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Journal articles on the topic 'Height determination'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Dodson, A. H. "GPS FOR HEIGHT DETERMINATION." Survey Review 33, no. 256 (April 1995): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sre.1995.33.256.66.

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2

Eresmaa, N., A. Karppinen, S. M. Joffre, J. Räsänen, and H. Talvitie. "Mixing height determination by ceilometer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 6 (December 9, 2005): 12697–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-12697-2005.

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Abstract. A novel method for estimating the mixing height based on ceilometer measurements is described and tested against commonly used methods for determining mixing height. In this method an idealised backscatter profile is fitted to the observed backscatter profile. The mixing height is one of the idealised backscatter profile parameters. An extensive amount of ceilometer data and vertical soundings data from the Helsinki area in 2002 is utilized to test the applicability of the ceilometer for mixing height determination. The results, including 71 convective and 38 stable cases, show that in clear sky conditions the mixing heights determined from ceilometer based aerosol profiles and BL-height estimates based on sounding data are in a good agreement. Rejected outlier cases corresponded to very low aerosol concentrations in the mixed layer leading to a very weak aerosol backscatter signal in the lowest layer.
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3

Eresmaa, N., A. Karppinen, S. M. Joffre, J. Räsänen, and H. Talvitie. "Mixing height determination by ceilometer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 6 (May 8, 2006): 1485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1485-2006.

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Abstract. A novel method for estimating the mixing height based on ceilometer measurements is described and tested against commonly used methods for determining mixing height. In this method an idealised backscatter profile is fitted to the observed backscatter profile. The mixing height is one of the idealised backscatter profile parameters. An extensive amount of ceilometer data and vertical soundings data from the Helsinki area in 2002 is utilized to test the applicability of the ceilometer for mixing height determination. The results, including 71 convective and 38 stable cases, show that in clear sky conditions the mixing heights determined from ceilometer based aerosol profiles and BL-height estimates based on sounding data are in a good agreement. Rejected outlier cases corresponded to very low aerosol concentrations in the mixed layer leading to a very weak aerosol backscatter signal in the lowest layer.
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4

Lee, Youg-Wook, and Jeong-Hyun Park. "Accuracy Analysis of Ellipsoid Height for GNSS Height Determination." Journal of the Korean Cadastre Information Association 20, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46416/jkcia.2018.04.20.1.121.

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5

Münkel, Christoph. "Mixing height determination with lidar ceilometers results from Helsinki Testbed." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 16, no. 4 (August 30, 2007): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2007/0221.

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6

Grenzdörffer, G. J. "Crop height determination with UAS point clouds." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1 (November 7, 2014): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-135-2014.

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The accurate determination of the height of agricultural crops helps to predict yield, biomass etc. These relationships are of great importance not only for crop production but also in grassland management, because the available biomass and food quality are valuable information. However there is no cost efficient and automatic system for the determination of the crop height available. 3D-point clouds generated from high resolution UAS imagery offer a new alternative. Two different approaches for crop height determination are presented. The "difference method" were the canopy height is determined by taking the difference between a current UAS-surface model and an existing digital terrain model (DTM) is the most suited and most accurate method. In situ measurements, vegetation indices and yield observations correlate well with the determined UAS crop heights.
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7

Golay, Francis, Guillaume Dutilleux, and David Ecotière. "Source Height Determination for Several Sources at the Same Height." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 96, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918345.

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8

Kuhar, Miran, Robert Brglez, and Božo Koler. "Quality determination of mean sea level heights with GNSS levelling on the Ljubljana city area." Geodetski vestnik 65, no. 02 (2021): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2021.02.219-233.

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This paper describes the quality determination of heights above mean sea level using RTK GNSS-levelling and new height reference surface SLO_VRP2016/Koper on the city area of Ljubljana. At 57 chosen benchmarks, quasigeoid heights were determined using ellipsoidal heights, determined with RTK GNNS-levelling technique and heights above mean sea level in the new height system SVS2010. The measured quasigeoid heights were compared with values interpolated from the new height reference surface SLO_VRP2016/Koper.
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9

Shkaruba, M. V., and D. I. Danilov. "DETERMINATION OF LOW-DRAINED SUBSTATIONS HEIGHT." Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines 5, no. 3 (2017): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2310-9793-2017-5-3-140-144.

