Relevant bibliographies by topics / Helmets – Testing

Academic literature on the topic 'Helmets – Testing'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Helmets – Testing"

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Mattei, Tobias A., Brandon J. Bond, Carlos R. Goulart, Chris A. Sloffer, Martin J. Morris, and Julian J. Lin. "Performance analysis of the protective effects of bicycle helmets during impact and crush tests in pediatric skull models." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 10, no. 6 (December 2012): 490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.8.peds12116.

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Object Bicycle accidents are a very important cause of clinically important traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children. One factor that has been shown to mitigate the severity of lesions associated with TBI in such scenarios is the proper use of a helmet. The object of this study was to test and evaluate the protection afforded by a children's bicycle helmet to human cadaver skulls with a child's anthropometry in both “impact” and “crushing” situations. Methods The authors tested human skulls with and without bicycle helmets in drop tests in a monorail-guided free-fall impact apparatus from heights of 6 to 48 in onto a flat steel anvil. Unhelmeted skulls were dropped at 6 in, with progressive height increases until failure (fracture). The maximum resultant acceleration rates experienced by helmeted and unhelmeted skulls on impact were recorded by an accelerometer attached to the skulls. In addition, compressive forces were applied to both helmeted and unhelmeted skulls in progressive amounts. The tolerance in each circumstance was recorded and compared between the two groups. Results Helmets conferred up to an 87% reduction in so-called mean maximum resultant acceleration over unhelmeted skulls. In compression testing, helmeted skulls were unable to be crushed in the compression fixture up to 470 pound-force (approximately 230 kgf), whereas both skull and helmet alone failed in testing. Conclusions Children's bicycle helmets provide measurable protection in terms of attenuating the acceleration experienced by a skull on the introduction of an impact force. Moreover, such helmets have the durability to mitigate the effects of a more rare but catastrophic direct compressive force. Therefore, the use of bicycle helmets is an important preventive tool to reduce the incidence of severe associated TBI in children as well as to minimize the morbidity of its neurological consequences.
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Warnica, Meagan J., Jonathan Park, Gillian Cook, Robert Parkinson, Jack P. Callaghan, and Andrew C. Laing. "The influence of repeated chin bar impacts on the protective properties of full-face mountain biking helmets." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 230, no. 4 (August 2, 2016): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337115600985.

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Full-face helmets are designed to protect against head and face injuries during downhill and free-ride mountain biking. This study assessed whether multiple impacts and helmet type are related to the protective properties of full-face helmets. A drop tower fitted with a helmeted headform simulated impacts to the chin following a forwards fall. Four models of full-face mountain biking helmets were tested. Three repeated trials were completed for each helmet at four impact velocities. Outcome variables included head injury criterion score, peak force, and peak acceleration. Peak accelerations for all trials were below the 300 g pass/fail criterion used in some testing standards. Multiple impacts reduced helmet protective properties, most noticeably at the higher impact velocities (increases in impact severity measures ranging from 11% to 22% for low and 17% to 49% for higher impact velocities). However, the effects of multiple impacts were smaller than the differences observed across individual helmet types. Helmet protective properties were associated with local chin bar characteristics, most notably chin bar length at higher impact velocities. Towards the goal of reducing overall head/brain injury risk in cyclists, there may be value in complimentary messaging about the importance of repeated impacts and helmet type on the protective properties of downhill mountain biking helmets.
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Feler, Joshua, Adrian A. Maung, Rick O'Connor, Kimberly A. Davis, and Jason Gerrard. "Sex-based differences in helmet performance in bicycle trauma." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 75, no. 10 (April 7, 2021): 994–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-215544.

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ObjectivesTo determine the existence of sex-based differences in the protective effects of helmets against common injuries in bicycle trauma.MethodsIn a retrospective cohort study, we identified patients 18 years or older in the 2017 National Trauma Database presenting after bicycle crash. Sex-disaggregated and sex-combined multivariable logistic regression models were calculated for short-term outcomes that included age, involvement with motor vehicle collision, anticoagulant use, bleeding disorder and helmet use. The sex-combined model included an interaction term for sex and helmet use. The resulting exponentiated model parameter yields an adjusted OR ratio of the effects of helmet use for females compared with males.ResultsIn total, 18 604 patients of average age 48.1 were identified, and 18% were female. Helmet use was greater in females than males (48.0% vs 34.2%, p<0.001). Compared with helmeted males, helmeted females had greater rates of serious head injury (37.7% vs 29.9%, p<0.001) despite less injury overall. In sex-disaggregated models, helmet use reduced odds of intracranial haemorrhage and death in males (p<0.001) but not females. In sex-combined models, helmets conferred to females significantly less odds reduction for severe head injury (p=0.002), intracranial bleeding (p<0.001), skull fractures (p=0.001), cranial surgery (p=0.006) and death (p=0.017). There was no difference for cervical spine fracture.ConclusionsBicycle helmets may offer less protection to females compared with males. The cause of this sex or gender-based difference is uncertain, but there may be intrinsic incompatibility between available helmets and female anatomy and/or sex disparity in helmet testing standards.
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CERNICCHI, ALESSANDRO, UGO GALVANETTO, and ROBIN OLSSON. "VIRTUAL TESTING OF COMPOSITE MOTORCYCLE HELMETS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 09n11 (April 30, 2008): 1705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208047298.

