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Journal articles on the topic 'Helium'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

SIRGHI, D. L., M. BAZZI, G. BEER, L. BOMBELLI, A. M. BRAGADIREANU, M. CARGNELLI, G. CORRADI, et al. "KAONIC HELIUM MEASUREMENTS IN THE SIDDHARTA EXPERIMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, no. 03n04 (February 10, 2011): 601–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x11052165.

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The SIDDHARTA experiment (SIlicon Drift Detector for Hadronic Atom Research by Timing Application) had the aim to perform kaonic atoms X-ray transitions measurements, to better understand aspects of the low-energy QCD in the strangeness sector. The experiment combined the excellent low-energy kaon beam generated at DAΦNE, allowing to use gaseous targets, with excellent fast X-rays detectors: Silicon Drift Detectors. SIDDHARTA was installed on DAΦNE in autumn 2008 and took data till late 2009. Apart of the kaonic hydrogen and kaonic deuterium measurements, we have performed the kaonic helium transitions to the 2p level ( L -lines) measurements: for the first time in a gaseous target for helium4 and for the first time ever for kaonic helium3. The interest for such type of measurement was rather high, being it triggered by two reasons: the so-called "kaonic helium puzzle" (even if this was solved by KEK-PS E570 experiment, but a cross-check was useful) and some theoretical predictions of possible high energy shift (at the level of 10 eV). In this paper the preliminary results for the measurements to the 2p level ( L -series) for kaonic helium4 and kaonic helium3 are presented.

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2

Rose-Innes, Arthur. "Helium? What helium?" Physics World 23, no. 08 (August 2010): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/23/08/32.

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3

TOBIAS, JOSEPH D. "Helium." Survey of Anesthesiology 42, no. 5 (October 1998): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-199810000-00010.

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4

Banks, Alton. "Helium." Journal of Chemical Education 66, no. 11 (November 1989): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed066p945.

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5

Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley. "Helium." Sikh Formations 9, no. 3 (December 2013): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2013.863060.

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6

Wang, Dahai, Jinbu Li, Zhanhai Yu, Ji Zhang, Lili Liu, Feng Xiao, and Changan Shan. "The Resource Potential and Development Prospect of Helium in Changqing Gas Field." Geofluids 2022 (July 23, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9094667.

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Helium, a rare gas widely applied in high-tech fields, is a significant strategic resource in China. The foreign-trade dependence ratio of helium in China is 95%. The work reviewed the applications and market analysis of helium and reservoir modeling and distribution of helium in Changqing Gas Field as well as the helium extraction techniques from natural gases. According to the analysis of the component test and the dynamic monitoring of exploited gas wells and gas-gathering stations, the average helium content in Changqing Gas Field was 0.028%. Helium was rich in the northwest of Changqing Gas Field, but poor in the central and eastern regions. The helium volume contents in Qingyang Gas Field, Huanglong Gas Field, and the central, western, and southern regions of Sulige Gas Field have reached the industrial development standard. PetroChina performed the economic-feasibility evaluation and production-factor matching research on helium development and selected Changqing Gas Field as the demonstration for development. A large helium plant was established in Changqing Gas Field using the cryogenic method with/without membrane separation for helium extraction. Then, a helium development scheme was formulated and implemented to build the industry chain of helium in China. Changqing Gas Field is rich in helium resources. Developing helium has entered a strategic period with the technological advancement in extracting helium from natural gases and the increased prosperity of the international helium market. There are broad prospects and great benefits to exploiting helium resources in Changqing.

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7

Yin, Wen, Xue Jun Jia, and Quan Ji. "Ab Initio Study of Helium in Tantalum: Interaction, Migration, and Clustering with Helium and Vacancies." Materials Science Forum 1024 (March 2021): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1024.121.

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Ab initio calculations based on the Density Function Theory (DFT) have been performed to study the interaction between helium and helium, helium and vacancy, migration of helium, and the stability of small helium-vacancy clusters in tantalum. The following results are found: (I) The tetrahedral interstitial helium atoms have weak interactions in tantalum, suggesting that no stable covalent bond is formed between this two helium atoms; (II) The stability of small helium-vacancy clusters is investigated. The interstitial helium atom and vacancy to the clusters are found to be positive in almost all case, i.e., all interactions are attractive; (III) The activation energies for a substitutional helium atom migration by the dissociation or vacancy mechanisms are estimated under the irradiation condition.

