Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'HeLa cell line'

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1

Haji, Zulkipli Ihsan Nazurah. "MARK2/PAR-1b/EMK1 is required for spindle centring in the epithelial cell line HeLa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708195.

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2

Athanassiou-Papaefthymiou, Maria G. "Functional activation of the p53 tumor suppressor in non-tumorigenic variants of the HeLa cervical carcinoma cell line." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39376.

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3

Di, Guilmi Anne-Marie. "Étude de l'interaction de l'adénovirus humain de sérotype 3 avec les cellules HeLa." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10058.

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Les travaux decrits dans ce rapport concernent l'interaction de l'adenovirus humain de serotype 3 avec les cellules hela. Dans un premier temps, nous avons defini les caracteristiques de la liaison du virus ad3 avec les cellules hela a 37c et a 4c. Pour ces deux conditions de temperature, nous avons montre que le virus ad3 a la propriete de se lier avec deux affinites distinctes sur ses sites recepteurs. Nous avons demontre que les virus ad2 et ad3 (appartenant respectivement aux sous-groupes c et b) ne partagent pas les memes sites de liaison a la surface des cellules hela. La fibre est la proteine virale dont la fonction est de se lier au recepteur. Nous avons produit cette proteine dans le systeme de baculovirus. La fibre ad3 recombinante presente une morphologie et une structure correctes. L'activite fonctionnelle de la fibre a ete mise en evidence par l'efficacite de l'inhibition de la fixation du virus ad3, a la surface des cellules hela. Dans le but d'identifier le recepteur cellulaire de l'ad3 nous avons applique la technique du vopba en utilisant la fibre ad3 recombinante et le virus ad3. A partir des cellules hela, le virus et la fibre ad3 ont detecte une proteine membranaire de 130kda avec laquelle ils interagissent. Cette reconnaissance presente un caractere specifique. Des travaux similaires effectues sur des cellules a549, permissives a l'infection par le virus ad3, n'ont cependant pas permis de detecter cette proteine 130
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4

Lizama, Natalia. "Afterlife, but not as we know it : medicine, technology and the body resurrected." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0186.

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This thesis contends that technologically-derived resurrections of human bodies and bodily fragments can be viewed as indicative of a 'post-biological' ontology. Drawing from examples in which human bodies are resurrected, both figuratively and actually, this thesis puts forward the term 'post-biological subject' as an ideological framework for conceptualising the reconfiguration of human ontology that results from various medical technologies that 'resurrect' the human body. In this instance, the term 'postbiological', borrowed from Hans Moravec who uses it denote a future in which human being is radically disembodied and resurrected within a digital realm, is used somewhat ironically: where Moravec imagines an afterlife in which the body is discarded as so much 'meat', the post-biological afterlife of the body in this thesis centres around a form of corporeal resurrection. Corpses, living organs and excreta may all be resurrected, some of them in digital format, yet this kind of resurrection departs radically from the disembodied spiritual bliss imagined in many conceptualisations of resurrection. The post-biological subject resists ontological delineation and problematises boundaries defining self and other, living and dead, and human and nonhuman and is fraught with a number of cultural anxieties about its unique ontological status. These concerns are analysed in the context of a number of phenomena, including melancholy, horror, monstrosity and the uncanny, all of which similarly indicate an anxious fixation with human ontology. The purpose of discussing post-biological bodies in relation to phenomena such as melancholy or the uncanny is not to reinstate as ideological frameworks the psychoanalytic models from which these concepts are derived, but rather to use them as starting points for more complex analyses of postbiological ontology. The first and second chapters of this thesis discuss instances in which the human body is posthumously modified, drawing on Gunther von Hagens's Body Worlds exhibition and the Visible Human Project. The Body Worlds plastinates are situated in a liminal and ambiguous ontological space between life and death, and it is argued that their extraordinary ontological status evokes a form of imagined melancholy, wherein the longed-for and lost melancholic object is a complete process of death. In the case of the Visible Human Project, it is argued that the gruesome and highly technologised process of creating the Visible Male, wherein the corpse is effectively dehumanised and iv rendered geometric, evokes the trope of horror, while at the same time being fraught with a nostalgic longing for a pre-technological, anatomically 'authentic' body. The third and fourth chapters of this thesis discuss instances in which the living human body is reconfigured, focusing on immortal cell lines and organ transplantation, and on medical imaging technologies such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the third chapter it is argued that organ transplantation and the creation of immortal cell lines give rise to profound anxieties about ontological contamination through their capacity to render permeable the imagined boundaries defining self, and in this way invoke the monstrous. The fourth chapter interrogates the representation of medical imaging in Don DeLillo?s novel White Noise, arguing that the medical representation of the body functions as a form of double, a digital doppelganger that elicits an uncanny anxiety through its capacity to presage death.
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5

To, Wing Shu. "Effect of cellular redox and energy states on benzo[a]pyrene induced modes of death in the hepa and the HepG2 cell lines." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1173.

