Journal articles on the topic 'Hebrew language Compound words'
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Libben, Gary, Mira Goral, and R. Harald Baayen. "What does constituent priming mean in the investigation of compound processing?" Mental Lexicon 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00001.lib.
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Abstract Most dictionary definitions for the term compound word characterize it as a word that itself contains two or more words. Thus, a compound word such as goldfish is composed of the constituent words gold and fish. In this report, we present evidence that compound words such as goldfish might not contain the words gold and fish, but rather positionally bound compound constituents (e.g., gold- and -fish) that are distinct and often in competition with their whole word counterparts. This conceptualization has significant methodological consequences: it calls into question the assumption that, in a traditional visual constituent priming paradigm, the participant can be said to be presented with constituents as primes. We claim that they are not presented with constituents. Rather, they are presented with competing free-standing words. We present evidence for the processing of Hebrew compound words that supports this perspective by revealing that, counter-intuitively, prime constituent frequency has an attenuating effect on constituent priming. We relate our findings to previous findings in the study of German compound processing to show that the effect that we report is fundamentally morphological rather than positional or visual in nature. In contrast to German in which compounds are always head-final morphologically, Hebrew compounds are always head initial. In addition, whereas German compounds are written as single words, Hebrew compounds are always written with spaces between constituents. Thus, the commonality of patterning across German and Hebrew is independent of visual form and constituent ordering, revealing, as we claim, core features of the constituent priming paradigm and compound processing.
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Berman, Ruth A., Ronit Nayditz, and Dorit Ravid. "Linguistic diagnostics of written texts in two school-age populations." Written Language and Literacy 14, no. 2 (September 8, 2011): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.14.2.01ber.
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The paper considers the writing abilities of Hebrew-speaking grade school and middle school students from mid-high compared with low SES backgrounds, as reflected in stories and compositions they wrote on the topic of friendship. A range of linguistic means of expression were employed as diagnostic of school-age written text construction, focusing on the lexicon and including both devices applicable in different languages (overall text length in words and clauses, syntactic clause density, and lexical diversity and density as reflected in proportions of content words) as well as Hebrew-specific features (verb-pattern morphology and construct-state noun compounds). Analyses showed these features to differentiate across the independent variables of the study-age-schooling level, and SES background, and text genre (narrative vs. expository). In terms of genre, expository-type essays usually had denser and more lexically diverse texture than stories. In developmental perspective, lexical diagnostics improved in the texts produced by 13–14 year-olds in comparison with those of 9–10 year-olds. Finally, texts produced by middle-class children attending well-established schools were in general of better lexical quality than those produced by children from disadvantaged backgrounds attending low-achieving schools. Keywords:linguistic usage; school-age language development; SES background; discourse genre; clause length; text length, lexical quality; Hebrew
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Khateb, Asaid, Ibrahim A. Asadi, Shiraz Habashi, and Sebastian Peter Korinth. "Role of Morphology in Visual Word Recognition: A Parafoveal Preview Study in Arabic Using Eye-Tracking." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 1030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1206.02.
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Words in Semitic languages such as Arabic and Hebrew are composed of two interwoven morphemes: roots and word patterns (verbal and nominal). Studies exploring the organizing principles of the mental lexicon in Hebrew reported robust priming effects by roots and verbal patterns, but not by nominal patterns. In Arabic, prior studies have produced some inconsistent results. Using the eye-tracking methodology, this study investigated whether the Arabic morphological classes (i.e., root, verbal pattern, nominal pattern) presented parafoveally would facilitate naming of foveally presented words among young native Arabic skilled readers. Results indicate that roots and both word patterns accelerated word naming latencies, suggesting that morphological knowledge contributed to word recognition processes in Arabic. The inclusion of the three morpheme classes into one study represents so far the most comprehensive study of morphological priming effects in Arabic.
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TYSHCHENKO-MONASTYRSKA, O. O. "BORROWINGS AS A MEANS OF COINING STYLISTIC SYNONYMS IN THE KRYMCHAK LANGUAGE." Movoznavstvo 321, no. 6 (December 7, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-321-2021-6-004.
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Stylistic synonymy or hendiadys (Latinized from Old Greek έν διά δυοȋν «one through two») is an important feature frequently detected in Ottoman Turkish literary standard texts. Simultaneously several scholars found it as a prominent feature of the Bible language, precisely in Old Testament. Thus, it is not surprising to find it in the fragment of Book of Daniel in Krymchak manuscript, Yosif Gabai’s jonk, dated to the early 20th century, which is in the possession of the Crimean Ethnographic Museum. As linguistic data proves, Book of Daniel probably was translated much earlier in Ottoman period and represents Hebrew-Turkic translation literature. The translator employed hendiadys by using different strategies of combination, but usually they are two nouns, or two verbs connected by a conjunction. Phrases composed by Turkic and foreign words of the same meaning or synonymic loanwords with Turkic suffixes, expressing one notion. Stylistic figures found in the manuscript are represented by following types: Turkic-Hebrew, Hebrew-Arabic, Arabic-Persian, Persian-Turkic, Arabic-Mongolian, Arabic-Turkic. Some of them could be treated as religious hendiadys. Hendyadyoin is not attested in folklore texts of Yosif Gabai’s Krymchak jonk, but in religion texts, which are variety of standard.
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Noonan, Benjamin J. "A (New) Old Iranian Etymology for Biblical Aramaic אֲדַרְגָּזַר." Aramaic Studies 16, no. 1 (May 24, 2018): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01601002.
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Abstract Despite the many advances that have taken place in our understanding of the Hebrew Bible’s Old Iranian terminology, the donor terms of several words have remained elusive. Among them is Biblical Aramaic אֲדַרְגָּזַר (Dan. 3:2–3). Proposed Old Iranian etymologies for this word suffer from various phonological and semantic difficulties, rendering them unlikely. This paper proposes that Biblical Aramaic אֲדַרְגָּזַר is best derived from *ādrangāžara- ‘announcer of financial obligation’, a compound of *ādranga- ‘financial obligation’ and *āžara- ‘announcer’. A derivation from Old Iranian *ādrangāžara- adequately explains the form of Biblical Aramaic אֲדַרְגָּזַר. Furthermore, this etymology also suits the context well in that אֲדַרְגָּזַר occurs just prior to גְּדָבַר ‘treasurer’ and therefore falls logically within the progression from political administration to finances to law evident in the lists of Nebuchadnezzar’s officials (Dan. 3:2–3).
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Темчин, Сергей Юрьевич. "Кириллический рукописный учебник древнееврейского языка (список XVI в.) и его учебно-методические приемы." Slavistica Vilnensis 58, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2013.2.1436.
