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Academic literature on the topic 'Helical lattices'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Helical lattices"

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Carey, Seán, Ciarán McHale, Vincenzo Oliveri, and Paul M. Weaver. "Reconfigurable helical lattices via topological morphing." Materials & Design 206 (August 2021): 109769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109769.

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Pratap, J. V., B. F. Luisi, and C. R. Calladine. "Geometric principles in the assembly of α-helical bundles." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1993 (June 28, 2013): 20120369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0369.

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α-Helical coiled coils are usually stabilized by hydrophobic interfaces between the two constituent α-helices, in the form of ‘knobs-into-holes’ packing of non-polar residues arranged in repeating heptad patterns. Here we examine the corresponding ‘hydrophobic cores’ that stabilize bundles of four α-helices. In particular, we study three different kinds of bundle, involving four α-helices of identical sequence: two pack in a parallel and one in an anti-parallel orientation. We point out that the simplest way of understanding the packing of these 4-helix bundles is to use Crick's original idea that the helices are held together by ‘hydrophobic stripes’, which are readily visualized on the cylindrical surface lattice of the α-helices; and that the ‘helix-crossing angle’—which determines, in particular, whether supercoiling is left- or right-handed—is fixed by the slope of the lattice lines that contain the hydrophobic residues. In our three examples the constituent α-helices have hydrophobic repeat patterns of 7, 11 and 4 residues, respectively; and we associate the different overall conformations with ‘knobs-into-holes’ packing along the 7-, 11- and 4-start lines, respectively, of the cylindrical surface lattices of the constituent α-helices. For the first two examples, all four interfaces between adjacent helices are geometrically equivalent; but in the third, one of the four interfaces differs significantly from the others. We provide a geometrical explanation for this non-equivalence in terms of two different but equivalent ways of assembling this bundle, which may possibly constitute a bistable molecular ‘switch’ with a coaxial throw of about 12 Å. The geometrical ideas that we deploy in this paper provide the simplest and clearest description of the structure of helical bundles. In an appendix, we describe briefly a computer program that we have devised in order to search for ‘knobs-into-holes’ packing between α-helices in proteins.
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Lin, Zhiwei, Leticia C. Beltrán, Zeus A. De los Santos, Yinong Li, Tehseen Adel, Jeffrey A. Fagan, Angela R. Hight Walker, Edward H. Egelman, and Ming Zheng. "DNA-guided lattice remodeling of carbon nanotubes." Science 377, no. 6605 (July 29, 2022): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abo4628.

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Covalent modification of carbon nanotubes is a promising strategy for engineering their electronic structures. However, keeping modification sites in registration with a nanotube lattice is challenging. We report a solution using DNA-directed, guanine (G)-specific cross-linking chemistry. Through DNA screening we identify a sequence, C 3 GC 7 GC 3 , whose reaction with an (8,3) enantiomer yields minimum disorder-induced Raman mode intensities and photoluminescence Stokes shift, suggesting ordered defect array formation. Single-particle cryo–electron microscopy shows that the C 3 GC 7 GC 3 functionalized (8,3) has an ordered helical structure with a 6.5 angstroms periodicity. Reaction mechanism analysis suggests that the helical periodicity arises from an array of G-modified carbon-carbon bonds separated by a fixed distance along an armchair helical line. Our findings may be used to remodel nanotube lattices for novel electronic properties.
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Matsumoto, Takao, Yeong-Gi So, Yuji Kohno, Hidetaka Sawada, Yuichi Ikuhara, and Naoya Shibata. "Direct observation of Σ7 domain boundary core structure in magnetic skyrmion lattice." Science Advances 2, no. 2 (February 2016): e1501280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501280.

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Skyrmions are topologically protected nanoscale magnetic spin entities in helical magnets. They behave like particles and tend to form hexagonal close-packed lattices, like atoms, as their stable structure. Domain boundaries in skyrmion lattices are considered to be important as they affect the dynamic properties of magnetic skyrmions. However, little is known about the fine structure of such skyrmion domain boundaries. We use differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy to directly visualize skyrmion domain boundaries in FeGe1−xSix induced by the influence of an “edge” of a crystal grain. Similar to hexagonal close-packed atomic lattices, we find the formation of skyrmion “Σ7” domain boundary, whose orientation relationship is predicted by the coincidence site lattice theory to be geometrically stable. On the contrary, the skyrmion domain boundary core structure shows a very different structure relaxation mode. Individual skyrmions can flexibly change their size and shape to accommodate local coordination changes and free volumes formed at the domain boundary cores. Although atomic rearrangement is a common structural relaxation mode in crystalline grain boundaries, skyrmions show very unique and thus different responses to such local lattice disorders.
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Takeno, S. "Nonlinear modes in helical lattices: Localized modes and kinks." Physics Letters A 358, no. 5-6 (October 2006): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2006.04.113.