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A study about the response of motorcycle helmets to impacts is described in this paper and possible ways to improve current designs are discussed. Firstly, a simple unidimensional model of helmet is analyzed and the main parameters that affect its response are pointed out. Subsequently, the generation and testing of the Finite Element model of a commercially available helmet are described and numerical results are compared to experimental results. Finally, the FE modeled is used to compare different design configurations.
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Rollastin, Boy. "Material Biokomposit Sebagai Material Alternatif Sungkup Helm." Manutech : Jurnal Teknologi Manufaktur 9, no. 01 (May 7, 2019): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33504/manutech.v9i01.24.

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A Helmet is an equipment that should be used by motorcycle riders. The correct function of helmets is to protect motorcycle riders from head injuries during accident and head collision. Most of helmets existing in markets are produced by helmet factories. Those helmets have to meet certain standards, including the use of materials to construct the helmet lid and the testing processes on the helmet itself. The price of used materials is quite high because those materials are still imported from overseas. It causes the increasing of helmet production cost and the helmet prices in the market become quite expensive. This research aims to find how a biocomposite material (consisting of 85% PP, 10% rice husk and 5% MAPP) can be used as an alternative replacement material for helmet lid preparation. The process is conducted by using finite element software. The result of the testing shows that the test penetration model with 4 mm thickness is not penetrated by indenters. Whereas the result of impact simulation testing of 146.84 g is still classified as a safe limit in accordance with the requirements of SNI 1811-2007 of 300 g.
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Scappaticci, Lorenzo, Giacomo Risitano, Dario Santonocito, Danilo D’Andrea, and Dario Milone. "An Approach to the Definition of the Aerodynamic Comfort of Motorcycle Helmets." Vehicles 3, no. 3 (August 23, 2021): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles3030033.

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The aim of this work is to obtain a reliable testing methodology for the characterization of the perceived aerodynamic comfort of motorcycle helmets. Attention was paid to the rider’s perception of annoying vibrations induced by wind. In this optic, an experimental comparative campaign was performed in the wind tunnel, testing 16 helmets in two different configurations of neck stiffness. The dataset was collected within a convolutional neural network (CNN or ConvNet) of images, creating a ranking by identifying the best and the worst helmets. The results revealed that each helmet has unique aerodynamic characteristics. Depending on the ranking scale previously created, the aerodynamic comfort of each helmets can be classified within the scale.
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Teng, Tso Liang, Cho Chung Liang, Chien Jong Shih, and Van Hai Nguyen. "Simulation of Bicycle Helmet Impact Test Based on the CPSC Standard." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.744.

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Bike helmets must meet minimum standards of construction and materials design. This paper focuses on assessment of a helmet based on the shock absorbing test of CPSC’s standard. Computer simulation finite element model is an economical and time-efficient alternative to physical testing. By those compelling reasons, a finite element model of helmeted headform is constructed to serve for development of bicycle helmet technologies. This study performs finite element analyses of helmet impact tests using LS-DYNA software. The linear accelerations at center of gravity of the headform are measured in this simulation. This study implies that the numerical method is a practical approach to helmet design problems. Furthermore, the helmet test model proposed here has potential for guiding the future development of helmet technologies.
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Mattacola, Carl G., Carolina Quintana, Jed Crots, Kimberly I. Tumlin, and Stephanie Bonin. "Repeated Impacts Diminish the Impact Performance of Equestrian Helmets." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 4 (May 1, 2019): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0355.

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Context: During thoroughbred races, jockeys are placed in potentially injurious situations, often with inadequate safety equipment. Jockeys frequently sustain head injuries; therefore, it is important that they wear appropriately certified helmets. Objective: The goals of this study are (1) to perform impact attenuation testing according to ASTM F1163-15 on a sample of equestrian helmets commonly used by jockeys in the United States and (2) to quantify headform acceleration and residual crush after repeat impacts at the same location. Participants and Design: Seven helmet models underwent impact attenuation testing according to ASTM F1163-15. A second sample of each helmet model underwent repeat impacts at the crown location for a total of 4 impacts. Setting: Laboratory. Intervention: Each helmet was impacted against a flat and equestrian hazard anvil. Main Outcome Measures: Headform acceleration was recorded during all impact and computed tomography scans were performed preimpact and after impacts 1 and 4 on the crown to quantify liner thickness. Results: Four helmets had 1 impact that exceeded the limit of 300g. During the repeated crown impacts, acceleration remained below 300g for the first and second impacts for all helmets, while only one helmet remained below 300g for all impacts. Foam liner thickness was reduced between 5% and 39% after the first crown impact and between 33% and 70% after the fourth crown impact. Conclusions: All riders should wear a certified helmet and replace it after sustaining a head impact. Following an impact, expanded polystyrene liners compress, and their ability to attenuate head acceleration during subsequent impacts to the same location is reduced. Replacing an impacted helmet may reduce a rider’s head injury risk.
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Rollastin, Boy. "Uji Penetrasi Spesimen Pada Sungkup Helm Berbahan Biokomposit Sebagai Bahan Alternatif Pengganti Helm." Manutech : Jurnal Teknologi Manufaktur 10, no. 01 (May 15, 2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33504/manutech.v10i01.53.

