodioides > A. aethiopicum. Under field conditions, the extract of D. linearis and P. aquilinum showed a 50% reduction in the population of red spider mite and caused no phytotoxic effect to tea leaves. But their insecticidal activity was less pronounced against H. theivora. They exhibit antifeedant activity, which was sustained only for 24 hours. The photochemical screening of extracts showed a qualitatively increased level of saponins in P. aquilinum, D. linearis, and C. interruptus. The study shows that the aqueous extracts of D. linearis and P. aquilinum can be incorporated in the mite control programme in tea.

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Srikumar, Kokkadan K., Sukumaran Smitha, Bastian S. Kumar, and Balakrishnan Radhakrishnan. "Electro-antennographic response of Helopeltis theivora to synthetic pesticides used in tea plantations." Acta Biologica Hungarica 68, no. 4 (December 2017): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/018.68.2017.4.2.

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20

Muhamad, R., and M. J. Way. "Relationships between feeding habits and fecundity of Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae) on cocoa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, no. 4 (December 1995): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300033010.

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AbstractThe characteristics of feeding lesions and the relationship between cocoa pod size/age and surface area were determined as a basis for examining in detail the effects of pod age on feeding and oviposition by Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse. In no-choice and choice experiments in the field, adults made few feeding lesions on the youngest cherelles and, given a choice, made many fewer on full size, ripe yellowing pods than on old cherelles and growing pods. Old cherelles and growing pods were equally attractive based on numbers of feeding lesions per cherelle or pod, but in terms of available surface area for feeding there were more on the cherelles. These distinctions in feeding choice are even more striking for oviposition, with no eggs laid on young cherelles and old pods, and old cherelles/young pods strongly preferred on a per cherelle or pod basis, and especially per unit area of surface. It is suggested that the female chooses to oviposit on relatively old cherelles and young pods because its nymphs may benefit by feeding during a nutritious growing phase of pod development. It is also significant that eggs are rarely laid on ripe pods on which newly hatched nymphs cannot survive, nor are they laid on young cherelles, most of which, unlike the oldest, will die from cherelle wilt. The female lays a large proportion of eggs within, or very close to, feeding lesions, including those made earlier by males. Yet, this does not benefit egg viability. Males did not make feeding lesions on previously laid eggs.

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Bandyopadhyay, Tirthankar, Bornali Gohain, Raju Bharalee, Sushmita Gupta, Priyadarshini Bhorali, Sourabh Kumar Das, Mohan C. Kalita, and Sudripta Das. "Molecular Landscape of Helopeltis theivora Induced Transcriptome and Defense Gene Expression in Tea." Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 33, no. 4 (October 15, 2014): 1042–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11105-014-0811-4.

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22

Thube, Shivaji Hausrao, R. Thava Prakasa Pandian, Arulappan Josephrajkumar, Anthara Bhavishya, B. J. Nirmal Kumar, Dnyaneshwar M. Firake, Vivek Shah, T. N. Madhu, and Enrico Ruzzier. "Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) on Cocoa Pods (Theobroma cacao L.): Matter of Bugs and Fungi." Insects 13, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090809.

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Exudation of mucilage from pinhead-sized boreholes in cocoa pods was recorded in Karnataka, India, during 2021. Further investigations showed the association of scolytine beetles with infested pods. The identity of the pest, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, was confirmed through morphological characterization and sequencing of the mitochondrial COI gene. We studied the predisposing factors for its infestation, visible and concealed damaging symptoms, and fungal symbionts. In addition to its well-known symbiotic fungus, Ambrosiella roeperi, a new association of yeast, Ambrosiozyma monospora, was discovered. We also traced the possible role of the mirid bug, Helopeltis theivora, in host selection by X. crassiusculus. Overall results indicated that a ‘mirid bug-ambrosia beetle–pathogen complex’ is responsible for the severe damage to cocoa pods in South India.

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23

Amuri, Bharath, and Gitanjali Devi. "Bio efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Oscheius chongmingensis against Helopeltis theivora and Andraca bipunctata." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 2460–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.295.

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BHUYAN, MANTU, and PRANAB R. BHATTACHARYYA. "Feeding and oviposition preference of Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae) on tea in Northeast India." Insect Science 13, no. 6 (December 2006): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2006.00119.x.

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Muhamad, R., and M. J. Way. "Damage and crop loss relationships of Helopeltis theivora, Hemiptera, Miridae and cocoa in Malaysia." Crop Protection 14, no. 2 (March 1995): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(95)92865-k.

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Suganthi, M., P. Senthilkumar, S. Arvinth, and K. N. Chandrashekara. "Chitinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens and its insecticidal activity against Helopeltis theivora." Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 63, no. 4 (2017): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2323/jgam.2016.11.001.