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10

Chaudhary, Shalini, and Sarvesh. "Personal Height Determination from Head Length." Medico-Legal Update 14, no. 1 (2014): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0974-1283.14.1.016.

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11

Mamy, R., X. Zaoui, J. Barrau, and A. Chevy. "Au/InSe Schottky barrier height determination." Revue de Physique Appliquée 25, no. 9 (1990): 947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01990002509094700.

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12

Ji, Zhaohui, Zhaohui Shang, and Qiuhe Peng. "Scale height determination of spiral galaxies." Science in China Series A: Mathematics 40, no. 3 (March 1997): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02874528.

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13

Koler, Božo, Tilen Urbančič, and Žiga Kobale. "Determination of the height transformation surface in an area of eastern Slovenia." Geodetski vestnik 66, no. 03 (2022): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2022.03.351-366.

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In this work, we analyzed the quality of height transformation between the old height system SVS2000 (vertical datum Trieste) and the new height system SVS2010 (vertical datum Koper). Based on the height differences of the benchmarks between the old and the new height systems stabilised in the area of eastern Slovenia, we determined the height transformation surface for two areas of different sizes. For both areas we analyzed the influence of different interpolation methods and the influence of using height differences of benchmarks of different orders of the levelling net. We found that the quality of height transformation is satisfactory for most surveying services. We have also analyzed the quality of the height transformation based on the average height difference of the benchmarks by using the SiVis software, which is intended for the transformation of ellipsoidal heights obtained by GNSS measurements, between the old and the new height systems.
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14

Harrita, S., and Archana Santhanam. "Determination of Physical Height Using Clinical Crown Height of Deciduous Teeth." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 13, no. 4 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2019.00255.x.

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15

Kearsley, A. W. H., and R. M. Eckels. "The determination of the geoid-spheroid separation for GPS levelling and applications." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989185.

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The heights which are obtained from global positioning system (GPS) satellite observations are measured with respect to an earth-centred ellipsoid and are not, as a result, generally useful for surveying and engineering. In order to become useful they must be transformed into orthometric heights, that is, heights which are measured with respect to the actual level reference surface termed the geoid. The parameter which enables this transformation is N, the geoid height or geoid-ellipsoid separation.This paper reviews the capabilities of the GPS system for height measurements, describes the various methods used to evaluate N from gravimetry, and explores the suitability of these methods in the various applications in which height measurements from the GPS may be used.
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16

Mukhamadsadikov, Kamaljon Jamalovich. "DETERMINATION OF INSTALLATION ANGLE AND HEIGHT WORKING BODY OF THE PRESEEDING LEVELER." American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology 02, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajast/volume02issue05-06.

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The article defines the installation angle and the height of the working body of the preplant equalizer depending on the movement of the soil in front of the working body and the friction force between the working body and the soil.
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17

Hasanov, A. A., U. R. Guluzade, and L. B. Farzaliyeva. "DETERMINATION OF THE HEIGHT OF COUNTERCURRENT SPRAYING EXTRACTORS FOR PURIFICATION OF SEWAGES." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 4 (December 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2018-4-39-44.

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18

Wilson, Darrell M. "Regular Monitoring of Bone Age Is Not Useful in Children Treated With Growth Hormone." Pediatrics 104, Supplement_5 (October 1, 1999): 1036–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.104.s5.1036.

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Although bone age estimates are traditionally used to monitor children receiving growth hormone therapy, few data support this practice. Bone age determination is fraught with technical difficulties, resulting in high interobserver differences. Longitudinal studies show that an individual's bone age can change erratically over time. The resulting errors in predicted adult heights based on these bone age determinations are large. Moreover, growth hormone therapy appears to accelerate bone maturation. The radiographic evidence of this acceleration can be delayed. In this setting, improvements in predicted adult heights can be artifactually large. Routine monitoring of bone age during GH therapy is unnecessary. Bayley and Pinneau, bone age determination, Greulich and Pyle, predicted height, radiography, Tanner and Whitehouse.
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19

Lalwani, Murli, Jayanthi Yadav, Arneet Arora, and B. P. Dubey. "Determination of Sex from Cranial Length, Cranial Height and Length-Height Index." Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine 39, no. 3 (2017): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0848.2017.00050.1.

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20

Elvin, Niell G., Alex A. Elvin, and Steven P. Arnoczky. "Correlation between Ground Reaction Force and Tibial Acceleration in Vertical Jumping." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 23, no. 3 (August 2007): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.23.3.180.