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The correct function of helmets is to protect motorcycle riders from head injuries during accident and head collision. Most of helmets existing in markets are produced by helmet factories. The price of used materials is quite high because those materials are still imported from overseas. It causes the increasing of helmet production cost and the helmet prices in the market become quite expensive. This research aims to find how a biocomposite material (85 % PP, 10 % husk of rice and 5 % MAPP) can be used as an alternative replacement material for helmet lid preparation on the condition of passing the SNI standar test, namely the penetration test. The testing process is carried out by using the test tools referring to SNI 181-2007. The results of penetration test with thickness of 4 mm showed that the speciment can not be penetrated by indenter in accordance with the requirements of SNI 1811-2007. So that the testing can be used as a reference for alternative materials to make a standard helmet lid.
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Bartsch, Adam, Edward Benzel, Vincent Miele, and Vikas Prakash. "Impact test comparisons of 20th and 21st century American football helmets." Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 1 (January 2012): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.9.jns111059.

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Object Concussion is the signature American football injury of the 21st century. Modern varsity helmets, as compared with vintage leather helmets, or “leatherheads,” are widely believed to universally improve protection by reducing head impact doses and head injury risk for the 3 million young football players in the US. The object of this study was to compare the head impact doses and injury risks with 11 widely used 21st century varsity helmets and 2 early 20th century leatherheads and to hypothesize what the results might mean for children wearing similar varsity helmets. Methods In an injury biomechanics laboratory, the authors conducted front, oblique front, lateral, oblique rear, and rear head impact tests at 5.0 m/second using helmeted headforms, inducing near- and subconcussive head impact doses on par with approximately the 95th percentile of on-field collision severity. They also calculated impact dose injury risk parameters common to laboratory and on-field traumatic neuromechanics: linear acceleration, angular acceleration, angular velocity, Gadd Severity Index, diffuse axonal injury, acute subdural hematoma, and brain contusion. Results In many instances the head impact doses and head injury risks while wearing vintage leatherheads were comparable to or better than those while wearing several widely used 21st century varsity helmets. Conclusions The authors do not advocate reverting to leather headgear, but they do strongly recommend, especially for young players, instituting helmet safety designs and testing standards, which encourage the minimization of linear and angular impact doses and injury risks in near- and subconcussive head impacts.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Helmets – Testing"

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Hakim-Zadeh, Roghieh. "Durability of ice hockey helmets to repeated impacts." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29505.

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This study evaluated the mechanical durability of ice hockey helmets for multiple impacts at defined energy levels. A monorail drop testing apparatus was used to conduct controlled impact tests according to the CSA standard (CAN/CSA-Z262.1-M90). Five ice hockey helmet models were tested, for a total sample of 45 helmets. All helmets were impacted up to 50 times at each of in four different locations (i.e. front, right side, back, and crown), at one of 40, 50 or 60 J of kinetic energies. In general, by increasing the impact energy, the impact acceleration attenuation properties of the helmets was decreased significantly (from 4% to 80%). Although all the helmets meet the CSA standards, attenuation properties were found to be substantially reduced beyond three repeated impacts and above 40 J impact energy. In particular, all helmets showed effective multiple impact attenuation properties at the crown, front, and rear sites; however, poor multiple impact attenuation durability was evident at the side.
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Mojumder, Sounak. "Motorcyclist helmets under oblique impacts and proposal of a new motorcycle helmet testing method." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAD014.

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Plusieurs études ont montré que dans les accidents réels, la vitesse d’impact de la tête n’est que rarement normale à la surface et présente une composante tangentielle non négligeable. Aucune norme, à l’heure actuelle ne propose de choc oblique avec enregistrement de l’accélération en translation et en rotation de la fausse tête. Un aspect essentiel de cette recherche a été d’aborder les descriptions d’accidents réels impliquant un motocycliste et un véhicule afin d’évaluer les conditions aux limites de la tête juste avant impact, en termes de vecteur vitesse et de localisation d’impact. Cette étude a permis d’établir le vecteur vitesse possible et de l’angle d’impact de la tête du motocycliste en situation. Une méthode de test pour évaluer le casque a été proposée. Les tests d'impact obliques, sont effectués avec une vitesse d’impact de 8.5 m/s sur une enclume inclinée de 45° permettant la rotation autour de l’axe Y X et Z. Les accélérations 6-D sont implémentés dans le modèle SUFEHM afin d’extraire la déformation axonal maximale et le risque lésionnel. Cette fusion de la méthode expérimentale et numérique donne un avantage par rapport aux normes conventionnelles, tant en termes de conditions d’impact qu’en termes de critère de blessure de la tête
It is well know that in case of accident the head does not only impact perpendicularly to the impacted structure but presents an oblique impact condition. However none of the today helmet standards do integrate oblique impacts with the recording of the dummy head rotational acceleration. An essential aspect of the present research is to simulate real world accident and to compute the victim’s kinematic in order to extract the head impact conditions. In collaboration with University Florence (Italy) 19 cases were considered and it was shown that the head impact velocity vector presents a significative angle. A novel helmet test method has been proposed. Helmeted headfoml is impacting a 45° inclined anvil at a speed of 8.5 m/s and the 6D acceleration versus time curves are introduced into an existing head FEM in order to compute the axon strains and to derive the brain injury risk
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Wall, Robert Edward. "Comparison of international certification standards for ice hockey helmets." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26765.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between international certification standards for ice hockey helmets. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and International Organization Standards (ISO) protocols were compared. Only the impact testing methods at ambient temperatures were examined. Four helmet models, currently available to consumers, were used for testing. No significant differences (p $<$ 0.05) were found between the standards in a rank order comparison. Further analysis of differences, with peak linear accelerations separated by impact locations showed significant differences (p $<$ 0.05) between all standards, at five of the six defined impact sites, with no differences being found between standards at the rear site. Post-hoc pairwise multiple comparisons also showed significant performance differences (p $<$ 0.05) between helmet models.
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Sproule, David William. "Evaluation of the Biomechanical Performance of Youth Football Helmets." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77703.