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8

Lu, Chao, Bang Wang, Di Zhu, Quanyou Liu, Xuhang Zhang, and Huaiyu He. "High-Spatial-Resolution Helium Detection and Its Implications for Helium Accumulation Mechanisms." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (April 19, 2024): 3453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083453.

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Helium is a scarce strategic resource. Currently, all economically valuable helium resources are found in natural gas reservoirs. Owing to helium’s different formation and migration processes compared to natural gas’s, the traditional method of collecting wellhead gas to detect helium concentration may miss helium-rich layers in the vertical direction, which will not only cause the waste of helium resources, but also restrict the study of helium migration and accumulation mechanisms. To solve this problem, we designed a helium detector based on a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Through the combination of different inlet valves, we avoided gas mixing between different vertical layers during the inlet process and realized high-spatial-resolution helium concentration detection. We applied the helium detector to the Dongsheng gas field in the northern Ordos Basin, and the instrumental detection results were consistent with the laboratory analysis results of the wellhead gas, which demonstrated the stability of the helium detector in the field environment and the reliability of the data. Meanwhile, the results showed that the distribution of helium in the plane is highly heterogeneous, and the natural gas dessert layers and the helium dessert layers do not coincide in the vertical direction. In addition, we found a good correlation between helium and hydrogen concentrations. Combining our results with previous data, we propose a hydrogen–helium migration and accumulation model, which enriches the understanding of helium accumulation mechanisms and provides a basis for future helium resource exploration.

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9

Al Rabadi, Said. "A generic concept for Helium purification and liquefaction plant." Volume 2 issue 1 2, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48103/jjeci272019.

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This study describes and evaluates the performance of producing a pure Helium fraction from Helium extraction facility designed for cryogenic natural gas plants. A generic concept for obtaining a Helium pure fraction, which has relatively lower capital and operating costs should be provided. In order to achieve this objective, a new concept for obtaining a Helium pure fraction from a crude Helium fraction, is proposed based on simulations run under diverse process conditions regarding crude Helium gas’ temperature, pressure and composition. This concept is characterized by; reducing the plant safety requirements due to the extensive separation of combustible components, and compact layout of Helium extraction plant. Further re-purification is included in the subsequent Helium liquefaction step through selective adsorption, hence then increasing the purity of the Helium product and reducing the plant energy consumption required for liquefying Helium-rich fraction and the valuable Helium boil-off routed from the storage facility. The Nitrogen-rich fraction is routed to Nitrogen liquefaction installation. Liquid Nitrogen is generated within Helium recovery facility for liquid Helium shielding and container cooling. Surplus gaseous Nitrogen either can be liquefied and used within cryogenic natural gas plant as process coolant or be vented to atmosphere.

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10

Hayano, R. S. "EXOTIC HELIUM ATOMS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 12 (December 2010): 2586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301310017125.

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Recent progress on the precision laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium atoms, as well as on the x-ray spectroscopy of kaonic helium atoms are presented. These two may appear to be unrelated topics (except for the fact that both being exotic helium atoms), but in fact a past study of kaonic helium system led to the serendipitous discovery of antiprotonic helium. Some historical background connecting these two exotic helium atoms, as well as future prospects are discussed.

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11

Xiong, Ye, Shan Jiang, Jingjing Yi, and Yi Ding. "Current Status of Helium Resource Research and Prediction of Favorable Areas for Helium Reservoir in China." Energies 17, no. 7 (March 22, 2024): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17071530.

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As an unconventional oil and gas reservoir, helium gas reservoirs have gradually become a focus of attention. In recent years, with the continuous increase in demand for helium gas, the uneven distribution of global helium resources has attracted China’s attention to helium resources. In this study, a method for predicting favorable areas of helium gas was proposed based on the natural gas exploration theory and the idea of “finding gas in enrichment areas”. We conducted an in-depth study and analysis of the types of helium gas formations in China by comprehensively using geochemical and isotope-testing data, identifying the distribution of helium source rocks in China. Based on this, we conducted directed analyses of the transport channels and caprock conditions for helium gas, and summarized the enrichment modes of helium gas. Using this method, we predicted five favorable areas for the enrichment of helium gas in China, providing an important basis for the future exploration and development of helium resources in China.

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12

Yang, Haijun, Pengpeng Li, Haizu Zhang, Jiahao Lv, Wen Zhang, Jiarun Liu, Shaoying Huang, Xianzhang Yang, Wenfang Yuan, and Xiang Wang. "Helium Geochemical Characteristics and Favorable Zones in the Tarim Basin: Implications for Helium Exploration." Processes 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2024): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12071469.