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6

Zhang, Jianqiang. "PERMISSIVENESS OF SELECTED CELL LINES TO EQUINE ARTERITIS VIRUS: ESTABLISHMENT, CHARACTERIZATION, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PERSISTENT INFECTION IN HELA CELLS." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2005. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyvesc2005d00339/dissertation.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2005.
Title from document title page (viewed on November 18, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 222 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-220).
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7

Maurer, Barry James. "Dihydrofolate reductase gene amplification in human cell lines VA2-B and hela BU25." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1995. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-10232007-082738.

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8

Rinehart, Janet Emilea. "Development of HeLa cell lines that differentiate human rhinoviruses using the major cellular receptor /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148784410597496.

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9

Robeson, Kalen Z. "Development of a Fast and Accurate Mutation Assay in Human Cell Lines." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors149270391894463.

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10

Klaus, Stephen J. "Analysis of B Cell Immediate Early Gene Expression in Response to Contact Dependent T Cell Help and Anti-immunoglobulins: a Thesis." eScholarship@UMMS, 1991. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/220.

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B cells get help in the antibody response by presenting processed antigen to helper T cells. We asked whether the antigen presenting B cell must induce T helper functions before receiving help, or whether B cell activation is a direct consequence of T cell antigen recognition on the B cell surface. Although antigen-dependent increases in B cell c-myc expression occur as early as two hours after conjugation, the B cell response depends on induction of a contact-dependent helper function in the T cell, which is inhibitable by cyclosporin A. Induction but not delivery of contact help is blocked by anti-class II MHC antibody, indicating that the delivery of T cell help is not Ag dependent or MHC restricted. Also, contact with activated helper T cells induces a different pattern of immediate early gene expression from signals transduced through the B cell antigen receptor. Egr-1 is rapidly upregulated in response to mitogenic signals induced by receptor crosslinking on murine B lymphocytes, and its expression closely correlates with B cell proliferation in several models of B cell activation and tolerance. We compared egr-1 expression during B cell stimulation with Fab'2 and IgG anti-Ig, since it is known that Fab'2 anti-Ig is mitogenic while IgG is not, due to a dominant inhibitory effect of crosslinking the B cell FcγRII to membrane Ig. While mitogenic doses of Fab'2 anti-Ig induce large and rapid increases in egr-1 expression, intact anti-Ig results in only small increases in egr-1 mRNA, comparable to that seen with submitogenic concentrations of Fab'2 anti-Ig. However, when IL-4 is added as a comitogen to induce B cell proliferation with submitogenic concentrations of Fab'2 anti-Ig or IgG anti-Ig, no concomitant increases in egr-1 are observed. The regulation of egr-1 therefore, is similar to that of c-myc in this system, since neither correlates with IL-4 induced DNA synthesis.
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11

Al, Haj Abdulatif [Verfasser], Beate [Akademischer Betreuer] Brand-Saberi, and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Herrmann. "The effects of modulation of cofilin/ADF and intra- and extracellular thymosin beta4 on the migration of HeLa cells and the human colon carcinoma BE, 3LNLN and EB3 cell lines / Abdulatif Al Haj. Gutachter: Beate Brand-Saberi ; Christian Herrmann." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079843019/34.

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12

Korneychuk, Natalia. "Analysis of the roles of Interleukin 15 and CD4+ T cells specific of a dietary antigen in a mouse model of celiac-like enteropathy." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T037/document.