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В статье обосновывается характеристика недавно обнаруженного рукописного кириллического учебника древнееврейского языка, созданного совместными усилиями православных и иудейских книжников, как учебного пособия, с методической точки зрения значительно превосходящего иные восточнославянские двуязычные справочные материалы того же времени. С этой целью подробно описаны применяемые в нем приемы, направленные на такую подачу языкового и сопутствующего текстового (религиозно-культурного) материала, которая облегчила бы его усвоение потенциальным читателем. Методическую сторону рассматриваемого памятника письменности следует признать одним из результатов еврейского вклада в его создание.Ключевые слова: Великое княжество Литовское, кириллическая письменность, иудейско-христианские отношения, древнееврейский язык, руськамова, библейские переводы, жидовствующие....Sergei TemchinCyrillic 16th-century manuscript “Manual of Hebrew” and its teaching methods A concise Manual of Hebrew, recently discovered in a Cyrillic manuscript miscellany of the 3rd quarter of the 16th century (Moscow, the Russian State Archive of Early Acts, F. Mazurin collection (f. 196), inventory 1, No 616, f. 124–130) is very important for the history of the Ruthenian written culture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Manual of Hebrew comprises material of three different kinds: a) some excerpts from the original Hebrew Old Testament text (Ge 2.8, 32.27–28; Ps 150; So 3.4 (or 8.2), 8.5; Is 11.12) written in Cyrillic characters; b) a bilingual Hebrew–Ruthenian vocabulary with explanatory notes; c) small quotations from the Ruthenian text of three Old Testament books (Genesis, Isaiah, Song of Songs).The meta-language used in the Manual of Hebrew is Ruthenian. The translations present in the Manual had been made directly from Hebrew. A comparison of the quotations from the Song of Songs found in the Manual and all the known Cyrillic and Glagolitic versions of this book (referring to both the manuscript and the printed sources of different periods) reveals their principal coincidence with the Ruthenian translation found in the Vilnius Old Testament Florilegium (Vilnius, Wróblewskie Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, F 19–262). The originals of the two manuscripts probably originated in the 2nd half of the 15th century in the circle of the learned Kievan Jew Zachariah ben Aaron ha-Kohen who is also known as Skhariya, the initiator of the Novgorod movementof the Judaizers (1471–1504).The Cyrillic Manual of Hebrew is a clear evidence of this language being taught/learned in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the late 15th–early 16th century. The learning material and its presentation methods reveal a quite elaborate (although inconsistently implemented) pedagogical approach which puts the Manual aside from the rest of early East Slavic glossaries of the same or earlier date. Thus, the Manual presents, among other features: a) a number of original Hebrew texts written in Cyrillic, divided into small portions (each with a Ruthenian translation) which are then put together to form a continuoustext; b) certain trilingual glossary entries where Hebrew, “Greek” (in reality Slavic borrowings from Greek) and Slavic words are juxtaposed, while in other cases double translations in two different Slavic languages (Ruthenian and Old Church Slavonic) are given; c) some long elaborated definitions, sometimes containing synonymous variants or alternative translations; d) information about the sources of variant Hebrew forms or their meanings; e) information on certain grammatical (gender, plural, possessive) forms and word formation (compounds), etc.It is beyond doubt that the Cyrillic manuscript “Manual of Hebrew” is a result of joint efforts of Jewish and East Slavic bookmen, but the relatively high level of pedagogical and linguistic sophistication of the joint result is to be ascribed to the Jewish compilers of the Manual rather than to their East Slavic co-authors.
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Haykal, Aḥmed. "Al-Afrād (Word Choice) in Uri Rubin's Hebrew Translation of the Qur'an." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 19, no. 2 (June 2017): 210–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2017.0293.
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Al-afrād are Qur'anic words which always carry their original meaning in the language, departing from such meanings in only one situation where they take on another specific meaning. The first scholar to address the subject of al-afrād was Muqātil b. Sulaymān, whose comments on this phenomenon are interspersed throughout his tafsīr. Abū’l-Ḥusayn al-Malaṭī cited a number of these in his al-Tanbīh wa'l-radd ʿalā ahl al-ahwāʾ wa'l-bidʿ, while Aḥmad b. Fāris composed a muṣannaf entitled al-Afrād, which likewise benefits from Muqātil's work and in which he dealt with 34 of these terms. Al-Zarkashī quoted al-Afrād in its entirety in his al-Burhān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān, and added a further ten terms of his own. In his al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī also quoted Ibn Fāris’ list, as well as the majority of those mentioned by al-Zarkashī, to which he adds another four words. These observations form the starting point of this study. The introduction reviews Uri Rubin's choice of words in his Hebrew translation of the Qur'an (Tel Aviv, 2005) with a view to analysing the Hebrew equivalents to the Qur'anic terms chosen by the translator. This will be done by comparing them to the words used in the Qur'an, and with reference to the tafsīr and the wujūh wa'l-naẓāʾir. On the basis of this, we are able to gauge the extent to which the translator has succeeded in offering relevant equivalents to the singular meaning intended in the Qur'an, and correct it if needed. This study will be confined to the following afrād: al-burūj, al-barr, al-baḥr, jithiyyan, rayb, al-ṣawm, al-ẓulumāt, al-nūr, al-qunūt, liʾalā, miṣbāḥ, al-rijz, al-rajm, al-zakāt, al-Shayṭān, al-ṣalāt, al-ʿadhāb, al-nikāḥ, and al-zūr.
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Ovchinnikova, Irina Germanovna. "Working on Сomputer-Assisted Translation platforms: New advantages and new mistakes." Russian Journal of Linguistics 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 544–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9182-2019-23-2-544-561.
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The paper presents analysis of errors in translation on the CAT platform Smartcat, which accumulates all tools for computer-assisted translation (CAT) including a machine translation (MT) system and translation memory (TM). The research is conducted on the material of the translation on Smartcat platform (a joint project of a tourist guide translation (35,000 words) from Hebrew to Russian, English, and French). The errors on the CAT platform disclose difficulties in mastering text semantic coherence and stylistic features. The influence of English as lingua franca appears in peculiar orthographic and punctuation errors in the target text in Russian. Peculiar errors in translation on the CAT platform reveal the necessity of advanced technological competence in translators. The peculiar errors uncover problems associated with a source text segmentation into sentences. The segmentation can trigger a translator to preserve the sentence boundaries and use a Russian complicated compound sentence that provoke punctuation errors. Difficulties of the anaphora resolution in distant semantically coherent segments are also associated with the source text segmentation and working window formatting. A joint project presupposes different translators to translate different files of the source document. To generate the coherence, contiguity and integrity of the whole document, the files have to be revised by a third-party editor to avoid conflict of interest. The editor-reviser is also responsible for improving the target text pragmatic and genre characteristics while applying top-down strategy to target text analysis. Thus, the translator’s errors while applying CAT tools reveal the effect of bottom-up text processing alongside with cross-language interference.
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Omar, Niveen, Karen Banai, and Bracha Nir. "Learning beyond words." Mental Lexicon 16, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2021): 397–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.20030.oma.