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Helium is an irreplaceable ore resource for many applications, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, aviation, semiconductors, and nuclear energy. Extracting helium in a free state from natural gas is currently the only economical approach at the industrial level. In this study, we compiled geochemical data of 719 natural gas samples from 36 oil and gas fields in the Tarim basin that include experimental results and previously reported data. Helium is of primarily crustal origin in the Tarim Basin according to helium isotope characteristics (not exceeding 0.1 Ra), except in the Ake gas field that has not more than 7% of mantle helium. Helium concentrations in diverse tectonic units vary considerably. Oil-type gas, on the whole, has a higher helium concentration relative to coal-type gas. Abundant helium flux, a favorable fault system between the source-reservoir system, no strong charging of gaseous hydrocarbons, and the good sealing capacity are important factors that control the formation of helium-rich gas fields. Considering both the helium concentration and natural gas reserves, helium-rich gas fields located in the Southwest Depression and Tabei Uplift can be regarded as the major favorable zones of further deployment for helium extraction.

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13

Efimov, V. B., A. N. Izotov, and L. P. Mezhov-Deglin. "Helium impurity nanocluster gels in superfluid helium." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 77, no. 1 (January 2013): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873813010085.

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14

Donnelly, Russell J. "Special Issue: Helium‐3 and Helium‐4." Physics Today 40, no. 2 (February 1987): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2819903.

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15

Mezhov-Deglin, Leonid P., and Andrey M. Kokotin. "Water–helium condensate (watergel) in liquid helium." Physica B: Condensed Matter 329-333 (May 2003): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(02)02074-4.

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16

Deicher, M., G. Grübel, E. Recknagel, W. Reiner, and Th Wichert. "Helium-vacancy interaction in helium-implanted gold." Materials Science and Engineering 69, no. 1 (February 1985): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(85)90372-6.

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17

Goodman, Frank O., and Nicolas Garcia. "Scattering of helium atoms by liquid helium." Physical Review B 33, no. 7 (April 1, 1986): 4560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.33.4560.

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18

Wang, Yu-Shu, Sabyasachi Kar, and Yew Kam Ho. "Dynamic Multipole Polarizabilities of Helium and Screened-Helium Atoms." Atoms 8, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms8040090.

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The precise estimation of atomic polarizabilities impinges upon a number of areas and processes in physical science. We calculate precisely the dynamic multipole polarizabilities of the helium and screened-helium atoms using highly correlated exponential wavefunctions based on the pseudo-state summation method. For screened environments, we consider the Debye–Hückel potential (DHP) as the interaction potentials between the charged particles. The dynamic multipole (quadrupole, octupole, and hexadecapole) polarizabilities for the ground state of the helium atom and the multipole (quadrupole and octupole) polarizabilities of the screened-helium atom for different screening parameters are reported along with magic-zero wavelengths. The reported results for hexadecapole polarizability of the helium atom and dynamic multipole polarizability of the screened-helium atom are new and would be useful for future investigation on this topic.

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19

Song, Hongqing, Jie Zhang, Yueqiang Sun, Yongping Li, Xianguo Zhang, Dongyu Ma, and Jue Kou. "Theoretical Study on Thermal Release of Helium-3 in Lunar Ilmenite." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030319.

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The in-situ utilization of lunar helium-3 resource is crucial to manned lunar landings and lunar base construction. Ilmenite was selected as the representative mineral which preserves most of the helium-3 in lunar soil. The implantation of helium-3 ions into ilmenite was simulated to figure out the concentration profile of helium-3 trapped in lunar ilmenite. Based on the obtained concentration profile, the thermal release model for molecular dynamics was established to investigate the diffusion and release of helium-3 in ilmenite. The optimal heating temperature, the diffusion coefficient, and the release rate of helium-3 were analyzed. The heating time of helium-3 in lunar ilmenite under actual lunar conditions was also studied using similitude analysis. The results show that after the implantation of helium-3 into lunar ilmenite, it is mainly trapped in vacancies and interstitials of ilmenite crystal and the corresponding concentration profile follows a Gaussian distribution. As the heating temperature rises, the cumulative amounts of released helium-3 increase rapidly at first and then tend to stabilize. The optimal heating temperature of helium-3 is about 1000 K and the corresponding cumulative release amount is about 74%. The diffusion coefficient and activation energy of helium-3 increase with the temperature. When the energy of helium-3 is higher than the binding energy of the ilmenite lattice, the helium-3 is released rapidly on the microscale. Furthermore, when the heating temperature increases, the heating time for thermal release of helium-3 under actual lunar conditions decreases. For the optimal heating temperature of 1000 K, the thermal release time of helium-3 is about 1 s. The research could provide a theoretical basis for in-situ helium-3 resources utilization on the moon.