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Modern electronics allow for the unobtrusive measurement of accelerations outside the laboratory using wireless sensor nodes. The ability to accurately measure joint accelerations under unrestricted conditions, and to correlate them with jump height and landing force, could provide important data to better understand joint mechanics subject to real-life conditions. This study investigates the correlation between peak vertical ground reaction forces, as measured by a force plate, and tibial axial accelerations during free vertical jumping. The jump heights calculated from force-plate data and accelerometer measurements are also compared. For six male subjects participating in this study, the average coefficient of determination between peak ground reaction force and peak tibial axial acceleration is found to be 0.81. The coefficient of determination between jump height calculated using force plate and accelerometer data is 0.88. Data show that the landing forces could be as high as 8 body weights of the jumper. The measured peak tibial accelerations ranged up to 42 g. Jump heights calculated from force plate and accelerometer sensors data differed by less than 2.5 cm. It is found that both impact accelerations and landing forces are only weakly correlated with jump height (the average coefficient of determination is 0.12). This study shows that unobtrusive accelerometers can be used to determine the ground reaction forces experienced in a jump landing. Whereas the device also permitted an accurate determination of jump height, there was no correlation between peak ground reaction force and jump height.
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21

Mateus, Pedro, Virgílio B. Mendes, and Carlos A. L. Pires. "Global Empirical Models for Tropopause Height Determination." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 4303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174303.

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The calculation of the tropopause height is crucial to the investigation of fundamental interactions between the troposphere and stratosphere, playing an essential role in areas such as climatology, geodesy, geophysics, ecology, and aeronautics. Since the troposphere and stratosphere have many distinct features, it is possible to define the boundary between them using different variables, such as temperature lapse rate, potential vorticity and chemical concentrations. However, according to the chosen variable, different tropopause definitions are created, each one with some limitations. Using 41 years of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5) data, we examined the variability of the tropopause for the north and south hemispheres and developed two models, both based on blending the potential vorticity and thermal tropopauses. One model (based on a sigmoid function, named STH) depends only on latitude and day of the year, while the other model (based on bilinear interpolation, named BTH) requires an additional look-up table. In order to account for the different behaviors of the tropopauses in the north and south hemispheres, we estimated two sets of model coefficients (one for each hemisphere). When compared against a benchmark of estimated tropopause heights during three years of radiosonde data, we obtained an average RMSE for the differences of 0.88 km for the STH model and 0.67 km for the BTH model. A similar comparison for alternative models available in the literature shows that the new models have superior performance and represent a significant improvement in tropopause height determination.
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22

Dimoulas, Stergios, Basil Psarianos, Constantinos Antoniou, and Sophia Vardaki. "Powered two-wheeler rider eye-height determination." Transportation Letters 6, no. 2 (February 16, 2014): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1942787514y.0000000012.

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23

Miettinen, L., M. Myllys, J. Merikoski, and J. Timonen. "Experimental determination of KPZ height-fluctuation distributions." European Physical Journal B 46, no. 1 (July 2005): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2005-00235-y.

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24

Masry, S. E. "AN AUTOMATIC METHOD FOR HEIGHT PROFILE DETERMINATION." Photogrammetric Record 7, no. 42 (August 26, 2006): 728–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01212.x.

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25

Prata, A. "Cloud-top height determination using ATSR data." Remote Sensing of Environment 59, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(96)00071-5.

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26

Dang, Yamin, Chuanlu Cheng, Junyong Chen, and Peng Zhang. "Geodetic height determination in 2005 Qomolangma survey." Geo-spatial Information Science 10, no. 2 (January 2007): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11806-007-0042-z.

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27

Zhan, Bing Gen, Yi Dong Ruan, and Ding Han. "Determination of Ultimate Filling Height of Slag Subgrade with FEM Modelling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 188 (June 2012): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.188.84.

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To use slag in high subgrade reasonably and effectively, the filling height limit was investigated. The viscoelasticity parameters of slag in a ascertain graduation were gained by viscoelasticity constitutive model and indoor creep test. The differential settlement values (DSV) of subgrade surface at various filling heights were obtained by the finite element modelling. The research results show that the DSVs on subgrade surface increase with the filling height. According to the effects of DSV on pavement structures, four grades of differential settlement from low to high were divided, the ultimate filling heights of slag were evaluated correspondingly.
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28

Pattanashetti, Vinay, Ashok Kuppusamy, and Nishesh Bista. "GPS Orbit Determination for Glacier Height Monitoring Satellite." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 1605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.1605ecst.