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Youth and varsity football helmets are currently designed similarly and tested to the same impact standards from the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE). Youth players have differences in anthropometry, physiology, impact exposure, and potentially injury tolerance that should be considered in future youth-specific helmets and standards. This thesis begins by investigating the current standards and relating them to on-field data. The standard drop tests represented the most severe on-field impacts, and the performance of the youth and varsity helmet did not differ. There likely is not a need for a youth-specific standard as the current standard has essentially eliminated the catastrophic head injuries it tests for. As more is known about concussion, standards specific to the youth population can be developed. The second portion of this thesis compares the impact performance between 8 matched youth and varsity helmet models, using linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, and concussion correlate. It was found that helmet performance did not differ between the youth and varsity helmets, likely attributed to testing to the same standard. The final portion of this feature is aimed at advancing STAR for youth and varsity football helmets by including linear and rotational head kinematics. For varsity helmets, an adult surrogate is used for impact tests which are weighted based on on-field data collected from collegiate football players. For youth helmets, a youth surrogate is used and tests are weighted based on data collected from youth players.
Master of Science
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Nyman, Mathias, and Susanna Johansson. "Fatigue testing machine : To simulate daily use on multi-directional impact protection systems in helmets." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar produktionsutveckling (ML), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300121.

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During the development process of a product, tests are typically conducted to ensure the quality of the features of the product before it is made available to the public. The scope of this project was to find a realistic and reliable way to test components in a Multi-Directional Impact Protection System (MIPS) in fully mounted helmets. The reason for this type of testing is to ensure that all components included in the Brain Protection System (BPS) hold up over time in daily use. Therefore, the goal with this project was to design and build a new test machine that could simulate the long-term effects of material fatigue on the MIPS BPS. The machine was able to shake a head with a helmet attached to it to simulate the lifecycle use of a helmet in a shorter time span. The motion of the machine was powered by a stepper motor who is connected to a rocker arm, that transfers a rotational motion to a linear motion, heaving a plate with the head attached to it. The motor is controlled by an Arduino which receives signals from a control panel that enables adjustments to the number of cycles that the machine runs. This report describes the main components, design and function of the machine.
Under produktutvecklingsprocesser genomförs tester för att säkerställa produktens olika kvaliteter innan den görs tillgänglig för allmänheten. Syftet med detta projekt var att hitta ett realistiskt och pålitligt sätt att testa komponenter i ett MIPS (Multi-Directional Impact Protection System) i fullt monterade hjälmar. Anledningen till denna typ av testning är att säkerställa att alla komponenter som ingår i Brain Protection System (BPS) håller över tid vid daglig användning. Målet var därför att skapa en ny testmaskin för att simulera de långsiktiga effekterna av förslitning på komponenterna i MIPS BPS. Maskinen kan skaka ett huvud med en hjälm fäst på för att simulera användningen under en hel livscykel hos en hjälm. Maskinen drivs av en stegmotor som är ansluten till en vipparm, vilken i sin tur överför rotationsrörelsen till en linjär rörelse som lyfter plattan med huvudet. Motorn styrs av en Arduino som tar emot signaler från kontrollpanelen vilket möjliggör justeringar av antalet cykler som maskinen kör. Denna rapport redogör för maskinens huvudsakliga komponenter, konstruktion och funktion.
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Stefik, Christopher J. "Effect of protocol mouthguard on VO₂ max in female hockey players using the skating treadmill." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79136.

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Athletes competing in contact sports commonly wear intra-oral dental mouthguards. Data are sparse concerning the influence of a mouthguard on breathing during exercise. We compared VE and VO2 during submaximal and maximal exercise on a skating treadmill (TM) while wearing an intra-oral dental mouthguard. Female varsity hockey players (n = 12) performed two skating tests on a TM with and without a mouthguard (WIPSS Jaw-Joint Protecto(TM)). The players wore the mouthguard during hockey practices prior to collection of ventilation data on the treadmill. Also, the players completed a questionnaire that examined their perceptions of the mouthguard in terms of ventilation, comfort and performance. A 10-point rating scale was used for this evaluation. Two performance tests on the skating treadmill examined the effect of the mouthguard on submaximal and maximal aerobic exercise. The subjects skated for 4 min at 2 submaximal velocities (14 and 16 km·h-1 ) separated by 5 min of passive recovery. A VO2 max test followed the submaximal tests and commenced at 18 km·h-1 with the velocity increasing by 1 km·h-1 every minute until volitional fatigue. VE, VO2, VCO 2 and RER were analyzed using a Sensor Medics 2900 metabolic cart. Two-way (2 conditions x 3 velocities) repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine differences in VE, VO2 and HR. Ventilation was unchanged when skating at the two submaximal velocities. VO2 max was 48.8 ml·kg-1·min-1 using the intra-oral mouthguard and was 52.4 ml·kg-1·min -1 without a mouthguard. VE max was 108.5 L·min -1 using the intra-oral mouthguard and was 114.1 L·min -1 without a mouthguard. The results showed that VE max and VO2 max were lower using the mouthguard compared to the no mouthguard condition.
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Godfrey, Nicholas P. M. "Mathematical modelling of a helmeted head under impact." Thesis, Brunel University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292391.