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20

Hayano, R. S. "Antiprotonic helium and kaonic helium – A tale of two exotic helium atomsThis paper was presented at the International Conference on Precision Physics of Simple Atomic Systems, held at University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada on 21–26 July 2008." Canadian Journal of Physics 87, no. 7 (July 2009): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p08-111.

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Recent progress on the precision laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium atoms, as well as on the X-ray spectroscopy of kaonic helium atoms, are presented. These two may appear to be unrelated topics (except that both involve exotic helium atoms), but in fact a past study of kaonic helium system led to the serendipitous discovery of antiprotonic helium. Some historical background connecting these two exotic helium atoms, as well as future prospects, are discussed.

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21

NEMCHENKO, K., and S. ROGOVA. "RESONANCES IN SYSTEMS WITH TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAT TRANSFER." Modern Physics Letters B 26, no. 23 (August 13, 2012): 1230015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984912300153.

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Heat transfer in double-layer systems with superfluid helium as one of the layers is studied in this paper. Double-layer systems like heater-helium and helium-detector were considered. The limiting cases of the relation of the non-helium layer length and the length of the heat wave in it were investigated. The unusual resonances were found in the double-layer system helium-detector. Analytical expressions for width and amplitudes of these resonances were obtained. At the same time it was found that the resonance width in helium can be determined not by the dissipative properties of helium, but by the thermodynamic parameters of the detector.

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22

Taylor, Caitlin A., Eric Lang, Paul G. Kotula, Ronald Goeke, Clark S. Snow, Yongqiang Wang, and Khalid Hattar. "Helium Bubbles and Blistering in a Nanolayered Metal/Hydride Composite." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 5393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185393.

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Helium is insoluble in most metals and precipitates out to form nanoscale bubbles when the concentration is greater than 1 at.%, which can alter the material properties. Introducing controlled defects such as multilayer interfaces may offer some level of helium bubble management. This study investigates the effects of multilayered composites on helium behavior in ion-implanted, multilayered ErD2/Mo thin film composites. Following in-situ and ex-situ helium implantation, scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed the development of spherical helium bubbles within the matrix, but primarily at the layer interfaces. Bubble linkage and surface blistering is observed after high fluence ex-situ helium implantation. These results show the ability of metallic multilayers to alter helium bubble distributions even in the presence of a hydride layer, increasing the lifetime of materials in helium environments.

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23

Pyper, N. C., D. W. Essex, and Colm T. Whelan. "The 1s2 → 1s2p(1P) excitation energy for helium atoms in liquid helium, solid helium and helium bubbles in metals." Philosophical Magazine B 81, no. 1 (January 2001): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642810010007467.

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24

Nandipati, Giridhar, Karl D. Hammond, Dimitrios Maroudas, Kenneth J. Roche, Richard J. Kurtz, Brian D. Wirth, and Wahyu Setyawan. "Effect of helium flux on near-surface helium accumulation in plasma-exposed tungsten." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 3 (November 5, 2021): 035701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac2ca7.

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Abstract We report results of object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) simulations to understand the effect of helium flux on the near-surface helium accumulation in plasma-facing tungsten, which is initially pristine, defect-free, and has a (100) surface orientation. These OKMC simulations are performed at 933 K for fluxes ranging from 1022 to 4 × 1025 He/m2 s with 100 eV helium atoms impinging on a (100) surface up to a maximum fluence of 4 × 1019 He/m2. In the near-surface region, helium clusters interact elastically with the free surface. The interaction is attractive and results in the drift of mobile helium clusters towards the surface as well as increased trap mutation rates. The associated kinetics and energetics of the above-mentioned processes obtained from molecular dynamics simulations are also considered. The OKMC simulations indicate that in pristine tungsten, as the flux decreases, the retention of implanted helium decreases, and its depth distribution shifts to deeper below the surface. Furthermore, the fraction of retained helium diffusing into the bulk increases as well, so much so that for the flux of 1022 He/m2 s, almost all of the retained helium diffused into the bulk with minimal/negligible near-surface helium accumulation. At a given flux, with increasing fluence, the fraction of retained helium initially decreases and then starts to increase after reaching a minimum. The occurrence of the retention minimum shifts to higher fluences as the flux decreases. Although the near-surface helium accumulation spreads deeper into the material with decreasing flux and increasing fluence, the spread appears to saturate at depths between 80 and 100 nm. We present a detailed analysis of the influence of helium flux on the size and depth distribution of total helium and helium bubbles.

