Journal articles on the topic 'Heavy vehicles'
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Han, Junyan, Xiaoyuan Wang, Huili Shi, Bin Wang, Gang Wang, Longfei Chen, and Quanzheng Wang. "Research on the Impacts of Vehicle Type on Car-Following Behavior, Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emission in the V2X Environment." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215231.
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The type of vehicles in realistic traffic systems are not homogeneous. Impacts of the preceding vehicle’s type on the car-following behavior, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are still unclear. This paper presents a study on the impacts of two types of preceding vehicles, heavy vehicles and new energy vehicles, on car-following behavior, traffic flow characteristics, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Firstly, an extended car-following model was proposed by incorporating the influence of the preceding vehicle’s type. Secondly, impacts of the preceding vehicle’s type on platoon stability were analyzed by applying linear stability theory. Finally, numerical simulations were carried out to analyze impacts of the preceding vehicles’ type on the characteristics of the car-following platoon, traffic flow operation, and vehicle’s fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The results reveal that, compared with the normal preceding vehicle, there are negative impacts of the heavy and new-energy preceding vehicles on the platoon stability, traffic flow operation, and vehicle’s fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, and these impacts are related to the corresponding sensitivity parameters and the penetration percentages of the two types of preceding vehicle. The research results of this paper can provide a reference for understanding car-following behavior and traffic-flow characteristics affected by the type of preceding vehicles in the V2X environment.
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Carrigan, Christine E., and Malcolm H. Ray. "Proposed Heavy Vehicle Encroachment Adjustment Factor." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2521, no. 1 (January 2015): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2521-11.
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Encroachment probability models such as the Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP) have traditionally assumed that heavy vehicles and passenger vehicles share the same encroachment characteristics. This assumption was reviewed in developing bridge railing selection guidelines in NCHRP 22-12(03), where an examination of a specific highway and a national sample of data indicated that trucks encroached at a different rate than passenger vehicles. This paper describes the development of a new vehicle-type encroachment adjustment factor (EAF). The results confirmed previous findings, but this analysis controlled for traffic volumes, highway type, percentage of heavy vehicles [i.e., percentage of trucks (PT)], and segment length. The result was a more robust model that was valid over a wider range of average annual daily traffic and PTs. The large data set included 635,464 segments of data from the states of Ohio and Washington. The proposed EAF was recommended for inclusion in RSAPv3. Ideally, encroachment data would be collected for heavy vehicles to determine the frequency of heavy vehicles encroaching onto the roadside and the trajectories heavy vehicles took during encroachment, but this process proved to be financially challenging. The study used crash data to carry out a comprehensive analysis of traffic volume, heavy vehicle mix, highway type, and segment length. A vehicle-type EAF was developed for divided and undivided roadways. The results provided some indication of how best to incorporate heavy vehicles in the encroachment probability model used in RSAP.
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Wang, Rui, Hao Zhang, Xian Sheng Li, Xue Lian Zheng, and Yuan Yuan Ren. "Consider Roll of Heavy Vehicle's Modeling Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.250.
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Existed consider roll of heavy vehicle's dynamics model have defects and deficiencies. Vehicles lateral-load transfer that will lead to vehicles rollover is not considered; the whole vehicles dynamics model neglect unspring masss roll angle while the unspring masss independent force analysis considered the roll angel, the establishment of the model is not consistent in; the model dont have a united positive direction rule for all the variables. Because of all of these defects the model cant rightly reflect vehicles motion status. This paper takes lateral-load transfer as a dynamic variable; unspring masss roll angle is considered when establishing the whole vehicles dynamics model; all variables positive direction is united. Reasonable, right, applied to evaluate vehicle's rollover stability and quite newly model is established.
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Späth, M., V. Verdino, M. Umierski, and K. Philibert-Palmer. "Heavy Duty Vehicles." Sonderprojekte ATZ/MTZ 24, S1 (August 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41491-019-0027-x.
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Bowers-Carnahan, F. Renae, Rhonda Kinghorn, Alvah Bittner, Syd Reynolds, Anne-Marie Feyer, Ann M. Williamson, and Deborah M. Freund. "Issues in Heavy Vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 9 (October 1993): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700913.