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Abstract Learning multimorphemic words involves the simultaneous learning of two hierarchically organized categories. In such words, sub-lexical units usually encode superordinate categories, whereas whole words encode exemplars of these categories. Complex, non-linear word structure is common in Semitic languages and can be used to probe the learning of multiple form-meaning associations. The aim of this study was to investigate how well Hebrew-speaking adults learn the dual form-meaning relationships that reflect different categorical levels following a few exposures to novel Hebrew-like words. Twenty-four native Hebrew-speakers were exposed to novel words through an interactive video story. Following a few exposures to the words, the learning of the exemplars was tested in a three-alternative-forced-choice identification test. The learning of the sub-lexical morphemes and the categories they encode were tested in generalization tests. The results show that a few exposures to novel, morphologically and conceptually complex words are sufficient to allow unsupervised simultaneous learning of two hierarchical categories even though the superordinate was not explicitly represented in the input.
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Cohen, Evan-Gary. "Loanword phonology in Modern Hebrew." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 11, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01101012.
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Abstract The phonology of loanwords often differs from the phonology of native words in various aspects. These differences are evident in the prosodic structure and even the segmental inventory. The differences between the loanword and native phonology, however, are not necessarily stable, and it is often the case that what originated as phonological structures in loanwords which were illicit in the native vocabulary eventually overrode the native norm, bringing about diachronic change to the phonology of the native words. Hebrew is no exception in this respect. The stress system of loanwords differs from that of native words, with the latter’s system undergoing changes inter alia due to the effect of loanwords (e.g. ante-penultimate stress, immobile stress patterns). The licit syllable structure inventory of native Hebrew words has been expanded to include loaned structures (e.g. complex codas, triconsonantal structures), and the phonemic inventory of Hebrew now includes several consonants originating in loanwords (e.g. ʒ and d͡ʒ).
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Budiarta, I. Wayan. "Compound Words In Dawan Language." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.2.1.45.1-15.
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The purpose of this study is to find out the structure of compound words and the types of compound words in Dawan language. This study belongs to qualitative research as it aimed to describe qualitatively the structure and the types of compound words in Dawan language. The data are taken from language consultants (informants) of Dawan language speaker. In collecting the data, the researcher prepares questionnaire and applied interview method. The result of analysis showed that compound words in Dawan language are structured by combining two different words whether the words in the same category or different category. The structure of compound words are built by combining noun (N) with noun (N), for instance mais-oni ‘sugar’ which is built by the noun mais ‘salt’ and the noun oni ‘sweet’; noun (N) with verb (V), for instnace bife-anaot ‘prostitute’ which is built by the noun bife ‘woman’ and the verb anaot ‘work’; verb (V) with noun (N), for instance poni-haano ‘propose’ which is built by the verb poni ‘hang’ and the noun hauno ‘leaf’; verb (V) with verb (V), for instance fua-tulu ‘worship’ which is built by the verb fua ‘see’ and the verb tulu ‘give’; and noun (N) with adjective (Adj), for instance ume-kbubu ‘kitchen’ which is built by the noun ume ‘house’ and the adjective kbubu ‘circle’. Further analysis on the compound words showed that they can also be classified into noun head word, verb head word, and adjective head word. Keywords: compound words, noun head word, verb head word, adjective head word.
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Levy, Isabelle. "Immanuel of Rome’s Bisbidis: An Italian Maqāma?" Medieval Encounters 27, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 78–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340095.
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Abstract Although Immanuel of Rome’s Bisbidis abounds with onomatopoeic inventiveness, it has received little critical attention aside from its status as a curiosity: a dazzling poem by the only Italian Jew with extant medieval Italian lyrics. While this paper explores Immanuel’s familiarity with works by Cecco Angiolieri, Dante Alighieri, and other duecento Italian poets, it aims to demonstrate the ways in which Bisbidis embodies the medieval Hebrew-via-Arabic genre of the maqāma. After providing background on secular medieval Hebrew literature composed in the Mediterranean region and situating Immanuel’s composition in its literary-historical context, I evaluate several components – including thematic, formal, and philological correspondences – that Bisbidis shares with the Hebrew maqāma.
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Sadaa, Maysaa Jabar, and Hamid marhoon hamad. ""Words of threat in Hebrew language- Pragmatic study"." Journal of the College of languages, no. 46 (June 1, 2022): 368–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2022.0.46.0368.
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המחקר הזה שופך אור על טרמינולוגית האיום בלשון העברית על ידי ניתוח פרגמטי של כמה מודלים לשוניים, בנוסף להצגת סוגי האיום הבסיסיים, וסקירת התנאים למימושם. כמו כן, נדון ביחס השימוש בשני פעולות הדיבור "ההזהרה וההבטחה" עם פעולת האיום, ובגילוי כיצד להשיג באמצעותם, שכן הנמען מתמודד עם קושי להבחין בין שלושת הפעליםהללו. האיום הוא אחת פעולות הדיבור הבולטות שבהן נוקט הדובר כאמצעי להשגת מטרות מסוימות הקשורות לעניין אישי ולפי תנאים ספציפיים. ניתן להבין את האיום על ידי הסתמכות על ידע של היבטים מסוימים, כול: (הקשר פנימי וחיצוני, נסיבות שבהן הושמע האיום המילולי, הסמכות הן של המוען והן של הנמען, וסוג המטרה שיש להשיג, בין אם היא חיובית או שלילית). מחקר זה הגיע למסקנה כי מעשה האיום מכל הסוגים הוא אמצעי יעיל להשגת מטרות אינדיבידואליות וקולקטיביות. עוד הגיע למסקנה שסוג האיום הנפוץ ביותר בעברית הוא "איום עקיף" מכיוון שניתן לבטא אותו בדרכים שונים באמצעות פעולות דיבור אחרות.
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Ingraham, Loring J., Frances Chard, Marcia Wood, and Allan F. Mirsky. "An Hebrew Language Version of the Stroop Test." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 1 (August 1988): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.187.
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We present normative data from a Hebrew language version of the Stroop color-word test. In this sample of college-educated Israeli young adults, 18 women and 28 men with a mean age of 28.4 yr. completed a Hebrew language Stroop test. When compared with 1978 English language norms of Golden, Hebrew speakers were slower on color-word reading and color naming, similar on naming the color of incongruently colored names of colors, and showed less interference. Slowed color-word reading and color-naming may reflect the two-syllable length of the Hebrew names for one-syllable length English language colors; reduced interference may reflect the exclusion of vowels in much Hebrew printing and subjects' ability to provide competing, nonconflicting words while naming the color of words in which the hue and the lexical content do not match.
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Kassim ALWARDY, Zena Ayad. "THE INFLUENCE OF ARABIC LANGUAGE ON THE ISRAELI MILITARY LANGUAGE." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 03 (March 1, 2021): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.3-3.5.