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Sachin, James P., R. Selvasundaram, A. Babu, and N. Muraleedharan. "Behavioral and Electroantennographic Responses of the Tea Mosquito, Helopeltis theivora, to Female Sex Pheromones." Environmental Entomology 37, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 1416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-37.6.1416.

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Bhau, Brijmohan Singh, Jiten Mech, Sangita Borthakur, Mantu Bhuyan, and Pranab Ram Bhattacharyya. "Morphological and genetic diversity studies among populations of tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora from Assam, India." Molecular Biology Reports 41, no. 12 (August 27, 2014): 7845–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-014-3678-4.

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Khoo, K. C., and C. T. Ho. "The influence of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on losses due to Helopeltis theivora (Heteroptera: Miridae), black pod disease, and mammalian pests in cocoa in Malaysia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, no. 4 (December 1992): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300042553.

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AbstractThe influence of the black cocoa ant Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) on losses due to the mirid Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, black pod disease (caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Peronosporales)) and mammalian pests (rats, squirrels and civet cats) was studied over a two-year period in two separate fields of cocoa. Both fields initially had high D. thoracicus activity. In each field, ant-scarce plots were created by treating these plots with insecticides; ant-abundant plots existed where the plots were left untreated. An abundance of D. thoracicus clearly had a negative effect on numbers of mirids, with respectively 380 and 2222% more nymphs and adults being recorded in the ant-scarce than in the ant-abundant plots over the two-year period. An abundance of D. thoracicus did not increase black pod incidence: on the contrary it reduced incidence of the disease in both fields. The number of rat-damaged pods in ant-scarce plots was significantly higher than in ant-abundant plots in one of the fields but no significant difference was detected in the other. Regarding number of pods lost to squirrels and civet cats, no significant difference between ant-scarce and ant-abundant plots was obtained for both fields; the losses to either of these mammalian pests were extremely low. The number of healthy ripe pods in ant-abundant plots was 40.4 and 32.1% higher than in ant-scarce plots in the two fields, these increases being ascribed to protection from H. theivora damage by D. thoracicus.

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Roy, Somnath, Ananda Mukhopadhyay, and Guruswami Gurusubramanian. "The Synergists Action of Piperonyl Butoxide on Toxicity of Certain Insecticides Applied Against Helopeltis Theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae) in the Dooars Tea Plantations of North Bengal, India." Journal of Plant Protection Research 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-009-0034-0.

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The Synergists Action of Piperonyl Butoxide on Toxicity of Certain Insecticides Applied AgainstHelopeltis TheivoraWaterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae) in the Dooars Tea Plantations of North Bengal, IndiaHigher efficacy of mixture of insecticides with synergists piperonyl butoxide (PB) was reported in controlling in the Dooars population ofHelopeltis theivoraWaterhouse. Therefore, the use of synergists as one of the countermeasures against the insecticide resistance problem ofH. theivorais recommended. The combination of deltamethrin +PB (piperonyl butoxide), quinalphos +PB and imidacloprid +PB showed 44.60, 16.01 and 11.14 folds increase of toxicity (synergistic ratio) than the respective insecticide alone. Piperonyl butoxide acted as an oxidase inhibitor. The addition of PB to some extent suppressed the resistance ofH. theivorato these insecticides, suggesting that the P450 enzyme complex may be involved in the mechanism of toxicity.

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S. VISHNU SHANKAR, R. AJAYKUMAR, P. PRABHAKARAN, R. KUMARAPERUMAL, and M. GUNA. "Modelling of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora) incidence on neem tree: A zero inflated count data analysis." Journal of Agrometeorology 24, no. 4 (December 2, 2022): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v24i4.1891.

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Neem (Azadirachta indica) is an evergreen tree belonging to the Meliaceae family and is highly infected by the seasonal pest called Helopeltis theivora, the tea mosquito bug. The study monitors the pest infection between May 2019 and April 2021 by the direct counting method. Weekly counts of insect pest population were found to be correlated with weather parameters viz., maximum temperature (Tmax.), minimum temperature (Tmin), relative humidity [morning (07.22hrs) and afternoon (14.22hrs) (RH)], rainfall (mm/day) and wind speed (km/h). Zero inflated count data techniques were opted for modelling the pest dynamics of tea mosquito bug as the data was featured by excess zeroes and heteroscedasticity nature. Poisson, Negative Binomial (NB), zero-inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) and Negative Binomial Hurdle (NBH) models were fitted for the collected data and compared. The results of different count data models show that the negative binomial hurdle model is a good fit for given data, followed by the zero-inflated negative model. The fitted models show the weather covariates, which highly influencing the pest infestation on neem tree.