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Schuster, Michael Jeremy. "PHYSICAL TESTING OF POTENTIAL FOOTBALL HELMET DESIGN ENHANCEMENTS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1596.

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Football is a much loved sport in the United States. Unfortunately, it is also hard on the players and puts them at very high risk of concussion. To combat this an inventor in Santa Barbara brought a new design to Cal Poly to be tested. The design was tested in small scale first in order to make some preliminary conclusions about the design. In order to fully test the helmet design; however, full scale testing was required. In order to carry out this testing a drop tower was built based on National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, NOCSAE, specification. The drop tower designed for Cal Poly is a lower cost and highly portable version of the standard NOCSAE design. Using this drop tower and a 3D printed prototype the new design was tested in full scale.
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Cobb, Bryan Richard. "Laboratory and Field Studies in Sports-Related Brain Injury." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73208.

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The studies presented in this dissertation investigated biomechanical factors associated with sports-related brain injuries on the field and in the laboratory. In the first study, head impact exposure in youth football was observed using a helmet mounted accelerometer system to measure head kinematics. The results suggest that restriction on contact in practice at the youth level can translate into reduced head impact exposure over the course of a season. A second study investigated the effect of measurement error in the head impact kinematic data collected by the helmet mounted system have on subsequent analyses. The objective of this study was to characterize the propagation of random measurement error through data analyses by quantifying descriptive statistic uncertainties and biases for biomechanical datasets with random measurement error. For distribution analyses, uncertainties tend to decrease as sample sizes grow such that for a typical player, the uncertainties would be around 5% for peak linear acceleration and 10% for peak angular (rotational) acceleration. The third and fourth studies looked at comparisons between two headforms commonly used in athletic helmet testing, the Hybrid III and NOCSAE headforms. One study compared the headform shape, particularly looking at regions that are likely to affect helmet fit. Major differences were found at the nape of the neck and in the check/jaw regions that may contribute to difficulty with fitting a helmet to the Hybrid III headform. For the final study, the impact responses of the two headforms were compared. Both headforms were mounted on a Hybrid III neck and impacted at various magnitudes and locations that are representative of impacts observed on the football field. Some condition-specific differences in kinematic parameters were found between the two headforms though they tended to be small. Both headforms showed reasonable repeatability.
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Carnevale, Lon Sergio Christian. "A new helmet testing method to assess potential damages in the Brain and the head due to rotational energy." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknik och hälsa (STH), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-154206.

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Preservation and protection of the head segment is of upmost importance due to the criticality of the functions entailed in this section of the body by the brain and the nervous system. Numerous events in daily life situations such as transportation and sports pose threats of injuries that may end or change a person’s life. In the European Union, statistics report that almost 4.2 million of road users are injured non-fatally, out of which 18% is represented by motorcyclist and 40% by cyclists, being head injuries 34% for bicyclists, and 24% for two-wheeled motor vehicles. Not only vehicles, are a source of injuries for the human head according to the injury report, 6,1 million people are admitted in hospitals for sports related injuries, where sports such as hockey, swimming, cycling presented head injuries up to 28%, 25% and 16% respectively (European Association for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, 2013).  According to records the vast majority of head crashes result in an oblique impact (Thibault & Gennarelli, 1985). These types of impacts are characterized for involving a rotation of the head segment which is correlated with serious head injuries. Even though there is plenty of evidence suggesting the involvement of rotational forces current helmet development standards and regulations fail to recognize their importance and account only for translational impact tests. This thesis contains an evaluation for a different developed method for testing oblique impacts. In consequence a new test rig was constructed with basis on a guided free fall of a helmeted dummy head striking an oblique (angled) anvil which will induce rotation. The results obtained are intended to be subjected to a comparison with another oblique test rig that performs experiments utilizing a movable sliding plate which when impacted induces the rotation of a dropped helmeted dummy head. The outcome will solidify the presence of rotational forces at head-anvil impact and offer an alternative testing method. After setting up the new test rig; experiments were conducted utilizing bicycle helmets varying the velocities before impact from 5m/s to 6m/s crashing an angled anvil of 45°. Results showed higher peak resultant values for rotational accelerations and rotational velocities in the new test rig compared to the movable plate impact test, indicating that depending on the impact situation the “Normal Force” has a direct effect on the rotational components. On the other hand a performed finite element analysis predicted that the best correlation between both methods is when the new angled anvil impact test is submitted to crashes with a velocity before impact of 6 m/s at 45° and the movable sliding impact test to a resultant velocity vector of 7,6m/s with an angle of 30° . In conclusion the new test method is meant to provide a comparison between two different test rigs that will undoubtedly have a part in the analysis for helmet and head safety improvements.
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Books on the topic "Helmets – Testing"

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Krüger, Hans Joachim. Schutzhelme motorisierter Zweiradfahrer: Windkräfte und Beharrungsvermögen bei Unfällen. Düsseldorf: VDI Verlag, 1985.