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This study highlights the absorption of Arabic words in all areas of Hebrew speech، Especially In the military field، because the army have a great importance within Israeli society. The Arabic language had a mutual influence and Continuous effect on the Hebrew language throughout the ages and in all it stages، from the Old Testament to the present day. The influence of Arabic on the Hebrew language general because of continued communication between these two languages، they have daily contact in many fields of life. As a result، a great deal of mutual linguistic influence is observed in each language. This study shows that the impact of Arabic words is noted in all linguistic fields. Especially The lexical aspect، Borrowings in Israeli military language can be classified into several linguistic groups، But the lexical borrowings Is the most important among them. In this study we explained how to enrich the Israeli military dictionary by borrowing Arabic words، and we also discussed all the morphological and morphophonological and Semantic processes in loan words and loan expressions. Some of the borrowings from Arabic language undergo morphological and morphophonological changes in the Israeli military Daily speech and some of them undergo semantic changes، all These changes are classified into groups، and According to them we divided the types of borrowing from Arabic language to the Israeli military dictionary، Into two: directly by (borrowing words)، and indirectly by (borrowing meanings).
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Vetus Testamentum, Editors. "HEBREW AND ARAMAIC WORDS AND PHRASES." Vetus Testamentum 42, no. 4 (August 25, 1992): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-042-04-15.
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Peleg, Orna, Tamar Degani, Muna Raziq, and Nur Taha. "Cross-lingual phonological effects in different-script bilingual visual-word recognition." Second Language Research 36, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 653–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658319827052.
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To isolate cross-lingual phonological effects during visual-word recognition, Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals who are native speakers of Spoken Arabic (SA) and proficient readers of both Literary Arabic (LA) and Hebrew, were asked to perform a visual lexical-decision task (LDT) in either LA (Experiment 1) or Hebrew (Experiments 2 and 3). The critical stimuli were non-words in the target language that either sounded like real words in the non-target language (pseudo-homophones) or did not sound like real words. In Experiment 1, phonological effects were obtained from SA to LA (two forms of the same language), but not from Hebrew to LA (two different languages that do not share the same script). However, cross-lingual phonological effects were obtained when participants performed the LDT in their second language, Hebrew (Experiments 2 and 3). Interestingly, while the within-language effect (from SA to LA) was inhibitory, the between-language effect (from SA to Hebrew) was facilitatory. These findings are explained within the Bilingual Interactive Activation plus (BIA+) model which postulates a fully interconnected identification system that provides output to a task/decision system.
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DEGANI, TAMAR, ANAT PRIOR, and WALAA HAJAJRA. "Cross-language semantic influences in different script bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, no. 4 (July 24, 2017): 782–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728917000311.
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The current study examined automatic activation and semantic influences from the non-target language of different-script bilinguals during visual word processing. Thirty-four Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals and 34 native Hebrew controls performed a semantic relatedness task on visually presented Hebrew word pairs. In one type of critical trials, cognate primes between Arabic and Hebrew preceded related Hebrew target words. In a second type, false-cognate primes preceded Hebrew targets related to the Arabic meaning (but not the Hebrew meaning) of the false-cognate. Although Hebrew orthography is a fully reliable cue of language membership, facilitation on cognate trials and interference on false-cognate trials were observed for Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals. The activation of the non-target language was sufficient to influence participants’ semantic decisions in the target language, demonstrating simultaneous activation of both languages even for different-script bilinguals in a single language context. To discuss the findings we refine existing models of bilingual processing to accommodate different-script bilinguals.
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Ben-Dror, Ilana, Ram Frost, and Shlomo Bentin. "Orthographic Representation and Phonemic Segmentation in Skilled Readers: A Cross-Language Comparison." Psychological Science 6, no. 3 (May 1995): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00328.x.
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The long-lasting effect of reading experience in Hebrew and English on phonemic segmentation was examined in skilled readers Hebrew and English orthographies differ in the way they represent phonological information Whereas each phoneme in English is represented by a discrete letter, in unpointed Hebrew most of the vowel information is not conveyed by the print, and, therefore, a letter often corresponds to a CV utterance (i e, a consonant plus a vowel) Adult native speakers of Hebrew or English, presented with words consisting of a consonant, a vowel, and then another consonant, were required to delete the first “sound” of each word and to pronounce the remaining utterance as fast as possible Hebrew speakers deleted the initial CV segment instead of the initial consonant more often than English speakers, for both Hebrew and English words Moreover, Hebrew speakers were significantly slower than English speakers in correctly deleting the initial phoneme, and faster in deleting the whole syllable These results suggest that the manner in which orthography represents phonology not only affects phonological awareness during reading acquisition, but also has a long-lasting effect on skilled readers' intuitions concerning the phonological structure of their spoken language
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Nahir, Moshe. "Corpus planning and codification in the Hebrew Revival." Language Problems and Language Planning 26, no. 3 (December 6, 2002): 271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.26.3.04nah.
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The study of the unprecedented revival of Hebrew in (pre-Israel) Palestine (approx. 1890–1914) has focused on the status of the language, because the revival has been rightly viewed as resulting from status planning. However, corpus planning, or codification, also served as a critical component of the Revival. Though Hebrew had been used for almost two millennia in written form, mainly as a language of religion, codification was needed in several areas — selection and harmonization of pronunciation, unification of spelling, etc. Still, the greatest task was adapting the language lexically to the modern world. Codification went on in Hebrew, in fact, for over a millennium by generations of writers and translators of various types of texts, culminating in the formation of a modern literature, probably the most instrumental factor enabling the Revival. Lexicalization in the Revival itself was partly done by the Hebrew Language Committee, but mostly by individuals. Ben-Yehuda drew words from old texts and created his own as a scholarly activity and to meet his lexical needs as a newspaper publisher and the first Hebrew dictionary compiler. Others included the writer and journalist Ben-Avi and the national poet Bialik, who drew words from earlier texts or created their own only when they needed them. Other individuals coined countless words to meet their communication needs — writers, journalists, educators, translators, publishers, editors, and language-conscious political leaders. Apart from drawing words from old texts with their original or new meanings, methods included: coining new words from old roots; using old, dormant words as different parts of speech; reducing expressions into single words; borrowing; loan translation; popular etymology; adding prefixes, suffixes or infixes to existing words; and merging pairs of words into single ones.
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Christianto, Danin. "COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 23, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v23i1.2030.
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Language is a means of communication which is used by living beings to communicate with each other. There are many important components in language to create a successful communication, such as sound, sentence, meaning, and etc. One of the components is word. Word can be considered as a complex part in language since it has many different forms. Compound word, for example, is a word which is formed through one of the word-formation processes by combining one lexical item with another and thus produces a new word with a new meaning. This paper investigates the types of English compounds and the lexical categories which are resulted from the process of compounding. The first results showed that the types of English compounds are endocentric, exocentric, and copulative compounds. The second results showed that the lexical categories resulted from the process of compounding are noun compound, verb compound, and adjective compound. Based on the results, the researcher hopes that readers can gain deeper insight and knowledge on English compound words.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230103
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Poreh, Amir M., and Avraham Schweiger. "The Effects of Second-Language Acquisition on Verbal Fluency Among Elderly Israelis." CNS Spectrums 7, no. 5 (May 2002): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900017831.