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Glacier height is determined by the range and orbit height of the satellite. The Range (R) is measured between the satellite and the surface of glacier using a space-borne altimeter. The satellite orbit height (H) is measured from the reference ellipsoid using Global Positioning System (GPS). The difference of orbital height and the altimeter range (H-R) is termed as the glacier height 'h.' Accuracy of the glacier height depends on the precise measurement of both orbital height and altimeter range. The orbital height measured using GPS is accurate compared to all the other tracking systems available. The optimal estimate of the satellite position is obtained using the ODTK tool by setting the mathematical model of the equation of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite and the GPS measurements by applying Kalman filtering.
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29

Saari, Timo, Markku Poutanen, Veikko Saaranen, Harri Kaartinen, Antero Kukko, and Sonja Lahtinen. "HEIGHT DETERMINATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE NEXT NATIONAL HEIGHT SYSTEM OF FINLAND - A CASE STUDY." Geodesy and Cartography 41, no. 4 (December 17, 2015): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2015.1120387.

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Precise levelling is known for its accuracy and reliability in height determination, but the process itself is slow, laborious and expensive. We have started a project to study methods for height determination that could decrease the creation time of national height systems without losing the accuracy and reliability that is needed for them. In the pilot project described here, we study some of the alternative techniques with a pilot field test where we compared them with the precise levelling. The purpose of the test is not to evaluate the mutual superiority or suitability of the techniques, but to establish the background for a larger test and to find strong and weak points of each technique. The techniques chosen for this study were precise levelling, Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) levelling, which included static Global Positioning System (GPS) and Virtual Reference Station (VRS) measurements. This research highlighted the differences of the studied techniques and gave insights about the framework and procedure for the later experiments. The research will continue in a larger scale, where the suitability of the techniques regarding the height systems is to be determined.
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30

Thodberg, Hans Henrik, Oskar G. Jenni, Jon Caflisch, Michael B. Ranke, and David D. Martin. "Prediction of Adult Height Based on Automated Determination of Bone Age." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 4868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1429.

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Context: Adult height prediction is a common procedure in pediatric endocrinology, but it is associated with a considerable variability and bias from the bone age rating. Objective: A new method for adult height prediction is presented, based on automated bone age determination. Method: The method predicts the fraction of height left to grow from age and BoneXpert bone age. This is refined by drawing the prediction toward the population mean, or alternatively toward the height predicted from the parents’ heights. Boys’ body mass index and girls’ height at menarche can be included optionally as predictors. Participants: A total of 231 normal children from the First Zurich Longitudinal Study (1ZLS) were followed from age 5 until cessation of growth with annual x-rays of the left hand. A total of 198 normal children from the Third Zurich Longitudinal Study were used for validation. Results: The root mean square error of adult height prediction (Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method in parentheses considered as standard for accuracy) on the 1ZLS was 3.3 cm (3.5 cm) for boys aged 10–15 yr and 2.7 cm (3.1 cm; P < 0.005 for difference to Tanner-Whitehouse 3) for girls aged 8–13 yr. High body mass index before puberty negatively affected adult height of boys, independent of bone age. Conclusions: With the new method, adult height prediction has become objective because the dependence on manual bone age rating is eliminated. The method is well-suited to analyze large studies and provide a consistent body of evidence regarding the relation between maturation, body mass, and growth across populations, conditions, and ethnicities.
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31

Morales Maqueda, M. A., N. T. Penna, S. D. P. Williams, P. R. Foden, I. Martin, and J. Pugh. "Water Surface Height Determination with a GPS Wave Glider: A Demonstration in Loch Ness, Scotland." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 6 (June 2016): 1159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0162.1.