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The heavy vehicle industry includes medium-duty trucks, heavy-duty trucks, and buses. Vehicle size, driver location relative to the road, and duration of time in the vehicle distinguish heavy vehicles from the passenger car and light truck industry. During the past decade, the industry has been changing. Technological advances, as well as political, economic, and cultural forces, have combined to create a new environment. The driver has become more important in this new environment. A driver shortage and safety issues have heightened the interest in human factors and ergonomics in the heavy vehicle industry. The purpose of this symposium is to highlight some of the current human factors research in the field of heavy vehicles. While there are many possible topics to discuss, the first two papers will address vehicle design issues and the second two papers will address operational issues. Ms. Kinghorn will discuss a technique to estimate the current population of US Truck Drivers. She proposes that some of the shortcomings of the available data, such as changes in the population over the last decade and dimensions for which no data are available, can be overcome by estimating the current truck driver population from data on the general population. Mr. Reynolds will discuss the discrepancies observed between a design eyellipse location and actual driver eye locations in a small exploratory study. He will describe the primary contributor to the discrepancy, the H-point, and suggest several other potential contributors. Ms. Feyer will discuss a study on the effects of operational practices on driver fatigue. She will compare and contrast the operational practices of various segments of the long distance passenger and freight hauling industries. Her results indicate that different strategies must be applied to the passenger and freight industries to combat fatigue, even though the causes of fatigue are the same. Ms. Freund is from the US Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carriers. She will discuss their plans for research concerning truck and bus driver operational regulation. Specific areas that are of interest include proficiency testing, fitness for duty, and substance abuse. She will elaborate on the program, addressing driver fatigue and loss of alertness.
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Ikhsan, Nurzaki, Ahmad Saifizul, and Rahizar Ramli. "The Effect of Vehicle and Road Conditions on Rollover of Commercial Heavy Vehicles during Cornering: A Simulation Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 6337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116337.
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Heavy vehicles make up a relatively small percentage of traffic volume on Malaysian roads compared to other vehicle types. However, heavy vehicles have been reported to be involved in 30,000–40,000 accidents yearly and caused significantly more fatalities. Rollover accidents may also incur cargo damages and cause environmental or human disasters for vehicles that carry hazardous cargos if these contents are spilled. Thus, in this paper, a comprehensive study was conducted to investigate the effects of vehicle and road conditions on rollover of commercial heavy vehicles during cornering at curved road sections. Vehicle conditions include the heavy vehicle class (based on the axle number and vehicle type), speed and gross vehicle weight, while road conditions include the cornering radius and coefficient of friction values. In order to reduce the risks involved in usage of actual heavy vehicles in crash experiments, a simulation approach using a multi-body vehicle dynamic software was applied in this study, where the verified virtual heavy vehicle model was simulated and the output results were extracted and analyzed. The results showed that a maximum of 40% and a minimum of 23% from the total number of simulations resulted in an unsafe condition (indicated as failed) during the simulations. From the unsafe conditions, two types of rollover accidents could be identified, which were un-tripped and tripped rollovers. The heavy vehicle speed was also found to have a strong correlation to the lateral acceleration (to cause a rollover), followed by gross vehicle weight, coefficient of friction and cornering radius, respectively.
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Roh, Chang-Gyun, Hyeonmyeong Jeon, and Bongsoo Son. "Do Heavy Vehicles Always Have a Negative Effect on Traffic Flow?" Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 5520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125520.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of heavy vehicles on traffic flow on a two-lane highway. To achieve this goal, data was obtained from piezosensors on the Seoul–Chuncheon Expressway. Analysis of the data showed that, as everyone knows, the average speed of traffic flows decreases as the proportion of heavy vehicles increases. However, not only the speed decreased, but the speed deviation between vehicles decreased. In other words, it was found that within the traffic group that formed the same platoon, individual vehicles were forced to form similar speeds, resulting in a homogeneous rate. This means that heavy vehicles can be included in the traffic stream, reducing the chances of a vehicle-to-vehicle conflict. This kind of influence can be said to explain that heavy vehicles do not necessarily have a negative effect on traffic flow. In this way, we expect to be able to study ways to manage traffic flow by using the effects of low-speed vehicles.
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Sadeghi Kati, Maliheh, Jonas Fredriksson, Bengt Jacobson, and Leo Laine. "Gain-scheduled H∞ controller synthesis for actively steered longer and heavier commercial vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 2045–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019870352.
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This paper proposes a gain-scheduled controller synthesis for improving the lateral performance and stability of articulated heavy vehicles by active steering of the selected towed vehicle units. The longitudinal velocity is on-line measurable, and it is thus treated as a scheduling parameter in the gain-scheduled controller synthesis. The lateral performance of four articulated heavy vehicles, including existing Nordic heavy vehicles and prospective longer articulated heavy vehicles, are investigated with and without active steering and compared with a commonly used conventional tractor–semitrailer. The control problem is formulated as an [Formula: see text] static output feedback, which uses only information from articulation angles between the steered vehicle unit and the vehicle unit in front of it. The solution of the problem is obtained within the linear matrix inequality framework, while guaranteeing [Formula: see text] performance objectives. Effectiveness of the designed controller is verified through numerical simulations performed on high-fidelity vehicle models. The results confirm a significant reduction in yaw rate rearward amplification, lateral acceleration rearward amplification, and high-speed transient off-tracking, thereby improving the lateral stability and performance of all studied heavy vehicles at high speeds.