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ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the effect of age of second-language acquisition (Hebrew) on verbal fluency in a random sample of 196 elderly Israelis from four distinct ethnic groups. Using conventional statistics, it was shown that phonemic fluency, particularly switching, is associated with education and the age of Hebrew acquisition, while semantic fluency, particularly clustering, is associated with age. Ethnic differences were not significant after controlling for the age of Hebrew acquisition and education. Additional analyses show that the tendency of subjects to use borrowed, non-Hebrew words on the phonemic fluency task was associated with lower total scores on this task and later age of Hebrew acquisition. In contrast, the tendency to use non-Hebrew words on the semantic fluency task was associated with age and higher total scores. These findings are discussed with regard to recent functional imaging studies of bilingual subjects. Such findings indicate that native and second languages form distinct areas of activation in the dominant anterior language area, an area often associated with phonemic processing and switching, whereas an overlap of activation of various languages has been demonstrated within the posterior language areas, those that are often associated with semantic processing.
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Emerton, J. A., and T. Muraoka. "Emphatic Words and Structures in Biblical Hebrew." Vetus Testamentum 37, no. 2 (April 1987): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1517748.
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Myhill, John. "Semantic parameters of vision words in Hebrew and English." Languages in Contrast 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 229–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.6.2.03myh.
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English and Hebrew use sharply differing systems for categorizing the meanings of words referring to vision. In English, the relevant parameters of meaning relate to whether information has been visually recorded and registered and what type of image was captured (a still picture, a moving picture, a close-up, etc.). In Hebrew, on the other hand, vision words code whether the information which has been recorded is particularly significant to the subject, and, if so, how (intellectually, personally, etc.).
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Xhaferi, Haredin. "Note about Locutions Nominative in Albanian Language." European Journal of Language and Literature 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v1i1.p67-74.
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The object of this article is to describe the locutions worth the name. These locutions not treated in separate studies. It is characteristic that many of them have no words synonymous. They have the phrase structure and express a single concept. This group consists of stable terminology compound words and compound words non terminology. Nomination terminology compound words are formed on a single holistic concept. Unit lexicon - semantic constituent elements is their common feature. Nomination stable compound words are formed from two or more words. Compound words consisting of two elements have the facility two names or a name and a surname. These compound words are not simple names. The designations made by similarity tend to switch to a single word. Their form right is named second in the form of outstanding free. The process of transition to a question set according to their names, composition, content, consent, damage, connotation is the later. Regular forms of these compound words is the name of the second non ablative outstanding. Compound words formed by a name and a surname are used to sense directly or figurative sense. Compound words formed by more than two words have the structure only comes with complete understanding or words with full understanding and sense incomplete. They are few, but are diversified by their structure and value. Locutions name value are many and various.
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Schneider, Nathan. "Computational Cognitive Morphosemantics: Modeling Morphological Compositionality in Hebrew Verbs with Embodied Construction Grammar." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 36, no. 1 (August 24, 2010): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v36i1.3923.
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In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This paper brings together the theoretical framework of construction grammar and studies of verbs in Modern Hebrew to furnish an analysis integrating the form and meaning components of morphological structure. In doing so, this work employs and extends Embodied Construction Grammar (ECG; Bergen and Chang 2005), a computational formalism developed to study grammar from a cognitive linguistic perspective. In developing a formal analysis of Hebrew verbs (section 3), I adapt ECG—until now a lexical/syntactic/semantic formalism—to account for the compositionality of morphological constructions, accommodating idiosyncrasy while encoding generalizations at multiple levels. Similar to syntactic constructions, morpheme constructions are related in an inheritance network, and can be productively composed to form words. With the expanded version of ECG, constructions can readily encode nonconcatenative root-and-pattern morphology and associated (compositional or noncompositional) semantics, cleanly integrated with syntactic constructions. This formal, cognitive study should pave the way for computational models of morphological learning and processing in Hebrew and other languages.
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Korol, Svitlana. "COMPOUND NOUNS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-124-127.
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The article deals with one of the most common types of word formation in German as word compounding. Compound nouns have become the object of study, as this part of the language leads the way in the formation of new words in this way. The relevance of the research is reinforced by the fact that German compound nouns differ by their multicomponent structure and are in the process of regular growth of their numbers, so they are attracting the attention of Germanists of different generations continuously. The study has examined the nature of the component composition of composites, the types of bonding between components, the types of constituent components, the role of the connecting element, the syllable’s accentuation of components of the compound noun etc. The compound can be built from nouns, adjectives, verbs or an invariable element (prepositions). There is no limit of the number of the associated words. The last word in the compound always determines the gender and plural form of the compound noun. The connectors or linking elements in existing German compound words often correspond to old case endings (e.g., plural, genitive). These endings expressed the relationship of the compound parts to one another. The article considers the causes of the formation of complex nouns. Compounds make the German language more flexible. In general, compounds are used to convey more information in one word and for reasons of language economy. Special attention deserves such a phenomenon as Denglish. This is the mashing of words from the two languages to create new hybrid words.
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Myhill, John. "What is universal and what is language-specific in emotion words?" Pragmatics and Cognition 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 79–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.5.1.07myh.
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This paper proposes a model for the analysis of emotions in which each emotion word in each language is made up of a universal component and a language-specific component; the universal component is drawn from a set of universal human emotions which underlie all emotion words in all languages, and the language-specific component involves a language-particular thought pattern which is expressed as part of the meanings of a variety of different words in the language. The meanings of a variety of emotion words of Biblical Hebrew are discussed and compared with the meanings of English words with the same general meaning; it is shown that a number of the Biblical Hebrew words (though by no means all) directly represent the biblical conception of God and the role of God combined with one or another of the proposed universal emotions.
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Henshke, Yehudit. "On the Mizraḥi Sociolect in Israel: A Sociolexical Consideration of the Hebrew of Israelis of North African Origin." Journal of Jewish Languages 1, no. 2 (2013): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340017.
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Abstract This article addresses lexical features of the speech of native-born Hebrew-speaking Israelis from the geographic and socioeconomic periphery (i.e., moshavim, cities, and development towns in the north and south of Israel). Study of their language shows that their Hebrew incorporates a fair number of Judeo-Arabic words belonging to meaningful categories, such as foods, customs, beliefs, holidays, and nicknames, among others. These words are distinctively different from the Arabic words interpolated in Modern Israeli Hebrew, which derive from the local Arabic dialect. The findings demonstrate the existence of a Hebrew sociolect grounded in Judeo-Arabic and typical of a specific sociogeographic sector.
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Degani, Tamar, Hamutal Kreiner, Haya Ataria, and Farha Khateeb. "The impact of brief exposure to the second language on native language production: Global or item specific?" Applied Psycholinguistics 41, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 153–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716419000444.