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Dans les conditions physiologiques des robustes mécanismes immunologiques empêchent le développement des réponses exagérées aux antigènes alimentaires. En revanche, dans le cas de maladie céliaque, qui affecte environ 1% de la population occidentale, l’exposition au gluten alimentaire d’individus génétiquement prédisposés HLA-DQ2.5/DQ8 provoque l’entéropathie chronique de l’intestin grêle. Les études précédentes chez l’homme ont établi le rôle crucial de la réponse cellulaire T CD4+ restreinte par HLA-DQ2.5/DQ8 et spécifique du gluten. La réponse T CD4+ est nécessaire mais cependant insuffisante pour induire des lésions tissulaires. D’autres études ont suggéré le rôle de l’interleukine 15 (IL-15). Ainsi, l’IL-15 surexprimée dans la muqueuse des patients céliaques peut interférer avec les mécanismes d’immunorégulation et stimuler l’activation des lymphocytes intraépithéliaux T CD8+ cytotoxiques probablement induisant des lésions épithéliales. Comment les cellules T CD4+ spécifiques du gluten et l’IL-15 interagissent pour activer les lymphocytes intraépithéliaux T CD8+ et induisent des lésions n’a pas été toutefois établi. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons créé un modèle murin basé en croisant des souris OTII possédant des cellules T CD4+ spécifiques de l’antigène modèle, ovalbumine, avec les souris transgéniques hétérozygotes surexprimant une forme secrétée de l’IL-15 humaine dans l’épithélium intestinale (souris hIL-15Tge). Les souris obtenues OTII+/- B6 and OTII+/- hIL-15Tge+/- ont été mises au régime riche en ovalbumine depuis la période prénatale jusqu’à l’âge de 3 mois. Les souris OTII+/- hIL-15Tge+/-, contrairement aux souris OTII+/- B6, exposées de façon chronique à l’ovalbumine ont développé un retard de croissance et une atrophie villositaire associée à l’expansion des cellules intestinales T CD8+ cytotoxiques, comme dans la maladie céliaque. En outre, nous avons démontré que l’IL-15 altérait l’immunorégulation par les cellules T FoxpP3+ et coopérait avec l’IL-2, produite par les cellules T CD4+ activées par l’OVA, pour l’expansion des cellules T CD8+ non-spécifiques de l’OVA. Nous suggérons que le scénario similaire pourrait opérer dans la maladie céliaque. Au cours de cette étude, j’ai observé que la surexpression chronique de l’IL-15 était associée avec l’expansion de cellules dendritiques CD103+CD11c+CD11b-. Dans la partie de résultats supplémentaires, j’ai démontré que cet effet dépend de la production de la cytokine GM-CSF secrétée par les cellules Natural Killer (NK) activées par l’IL-15 et que ces cellules dendritiques étaient enrichies en cellules CD103+ ayant une capacité accrue de cross-présentation in vitro. Ces derniers résultats illustrent comment l’IL-15 peut moduler les réponses immunes adaptatives en orchestrant la coopération entre les cellules NK et les phagocytes mononucléaires
In physiological conditions, robust immunological mechanisms avoid adverse responses to food antigens. In contrast, in celiac disease that affects about 1% of Western populations, exposure to dietary gluten of genetically predisposed HLA-DQ2.5/ DQ8 individuals triggers a chronic small intestinal enteropathy. Previous studies in humans have established the crucial role of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 restricted gluten-specific intestinal CD4 T cell response. This CD4 T cell response is necessary but is however not sufficient to induce tissue damage. Other studies have pointed to the role of interleukin 15 (IL-15). Thus, IL-15 over-expressed in the mucosa of celiac patients can interfere with immunoregulatory mechanisms and stimulate the activation of cytotoxic CD8 T intraepithelial lymphocytes, thought to induce epithelial lesions. Whether and how gluten-specific CD4 T cells and IL-15 interact to activate CD8 T intraepithelial lymphocytes and to drive intestinal tissue damage has not been however established. To address this question, we have set up a mouse model based on the breeding of OTII mice possessing CD4 T cells specific of a model antigen, ovalbumin, with heterozygous transgenic mice overexpressing a secreted form of human IL-15 in intestinal epithelium (hIL-15Tge mice). Resulting OTII+/- B6 and OTII+/- hIL-15Tge+/- mice were exposed to dietary ovalbumin from the prenatal period until 3 months of age. Upon chronic exposure to ovalbumin, OTII+/- hIL-15Tge+ mice, contrary to their OTII+/- B6 littermates, developed growth retardation, and villous atrophy associated with expansion of intestinal cytotoxic CD8 T cells, as in celiac disease. Moreover, we showed that IL-15 impaired immunoregulation by FoxP3+ T cells and cooperated with IL-2 produced by OVA-activated CD4 T cells to stimulate the expansion of non-cognate cytotoxic CD8 T cells. We suggest that a comparable scenario can operate in celiac disease. During this study, I observed that chronic overexpression of IL-15 was associated with an expansion of CD103+CD11c+CD11b- mononuclear cells. In the Supplementary results, I have shown that this effect depends on the production of GM-CSF secreted by IL-15-activated NK cells and that CD11c+ DCs differentiated in mice overexpressing IL-15 were enriched in CD103+ cells and displayed enhanced cross-presentation abilities in vitro. The latter results illustrate how IL-15, by orchestrating a crosstalk between NK cells and mononuclear phagocytes, can modulate adaptive immune responses
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13