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BISHOP, R. "ChemInform Abstract: Helical Host Lattices Formed by Alicyclic Diols." ChemInform 28, no. 2 (August 4, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199702288.

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Tian, Yu, Huixi Violet Zhang, Kristi L. Kiick, Jeffery G. Saven, and Darrin J. Pochan. "Transition from disordered aggregates to ordered lattices: kinetic control of the assembly of a computationally designed peptide." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, no. 29 (2017): 6109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob01197k.

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Fang, Fang, Richard Clawson, and Klee Irwin. "The Curled Up Dimension in Quasicrystals." Crystals 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101238.

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Most quasicrystals can be generated by the cut-and-project method from higher dimensional parent lattices. In doing so they lose the periodic order their parent lattice possess, replaced with aperiodic order, due to the irrationality of the projection. However, perfect periodic order is discovered in the perpendicular space when gluing the cut window boundaries together to form a curved loop. In the case of a 1D quasicrystal projected from a 2D lattice, the irrationally sloped cut region is bounded by two parallel lines. When it is extrinsically curved into a cylinder, a line defect is found on the cylinder. Resolving this geometrical frustration removes the line defect to preserve helical paths on the cylinder. The degree of frustration is determined by the thickness of the cut window or the selected pitch of the helical paths. The frustration can be resolved by applying a shear strain to the cut-region before curving into a cylinder. This demonstrates that resolving the geometrical frustration of a topological change to a cut window can lead to preserved periodic order.
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Taylor, William R. "Exploring Protein Fold Space." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020193.

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The model of protein folding proposed by Ptitsyn and colleagues involves the accretion of secondary structures around a nucleus. As developed by Efimov, this model also provides a useful way to view the relationships among structures. Although somewhat eclipsed by later databases based on the pairwise comparison of structures, Efimov’s approach provides a guide for the more automatic comparison of proteins based on an encoding of their topology as a string. Being restricted to layers of secondary structures based on beta sheets, this too has limitations which are partly overcome by moving to a more generalised secondary structure lattice that can encompass both open and closed (barrel) sheets as well as helical packing of the type encoded by Murzin and Finkelstein on small polyhedra. Regular (crystalline) lattices, such as close-packed hexagonals, were found to be too limited so pseudo-latticses were investigated including those found in quasicrystals and the Bernal tetrahedron-based lattice that he used to represent liquid water. The Bernal lattice was considered best and used to generate model protein structures. These were much more numerous than those seen in Nature, posing the open question of why this might be.
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Dixon, Maximillian D. X., Matthew P. O'Donnell, Alberto Pirrera, and Isaac V. Chenchiah. "Bespoke extensional elasticity through helical lattice systems." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2232 (December 2019): 20190547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0547.

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Nonlinear structural behaviour offers a richness of response that cannot be replicated within a traditional linear design paradigm. However, designing robust and reliable nonlinearity remains a challenge, in part, due to the difficulty in describing the behaviour of nonlinear systems in an intuitive manner. Here, we present an approach that overcomes this difficulty by constructing an effectively one-dimensional system that can be tuned to produce bespoke nonlinear responses in a systematic and understandable manner. Specifically, given a continuous energy function E and a tolerance ϵ > 0, we construct a system whose energy is approximately E up to an additive constant, with L ∞ -error no more that ϵ . The system is composed of helical lattices that act as one-dimensional nonlinear springs in parallel. We demonstrate that the energy of the system can approximate any polynomial and, thus, by Weierstrass approximation theorem, any continuous function. We implement an algorithm to tune the geometry, stiffness and pre-strain of each lattice to obtain the desired system behaviour systematically. Examples are provided to show the richness of the design space and highlight how the system can exhibit increasingly complex behaviours including tailored deformation-dependent stiffness, snap-through buckling and multi-stability.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Helical lattices"

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Thomas, Jeffery Scott. "Helical force flow: a new engineering mechanics model for biological materials." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Thomas_09007dcc8063cfca.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed May 4, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-113).
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Waizner, Johannes [Verfasser], Markus [Gutachter] Garst, and Achim [Gutachter] Rosch. "Spin wave excitations in magnetic helices and skyrmion lattices / Johannes Waizner ; Gutachter: Markus Garst, Achim Rosch." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149794127/34.

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Papadopoulos, Konstantinos. "Investigation of magnetic order in nickel-5d transition metal systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Molekyl- och kondenserade materiens fysik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-383009.