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AbstractBilinguals routinely shift between their languages, changing languages between communicative settings. To test the consequences of such changes in language use, 48 Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals named pictures in Arabic (L1) before and after a brief exposure manipulation, including either reading a list of Hebrew (L2) words aloud or performing a nonlinguistic task. Half of the items post-exposure were new and half were translation equivalents of the words presented during the L2 exposure task. Further, half of the items were very low-frequency L1 words, typically replaced by borrowed L2 words. Results show that across word types bilinguals were less accurate and produced more L2 cross-language errors in their dominant L1 following brief L2 exposure. Error rates were comparable for translation equivalents and new items, but more cross-language errors were observed post-exposure on translation equivalents. These findings demonstrate the engagement of both global whole-language control mechanisms and item-based competitive processes, and highlight the importance of language context and the dynamic nature of bilingual performance.
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Kato, Teppei. "Jerome’s Understanding of Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament." Vigiliae Christianae 67, no. 3 (2013): 289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341138.
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Abstract Jerome compares Old Testament quotations in the New Testament with the Hebrew text and LXX in seven texts, for example in Ep. 57, written c.395. He adopts different opinions when the LXX disagrees with the Hebrew text and when the quotations disagree with the Hebrew text. In the first case, he demands a strict rendering of words, whereas in the second, he considers the quotations and the Hebrew text to have the same meaning even if their wordings differ. In other words, Jerome attributes more authority to the Evangelists and Paul than to the LXX translators. In this paper, I will explain two reasons—one negative and the other positive—for this dichotomy in Jerome’s approach.
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Segal, Osnat, and Liat Kishon-Rabin. "INFLUENCE OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE ON SENSITIVITY TO LEXICAL STRESS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263117000390.
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AbstractArabic stress is predictable, varies across words, and does not have a contrastive role, whereas, Hebrew stress although nonpredictable, carries contrastive value. Stress processing was assessed in speakers of the two languages at three processing levels: discrimination, short-term memory, and metalinguistic awareness. In Experiment 1, Arabic speakers with Hebrew as L2 (n = 15) and native Hebrew speakers (n = 15) were tested on discrimination and memory of stress placements. Arabic speakers had fewer correct responses and longer reaction times compared to Hebrew speakers. In Experiment 2, the influence of nonnative language acquisition on metalinguistic awareness of stress was assessed. Arabic speakers (n = 10) were less able to identify stress in their native and nonnative languages compared to Arabic speakers with advanced knowledge of English and Hebrew (n = 10) and Hebrew speakers (n = 10). Our findings support the assumption that variations in stress at the surface level of L1 are insufficient to facilitate awareness and memory for stress placement.
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Elimelech, Adi, and Dorit Aram. "Evaluating preschoolers’ references to characteristics of the Hebrew orthography via a computerized early spelling game." Written Language and Literacy 25, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00065.ara.
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Abstract The current study evaluated how characteristics of Hebrew, a Semitic language with an abjad writing system, are manifested in Hebrew-speaking preschoolers’ play with a computerized spelling game adapted for Hebrew. The game words were of different lengths and structures so as to include the entire Hebrew alphabet and all the vowels (a, e, i, o, u) in all possible positions in the word (first, last, second). We analyzed the 18,720 spellings typed by 96 preschoolers aged 5;7 years (on average) who played the game during eight sessions (about 20 minutes per session) in one month. The study indicated a greater difficulty in spelling א, ה, ו, י letters as consonants than as vowels, and more success in spelling ב, כ, פ letters that are pronounced as stops, as compared to the same letters that are pronounced as spirants. The success in spelling consonants and consonant-vowel letters was identical. Within a word, there was greater success in spelling the first letter, than in spelling the last letter, and the second letter. The length of the word did not influence success in spelling the first, second, or last letter in the word. At the same time, spelling an entire shorter word was easier than spelling an entire longer word. Lastly, spelling of words to which children had more exposures was easier than spelling words with only a single exposure. The discussion focuses on the implications of the study and refers to the nature of appropriate literacy-oriented digital Hebrew games and activities with preschoolers.
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Landman, Yael. "On Lips and Tongues in Ancient Hebrew." Vetus Testamentum 66, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12301224.
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This article traces the semantic development of the words śāp̄ah ‘lip’ and lāšon ‘tongue’ through Biblical, Late Biblical, Qumran, and Mishnaic Hebrew. Two semantic changes occupy the focus of this analysis: First, by the time of Mishnaic Hebrew, śāp̄ah had lost its meanings related to the lip’s association with talking, so that it should not be translated ‘speech’ in ambiguous contexts. Second, the semantic widening of lāšon to include the meaning ‘speech’ began to take place in Biblical Hebrew in the context of words from the realm of deceit.
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Jacobs, Neil G. "Syncope and foot structure in pre-Ashkenazic Hebrew." Diachronica 21, no. 2 (December 22, 2004): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.21.2.03jac.
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This paper examines a set of problems concerning word stress in the substratal Merged Hebrew component in Yiddish. When compared with their historical cognates in Classical Hebrew, the Yiddish words show a stress pattern which appears to conform to the Germanic trochee. The change has frequently been seen as occurring within the history of Yiddish. The present paper demonstrates, however, that (for the relevant Hebrew-origin items) the change from a Hebrew iamb to a trochee necessarily occurred in a period after spoken Hebrew times and before the birth of Yiddish – thus, within one or more intervening Jewish vernaculars. This is demonstrated by consideration of pre-Ashkenazic Hebrew foot structure in light of two historically distinct processes of syncope.
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Watad, Ali. "The Term ʿiwaḍ (“Compensation”) and Its Meaning in Sefer ha-Maslul and in the Works of Rabbinic and Arab Grammarians." Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 9, no. 1-2 (May 28, 2020): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-20201016.
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Abstract Sefer ha-Maslul (“Book of the Path”) is a Hebrew grammar book in the Samaritan tradition. The book, known in Arabic as Kitāb al-Tawṭiya (“Book of Introduction”), was composed in that language during the first half of the twelfth century and is the earliest and only known surviving Samaritan grammatical work. It was first published by Zeʾev Ben-Haim in his monumental book, The Literary and Oral Tradition of Hebrew and Aramaic amongst the Samaritans. Grammatical terminology is key to understanding the theory of a grammarian. One can obtain such understanding by tracking a term throughout a work, examining how it is used and whether its usage is consistent. The term ʿiwaḍ (“compensation”) is a central one in Sefer ha-Maslul. In this article I will examine the outlook of its author, the grammarian Abū Isḥāq b. Mārūṯ, as well as the term ʿiwaḍ and its usages. Sefer ha-Maslul was written following the emergence of scientific grammar among Rabbinic, Arab, and Karaite grammarians. Accordingly, I will compare its author’s approach with those of Judah ben David Ḥayyūǧ (a Rabbanite), Ibn Ǧinnī (a Muslim) and Abū l-Farāǧ Hārūn (a Karaite).