Tien, Chung-yang, and 田仲揚. "Construction of HeLa stable cell line over-expressing prothymosin α." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19827056742592086394.

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碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
生物科技系暨研究所
98
Death receptor-mediated pathway and mitochondrial-mediated pathway are two well-defined apoptotic pathways regulating the progression of apoptosis. In the regulation of mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway, Prothymosin α (ProTα) has an inhibitory effect on the formation of apoptosome and on the activation of capase-3 in vitro. Furthermore, accumulating evidences demonstrated that ProTα could form a complex with P8 in mammalian cells and that this complex could significantly enhance the antiapoptoic effect induced by staurosporine. Both ProTα, a highly acidic (pI=3.55) protein lacking apparent secondary structure, and P8, a highly basic 80-aa protein lacking non-specific tertiary structure, are nuclear proteins, and it bas been postulated that these two proteins function as co-transcription factor. In this study, we intend to address how these nuclear proteins regulate the cytosolic events, such as apoptosis. In order to investigate whether ProTα regulates mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway through direct inhibition of apoptosome formation in cytosol or through gene expression of antiapoptotic proteins in nucleus, we have constructed a transgene encoding ProTα fusion with EGFP and established HeLa stable clones overexpression of ProTα-EGFP fusion protein. Fluorescence microscope analysis has shown that ProTα-EGFP fusion protein is consitutively expressed and localized in the nuclei of transfectants. The expression levels of ProTα-EGFP fusion protein and upstream apoptotic proteins in transfectants also have been measured by western blotting analysis. Compared with wild type of HeLa cell, Bcl-2 and Bax showed up-regulation and down-regulation, respectively in ProTα expressing transfectants. These results raises the possibility that ProTα affects the progression of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis through altering the expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins.
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14

Sung, Po-yu, and 宋伯瑜. "A Stable HeLa Cell Line That Inducibly Expresses 2A Protease of Enterovirus 71: Effects on Cell Apoptosis." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44048610083760400143.

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15

Chan, Ya Ting, and 詹雅婷. "Characterization of FLJ25439 protein and analysis of the effect of FLJ25439 overexpression on HeLa cell line." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29763537724250408687.

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碩士
長庚大學
生物醫學研究所
100
Cell cycle progression must be precisely regulated by checkpoint. It has been reported that malfunction of checkpoint mechanism would lead to aneuploidy through formation of tetraploid or polyploid cells, as a hallmarker of tumorigenesis. In cancer cells, the tetraploid cells may contribute to abnormal mitotic progression, which may be associated with cytokinesis failure. Tetraploidy would lead to genomic instability due to centrosome and chromosome over-replication. Until now, the mechanism of how the cells maintain the tetraploid status is unknowned. Our lab finds out a novel protein, FLJ25439, which cantains two TPR domains and three Destruction boxes. To elucidate the function of FLJ25439 protein, we established HeLa cell line which stablely expressed FLJ25439 protein. Our data revealed that FLJ25439 may be involved in cell cycle regulation, and overexpression of FLJ25439 protein may lead to cell tetraploidization which then enhanced the response to oxidative stress. Expression of FLJ25439 protein may also have a role in genes regulation which is associated with exposure to drug and organic substances. To sum up, FLJ25439 protein plays an important role in protecting cells from environmental stress and promoting cell survival.
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16

Huang, Ching-Chih, and 黃慶芝. "Functional proteomic analysis of cervical cancer cell line - HeLa under genotoxic stress or interruption of Nampt/visfatin activity by FK866." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10494312072639456843.