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Double perovskite materials exhibit alterations in magnetic order through manipulation oftheir crystal structure. Certain ultra thin metallic bilayers can create an exotic magnetic stateof confined spin textures called skyrmions. In both cases, new atomic arrangements leadto new electrical and magnetic properties. The following work comprises two studies, bothof which examine the magnetic properties of transition metals in either powder or thin filmsamples. The first part is dedicated to a series of muon spin rotation and relaxation (muSR)experiments on a LaSrNiReO6, double perovskite, powder sample. In the muSR technique, aspin polarized muon beam is focused onto a powder envelope in low pressure and temperatureconditions. The spins of the implanted muons evolve depending on the intrinsic or externallyapplied magnetic field according to Larmor precession. The measurement is based onthe detection of decay positrons that carry this precession information on their preferreddecay directions. Measurements that were realized in wTF, ZF and LF setups, reveal asecond transition to magnetic order at Tc ≃ 22K, below a transition that was observed at T =261K from magnetic susceptibility measurements. The experimental results point to threemagnetic phases, paramagnetic for T > 261K, dilute ferrimagnetic for 22 < T < 261K and amagnetically ordered state for T < 22K, that may implicate ferro- and antiferromagnetismfrom Ni sublattices and Ni-Re interactions. The second part follows an attempt to produce and characterize ultra thin bilayer filmsfor the observation of interfacial chiral structures and skyrmions. Co/Fe/MgO (100) andW/Ni/Cu (100) bilayers were grown with magnetron sputter deposition in various layerthicknesses and their structure was determined by X-ray reflectometry (XRR). The XRRscans presented a relatively thick-layered Co/Fe/MgO film, while extremely thin and roughW/Ni/Cu bilayers, for the purposes of studying films with broken interfacial inversionsymmetry. This study was concluded with indicative magneto-transport measurements thatalso point to the reconfiguration of the growth procedure.
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Book chapters on the topic "Helical lattices"

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Li, Yannian, and Quan Li. "Photoresponsive Chiral Liquid Crystal Materials: From 1D Helical Superstructures to 3D Periodic Cubic Lattices and Beyond." In Nanoscience with Liquid Crystals, 135–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04867-3_5.

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Pérez Méndez, Mercedes, José Fayos Alcañiz, and Marc Meunier. "Molecular Simulation of Cholesteric Liquid-Crystal Polyesteramides: Conformational and Structure Analysis by Rietveld Refinement." In Liquid Crystals [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100388.

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Molecular modeling techniques are applied to polyesteramides designed as PNOBDME (C34H38N2O6)n and PNOBEE (C26H22N2O6)n, synthesized and characterized as cholesteric liquid crystals -through the condensation reaction between 4 and 4′-(terephthaloyl- diaminedibenzoic chloride (NOBC) and racemic glycol: DL-1,2 dodecanediol, or DL-1,2-butanediol, respectively, being chemical modifications of precursor multifunctional cholesteric LC polyesters, adding new properties but holding their helical macromolecular structures. Although the starting raw materials were racemic, these cholesteric LC polymers exhibit unexpected optical activity and chiral morphology. For that reason, conformational analysis is studied on the monomer models of PNOBDME and PNOBEE. Four helical conformers models, experimentally observed by NMR, are proposed for each cholesteric polyesteramide: Rgg, Rgt, Sgg, Sgt. Polymerization of the monomeric conformers, with minima energies, have been simulated and used to reproduce the crystalline fraction observed by x-ray diffraction. Three orders of chirality are observed in the structure of the polymer chains: One due to the asymmetric carbon atoms, a second chirality due to the two successive rotations of the benzene groups, along the main chain, within the monomer which implies the formation of helical molecules, for both R and S chirality and still, a third chirality corresponding to the twisting of the rigid/semirigid cholesteric LC polymer chains. All these factors contributing to the net optical activity observed in these materials. Crystal packing is simulated in triclinic primitive P1cells, with molecular chains oriented parallel to the z-axis (c lattice parameter equal to the pitch length of each simulated polymer helix) and parameters a, b, α, β and γ, obtained by Pawley refinement from the known structures of precursor polyesters. The simulated x-ray diffraction patterns of the proposed crystal models fit, after successive Pawley and Rietveld refinement cycles, the experimental WAXS. Powder Quantitative Phase Analysis applied to an ideal mixture with the four possible helical conformers, for each degree of polymerization, allows to refine their relative weight and determine the major phase relative amount. These results would confirm the theory of a preferable recrystallization, among the four possible helical diastereoisomers, depending on the synthetic conditions.
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Conference papers on the topic "Helical lattices"

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Sakovsky, Maria, Rosette M. Bichara, Youssef Tawk, and Joseph Costantine. "Enhancing Multi-stability in Helical Lattices for Adaptive Structures." In AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-0923.