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Gollan, Tamar H., and Nina B. Silverberg. "Tip-of-the-tongue states in Hebrew–English bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4, no. 1 (April 2001): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672890100013x.
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Tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs) in proficient Hebrew–English bilinguals were compared to those of age-matched monolinguals. Monolinguals retrieved words in English, and bilinguals retrieved words from both languages. Results showed an increased TOT rate in bilinguals. However, bilinguals demonstrated comparable rates of spontaneous resolution, and similar ability to access partial information about target words. Interestingly, bilinguals named the same number of targets as monolinguals when naming an item in either language was counted as a correct response. Besides bilingualism, other factors that predicted TOT rate included word frequency (only for bilinguals), and age (younger participants had more TOTs). Unexpectedly, TOTs for Hebrew targets were not characterized by increased access to grammatical gender and number of syllables relative to control states, thus contrasting notably with TOTs for Italian and English targets respectively. We discuss these results in terms of their relevance for constraining models of bilingual lexical access and models of TOT.
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Kuperman, Victor, and Avital Deutsch. "Morphological and visual cues in compound word reading: Eye-tracking evidence from Hebrew." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 12 (July 20, 2020): 2177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820940297.
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Hebrew noun–noun compounds offer a valuable opportunity to study the long-standing question of how morphologically complex words are processed during reading. Specifically, in some morpho-syntactic environments, the first (head) noun of a compound carries a suffix—a clear orthographic marker of being part of a compound—whereas in others it is homographic with a stand-alone noun. In addition to this morphological cue, Hebrew occasionally employs hyphenation as a visual signal that two nouns, which are typically separated by a space, are combined in a compound. In a factorial design, we orthogonally manipulated the morphological and the visual cues and recorded eye movements of 75 proficient Hebrew readers while they read sentences with embedded compounds. The effect of hyphenation on reading times was inhibitory. This slow-down was significantly weaker in compounds where the syntactic relation between constituents was overtly marked by a suffix compared with compounds without a morphological marker. We interpret these findings as evidence that hyphenation is largely a redundant cue but morphological markers of compounding are psychologically valid cues for semantic integration of compounds. We discuss the implications of this finding for accounts of morphological processing.
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Norman, Tal, Tamar Degani, and Orna Peleg. "Transfer of L1 visual word recognition strategies during early stages of L2 learning: Evidence from Hebrew learners whose first language is either Semitic or Indo-European." Second Language Research 32, no. 1 (October 11, 2015): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315608913.
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The present study examined visual word recognition processes in Hebrew (a Semitic language) among beginning learners whose first language (L1) was either Semitic (Arabic) or Indo-European (e.g. English). To examine if learners, like native Hebrew speakers, exhibit morphological sensitivity to root and word-pattern morphemes, learners made an off-line graded lexical decision task on unfamiliar letter strings. Critically, these letter strings were manipulated to include or exclude familiar Hebrew morphemes. The results demonstrate differential morphological sensitivity as a function of participants’ language background. In particular, Indo-European-L1 learners exhibited increased sensitivity to word-pattern familiarity, with little effect of root familiarity. In contrast, Semitic-L1 learners exhibited non-additive sensitivity to both morphemes. Specifically, letter strings with a familiar root and a familiar word-pattern were the most likely to be judged as real words by this L1-Semitic group, whereas strings with a familiar root in the absence of a familiar word-pattern were the most likely to lead to a non-word decision. These findings show that both groups of learners activate their morphological knowledge in Hebrew in order to process unfamiliar Hebrew words. Critically, the findings further demonstrate transfer of L1 word recognition processes during the initial stages of second language (L2) learning.
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Berent, Iris, Joseph Tzelgov, and Uri Bibi. "The autonomous computation of morpho-phonological structure in reading." Mental Lexicon 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2006): 201–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.1.2.03ber.
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Is morphological decomposition automatic? To address this question, we examine whether Hebrew readers decompose morphologically complex words when reading is not required, in the Stroop task. Morphological decomposition is assessed using two markers. One marker examines whether color-naming is modulated by morphologically complex words generated from color roots. For example, we compare words generated from the Hebrew root of “blue” displayed in either blue or an incongruent color. The second marker examines whether color-naming is sensitive to root phonotactics. Here we compare color-naming with words whose (color-unrelated) roots are either phonologically illicit (e.g., ssm) or well-formed (e.g., smm). Results suggest that morphological decomposition proceeds even when reading is discouraged, but unlike previous research with intentional reading tasks, Stroop-like conditions do not allow for a detailed representation of the root’s internal structure.
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Ko, In Yeong, Min Wang, and Say Young Kim. "Bilingual Reading of Compound Words." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 40, no. 1 (July 10, 2010): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-010-9155-x.
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Schmidtke, Daniel, Christina L. Gagné, Victor Kuperman, and Thomas L. Spalding. "Language experience shapes relational knowledge of compound words." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 25, no. 4 (May 22, 2018): 1468–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-018-1478-x.
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Kantor, Hadassa. "Current trends in the secularization of Hebrew." Language in Society 21, no. 4 (December 1992): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500015748.
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ABSTRACTSecularization has played a significant role in the revival of Hebrew. Use of words and phrases from the religious domain in secular contexts, so natural to the native Israeli, may at times shock students who have studied Hebrew outside Israel, especially those trained in Jewish day schools. The growing secularization of Israeli life-style and the increasing influence of foreign languages, as manifested in the local media, indeed have given rise to new forms of language secularization. These have split modern Hebrew into two varieties: on the one hand, a language clinging to its historical roots, spoken and understood by observant Jews in Israel and studied abroad in religious day schools, and on the other hand, a secularized variety, separated from its ancient culture, adopted by many circles of Israeli Hebrew speakers. (Semantic change, language varieties, Hebrew)
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Silber-Varod, Vered, and Noam Amir. "Word stress at utterance-final position." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 14, no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01401002.
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Abstract This study investigates the realization of the two most common word-level stress patterns in Hebrew, final and penultimate, at utterance-final position. Twenty-six disyllabic words that form minimal pairs, which differ only in their stress pattern, were embedded in 52 sentences. The mean values of three acoustic parameters—duration, F0, and intensity—were measured for vowels of the target words. Findings show that duration is significantly longer at stressed vowels, similar to previous findings on words at utterance-mid position. Lower intensity is assigned to the utterance-final vowels regardless of the stress pattern, but the degree of lowering does depend on the stress pattern. Finally, lower F0 values are found in the utterance-final vowels, but the degree of lowering is similar to both stress patterns. We conclude that duration is the main cue at the prosodic word level, while F0 is used by Hebrew speakers to cue higher prosodic units.