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碩士
銘傳大學
生物科技學系碩士班
103
Several studies have shown that carcinogenic cells will increase the expression of Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (Nampt) level, but less research has explored the relationship between cancer and Nampt from proteomic studies. Ourprevious study has found that the protein level of Nampt in HeLa cell is prominently more than the other tested cell lines, but we the biological role of Nampt in HeLa cells remained to be determined. First, we try to examine what Nampt response in HeLa cells under genotoxic stress. We found that the protein level of Nampt has increased as HeLa cell streated with genotoxic or oxidative stress. We also found that FK866 (the Nampt-specific inhibitor) significantly suppressed cell survival and reduced Nampt in HeLa cells. We also indicated Nampt could regulate NF
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17

Silva, Lídia Jorge Santos 1989. "Metabolic switch in uterine cervix cancer: in vitro study of adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and squamous cell carcinoma (SiHa) cell lines." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/7527.

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Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Biologia Humana e Ambiente). Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2012
O cancro é uma doença complexa que envolve numerosas alterações na fisiologia da célula que conduzem, em última instância, a tumores malignos. Os processos biológicos através dos quais as células normais são transformadas em células cancerígenas malignas têm sido alvo de vasta investigação durante várias décadas (Seyfried & Shelton, 2010). Existem seis alterações essenciais na fisiologia celular que estão na base do crescimento celular maligno e são a auto-suficiência em termos de sinais de crescimento, a insensibilidade a sinais inibidores de crescimento, a evasão à morte celular programada (apoptose), um potencial replicativo ilimitado, a angiogénese sustentada e a invasão tecidular e metastização (Hanahan & Weinberg, 2000). Contudo, recentemente, têm sido propostos outros atributos distintos às células cancerígenas funcionalmente importantes para o desenvolvimento de cancro, que incluem a reprogramação do metabolismo energético celular, por forma a suportar o crescimento celular e a proliferação contínua, e a evasão ao controlo imunitário (Hanahan & Weinberg, 2011). Ao longo da última década, os tumores têm sido identificados como órgãos cuja complexidade pode exceder a dos tecidos saudáveis normais, contrastando com a anterior visão reducionista dos tumores como um conjunto relativamente homogéneo de células cancerígenas. Desta forma, a biologia de um tumor só pode ser entendida analisando os tipos celulares especializados que o constituem bem como a microambiente tumoral criado durante o processo de tumorigénese (Seyfried & Shelton, 2010) . Em termos de incidência global, estima-se que 12.7 milhões de novos casos de cancro e 7.6 milhões de mortes causadas por cancro ocorram por ano (Ferlay et al., 2010). O cancro do colo do útero é o terceiro cancro mais comum entre as mulheres, e o sétimo globalmente (Ferlay et al., 2010; Yugawa & Kiyono, 2009), sendo a quarta causa de morte por cancro entre as mulheres, mundialmente (Jemal et al., 2011; Ferlay et al., 2010). Apesar de a incidência deste tipo de tumor ter diminuído nos países desenvolvidos, a incidência mundial estimada ronda os 500 000 novos casos por ano (Jemal et al., 2011; Yugawa & Kiyono, 2009). Em Portugal, o cancro do colo do útero surge como o quarto mais frequente entre as mulheres (Globocan, 2008). Em termos histológicos, existem duas variantes de cancro do colo do útero com significado clínico, os adenocarcinomas (AC) (que compreendem 10 a 25 % dos casos) e os carcinomas pavimento celulares (SCC) (que compreendem cerca de 85 a 90% dos casos) (Chan et al., 2003; Smith et al., 2000). Sabe-se que em algumas doentes, o tumor apresenta um crescimento endofítico, invadindo o endométrio, enquanto noutros casos, o tumor cresce exofíticamente para o canal da vagina (Nguyen & Averette, 1999). Além disso, neste tipo de tumor, a composição da flora vaginal, concretamente, a presença de Doderlein bacilli, bacilo que possui a capacidade de converter o glicogénio presente na mucosa vaginal em ácido láctico, contribui para a criação e manutenção de um microambiente rico em ácido láctico que pode desempenhar um papel na selecção das células cancerígenas e na progressão tumoral (Gupta, 2011; Redondo-Lopez et al., 1990). O virus do papiloma humano (HPV) é o agente etiológico do cancro do colo do útero, contudo, a infecção por HPV não é o único factor envolvido na carcinogénese do carcinoma do colo do útero (Yeasmin et al., 2011). Alterações genómicas em oncogenes e genes supressores de tumor nas células do colo uterino são também essenciais ao desenvolvimento de carcinoma do colo do útero (Yeasmin et al., 2011). A amplificação genética em certas regiões cromossómicas é um dos mecanismos de activação de vários oncogenes e outros genes relacionados com o desenvolvimento e progressão tumoral (Schwab, 1999). Estudos em carcinoma do colo do útero, revelaram que os receptores do factor de crescimento epidérmico (EGF) e o proto-oncogene c-Myc estão frequentemente activados por amplificação e estão claramente associados ao fenótipo maligno (Hale et al., 1993; Pfeiffer et al., 1989). As células tumorais reprogramam o seu metabolismo energético de forma a sustentar as elevadas taxas proliferativas (Tennant et al., 2009; DeBerardinis et al., 2008). Além disso, esta reprogramação permite-lhes resistir a alguns sinais de morte