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Xinyuan Qi and Shasha Li. "2D asymmetric propagation based on CPA in helical photonic lattices." In 2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers.2016.7734939.

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Leykam, D., M. C. Rechtsman, and Y. D. Chong. "Anomalous topological phases, unpaired dirac cones, and weak antilocalization in helical photonic lattices." In 2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers.2016.7735252.

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Khatri, Nava Raj, Johnathan A. Smith, and Paul F. Egan. "Empirical Characterization of Lattice, Spring, and Non-Assembly Mechanisms Fabricated With Nylon Polymer Powder Bed Fusion." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-90246.

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Abstract Emerging additive manufacturing technologies are enabling the design of engineered parts with complex geometries and mechanical capabilities. Polymer powder bed fusion (PBF) printing is a promising process that is becoming more economically accessible while providing capabilities for printing non-assembly mechanisms. These processes could enable the automated design of complex personalized biomedical designs, such as prosthetics with integrated lattices, springs, and joints. However, manufacturing constraints and mechanical capabilities of these 3D printed designs requires further investigation to determine their feasibility and capabilities. Here, we conduct dimensional characterization and mechanical testing of Nylon 11 printed parts. Minimum fabrication constraints were measured to determine the smallest beam size as approximately 0.7 mm with a minimum gap size between beams of 0.35 mm. Mechanical testing demonstrated low anisotropy of parts in compression/tension which led to the testing of mechanical lattices with approximate elastic moduli of 25 MPa to 55 MPa. Helical springs worked in compression with a stiffness of approximately 0.2 N/mm to 16.8 N/mm for 3 mm to 7 mm wire diameters. Minimum printable gap sizes were used to inform the fabrication of a fully functional finger prosthetic with joints working directly after print post-processing, with no assembly required. Overall, these are foundational steps in demonstrating design rules and constraints for automating customized designs from polymer powder bed fusion printing, which offers unique capabilities for diverse and mechanically complex engineering applications.
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Seeman, Nadrian C. "DNA: Not Merely the Secret of Life." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13211.

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DNA is well-known as the genetic material of living organisms. Its most prominent feature is that it contains information that enables it to replicate itself. This information is contained in the well-known Watson-Crick base pairing interactions, adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine. The double helical structure that results from this complementarity has become a cultural icon of our era. To produce species more diverse than the DNA double helix, we use the notion of reciprocal exchange, which leads to branched molecules. The topologies of these species are readily programmed through sequence selection; in many cases, it is also possible to program their structures. Branched species can be connected to one another using the same interactions that genetic engineers use to produce their constructs, cohesion by molecules tailed in complementary single-stranded overhangs, known as ‘sticky ends.’ Such sticky-ended cohesion is used to produce N-connected objects and lattices [1]. This notion is shown in the drawing, which shows cohesion between sticky-ended branched species.
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Carey, Seán, Ciarán McHale, Vincenzo Oliveri, and Paul M. Weaver. "Reconfigurable Multi-Stable Helical Lattice." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2202.

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Abstract As materials and engineering design tools become more complex, engineers are looking to mimic structures and systems, occurring in nature, to design more efficient mechanical structures. One such structure is a morphing composite lattice structure, whose design was inspired by the tail of the bacteriophage T4 virus [1]. To date the morphing behavior of the tail structure of the virus has been simplified by neglecting the intermolecular mechanisms that actuate the bistable behavior of the tail. This behavior has been achieved using prestressed composite flanges that are mechanically joined in alternating clockwise and anti-clockwise chiralities. The composite lattice structure has previously been proposed as an actuator for aerospace structures, replacing more complex and heavier traditional actuator structures. McHale et al. [2] have shown that the composite lattice is capable of greatly improving upon the state-of-the-art in the form of a telescopic boom for CubeSat systems. This utility provides validity in studying further enhancements on the capabilities of the structure to enhance its potential applications in the aerospace industry. This work proposes a mechanism for replicating the inter-molecular behavior that occurs in the bacteriophage T4 tail. The bonds between the inner and outer tail structures are broken and reformed, thus, driving the actuation process. This method will form a variable topology morphing system. As such, a novel category of morphing structure is presented here for the first time. The morphing topology behavior is proposed by replacing mechanical fasteners in the traditional lattice structure in select locations with a series of permanent magnets. Finite element analysis is used to calculate the difference in energies between the states before and after discrete topology changes occur, allowing the associated change in energy to be converted to a required actuation force. Varying the topology of the lattice structure allows the lattice to transition from a linear morphing actuator system to a bespoke and tunable curved actuator with potential applications in satellite dish actuation, for example.
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Li, Minggang, Jun Wang, Changhua Nie, Xiao Yan, Yanping Huang, Zumao Yang, and Feng Xie. "Numerical Investigation of Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Wire-Wrap Tight Lattice 19-Rod Bundle." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15832.