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Miller-Naudé, Cynthia L., and Jacobus A. Naudé. "INCORPORATING ANCIENT ISRAEL’S WORLDVIEW INTO THE TEACHING OF BIBLICAL HEBREW." Journal for Semitics 23, no. 2 (November 21, 2017): 599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/3508.
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Modern language instruction always includes a cultural component – students do not learn just isolated words, morphology and syntax, but rather the cultural context of the language and its speakers. The teaching of Biblical Hebrew, however, has usually taken place in a cultural vacuum without reference to the cultural concepts that permeated ancient Israelite society. In this paper we describe an initiative to embed the teaching of Biblical Hebrew within the cultural world-view of ancient Israel in accordance with modern language pedagogy. Because South Africa is a multi-cultural society, we pay particular attention to the differing cultural backgrounds that our students bring to the learning of ancient Hebrew.
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Alzi'abi, Safi Eldeen. "Arab Efl Learners’ Stress of Compound Words." Research in Language 20, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.20.1.06.
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Compound words are ubiquitous in English. Stressing compounds is difficult for EFL learners and native speakers, especially when the meaning is not a sum of the constituent parts. This study explores Arab EFL learners’ stress strategies and outlines their difficulties. It examines whether any of these factors (a) word class, (b) orthography, (c) understanding of phonetics and phonology, (d) age and (e) grade point average (GPA) influence their behaviour and levels of success. It involves 130 second and third-year Jordanian English majors in reading 50 opaque non-frequent compound words, 25 with right-stress and 25 with left-stress. The majority opted for right-stress, producing about half of the stimuli correctly. They right-stressed more often in compound verbs, nouns and adjectives of all spelling forms. Their performance was slightly influenced by the study of phoneticsandphonology, training in stress and GPA. However, there was no noticeable relationship between their stress performance and age. Notably, the subjects needed more training in compound word stress production.
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Schwartz, Mila, Haitham Taha, Hanan Assad, Ferdos Khamaisi, and Zohar Eviatar. "The Role of Emergent Bilingualism in the Development of Morphological Awareness in Arabic and Hebrew." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59, no. 4 (August 2016): 797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-l-14-0363.
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Purpose The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of dual language development and cross-linguistic influence on morphological awareness in young bilinguals' first language (L1) and second language (L2). We examined whether (a) the bilingual children (L1/L2 Arabic and L1/L2 Hebrew) precede their monolingual Hebrew- or Arabic-speaking peers in L1 and L2 morphological awareness, and (b) 1 Semitic language (Arabic) has cross-linguistic influence on another Semitic language (Hebrew) in morphological awareness. Method The study sample comprised 93 six-year-old children. The bilinguals had attended bilingual Hebrew−Arabic kindergartens for 1 academic year and were divided into 2 groups: home language Hebrew (L1) and home language Arabic (L1). These groups were compared to age-matched monolingual Hebrew speakers and monolingual Arabic speakers. We used nonwords similar in structure to familiar words in both target languages, representing 6 inflectional morphological categories. Results L1 Arabic and L1 Hebrew bilinguals performed significantly better than Arabic- and Hebrew-speaking monolinguals in the respective languages. Differences were not found between the bilingual groups. We found evidence of cross-linguistic transfer of morphological awareness from Arabic to Hebrew in 2 categories−bound possessives and dual number−probably because these categories are more salient in Palestinian Spoken Arabic than in Hebrew. Conclusions We conclude that children with even an initial exposure to L2 reveal acceleration of sensitivity to word structure in both of their languages. We suggest that this is due to the fact that two Semitic languages, Arabic and Hebrew, share a common core of linguistic features, together with favorable contextual factors and instructional factors.
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Notarius, Tania. "Playing with Words and Identity." Vetus Testamentum 67, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341264.
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In this paper I reexamine three expressions in Amos’ visions: לָרִב בָּאֵשׁ (Am 7:4), אֲנָךְ (Am 7:7-8), and קֵץ/קַיץִ (Am 8:1-2). I suggest to understand לָרִב בָּאֵשׁ in Am 7:4 ‘to inundate with fire’ postulating the root ריבii(parallel to רבב) ‘to bring much water’, etymologically and literarily connecting this expression to the Meribah account. For אֲנךְָ in Am 7:7-8 I substantiate the word-play that incorporates an allusion to 1cs personal pronoun, investigating the involved dialectal Northern Hebrew phenomena in their wider North-West Semitic context: the final vowel reduction in *ˀanākuand the phonetic shiftsō>ū>ī, á>o, andś>š. For the word-play קֵץ/קַיִץ in Am 8:1-2 I elaborate on its phonetic properties, concentrating on the word-final gemination and the short vowel quality in the lexeme *qiṣṣ. The latter case allows postulating the typological path of the corresponding phonetic development: the diphthong contraction →í>ēin an originally open syllable →í//éallophonism in a double closed syllable → final gemination simplification. As a result, several isoglosses that explicitly separate between Northern and Southern dialects of Hebrew are firmly established: the shorter form of 1cs pronounˀanōkvsˀanōkīand the “Phoenician shift”. The conclusion is that the Northern dialect is close to the Canaanite innovative center, while the Southern dialect represents the conservative periphery.
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BAR-ON, AMALIA, and DORIT RAVID. "Morphological analysis in learning to read pseudowords in Hebrew." Applied Psycholinguistics 32, no. 3 (June 20, 2011): 553–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271641100021x.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the role of morphology in gradeschool children's learning to read nonpointed Hebrew. It presents two experiments testing the reading of morphologically based nonpointed pseudowords. One hundred seventy-one Hebrew-speaking children and adolescents in seven age/schooling groups (beginning and end of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 7th, and 11th grade) and a group of adults participated in the study. Participants were administered two tasks of reading aloud nonpointed pseudowords with morphological composition: words in isolation and words in sentential context. Results pinpoint the developmental milestones on the way to efficient nonpointed word recognition in Hebrew: learning to use morphological pattern cues to fill in missing phonological information, where second grade is an important “watershed” period; and overcoming homography by learning to detect morphosyntactic cues, an ability that develops more gradually and over a longer period than pattern recognition.
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Yeverechyahu, Hadas. "Consonant co-occurrence restrictions in Modern Hebrew." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 11, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01101006.
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Abstract The paper presents consonant co-occurrence restrictions in Hebrew, focusing on the influence of the similarity factor. A lexical analysis of Hebrew verbs reveals tendency to avoid similar, close consonants, by showing a highly significant correlation (p<0.0001) between co-occurrence of C1-C2 sequences in the lexicon and similarity factors (based on Frisch et al.’s 2004 model for similarity, adjusted to Hebrew). In other words, the more two consonants are similar to each other, the smaller their chances are to co-occur as C1-C2 in a Hebrew verb. In addition, a major role of place of articulation is observed, such that consonants that share major place of articulation are less likely to co-occur. However, the highly significant correlation between co-occurrences and similarity factors suggests that not only major place of articulation affects the restrictions; otherwise we would wrongly predict no effect in non-homorganic pairs.