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AbstractA geodetic GPS receiver has been installed on a Wave Glider, an unmanned water surface vehicle. Using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) GPS, which operates globally without directly requiring reference stations, surface heights are measured with ~0.05-m precision. The GPS Wave Glider was tested in Loch Ness, Scotland, by measuring the gradient of the loch’s surface height. The experiment took place under mild weather, with virtually no wind setup along the loch and a wave field made mostly of ripples and wavelets. Under these conditions, the loch’s surface height gradient should be approximately equal to the geoid slope. The PPP surface height gradient and that of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 geoid heights do indeed agree on average along the loch (0.03 m km−1). Also detected are 1) ~0.05-m-sized height changes due to daily water pumping for hydroelectricity generation and 2) high-frequency (0.25–0.5 Hz) oscillations caused by surface waves. The PPP heights compare favorably (~0.02-m standard deviation) with relative carrier phase–based GPS processing. This suggests that GPS Wave Gliders have the potential to autonomously determine centimeter-precise water surface heights globally for lake modeling, and also for applications such as ocean modeling and geoid/mean dynamic topography determination, at least for benign surface states such as those encountered during the reported experiment.
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32

Balandin, V. N., I. V. Menchikov, Yu G. Firsov, and A. I. Efanov. "The determination of height anomaly by satellitic methodes." Geodesy and Cartography 908, no. 2 (March 11, 2016): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2016-908-2-11-16.

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33

Greenfeld, Joshua, and James D. Sens. "Determination of Orthometric Height of NJI2 CORS Station." Journal of Surveying Engineering 129, no. 3 (August 2003): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9453(2003)129:3(110).

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34

Ceylan, Ayhan, and Orhan Baykal. "Precise Height Determination Using Leap-Frog Trigonometric Leveling." Journal of Surveying Engineering 132, no. 3 (August 2006): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9453(2006)132:3(118).

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35

Cheng, Yunshuo, and Ana Maria Ferreira da Silva. "Empirical Equation for Determination of Alternate Bar Height." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 145, no. 11 (November 2019): 04019037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001633.

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36

Shuvalov, V. V., O. P. Popova, V. V. Svettsov, I. A. Trubetskaya, and D. O. Glazachev. "Determination of the height of the “meteoric explosion”." Solar System Research 50, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0038094616010056.

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37

Singher, Liviu. "Step height determination by a focused Gaussian beam." Optical Engineering 34, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.212912.

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38

North, Simon, David A. Blank, and Yuan T. Lee. "Determination of the barrier height to CH3CO dissociation." Chemical Physics Letters 224, no. 1-2 (July 1994): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(94)00506-0.

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39

Ceylan, A., and O. Baykal. "Precise height determination using simultaneous-reciprocal trigonometric levelling." Survey Review 40, no. 308 (April 2008): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/003962608x290997.

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40

Hernández, M. P., C. F. Alonso, and J. L. Peña. "Barrier height determination in homogeneous nonideal Schottky contacts." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 34, no. 8 (April 4, 2001): 1157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/8/305.

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41

Zhao, Jianhu, Hongmei Zhang, and John Hughes Clarke. "Determination of precise instantaneous height at multibeam transducer." Geo-spatial Information Science 10, no. 4 (January 2007): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11806-007-0096-y.

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42

Tandon, Roshni, Aditi Ramesh, Nagalaxmi Velpula, Faisal Taiyebali Zardi, and Madhuri Kanakagiri. "Determination of age and gender using condylar height and coronoid height- An orthopantomographic study." IP International Journal of Maxillofacial Imaging 4, no. 3 (October 15, 2018): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/2581-3838.2018.0022.

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43

Menegbo, Emmanuel. "Determination of orthometric elevations using gnss-derived height with the egm2008 geoid height model." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 5, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v5i1.7190.

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The Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) has imparted positively on civilian positioning & surveying in the horizontal component in Nigeria for the past two decades. The GNSS receivers’ data are longitude, latitude & elevation. However, the vertical distance measurement have not been fully exploited by geodetic and land surveyors. The GNSS derived heights are ellipsoidal elevation. To convert the GNSS elevation to orthometric heights, a geoidal elevation models is needed. The Earth Gravitational Model, 2008 (EGM2008) is a global geoidal models that can be used to obtain GNSS orthometric heights by defining the relationship with the ellipsoid. This work determines GNSS-derived orthometric heights with ellipsoid-geoidal relationship using GPS ellipsoidal heights and EGM2008 geoidal model GIS data. The EGM2008 GIS data was downloaded and interpolated with GPS data to obtain geoidal heights using ArcGIS 10.1. GNSS-derived heights determined with geoid-ellipsoid relationship formula. The result shows minimum elevation of -2.37599m and maximum elevation of 53.8566m.The derived orthometric heights use to create a model in raster format. The orthometric elevation models created useful in all vertical surveying work, construction work and urban planning. The GNSS orthometric heights models need to be compare with spirit levelling and the local geoidal model determined for improve accuracy.
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Mikita, Tomáš, Martin Klimánek, and Miloš Cibulka. "Evaluation of airborne laser scanning data for tree parameters and terrain modelling in forest environment." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 5 (2013): 1339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051339.