celular, particularmente aqueles mediados por danos oxidativos (King & Gottlieb, 2009). Para se dividir uma célula necessita de aumentar em tamanho mas também de replicar o seu DNA – processos que são altamente exigentes do ponto de vista metabólico e que requerem grandes quantidade de proteínas, lípidos e nucleótidos, tal como energia no forma de ATP, o que implica um aumento no consumo de glucose e aminoácidos (Tennant et al., 2010). O fenótipo metabólico melhor caracterizado que se observa nas células tumorais é o efeito de Warburg, que consiste no cancelamento do ciclo de Krebs e cadeia transportadora de electrões e aumento da taxa de glicólise na presença de concentrações normal de oxigénio (Vander Heiden et al., 2009; Warburg, 1956). Consequentemente, ao contrário da maioria das células normais, muitas células tumorais produzem quantidades substanciais da sua energia através da glicólise aeróbia, convertendo a maior parte da glucose a lactato ao invés de a metabolizarem mediante fosforilação oxidativa (Semenza, 2008; Warburg, 1956). Em suma, as células tumorais apesentam maior consumo de nutrientes e também maior produção de subprodutos do que os tecidos normais, resultando numa acumulação de metabolitos no interior da célula e na criação de um ambiente mais hostil no exterior da mesma. As alterações metabólicas e as adaptações desenvolvidas pelas células tumorais, extensivamente estudadas durante o último século, criam um fenótipo que é essencial ao crescimento tumoral e à sobrevivência da célula tumoral, alterando o fluxo ao longo de vias metabólicas chave, tais como a glicólise e a glutaminólise (Tennant et al., 2009). Estas alterações incluem a alteração da expressão (Semenza et al., 1996), mutação e inactivação pós-traducional de uma enzima (Kim et al., 2006) ou a substituição de uma enzima por uma isoforma diferente (Atsumi et al., 2002). Por outro lado, embora os factores chave envolvidos na criação do fenótipo metabólico das células tumorais estejam por elucidar, a literatura actual indica que o c-Myc, p53 o HIF-1 são cruciais neste processo e que existe uma acção combinada desta tríade de factores de transcrição na regulação do metabolismo tumoral (Yeung et al., 2008). Assim, as observações referidas anteriormente colocam a glicólise como contribuinte chave para o fenótipo maligno e suportam a procura de novos tratamentos para o cancro que têm como alvo esta via metabólica essencial. Na verdade, a maioria das adaptações metabólicas desenvolvidas pelas células tumorais são únicas e exclusivas relativamente aos tecidos saudáveis(Porporato et al., 2011). De forma a estabelecer novos alvos terapêuticos os transportadores de compostos carboxilatos, principalmente de glucose, lactato e piruvato devem ser estudados bem como as enzimas que catalisam passos chave em vias metabólicas centrais, como é o caso da lactato e da piruvato desidrogenase. A reacção reversível de redução do piruvato a lactato é catalisada pela família de enzimas lactato desidrogenases (LDH), formadas pelo rearranjo de até quatro cópias de duas subunidades diferentes: a subunidade LDH-H codificada no gene LDHB e a subunidade LDH-M codificada no gene LDHA para formar tetrâmeros activos que conduzem à formação de cinco enzimas, LDH1 a LDH5. A LDH5/LDH-4M (LDHA) catalisa preferencialmente a redução de piruvato a lactato e a LDH1/LDH-4H (LDHB) a conversão de lactato em piruvato (Porporato et al., 2011). A família de genes LDH também o gene LDHC, expresso nos testículos e espermatozóides, que codifica uma terceira isoenzima, a LDHC (Holmes & Goldberg, 2009). A reacção catalisada pela LDH5/LDH-4M produz concentrações equimolares de lactato e protões, então, de forma a evitar a acidificação intracelular e a morte, as células glicolíticas exportam protões através de sistemas adaptados ao transporte dos mesmos, em que se incluem os transportadores de monocarboxilatos (MCT), entre os quais o MCT1, MCT2, MCT3 e MCT4 efectuam o simporte passivo de lactato e protões (Halestrap & Meredith, 2004). Tem sido reportada a sobre-expressão e activação do gene LDHA no tecido tumoral comparativamente com o tecido normal (Walenta & Mueller-Klieser, 2004; Lewis et al., 2000; Shim et al., 1997). Estudos anteriores revelaram transactivação do promotor deste gene pelo factor de transcrição c-Myc (Shim et al., 1997), aumentando directamente a sua expressão. Em relação ao LDHB não foi ainda estabelecida uma relação definitiva entre a expressão deste gene e o cancro, com alguns autores a reportarem o aumento (Chen et al., 2006) da mesma no tumor e outros, o seu silenciamento transcricional no tumor (Leiblich et al., 2006; Maekawa et al., 2003). Recentemente, tem sido também identificada expressão do gene LDHC num largo espectro de tumores (Koslowski et al., 2002). Sabe-se que o MCT4 transporta preferencialmente o lactato para o exterior da célula e o MCT1 regula preferencialmente a entrada do mesmo em células tumorais (mas também o efluxo) e células endoteliais tumorais (Draoui & Feron, 2011). Existem estudos que demonstram a sobre-expressão de MCT1 em carcinoma da mama (Pinheiro et al., 2010) e outros em que se verificou a sobre-expressão de MCT1 e MCT4 em neuroblastoma, cancro do colo do útero e colorectal (Pinheiro et al., 2009; Pinheiro et al., 2008; Sonveaux et al., 2008; Fang et al., 2006). Com base no trabalho científico que vem sendo realizado na área do metabolismo tumoral, foi definido como objectivo desta tese a caracterização do perfil metabólico de duas linhas celulares de cancro de colo do útero de dois tipos histológicos diferentes, adenocarcinoma (HeLa) e carcinoma pavimento celular (SiHa), determinando a relevância das enzimas LDHA, LDHB e LDHC e dos transportadores MCT1 e