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Flow and heat transfer characteristics in wire-wrap tight lattice rod bundle have been investigated through CFD code ANSYS CFX 13.0. The bundle consists of 19 fuel rods with triangular tight lattice configuration. The rod ratio of rod pitch to rod diameter is 1.167. Four wires with a diameter of 0.5 mm are helically wrapped on the surface of each fuel rod. The ratio of wire-wrap helical pitch to the rod diameter is varied from 27.5 to 52.5. Through simulating wire-wrap 3-rod bundle with tetrahedron and hexahedron grid systems, the grid system which applies to simulating the wire-wrap tight lattice rod bundle has been obtained. The predicted results of eddy viscosity based turbulence models (k–ε, SST) and Reynolds stress turbulence models (BSL, SSG) are compared with each other and several experimental correlations for friction factor and Nusselt number. The predicted results of all the turbulence models are almost the same in some respects, but the friction factor predicted by the eddy viscosity models is higher than that predicted by the RSM. The effect of wire-wrap on pressure drop, friction factor, secondary flow, heat transfer, velocity distribution and temperature distribution in different subchannels (interior, edge and corner) has been analyzed by comparing with those of the bare rod bundle. The effect of wire-wrap pitch on the flow and heat transfer characteristics has also been studied.
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Guddala, S., F. Komissarenko, S. Kiriushechkina, A. Vakulenko, M. Li, V. M. Menon, A. Alù, and A. B. Khanikaev. "Funneling of Lattice Vibrations Through Topological Phathways in Mid-Infrared Metasurfaces." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2022.sf4k.5.

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We demonstrate novel hybrid states of strongly-coupled photon and lattice vibrations in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) integrated with mid-infrared metasurface and show their unconventional helical nature and resilient transport around sharp corners.
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Wichmann, Jan, Haissam Hanafi, Jörg Imbrock, and Cornelia Denz. "Rabi-like oscillations in topologically protected edge states of a photonic Floquet topological insulator." In Nonlinear Photonics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/np.2022.npm2e.2.

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We report on topologically protected edge states in a four-band Lieb-like pho-tonic lattice of evanescently coupled helical waveguides. Our results demonstrate adjustable group velocities and oscillatory modal weight exchange depending on the edge termination.
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Stan, Felicia, Ionut-Laurentiu Sandu, and Catalin Fetecau. "3D Printing and Mechanical Behavior of Anisogrid Composite Lattice Cylindrical Structures." In ASME 2022 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2022-85532.

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Abstract Anisogrid cylindrical lattice (ACL) structures have been successfully used in space applications, demonstrating high mechanical performance and weight efficiency. However, the manufacturing process for the composite ACL structures is very complex and, traditionally, involves different technologies, including winding of filaments or prepregs and curing. Tacking the advantage of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) to manufacture completely integral composite parts with complex shape, in this paper, the FDM-3D printing of ACL structures using carbon fiber (CF) and glass fiber (GF) reinforced polyamide 12 (PA12) composites has been investigated. The mechanical behavior of 3D printed ACL structures has been analyzed in terms of the static stiffness, specific load, and failure mode through axial and transverse compression tests, as a function of the geometrical parameters of the lattice structure. It was observed that, under transverse compression, after the initial linear elastic response, the applied load changed its slope and continued to increase with increasing displacement up to a specified displacement (inner radius of the ACL structures) without visible fracture or delamination between layers, demonstrating that the 3D printed composite ACL structures are robust and highly efficient in the nodes. Under axial compression, the applied load increased with displacement up to a maximum load and then decreased until fracture, mainly, due to local buckling and material failure of the helical ribs. The 3D printed CF/PA12 ACL structures were found to be more efficient than either the GF/PA12 or PA12 ACL structures taking into account both the axial and transverse specific load and stiffness. The increase in the shell thickness, helical rib width or number of helical ribs resulted in a remarkable increase in the stiffness and load-bearing capacity of the 3D printed composite ACL structures. From the manufacturing perspective, it was shown that the FDM-3D printing technology holds promise for the development of mechanically robust composite ACL structures with excellent reliability.
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