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The aim of this article is to analyse possibilities of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data utilization in forestry, especially for the purposes of terrain modelling and for forest inventory (determination of forest height, diameter breast height and volume – DBH). The accuracy of ALS data in forestry was tested on the area of 1.5 ha. On this area the topography and location of all trees as well as their heights were surveyed in detail by means of total station. Firstly, the altitudinal accuracy of ALS for the creation of digital elevation model (DEM) was evaluated, based on the comparison with relief measurement. The research also evaluated different data sources from various types of scanners with a different point density per m2. Further, we compared tree heights determined from ALS data by different ways of interpolation into canopy height model (CHM) with the surveyed data, following calculations of DBH (diameter breast height) and tree volume based on the regressions. The results show sufficient data accuracy for the creation of DEM. Concerning tree height determination, the data is also useful although the accuracy is slightly lower, there is a slight undervaluation of the tree heights. Concerning using high point density data at full waveform scanner it is also possible to detect skidding tracks and micro-relief details. Anyway we did not find sufficient accuracy for DBH and tree volume at the scale of individual trees, but ALS data still gives better results for tree height, DBH and timber volume for larger forest stands than usual inventory.
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45

Mekjavic, I. B., and M. E. Rempel. "Determination of esophageal probe insertion length based on standing and sitting height." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.1.376.

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The present study derives simple formulas for the prediction of optimal insertion length of an esophageal temperature-sensitive probe from the measurements of either standing or sitting height. The formulas assume that the optimal site for an esophageal temperature probe is in the region of the esophagus bounded by the left ventricle and aorta, corresponding to the level of the eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae (T8 and T9, respectively). An esophageal probe was constructed of polyethylene tubing containing 1-cm segments of alternating radiopaque and nonradiopaque tubing in the distal 20 cm of the probe. The probe was inserted through a nostril into the esophagus of 20 subjects (12 males and 8 females) of various heights (range 163-194.6 cm) and weights (range 52.2-100.8 kg), and lateral chest radiograms were obtained for determination of the insertion length of the probe (L) required to situate the probe in the retrocardiac esophagus. Analysis of the radiograms demonstrated that, at the level of the intervertebral disc between T8 and T9, the probe was below the tracheal bifurcation and close to the left ventricle. The distance from the nasal flare to this level showed a good correlation with the subject's stretched stature (r2 = 0.71) and sitting height (r2 = 0.86). The following equations were derived to predict the placement of the esophageal probe at the T8/T9 level based on standing height: L (CM) = 0.228 x (standing height) - 0.194, and sitting height: L (cm) = 0.479 x (sitting height) - 4.44.
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46

Singh, Andy, Katharina Luening, Sean Brennan, Takayuki Homma, Nobuhiro Kubo, Stanisław H. Nowak, and Piero Pianetta. "Determination of copper nanoparticle size distributions with total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577516015484.

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Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis is extensively used by the semiconductor industry for measuring trace metal contamination on silicon surfaces. In addition to determining the quantity of impurities on a surface, TXRF can reveal information about the vertical distribution of contaminants by measuring the fluorescence signal as a function of the angle of incidence. In this study, two samples were intentionally contaminated with copper in non-deoxygenated and deoxygenated ultrapure water (UPW) resulting in impurity profiles that were either atomically dispersed in a thin film or particle-like, respectively. The concentration profile of the samples immersed into deoxygenated UPW was calculated using a theoretical concentration profile representative of particles, yielding a mean particle height of 16.1 nm. However, the resulting theoretical profile suggested that a distribution of particle heights exists on the surface. The fit of the angular distribution data was further refined by minimizing the residual error of a least-squares fit employing a model with a Gaussian distribution of particle heights about the mean height. The presence of a height distribution was also confirmed with atomic force microscopy measurements.
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47

Rummel, R. "Height unification using GOCE." Journal of Geodetic Science 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10156-011-0047-2.