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Parrish, Russell V. Trade-offs arising from mixture of color cueing and monocular, binoptic, and stereoscopic cueing information for simulated rotorcraft flight. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1993.

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Office, General Accounting. Highway safety: Motorcycle helmet laws save lives and reduce costs to society : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1991.

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Office, General Accounting. Highway safety: Causes of injury in automobile crashes : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.

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Office, General Accounting. Highway safety: Reliability and validity of DOT crash tests : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.

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Office, General Accounting. Highway safety: Have automobile weight reductions increased highway fatalities? : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1991.

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Office, General Accounting. Highway safety: Federal and state efforts to address rural road safety challenges : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2004.

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Office, General Accounting. Highway safety: Safety belt use laws save lives and reduce costs to society : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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Office, General Accounting. Highway safety: Factors affecting involvement in vehicle crashes : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Review of Department of Defense Test Protocols for Combat Helmets. National Academies Press, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Helmets – Testing"

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Newman, James A. "Design and Testing of Sports Helmets: Biomechanical and Practical Considerations." In Accidental Injury, 755–68. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1732-7_25.

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Ranz, D., R. Miralbes, and D. Sánchez. "An Impact Testing Machine Development for Helmets According to Several Standards." In Advances on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Manufacturing II, 62–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12346-8_7.

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Jørgensen, Jørgen. "The early development of diagnostic ultrasound in Denmark." In Ultrasound in Clinical Diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199602070.003.0017.

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The development of diagnostic ultrasound in medicine began in Denmark in November 1965 at the Surgical Department H at Gentofte County Hospital in Copenhagen, and a prosperous time for diagnostic ultrasound began. It was the young surgeon Hans Henrik Holm who took the initiative, strongly supported by the head of the department Professor P.A. Gammelgaard. Hans Henrik Holm had for years studied ultrasound and earlier in 1965 he had visited Helmuth Hertz in Lund in Sweden to discuss the prospects of ultrasound. A grant from a national scientific foundation of 60 000 Danish kroner (approximately $10 000) made it possible to buy the American Physionic A-mode ultrasound machine. It was installed in a spare room at the Surgical Department H at Gentofte County Hospital in Copenhagen. An ultrasound laboratory was hereby established, and it was increasingly involved in a variety of clinical ultrasound studies and in the development and testing of new ultrasound equipment. The expenses were met by both the hospital and the University of Copenhagen, and a great deal of the research was financed by foundations. Hans Henrik Holm became the day-to-day head of the laboratory and he kept this position for many years. The Surgical Department and the ultrasound laboratory, designated the Ultrasound Department, were relocated to the new Herlev County Hospital in 1976 where Hans Henrik Holm became consultant at the Urology Department and Professor in Ultrasound and Interventional Ultrasound affiliated with the Surgical Department. The Ultrasound Department at Herlev had an increasing number of rooms and staff members. A senior registrar (Jø rgen Kvist Kristensen) was associated to the department in 1975 and Søren Torp-Pedersen was appointed consultant at the department in 1989. In 1966, 250 patients were examined annually. Thirty years later the Ultrasound Department at Herlev Hospital examined 17 000 patients annually, and ultrasound departments had been established at other hospitals in the Copenhagen area. By 1966 two papers in Danish were published and two papers in English were published in 1967 and 1968 . The number of staff rapidly increased, and a group of enthusiastic doctors and technicians was formed, working with patients and on scientific projects.
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Conference papers on the topic "Helmets – Testing"

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Przekwas, Andrzej, X. G. Tan, Z. J. Chen, Xianlian Zhou, Debbie Reeves, Patrick Wilkerson, H. Q. Yang, Vincent Harrand, and Valeta Carol Chancey. "Computational Modeling of Helmet Structural Dynamics During Blunt Impacts." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12958.

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A combat helmet is a helmet designed specifically for use during combat. The Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) was developed to be the next generation of protective combat helmets for use by the United States Army. The ACH replaces the former Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops (PASGT) helmet. The ACH has improved design features such as lighter weight, chinstrap retention system, and pad suspension system, with more comfortable fit. It is also design to allow maximum sensory and situational awareness for the operator. The design process for combat helmets can be expensive due to prototype fabrications and physical testing, which can include user-acceptance, retention evaluation, quality assurance, and ballistic and blunt impact performance testing. The physical testing required for both ballistic and blunt impact testing destroys prototype and product line helmets. In order to speed up the design process and reduce the cost associated with prototype fabrications and physical testing, we developed a multi-physics helmeted-head computational model to simulate blunt impacts to a combat helmet. The blunt impact performance of a combat helmet was evaluated using computer model by simulating the structural dynamics of the helmet during and after the impacts. This helmeted-head model is a part of a more extensive computational model to analyze the biomechanics of head injury.
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Vasquez, Kimberly B., Katie P. Logsdon, Daniel B. Dorman, and Valeta Carol Chancey. "Combat Helmet-Headform Coupling Characterized From Blunt Impact Events." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64213.