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25

Nandipati, Giridhar, Karl D. Hammond, Dimitrios Maroudas, Kenneth J. Roche, Richard J. Kurtz, Brian D. Wirth, and Wahyu Setyawan. "Effect of helium flux on near-surface helium accumulation in plasma-exposed tungsten." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 3 (November 5, 2021): 035701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac2ca7.

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Abstract We report results of object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) simulations to understand the effect of helium flux on the near-surface helium accumulation in plasma-facing tungsten, which is initially pristine, defect-free, and has a (100) surface orientation. These OKMC simulations are performed at 933 K for fluxes ranging from 1022 to 4 × 1025 He/m2 s with 100 eV helium atoms impinging on a (100) surface up to a maximum fluence of 4 × 1019 He/m2. In the near-surface region, helium clusters interact elastically with the free surface. The interaction is attractive and results in the drift of mobile helium clusters towards the surface as well as increased trap mutation rates. The associated kinetics and energetics of the above-mentioned processes obtained from molecular dynamics simulations are also considered. The OKMC simulations indicate that in pristine tungsten, as the flux decreases, the retention of implanted helium decreases, and its depth distribution shifts to deeper below the surface. Furthermore, the fraction of retained helium diffusing into the bulk increases as well, so much so that for the flux of 1022 He/m2 s, almost all of the retained helium diffused into the bulk with minimal/negligible near-surface helium accumulation. At a given flux, with increasing fluence, the fraction of retained helium initially decreases and then starts to increase after reaching a minimum. The occurrence of the retention minimum shifts to higher fluences as the flux decreases. Although the near-surface helium accumulation spreads deeper into the material with decreasing flux and increasing fluence, the spread appears to saturate at depths between 80 and 100 nm. We present a detailed analysis of the influence of helium flux on the size and depth distribution of total helium and helium bubbles.

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26

Fidelis, Wopara Onuoha, Nnadikwe Johnson, Ewelike Asterius Dozie, and Udechukwu Mathew Chidubem. "Dynamic Design Evaluation of Helium Recovery and the Thermodynamics and Economics Utilization of Improved Project Viability from Sales Gas." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46551.

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Abstract: Sales gas generally contains barely 0.05 percent helium, making recovery uneconomical. Currently available commercial helium sources range from 0.3 to 8% helium from natural gas reserves, with 0.3 percent being the economic recovery limit. This article compares the technical and economic viability of manufacturing Grade-A liquefied helium from sales gas with low helium contents utilizing combined NGL/NRU/HRU technology.

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27

Dubosarskyi, Viktor, Denis Zemsky, Volodymyr Podoba, and Іryna Vasylieva. "HELIUM CAPACITY OF THE SUBSOILS OF UKRAINE." SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF DONNTU Series: “The Mining and Geology”, no. 1(29)2023 (2023): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2073-9575-2023-1(29)-24-30.

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HELIUM CAPACITY OF THE SUBSOILS OF UKRAINE Purpose. Study of distribution of helium content in hydrocarbon deposits of deposits of Ukraine and their spatial location in oil and gas basins of Ukraine. Methodology. The work used: data from directories on the composition of gases in the fields of Ukraine, MapInfo programs for constructing SQL queries and displaying the results on maps.. Results. According to the directories, a database of deposits of hydrocarbon deposits of Ukraine with helium content in each deposit was created. Spatial mapping of the database of deposits to hydrocarbon deposits has been carried out. Special studies were conducted on the helium content in various types of hydrocarbon deposits. The spatial distribution of the deposits in which helium was determined was studied and their ranking by helium concentration was performed. It was established that the content of helium in the deposits is decreasing in the East-West-South oil and gas basins of Ukraine, and in marine water areas, helium in the deposits of hydrocarbon deposits has not been established. Scientific novelty. For the first time, maps with a ranking of helium content in deposits of Ukraine are given. The number of helium-containing deposits on the territory of Ukraine was analyzed. The prospects of the oil and gas bearing basins of Ukraine for the search for helium-containing deposits have been determined. Practical significance. The established features make it possible to zone the territory of oil and gas-bearing basins according to helium capacity. The main questions for the continuation of scientific and research studies have been determined. Key words: helium, hydrocarbon deposits, deposits, oil and gas basins, database.