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AbstractWith the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) (preferably combined with the gravity field and climate experiment (GRACE)) a new generation of geoid models will become available for use in height determination. These models will be globally consistent, accurate (<3 cm) and with a spatial resolution up to degree and order 200, when expressed in terms of a spherical harmonic expansion. GOCE is a mission of the European Space Agency (ESA). It is the first satellite equipped with a gravitational gradiometer, in the case of GOCE it measures the gradient components Vxx , Vyy, Vzzand Vxz. The GOCE gravitational sensor system comprises also a geodetic global positioning system (GPS)-receiver, three star sensors and ion-thrusters for drag compensation in flight direction. GOCE was launched in March 2009 and will fly till the end of 2013. Several gravity models have been derived from its data, their maximum degree is typically between 240 and 250. In summer 2012 a first re-processing of all level-1b data took place. One of the science objectives of GOCE is the unification of height systems. The existing height offsets among the datum zones can be determined by least-squares adjustment. This requires several precise geodetic reference points available in each height datum zone, physical heights from spirit levelling (plus gravimetry), the GOCE geoid and, in addition, short wavelength geoid refinement from terrestrial gravity anomalies. GOCE allows for important simplifications of the functional and stochastic part of the adjustment model. The future trend will be the direct determination of physical heights (orthometric as well as normal) from precise global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-positioning in combination with a next generation combined satellite-terrestrial high-resolution geoid model.
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Liebsch, Gunter, Joachim Schwabe, Patrick Westfeld, and Christophe Förste. "Improving the geodetic infrastructure for bathymetry and 3D navigation in the German exclusive economic zone of the North and Baltic Sea." International Hydrographic Review 28 (November 1, 2022): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.58440/ihr-28-a17.

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Surveying and navigation became much easier, more accurate and operational thanks to the Global Positioning System. The use of this technology in height determination, bathymetry and 3-D navigation is not only limited by the reduced accuracy compared to the horizontal component. It supposes additional information about the geodetic height reference surface in order to leverage the full potential of this technology. The corresponding models, measurements and activities which are necessary to improve this part of the geodetic infrastructure are usually behind the curtain. This article emphasizes the need of a common cross-border geodetic infrastructure and the relevance of precise models of the height reference surface for GNSS-aided height determinations. The need of gravimetric surveys for the determination and improvement of these models is explained. Finally, it gives an overview about the gravimetric surveys which were carried out in the German Exclusive Zone of the North and Baltic Sea over more than one decade and provides some insight into practical aspects and challenges of this kind of surveys.
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Herbert, Tata, and Raufu Ibrahim Olatunji. "Comparative Analysis of Change between Ellipsoidal Height Differences and Equivalent Orthometric Height Difference." Ghana Journal of Geography 12, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v12i1.7.

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Height is an important component in the determination of the position of a point. The study aimed at performing a comparative analysis of change between ellipsoidal height differences and the equivalent orthometric height difference of points. A hi-target Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) was used to acquire GPS data with an occupation period of thirty (30) minutes on each point, which were processed using Hi-target Geomatics Office (HGO) software to obtain the ellipsoidal heights. An automatic level instrument was used to acquire leveling data, which were processed using the height of collimation method to obtain the orthometric heights. A total of fifty (50) points were occupied as common points for both the GPS and levelling observations at 20-meter intervals. The accuracy of the height difference was determined using standard deviation with the ellipsoidal height difference as 53.59cm and the orthometric height as 53.07cm respectively. A Root Mean Square Error value of 0.0621m was obtained as the accuracy of the change between the two height differences. Statistical analysis using the independent-sample Z test was used to analyze the data at a 5% significant level. The result shows no significant difference in the performance of the two height systems. It is worthy to note that GPS and spirit levelling height differences can be used interchangeably for any heighting in short distances for surveying and engineering applications.
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Ansah, Emmanuel Owusu, Chrissie Stansie Abaidoo, Thomas Diby, Atta Kusi Appiah, Obed Ohene-Djan Atuahene, Nancy Darkoa Darko, and Joshua Tetteh. "A PRELIMINARY ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY OF HEIGHT AND SEX DETERMINATION USING PERCUTANEOUS ULNAR AND FEMORAL LENGTHS." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 5, no. 1.3 (March 31, 2017): 3638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.127.

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