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Observed head injury has historically been mechanically related to headform center of gravity (CG) acceleration. Helmets (motorcycle, sports, military, etc.) are evaluated based on the headform CG peak acceleration for blunt impacts. However, recent interest has shifted to collecting data from the helmet shell itself, as it is an optimal location for mounting sensors due to ease of access, sufficient surface area availability, and limited interference to the wearer. In order to accurately predict head injury from data collected on the helmet shell, the helmet and headform must be rigidly coupled. Headform-helmet fit typically is dependent on the pad fitting system and the person mounting the helmet to the headform because a standard states which headform to use. The objective of this study is to compare the Department of Transportation (DOT) headform (currently used in military blunt impact testing) to the more anthropomorphic International Standard Organization (ISO) half headform. Testing was completed on a monorail drop tower to analyze the effect of helmet/headform coupling on the blunt impact behavior of ACH helmets using FMVSS test methodology. Three headform configurations were used: the DOT headform (standard for military helmet blunt impact testing) with required surrogate chin, the ISO half headform (standard for ASTM helmet testing), and the ISO half headform with a surrogate chin. The two currently field-approved pad types were also used to determine best headform-helmet fit. Results from these series of tests will be presented, including headform peak acceleration and relative motion between the helmet and headform.
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Foltz, Grace, Elizabeth Tillotson, and Beth A. Todd. "Development of a Low-Cost Mechanical Model of a Human Head." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87129.

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In recent years, interest has developed in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) and the related concussions that occur in sports at both professional and amateur levels. Subsequently there is interest in developing new types of athletic helmets to both absorb energy to detect and reduce concussions. To test these helmets, an appropriate head form must be used that will fit the helmet and also exhibit the dynamic properties of the human head. While much effort has gone into creating biofidelic heads containing instrumentation for automotive crash testing, these heads can cost upwards of $10,000. The goal of this project is to create a head form for a few hundred dollars with the appropriate dynamic properties for testing linear and angular accelerations of a helmet. The specific goals of this project are to create a head form with the following characteristics: 1) External size and shape that will properly fit a hockey helmet; 2) Weight representative of an adult head; 3) Robust enough to withstand a thousand impact tests. The manufacture of the head form and the verification that the design goals are described.
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MacMillan, Robert T., Randall W. Brown, and Larry L. Wiley. "Safety of flight testing for advanced fighter helmets." In SPIE's 1995 Symposium on OE/Aerospace Sensing and Dual Use Photonics, edited by Ronald J. Lewandowski, Wendell Stephens, and Loran A. Haworth. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.209730.

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Saczalski, Kenneth J., Mark N. West, Todd K. Saczalski, Joseph L. Burton, and Mark C. Pozzi. "Football Helmet Energy Absorption Degradation and Impact Performance Resulting From High Humidity and Temperature." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65226.

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The helmet is the primary means for providing head impact protection to adult and youth football players through use of energy absorbing (EA) materials placed in a crush zone located between the head and helmet shell. Ultimate safety performance of the helmet requires uniformly consistent, repeatable and reliable attenuation of the impact energy so as to minimize head injury potential throughout the helmet. However, quasi-static materials tests and dynamic helmet testing results, reported on herein, show that EA materials of current and older helmet designs are susceptible to large levels of EA degradation, or softening, when subjected to a “hot-wet” condition caused by high temperatures and high humidity, such as that produced from the sweat of a player. Depending on the size of the crush zone, and other factors, this condition can lead to increased head impact loads. The standard football helmet certification criteria do not address the issue of “hot-wet” EA degradation. Dynamic helmet testing analyzed in this study consisted of two methods. One method used the standard helmet certification approach where a human responding head form and helmet are dropped vertically, along a twin guide wire set-up, onto a soft rubber pad. The second method employed use of a human responding Hybrid-III head and neck that was incorporated into a free pendulum impact set-up where impact took place on a non-yielding surface and both direct contact impact injury potential and rotational injury aspects of the helmet performance were measured. The dynamic tests were conducted with various size head forms, energy levels, and impact speeds that ranged from the 5.5 m/s level, used in helmet certification, on up to higher speeds of 7.0 m/s that is more consistent with a “5-second 40-yard dash” speed. Based on equal kinetic energy impact comparisons, the two dynamic approaches showed that helmets that were impacted onto the soft elastomeric pad surface produced artificially lower indications of head injury severity than did the helmets tested against the non-yielding surface. The results also showed large variations and inconsistencies of impact attenuation within a specific helmet design, depending on impact location or region being tested. Also, dynamic impact testing was applied with both ambient and 3-hour “hot-wet” soak conditions applied to the EA padding of adult and youth helmets. These results showed that the relatively newer EA pad designs and the older type elastomeric foam EA pads were sensitive to “hot-wet” degradation for soak times as low as 3-hours, which is consistent with game or practice time situations. Finally, as noted above, it was shown that, depending on the size of the crush zone, this EA degradation factor could lead to increased head loads and injury severity measures. The results suggest the need for additional research on the above to enhance helmet safety.
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Kassar, Sari, Sarah Siblini, Bilal Wehbi, Omar Abro, and Mutasem Shehadeh. "Towards a Safer Design of Helmets: Finite Element and Experimental Assessment." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66778.