MCT4. Especificamente, compreender o papel do factor de crescimento EGF e do lactato de sódio (NaLac) na regulação da expressão de LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, MCT1 e MCT4 nas linhas celulares HeLa e SiHa. Os resultados revelaram que em células HeLa, a presença de NaLac promove a sobre-expressão de LDHA através da interacção do factor de transcrição c-Myc com o promotor do gene. Nesta linha celular foi também identificada amplificação genética de c-Myc. Em células SiHa a presença de NaLac promove igualmente um aumento na expressão de LDHA, a nível do mRNA, contudo não por intermédio da acção de c-Myc. Nesta linha celular, observou-se também um aumento no número de cópias de c-Myc, porém em resultado de aneuploidia, uma vez que estas células apresentaram mais de dois cromossomas 8, onde se localiza o c-Myc. Relativamente ao gene LDHB, verificou-se que, em ambas as linhas celulares, a presença de NaLac promove a sobre-expressão do mesmo. Em relação às células SiHa observou-se ainda que a estimulação com EGF promove a expressão de LDHB sendo este efeito activador potenciado pela presença de NaLac. Em termos de regulação da expressão de LDHB propõe-se que esta seja mediada pelo factor de transcrição STAT3. No que concerne à expressão dos transportadores de monocarboxilatos, verificou-se que a expressão de MCT1 em células HeLa na presença de NaLac é regulada pelo factor de transcrição c-Myc que actuará, neste cenário, como repressor. Já no que diz respeito às células SiHa os dados apontam para a existência de repressão da expressão do gene pelo c-Myc, em condições controlo, e para a sua activação na presença de NaLac. Em termos de perspectivas futuras, a elucidação do papel do c-Myc como activador ou repressor da expressão de MCT1 dependerá do estudo dos seus parceiros nos diferentes contextos. Em relação ao MCT4, este encontra-se sobre-expresso em ambas as linhas celulares quando expostas a NaLac. Os resultados obtidos na análise de casos de AC e SCC do colo do útero evidenciaram o papel crucial do microambiente tumoral na selecção de células tumorais. No contexto oxidativo em que os tumores pavimentosos se desenvolvem, a sobre-expressão de MCT1 pode conferir vantagens às células tumorais, dada a sua importância na importação de lactato. Além disso, esta sobre-expressão pode estar na base do switch do consumo de glucose para o de lactato neste tipo de tumor, tal como foi descrito em células SiHa. Nos casos de AC, as baixas concentrações de lactato que caracterizam o microambiente tumoral dos AC, parecem promover a diminuição da expressão de MCT1. Por outro lado, se considerarmos o papel do microambiente tumoral como agente de selecção, os menores níveis de lactato podem selecionar as células tumorais que expressam menos MCT1 dada a sua menor necessidade de importar lactato, comparativamente com as células tumorais de carcinomas pavimentosos. O estudo da migração e proliferação in vitro revelou que a estimulação com EGF e a presença de NaLac promove a migração e proliferação das células SiHa. Propomos que o factor de transcrição c-Myc possa estar implicado neste fenótipo via regulação da expressão de MCT1, cuja função permite fornecer à célula tumoral fontes de energia alternativas de modo a sustentar a sua avidez energética. Assim sendo, o factor de transcrição c-Myc pode estar implicado na regulação de vários genes alvo regulando processos não só relacionados com o metabolismo mas também com o controlo do ciclo celular. O estabelecimento de modelos in vivo, nomeadamente para estudo das consequências da inibição de MCT1 a nível do crescimento e progressão tumoral surge como futura abordagem.
Emerging evidence indicates that impaired cellular energy metabolism is the defining characteristic of nearly all cancers regardless their cellular or tissue origin. Tumor cells have a remarkably different metabolism from that of the tissues from which they are derived. Although lactate is generally considered a waste product, several studies show that it is a prominent substrate that fuels the oxidative metabolism of oxygenated tumor cells. The study of the enzymes involved in lactate production (LDHA) and consumption (LDHB), as well as its transporters (MCTs), will help to define new therapeutic targets. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the metabolic profile of two uterine cervix cancer cell lines from two different histological types, adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and squamous cell carcinoma (SiHa), namely LDHs and MCTs expression regulation by sodium lactate (NaLac) and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). Our findings suggested c-Myc activation of LDHA expression in HeLa cells grown in the presence of NaLac. Regarding SiHa cells, it was observed LDHA upregulation, at mRNA levels, by NaLac, however not c-Myc mediated. NaLac promotes LDHB expression in both cell lines. In SiHa cells, EGF promotes LDHB expression too, being this activator effect increased by NaLac. We proposed NaLac-mediated c-Myc repression of MCT1 expression in HeLa cells. In SiHa cells, NaLac activates MCT1 expression, decreasing c-Myc interaction with MCT1 promoter or promoting an alternative role of c-Myc as an activator. NaLac also promotes MCT4 expression. In the oxidative context where SCC cancer cells develop, the upregulation of MCT1 confer crucial advantages to these cells, given its importance in lactate uptake and could be in the basis of a switch from glucose to lactate consumption in SCC tumors, as described in SiHa cells. We suggested that c-Myc could also be involved in cell migration and proliferation in vitro, via MCT1.
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18