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Sembiring, Al Khudri, and Marta Dinata. "IDENTIFIKASI DAN OBSERVASI HAMA PADA TANAMAN KAKAO (theobroma cacao l.) DI DESA CUBADAK KECAMATAN LIMA KAUM KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR." Bio-Lectura 5, no. 2 (October 24, 2020): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/bl.v5i2.2155.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa saja yang menyebabkan berbagai hama pada tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) di Desa Cubadak Kecamatan Lima Kaum Kabupaten Tanah Datar Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Peningkatan luas kebun kakao ini juga menimbulkan dampak lainnya yang merugikan petani kakao yaitu salah satu penyebab rendahnya produksi tanaman kakao tersebut adalah karena terserang hama. Setiap tahun kerugian yang ditimbulkan bisa mencapai jutaan rupiah setiap hektar tanaman. Penyebab hama yang sering dijumpai pada tanaman kakao adalah jamur, sedangkan bakteri atau virus jarang dijumpai dan tidak menimbulkan kerusakan yang berarti. Gejala berbagai macam hama pada tanaman kakao dapat timbul pada berbagai umur buah, daun, ranting dan batang. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksploratif dengan melakukan orientasi langsung ke lapangan, dengan melakukan pengambilan spesimen tanaman yaitu bagian tanaman kakao yang terserang berbagai macam gejala hama yang timbul pada berbagai umur buah, daun, ranting dan batang. Spesimen tanaman kakao yang terserang berbagai macam gejala hama yang diperoleh dimasukkan dalam kantong plastik lalu disemprot dengan alkohol 70%, diinventarisasi lalu diidentifikasi hama pada tanaman tersebut berdasarkan gejala yang ditimbulkan tanaman. Berdasarkan pengamatan dan observasi warna kulit buah pudar, kemudian diikuti dengan warna belang hijau kuning. Biji akan saling melekat pada buah yang sudah tua dan tidak akan berbunyi ketika diguncang. Kepik Pengisap Buah pertanaman kakao adalah Helopeltis spp. Family Miridae: Ordo Hemiptera). Jenis ini adalah hama utama kakao yang hampir banyak dijumpai di seluruh provinsi di Indonesia. Jenis Helopeltis yang menyerang tanaman kakao diketahui lebih dari satu spesies, yaitu H. Theivora, H. Claviver dan H. antonii,

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Srikumar, Kodakkadan Kotian, Bastian Suresh Kumar, and Balakrishnan Radhakrishnan. "Biology of Two Mirids, Helopeltis theivora and Pachypeltis maesarum (Hemiptera: Miridae), on the Swamp Weed Ludwigia peruviana." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 89, no. 4 (October 2016): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-89.4.306.

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ROY, Somnath, Ananda MUKHOPADHYAY, and Guruswami GURUSUBRAMANIAN. "Fitness traits of insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae)." Entomological Research 40, no. 4 (July 19, 2010): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2010.00286.x.

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Roy, Somnath, and Ananda Mukhopadhyay. "Insecticide-Induced Change in Egg-Laying Strategy of Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Tea Shoot (Camellia sinensis)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society 64, no. 1 (May 19, 2011): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12595-011-0010-3.

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Roy, Somnath, and Anjali Km Prasad. "Sex-based variation in insecticide susceptibility and tolerance related biochemical parameters in tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora." Phytoparasitica 46, no. 3 (May 11, 2018): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-018-0670-x.

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Chandrashekara, K. N., R. Raj Kumar, Vikas Kumar, Dhriti Banerjee, Shantanu Kundu, Biswatosh Ghosh, and Kaomud Tyagi. "DNA barcoding reveals host associated genetic diversity of ‘tea mosquito bug’ Helopeltis theivora (Miridae: Heteroptera) from India." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 18, no. 3 (September 2015): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2015.07.004.

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E., Sankarganesh, Lavanya Sravani B., Rajeshwaran B., and Mounika M.N. "Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis spp.): A Pest of Economically Important Fruit and Plantation Crops: Its Status and Management Prospects." Plant Health Archives 1, no. 2 (July 17, 2023): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54083/pha/1.2.2023/18-28.

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The tea mosquito bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) is the recognized pest of fruits and plantations across the world. In India, three species viz. Helopeltis antonii, H. bradyi and H. theivora are dominant among different species and found attacking a wide range of crops. Several alternate host plants of the tea mosquito bug have been recorded, especially in Africa and Asia. The nymphs and adults of the tea mosquito bug suck the sap from leaves, buds and shoots, which results in heavy crop losses. The pest is posing a serious challenge in domestic and overseas trades. For better management decisions, it is very much important to know about pest status, bionomics, distribution, host range, etc. The focus on the management of tea mosquito bug has to emphasize from chemical to traditional, indigenous technical knowledge and integrated pest management using the accessible resources to reduce the resistance development and limit the residual effects. This review highlights the significant works conducted on tea mosquito bug with detailed management strategies. The information on current status, host preference, incidence and early detection of this pest are discussed.