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Cole, D. J., and D. Cebon. "Spatial Repeatability of Dynamic Tyre Forces Generated by Heavy Vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 206, no. 1 (January 1992): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_157_02.
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Road damage due to heavy vehicles is thought to be dependent on the extent to which lorries in normal traffic apply peak forces to the same locations along the road. A validated vehicle simulation is used to simulate 37 leaf-sprung articulated vehicles with parametric variations typical of vehicles in one weight class in the highway vehicle fleet. The spatial distribution of tyre forces generated by each vehicle is compared with the distribution generated by a reference vehicle, and the conditions are established for which repeated heavy loading occurs at specific points along the road. It is estimated that approximately two-thirds of vehicles in this class (a large proportion of all heavy vehicles) may contribute to a repeated pattern of road loading. It is concluded that dynamic tyre forces are a significant factor influencing road damage, compared to other factors such as tyre configuration and axle spacing.
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Zhao, Peibo, and Chris Lee. "Analysis and Validation of Surrogate Safety Measures by Types of Lead and Following Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2659, no. 1 (January 2017): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2659-15.
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This study analyzed rear-end collision risk in a mixed traffic flow of cars and heavy vehicles on a freeway using two surrogate safety measures: time to collision (TTC) and postencroachment time (PET). The study estimated surrogate safety measures for types of lead and following vehicles (car or heavy vehicle) by using the individual vehicle trajectory data. The vehicle trajectory data were collected from a segment of the US-101 freeway in Los Angeles, California. It was found that the distributions of TTC and PET were significantly different between types of lead and following vehicles. Also, the mean values of TTC and PET were higher for heavy vehicles following cars than for cars following cars and for cars following heavy vehicles. The study also validated TTC by using the simulated traffic data for a few minutes before the time of crashes that occurred on a section of the Gardiner Expressway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was found that TTC reflects higher collision risk in the time intervals closer to the crash time and it reflects higher collision risk for the crash case than for the noncrash case. The findings suggest that the difference in rear-end collision risk between types of vehicle pairs should be considered in safety assessment of mixed traffic flow of cars and heavy vehicles.
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Liu, Da Wei, Rong Chao Jiang, Yue Dong Yang, and Song Wang. "Simulation Study of Heavy Vehicle Road-Friendliness under Bilateral Tracks’ Excitation." Advanced Materials Research 680 (April 2013): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.680.422.
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In order to study the road friendliness of heavy vehicle under bilateral tracks’ excitation, the spatial domain random pavement under bilateral tracks’ excitation was simulated through the second-order rational function power spectral density (PSD) and the harmonic superposition method. A rigid-flexible coupling virtual prototype of the heavy vehicle was established by using SIMPACK software. Then a driving dynamic model of heavy vehicle was established under bilateral tracks’ excitation. The tires loads of the vehicle’s each axle were calculated. The dynamic load coefficient (DLC) and 95 percentage fourth power aggregate force were used as the road-friendliness criterions for studying the road-friendliness of heavy vehicles under bilateral tracks’ road excitation. The research results could provide the basis for the prediction of road friendliness of heavy vehicle.
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Wolff, Sebastian, Moritz Seidenfus, Karim Gordon, Sergio Álvarez, Svenja Kalt, and Markus Lienkamp. "Scalable Life-Cycle Inventory for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Production." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 5396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135396.
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The transportation sector needs to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions. European manufacturers in particular must develop new vehicles and powertrains to comply with recent regulations and avoid fines for exceeding C O 2 emissions. To answer the question regarding which powertrain concept provides the best option to lower the environmental impacts, it is necessary to evaluate all vehicle life-cycle phases. Different system boundaries and scopes of the current state of science complicate a holistic impact assessment. This paper presents a scaleable life-cycle inventory (LCI) for heavy-duty trucks and powertrains components. We combine primary and secondary data to compile a component-based inventory and apply it to internal combustion engine (ICE), hybrid and battery electric vehicles (BEV). The vehicles are configured with regard to their powertrain topology and the components are scaled according to weight models. The resulting material compositions are modeled with LCA software to obtain global warming potential and primary energy demand. Especially for BEV, decisions in product development strongly influence the vehicle’s environmental impact. Our results show that the lithium-ion battery must be considered the most critical component for electrified powertrain concepts. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of considering the vehicle production phase.