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28

Yu, Jinlong, Xianfei Zhang, and Guoliang Lü. "Post-merger evolution of double helium white dwarfs and distribution of helium-rich hot subdwarfs." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 504, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 2670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1063.

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ABSTRACT The mergers of double helium white dwarfs are believed to form isolated helium-rich hot subdwarfs. Observations show that helium-rich hot subdwarfs can be divided into two subgroups based on whether the surface is carbon-rich or carbon-normal. However, it is not clear whether this distribution directly comes from binary evolution. We adopt the binary population synthesis to obtain the population of single helium-rich hot subdwarfs according to the merger channel of double helium white dwarfs. We find that the merger channel can represent the two subgroups in the Teff−log g plane related to different masses of progenitor helium white dwarfs. For Z = 0.02, the birth rate and local density of helium-rich hot subdwarf stars from the merger of two helium white dwarfs are $\sim 4.82 \times 10^{-3}\, \rm yr^{-1}$ and ∼ 290.0 $\rm kpc^{-3}$ at 13.7 Gyr in our Galaxy, respectively. The proportions of carbon-rich and carbon-normal helium-rich hot subdwarfs are 32 per cent and 68 per cent, respectively.

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29

Boreham, Christopher J., Dianne S. Edwards, Robert J. Poreda, Thomas H. Darrah, Ron Zhu, Emmanuelle Grosjean, Philip Main, Kathryn Waltenberg, and Paul A. Henson. "Helium in the Australian liquefied natural gas economy." APPEA Journal 58, no. 1 (2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17049.

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Australia is about to become the premier global exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG), bringing increased opportunities for helium extraction. Processing of natural gas to LNG necessitates the exclusion and disposal of non-hydrocarbon components, principally carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Minor to trace hydrogen, helium and higher noble gases in the LNG feed-in gas become concentrated with nitrogen in the non-condensable LNG tail gas. Helium is commercially extracted worldwide from this LNG tail gas. Australia has one helium plant in Darwin where gas (containing 0.1% He) from the Bayu-Undan accumulation in the Bonaparte Basin is processed for LNG and the tail gas, enriched in helium (3%), is the feedstock for helium extraction. With current and proposed LNG facilities across Australia, it is timely to determine whether the development of other accumulations offers similar potential. Geoscience Australia has obtained helium contents in ~800 Australian natural gases covering all hydrocarbon-producing sedimentary basins. Additionally, the origin of helium has been investigated using the integration of helium, neon and argon isotopes, as well as the stable carbon (13C/12C) isotopes of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon gases and isotopes (15N/14N) of nitrogen. With no apparent loss of helium and nitrogen throughout the LNG industrial process, together with the estimated remaining resources of gas accumulations, a helium volumetric seriatim results in the Greater Sunrise (Bonaparte Basin) > Ichthys (Browse Basin) > Goodwyn–North Rankin (Northern Carnarvon Basin) accumulations having considerably more untapped economic value in helium extraction than the commercial Bayu-Undan LNG development.

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30

Swaczyna, P., M. Bzowski, S. A. Fuselier, A. Galli, J. Heerikhuisen, M. A. Kubiak, D. J. McComas, E. Möbius, F. Rahmanifard, and N. A. Schwadron. "Relative In-flight Response of IBEX-Lo to Interstellar Neutral Helium Atoms." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 266, no. 1 (April 18, 2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acc397.

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Abstract The IBEX-Lo instrument on the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission measures interstellar neutral (ISN) helium atoms. The detection of helium atoms is made through negative hydrogen (H−) ions sputtered by helium atoms from the IBEX-Lo’s conversion surface. The energy spectrum of ions sputtered by ISN helium atoms is broad and overlaps the four lowest IBEX-Lo electrostatic analyzer (ESA) steps. Consequently, the energy response function for helium atoms does not correspond to the nominal energy step transmission. Moreover, laboratory calibration is incomplete because it is difficult to produce narrow-energy neutral atom beams that are expected for ISN helium atoms. Here, we analyze the ISN helium observations in ESA steps 1–4 to derive the relative in-flight response of IBEX-Lo to helium atoms. We compare the ratios of the observed count rates as a function of the mean ISN helium atom energy estimated using the Warsaw Test Particle Model (WTPM). The WTPM uses a global heliosphere model to calculate charge exchange gains and losses to estimate the secondary ISN helium population. We find that the modeled mean energies of ISN helium atoms, unlike their modeled fluxes, are not very sensitive to the very local interstellar medium parameters. The obtained relative responses supplement the laboratory calibration and enable more detailed quantitative studies of the ISN helium signal. A similar procedure that we applied to the IBEX-Lo observations may be used to complement laboratory calibration of the next-generation IMAP-Lo instrument on the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission.