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Srikumar, K. K., and P. Shivarama Bhat. "Biology of the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse) on Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob." Chilean journal of agricultural research 73, no. 3 (September 2013): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392013000300015.

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Roy, Sonali, Anjali Km Prasad, and Somnath Roy. "First Report on Heat Shock Protein Expression in Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Response to Different Hosts." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 91, no. 3 (June 18, 2019): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-91.3.238.

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Srikumar, KK, AF Ignatius, GHBS Nike, A. Rianza, SW Agus, DST Wagner, T. Marthin, and D. Alvaro. "OCCURANCE AND SEASONALITY OF STREPSICRATES SEMICANELLA AND HELOPELTIS THEIVORA ON EUCALYPTUS AND EFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THEIR INCIDENCE." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL FOREST SCIENCE 34, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2022.34.4.450.

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Roy, Somnath, Guruswami Gurusubramanian, and Ananda Mukhopadhyay. "Neem-based integrated approaches for the management of tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Miridae: Heteroptera) in tea." Journal of Pest Science 83, no. 2 (October 30, 2009): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-009-0280-y.

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Lai, Dung Tien, Ha Duy Khuc, Liem Van Nguyen, Ki-Jeong Hong, and Hai Nam Nguyen. "Potential of using mineral oils for the control of the mosquito bugs Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae) in cashew plantations." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 25, no. 3 (September 2022): 101947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2022.101947.

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Basnet, Kumar, and Ananda Mukhopadhyay. "Biocontrol potential of the lynx spider Oxyopes javanus (Araneae: Oxyopidae) against the tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora (Heteroptera: Miridae)." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 34, no. 04 (October 27, 2014): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758414000538.

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Thu, Pham Quang, Dao Ngoc Quang, Nguyen Minh Chi, Tran Xuan Hung, Le Van Binh, and Bernard Dell. "New and Emerging Insect Pest and Disease Threats to Forest Plantations in Vietnam." Forests 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101301.

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The planted forest area in Vietnam increased from 3.0 to 4.4 million hectares in the period 2010–2020, but the loss of productivity from pests and diseases continues to be a problem. During this period, frequent and systematic plantation forest health surveys were conducted on 12 native and 4 exotic genera of trees as well as bamboo across eight forest geographic regions of Vietnam. Damage caused by insects and pathogens was quantified in the field and laboratory in Hanoi. The threats of greatest concern were from folivores (Antheraea frithi, Arthroschista hilaralis, Atteva fabriciella, Hieroglyphus tonkinensis, Lycaria westermanni,Krananda semihyalina, and Moduza procris), wood borers (Batocera lineolata, Euwallacea fornicatus, Tapinolachnus lacordairei, Xyleborus perforans, and Xystrocera festiva), sap-sucking insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis and Helopeltis theivora) and pathogens (Ceratocystis manginecans, Fusarium solani, and Phytophthora acaciivora). The number of new and emerging pests and pathogens increased over time from 2 in 2011 to 17 in 2020, as the damage became more widespread. To manage these pests and diseases, it is necessary to further invest in the selection and breeding of resistant genotypes, improve nursery hygiene and silvicultural operations, and adopt integrated pest management schemes. Consideration should be given to developing forest health monitoring protocols for forest reserves and other special-purpose forests.

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Sarmah, M., and T. Bandyopadh. "Colour Variation and Genetic Diversity in Tea Mosquito Bug [Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae)] Population from Badlabeta Tea Estate, Upper Assam, India." Journal of Entomology 6, no. 3 (June 15, 2009): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/je.2009.155.160.

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Hussain, A., C. Anil Kumar, and Prathapan Anon. "A New Record of Insect Pest Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse on Nepenthes khasiana Hook (F). An Insectivorous Plant." Indian Forester 145, no. 3 (March 31, 2019): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.36808/if/2019/v145i3/144462.

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Saha, Dhiraj, Ananda Mukhopadhyay, and Min Bahadur. "Effect of host plants on fitness traits and detoxifying enzymes activity of Helopeltis theivora, a major sucking insect pest of tea." Phytoparasitica 40, no. 5 (July 19, 2012): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-012-0244-2.

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Sivakumar, T., and H. M. Yeshwanth. "New hosts of tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus sp. L.) from India." Phytoparasitica 47, no. 4 (September 2019): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-019-00750-1.

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Hausrao Thube, Shivaji, R. Thava Prakasa Pandian, Merin Babu, A. Josephrajkumar, Priyank Hanuman Mhatre, P. Santhosh Kumar, B. J. Nirmal Kumar, Vinayaka Hegde, and Satish Namdeo Chavan. "Evaluation of a native isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin TMBMA1 against tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora infesting cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." Biological Control 170 (July 2022): 104909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2022.104909.

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