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Komnos, Dimitrios, Stijn Broekaert, Theodoros Grigoratos, Leonidas Ntziachristos, and Georgios Fontaras. "In Use Determination of Aerodynamic and Rolling Resistances of Heavy-Duty Vehicles." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020974.
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A vehicle’s air drag coefficient (Cd) and rolling resistance coefficient (RRC) have a significant impact on its fuel consumption. Consequently, these properties are required as input for the certification of the vehicle’s fuel consumption and Carbon Dioxide emissions, regardless of whether the certification is done via simulation or chassis dyno testing. They can be determined through dedicated measurements, such as a drum test for the tire’s rolling resistance coefficient and constant speed test (EU) or coast down test (US) for the body’s air Cd. In this paper, a methodology that allows determining the vehicle’s Cd·A (the product of Cd and frontal area of the vehicle) from on-road tests is presented. The possibility to measure these properties during an on-road test, without the need for a test track, enables third parties to verify the certified vehicle properties in order to preselect vehicle for further regulatory testing. On-road tests were performed with three heavy-duty vehicles, two lorries, and a coach, over different routes. Vehicles were instrumented with wheel torque sensors, wheel speed sensors, a GPS device, and a fuel flow sensor. Cd·A of each vehicle is determined from the test data with the proposed methodology and validated against their certified value. The methodology presents satisfactory repeatability with the error ranging from −21 to 5% and averaging approximately −6.8%. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates the possibility of using the tire energy efficiency label instead of the measured RRC to determine the air drag coefficient. Finally, on-road tests were simulated in the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool with the obtained parameters, and the average difference in fuel consumption was found to be 2%.
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Ross, Matt. "Heavy Hitter." Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology International 2018, no. 1 (July 2018): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1467-5560(22)60323-3.
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It’s an exciting time at Nikola Motor Company as the startup prepares to begin prototype testing of its hydrogen-electric truck at the end of 2018. But for Jesse Schneider, recently appointed vice president of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, the new vehicle and its powertrain are just one aspect of the company’s ambitious plans for the future of emission-free heavy-duty commercial vehicles
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Lu, Yongjie, Yinfeng Han, Weihong Huang, and Yang Wang. "Sliding mode control for overturning prevention and hardware-in-loop experiment of heavy-duty vehicles based on dynamical load transfer ratio prediction." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 236, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644193211057972.
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Aiming at the rollover risk of heavy-duty vehicles, an adaptive rollover prediction and control algorithm based on identification of multiple road adhesion coefficients is proposed, and the control effect has been verified by hardware-in-the-loop experiments. Based on the establishment of a 3 DOFs (Degree of freedom) vehicle dynamic model, the roll angle of the vehicle dynamic model is estimated in real time by using Kalman filter algorithm. In order to ensure the real-time operation of anti-rollover control strategy for multi-body dynamic heavy vehicle model, a sliding mode variable structure controller for anti-rollover of vehicles is designed to determine the optimal yaw moment. Specially, the recognition algorithm of road surface type is integrated into the control rollover algorithm. When the control system with road recognition algorithm recognizes whether the vehicle is in danger of rollover, it can not only adjust the state of the vehicle, but also shorten the time to reach the stable area of the vehicle's lateral load transfer rate by about 2 s. In order to further improve its adaptability and control accuracy, a Hardware-in-loop test platform for three-axis heavy-duty vehicles is built to verify the proposed anti-rollover control strategy. The results prove that the proposed control strategy can accurately predict the rollover risk and control the rollover in time.
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Krylov, V. V. "Generation of Low-Frequency Rayleigh Waves by Heavy Lorries." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 14, no. 4 (December 1995): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309239501400401.
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Generation of low-frequency ground vibrations by heavy lorries is considered theoretically for both vehicles accelerating (decelerating) with a constant acceleration and vehicles travelling at constant speed on damaged or bumpy surfaces. In the case of damaged or bumpy surfaces, excitation of axle-hop resonances is taken into account, whereas an accelerating or braking vehicle is modelled as a point horizontal traction force applied to the ground and moving along with the vehicle. Frequency spectra of the vertical component of the ground vibration velocity are investigated for different functions of road surface roughness, acceleration, final (initial) speed of the vehicle, ground attenuation, Poisson's ratio, and radiation angle relative to the direction of the vehicle movement. It is shown that damaged or bumpy road surfaces normally generate vibrations of higher amplitudes, in comparison with accelerating and braking lorries. In contrast to vehicles travelling along bumpy or uneven roads and generating vibrations propagating at all directions, the ground vibrations generated by accelerating and braking vehicles are characterised by the directivity function showing that there is no radiation in the direction perpendicular to the vehicle movement.