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31

Gunnell, David, Jane Derges, Shu-Sen Chang, and Lucy Biddle. "Searching for Suicide Methods." Crisis 36, no. 5 (September 2015): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000326.

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Abstract. Background: Helium gas suicides have increased in England and Wales; easy-to-access descriptions of this method on the Internet may have contributed to this rise. Aims: To investigate the availability of information on using helium as a method of suicide and trends in searching about this method on the Internet. Method: We analyzed trends in (a) Google searching (2004–2014) and (b) hits on a Wikipedia article describing helium as a method of suicide (2013–2014). We also investigated the extent to which helium was described as a method of suicide on web pages and discussion forums identified via Google. Results: We found no evidence of rises in Internet searching about suicide using helium. News stories about helium suicides were associated with increased search activity. The Wikipedia article may have been temporarily altered to increase awareness of suicide using helium around the time of a celebrity suicide. Approximately one third of the links retrieved using Google searches for suicide methods mentioned helium. Conclusion: Information about helium as a suicide method is readily available on the Internet; the Wikipedia article describing its use was highly accessed following celebrity suicides. Availability of online information about this method may contribute to rises in helium suicides.

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Ayache, M., J. C. Dutay, P. Jean-Baptiste, and E. Fourré. "Simulation of the mantle and crustal helium isotope signature in the Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution regional circulation model." Ocean Science 11, no. 6 (December 21, 2015): 965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-11-965-2015.

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Abstract. Helium isotopes (3He, 4He) are useful tracers for investigating the deep ocean circulation and for evaluating ocean general circulation models, because helium is a stable and conservative nuclide that does not take part in any chemical or biological process. Helium in the ocean originates from three different sources, namely, (i) gas dissolution in equilibrium with atmospheric helium, (ii) helium-3 addition by radioactive decay of tritium (called tritiugenic helium), and (iii) injection of terrigenic helium-3 and helium-4 by the submarine volcanic activity which occurs mainly at plate boundaries, and also addition of (mainly) helium-4 from the crust and sedimentary cover by α-decay of uranium and thorium contained in various minerals. We present the first simulation of the terrigenic helium isotope distribution in the whole Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution model (NEMO-MED12). For this simulation we build a simple source function for terrigenic helium isotopes based on published estimates of terrestrial helium fluxes. We estimate a hydrothermal flux of 3.5 mol3 He yr−1 and a lower limit for the crustal flux at 1.6 × 10−7 4He mol m−2 yr−1. In addition to providing constraints on helium isotope degassing fluxes in the Mediterranean, our simulations provide information on the ventilation of the deep Mediterranean waters which is useful for assessing NEMO-MED12 performance. This study is part of the work carried out to assess the robustness of the NEMO-MED12 model, which will be used to study the evolution of the climate and its effect on the biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, and to improve our ability to predict the future evolution of the Mediterranean Sea under the increasing anthropogenic pressure.

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33

Ayache, M., J. C. Dutay, P. Jean-Baptiste, and P. E. Fourré. "Simulation of the mantle and crustal helium isotope signature in the Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution regional circulation model." Ocean Science Discussions 12, no. 4 (August 25, 2015): 2007–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-2007-2015.