Li, Jian-Feng, and 李建鋒. "The mechanism of p21 induction and cyclin D expression by trichostatin A(TSA) in HeLa cell lines." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59442441744899251955.

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Abstract:
碩士
國防醫學院
生物化學研究所
95
The reversible (de)acetylation of the N-terminal histone tails by specific histone acetylases and deacetylases (HDAC) is involved in the regulation of gene expression. Various HDAC inhibitors have been described that induce cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis in cancer cell lines. Many of these have potent anti tumor activities in vivo. One of the most effective and best studied HDAC inhibitor is trichostatin A (TSA). Effects of TSA on cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis and the molecular mechanism of TSA inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells remain to be investigated. Our previous findings suggested that TSA might induce cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, gene and protein expression in HeLa cell line. Since the discovery of p53-independent p21 induction in HeLa/shp53 cells, I further dissected what genes involving in cell-cycle arrest and anti tumor activity using western blot analysis , MTT assay and flow cytometry. TSA can inhibited the proliferation in HeLa lines in a time-dependent fashion. TSA treatment caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase at 24 hour and increased apotosis at 48 hour. Cyclin D1 repressed by TSA, but cyclin D3 have been expression in HeLa cell line. TSA might increase p53 protein level and stability, but induce p21 expression through p53-independent pathway.
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