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Motorcycle helmets are vital to protect from recurrent road accidents as they prove crucial in reducing brain trauma. This research piece presents a new and plausible bio-inspired design affined to the foam liner material and structure in helmets. The proposed liner design is inspired from animal horn micro-structure and tubule arrangement. An innovative drop-testing apparatus is presented with a spring-ratchet mechanism for experimental testing. The aim is to validate the new design by meeting the ECE 22.05 standard for motorbike helmets using peak linear acceleration and HIC criteria. Experimental results are partly verified against FEA simulations for two proposed samples. Further samples call for more complex simulations at a later stage to best describe material properties and structures.
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Ebrahimi, Iman, Farid Golnaraghi, Gary Wang, Ali Madani, David Yin, Jun Lu, Alexandrea Chor, and Combiz Jelveh. "Safety Design Evaluation of Motorcycle Helmet for Oblique Impact." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70484.

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In this work, safety of motorcycle helmet design is investigated by using standard oblique impact test method. First, testing procedure is explained and test rig mechanism is introduced. Next, standard impact tests are performed on helmets. Data are collected using a tri-axial linear accelerometer embedded inside the headform and a high speed camera for measuring rotational acceleration. Then, results are studied and compared to injurious limit for human head injury. It is shown that during an oblique impact rotational acceleration can easily surpass the safe limit while the linear acceleration is well below the safe limit.
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Stepan, Lenka L., Irving S. Scher, and Reed Thomas. "Protective Capabilities of a Watersports Helmet for Boom-to-Head Impacts During Sailing." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19717.

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In sailing, the boom comes across the boat during tacks and jibes and has potential to impact a participant’s head and cause injury. To our knowledge, there are no sailing specific helmets on the market in the United States. To determine the effectiveness of a wakeboarding helmet to mitigate the risk of head injury, we measured the boom angular velocity on a 24-foot keel sailboat during controlled jibes. The boom motion was recreated in a laboratory setting and positioned to contact the occiput of the instrumented head of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male anthropometric testing device (ATD). Tests were conducted with an unhelmeted ATD and with an ATD wearing a wakeboarding helmet. Boom angular velocities and head accelerations for unhelmeted impacts were highly correlated (R2 = 0.996). The watersports helmet reduced head accelerations by 52 ± 4% when compared to accelerations from unhelmeted impacts.
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Juhas, Brett D., Jessica M. Wong, Nicole J. Boroumand, and Paul H. Rigby. "Semi-Rigid Helmet Rotation Measurement Using Linear Accelerometers." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64677.

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The number of sensors placed on warfighters’ personal protective equipment (PPE) continues to increase each year. It is important to be able to accurately measure the dynamic response of PPE in order to characterize new sensors that are meant to track warfighter movement. In an effort to help predict head motion, a method has been developed to accurately measure the angular and linear acceleration of a semi-rigid helmet using four triaxial linear accelerometers. This four-accelerometer array configuration is based on the 3-2-2-2 nine accelerometer package (NAP) method and was tailored to accurately measure the helmet response during impact and blast overpressure events. Method development and testing were performed using U.S. Army Advanced Combat Helmets. Since angular motion calculation using the NAP method requires orthogonal sensor placement, it was necessary to revise the standard NAP sensor configuration to account for the geometric constraints of a helmet. Modal analysis was performed to determine the locations of least vibration, and shock tube and drop tests were conducted to investigate helmet flex during impacts. Knowledge concerning the dominant vibration modes of the helmet guided accelerometer placement and helped mitigate the effects of sensor data oscillation on the calculated angular motion. Local helmet deformation strongly depends on the impact site; several accelerometer array configurations were developed to account for various impact directions. Linear accelerations were measured and angular accelerations were calculated for guided free drop and shock tube tests in the laboratory. In guided free drop tests, the helmet and headform were dropped onto an anvil at various velocities and were allowed to freely bounce after impact. In shock tube tests, the helmet and headform were allowed to swing freely when subjected to a high shock wave simulating an IED blast. The modified NAP method was able to accurately measure the linear and angular acceleration of the helmet for both types of tests. The angular motion calculation was validated using a high-speed video camera recording the helmet response at 10,000 frames per second. Results were also compared to angular rate sensors available on the market. It was determined that with a detailed understanding of a semi-rigid body’s vibration and proper placement of linear accelerometers, angular acceleration during high-shock impacts can be accurately calculated for semi-rigid, irregular shaped objects. This accelerometer placement method has been applied to several other military grade helmets and been used in models predicting head motion from helmet motion data.
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Samimi, B. "38. Performance Testing of Two Clemco Appolo 60 Type CE Helmets Under Actual Abrasive Blasting Conditions." In AIHce 1999. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2763247.

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Reports on the topic "Helmets – Testing"

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Perry, Chris E. Vertical Impact Testing of Two Helmet-Mounted Night Vision Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada293055.

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Perry, Chris E. Vertical Impact Testing of Two Helmet-Mounted Night Vision Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada297637.

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