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Abstract. Helium isotopes (3He, 4He) are useful tracers for investigating the deep ocean circulation and for evaluating ocean general circulation models, because helium is a stable and conservative nuclide that does not take part in any chemical or biological process. Helium in the ocean originates from three different sources: namely, (i) gas dissolution in equilibrium with atmospheric helium, (ii) helium-3 addition by radioactive decay of tritium (called tritiugenic helium), and (iii) injection of terrigenic helium-3 and helium-4 by the submarine volcanic activity which occurs mainly at plate boundaries, and also addition of (mainly) helium-4 from the crust and sedimentary cover by α-decay of uranium and thorium contained in various minerals. We present the first simulation of the terrigenic helium isotope distribution in the whole Mediterranean Sea, using a high-resolution model (NEMO-MED12). For this simulation we build a simple source function for terrigenic helium isotopes based on published estimates of terrestrial helium fluxes. We estimate a hydrothermal flux of 3.5 mol 3He yr−1 and a lower limit for the crustal flux at 1.6 10−7 mol 4He mol m−2 yr−1. In addition to providing constraints on helium isotope degassing fluxes in the Mediterranean, our simulations provide information on the ventilation of the deep Mediterranean waters which are useful for assessing NEMO-MED12 performance. This study is part of the work carried out to assess the robustness of the NEMO-MED12 model, which will be used to study the evolution of the climate and its effect on the biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, and to improve our ability to predict the future evolution of the Mediterranean Sea under the increasing anthropogenic pressure.

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34

Tremaskin, D. Yu, and I. A. Golubeva. "The Future of Helium Industry in Eastern Siberia, Problems and Solutions." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 630, no. 2 (2022): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2022-630-2-51-56.

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The world production and consumption of helium are analyzed. Potential problems of the helium industry in Eastern Siberia have been identified. Variants of long-term storage of helium are proposed. The problem of helium transportation in Russia and the ways of its solution are considered.

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35

Vlasova, Galina Vladimirovna, Tatyana Vladimirovna Salnikova, and Irina Vladimirovna Savenkova. "Trends in improving helium processing in Russia." Oil and gas technologies and environmental safety 2024, no. 2 (June 21, 2024): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2024-2-66-74.

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Helium is a strategic resource that determines the development of key industries, economic and military potential of any country. It is used in the nuclear power industry, electronic and space industries, medicine and basic re-search. There are areas where helium cannot be replaced by other substances. The amount of helium consumed by the scientific and technical complex is the main indicator of the level of technological achievements of the country. Helium extraction and processing is highly complex, but its unique properties make helium an indispensable and valuable raw material. Therefore, the development of this industry is so important, and at the moment new promising technologies are being developed for the extraction and processing of this significant resource. The article describes modern helium production technologies, as well as promising measures for the development of the helium industry in Russia, and examines the main problems encountered in the extraction and production of helium.

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36

Beamish, John. "Supersolid helium." Nature 427, no. 6971 (January 2004): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/427204a.

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37

Allen, J. F. "Helium history." Physics World 9, no. 5 (May 1996): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/9/5/14.

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38

Newton, Alicia. "Helium escape." Nature Geoscience 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2014): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2111.

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39

Taroni, Andrea. "Frustrating helium." Nature Materials 12, no. 11 (October 23, 2013): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3800.

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40

Fitzgerald, Richard J. "Antiprotonic helium." Physics Today 70, no. 1 (January 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.3419.

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41

Eades, John. "Antiprotonic helium." Physics World 18, no. 10 (October 2005): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/18/10/34.

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42

Barranco, M., R. Mayol, M. Pi, and J. Navarro. "Helium nanodroplets." Nuclear Physics News 13, no. 1 (January 2003): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10506890308232692.

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43

Walters, Dog. "Helium hazards." Chemical Health and Safety 6, no. 6 (November 1999): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(99)00055-6.

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44

Eves, Neil D., Laura C. Sandmeyer, Eric Y. Wong, Lee W. Jones, Giles F. MacDonald, Gordon T. Ford, Stewart R. Petersen, Marc D. Bibeau, and Richard L. Jones. "Helium-Hyperoxia." Chest 135, no. 3 (March 2009): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-1517.

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45

REIMER, G. M. "Helium increase." Nature 347, no. 6291 (September 1990): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/347342a0.

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46

Khan, H. R. "Helium Three." Journal of the Less Common Metals 175, no. 2 (October 1991): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(91)90023-w.

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47

Lipson, S. G. "Helium crystals." Contemporary Physics 28, no. 2 (March 1987): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107518708223690.

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48

Wycech, S., and A. M. Green. "Antiprotonic helium." Zeitschrift f�r Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei 344, no. 1 (March 1992): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01291028.

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49

Yamazaki, T. "Antiprotonic helium." Physics Reports 366, no. 4-5 (August 2002): 183–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-1573(01)00082-5.

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50

Uri, Noel D. "Helium conservation." Energy Economics 9, no. 2 (April 1987): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(87)90011-9.

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