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Zhang, Zhe, Ying Chao Zhang, Jie Li, and Jia Wang. "Numerical Simulation on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 346 (September 2011): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.346.477.
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With the development of automotive technology and high-speed highway construction, the speed of the vehicles increase which cause the significant increase in the aerodynamic drag when road vehicles are moving. Thereby the power of the vehicles, fuel economy, operational stability and other properties are affected very seriously. Heavy-duty commercial vehicles as the most efficient way to transport goods on the highway are widely used, and the speed of the vehicles increases faster. Especially the demands for heavy-duty commercial vehicles are increasing in recent years. Reducing the aerodynamic drag by the analysis of external aerodynamic characteristics, improving the fuel economy and reducing energy consumption have become new research topics of heavy-duty commercial vehicles. To make the heavy-duty commercial vehicles meet the national standards of energy saving, a simplified heavy-duty commercial truck model was built in this paper. The numerical simulation of the vehicle was completed based on the theory of the aerodynamics. The aerodynamic characteristics were analyzed, according to the graphs of the pressure distribution, velocity distribution and flow visualization. To improve the aerodynamic characteristics of heavy-duty commercial vehicles, the main drag reduction measures are reducing the vortex of the cab and the container, the end of the container and the bottom of the container.
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Hartmann, Martin, and Peter Vortisch. "A German Passenger Car and Heavy Vehicle Stock Model: Towards an Autonomous Vehicle Fleet." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 46 (June 17, 2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118782042.
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Automated vehicles are becoming a reality. Many pilot projects have already begun demonstrating the technological capabilities, as public authorities now allow the testing of automated vehicles in real traffic. To smooth the transition from a conventional to an automated fleet, effective fiscal and regulatory policies must be developed by governmental agencies. But at what rate will automated vehicles actually be adopted, and what automation technology will be available for use in new cars joining the national fleet? A national vehicle stock model can be used to answer these questions and to observe the aggregate impact of governmental policies on individual vehicle purchase decisions. In this paper, we present a passenger car and heavy vehicle stock cohort model that forecasts the diffusion of automation technology in Germany. The model uses national data on vehicle stock and vehicle utilization patterns on German freeways and predicts market shares of generic automation levels in predefined instances of a trend scenario. Results point toward market saturation of automated vehicles beyond 2050, with almost 90% of the passenger car fleet being classified as at least partially automatized by this date. The results also suggest that technology diffusion will be faster in the heavy vehicle fleet than in the passenger car fleet. This implies a positive correlation between emission-linked road user charges for heavy vehicles on the freeway network and the renewal rate of the heavy vehicle fleet. The forecast shares of automated vehicles can be used as an input for traffic flow simulations or as a basis for those infrastructure measures and traffic policies that are sensitive to the share of automated vehicles.
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Sampson, D. J. M., and D. Cebon. "Achievable roll stability of heavy road vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070360613237.
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A general purpose numerical model, suitable for simulating the yaw—roll behaviour of torsionally flexible heavy goods vehicles with an arbitrary arrangement of vehicle units, is presented. A controllability analysis is then performed to examine the fundamental limitations in achievable roll stability of heavy vehicles with active roll control systems. It is established that it is not possible to control simultaneously and independently all axle load transfers and body roll angles. The best achievable control objective for maximizing roll stability is shown to be setting the normalized load transfers at all critical axles to be equal, while taking the largest inward suspension roll angle to the maximum allowable angle. The results of a simulation of a tractor—semitrailer vehicle with a full—state feedback active roll control system are presented. It is shown that the roll stability of the vehicle can be increased by 30-40 per cent for steady state and transient manoeuvres and that the handling performance improves significantly.
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ZAMZAMZADEH, Mahdieh, Ahmad Abdullah SAIFIZUL, Rahizar RAMLI, and Ming Foong SOONG. "HEAVY VEHICLE MULTI-BODY DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS TO ESTIMATE SKIDDING DISTANCE." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2018.384.
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The skid mark is valuable for accident reconstruction as it provides information about the drivers’ braking behaviour and the speed of heavy vehicles. However, despite its importance, there is currently no mathematical model available to estimate skidding distance (SD) as a function of vehicle characteristics and road conditions. This paper attempts to develop a non-linear regression model that is capable of reliably predicting the skidding distance of heavy vehicles under various road conditions and vehicle characteristics. To develop the regression model, huge data sets were derived from complex heavy vehicle multi-body dynamic simulation. An emergency braking simulation was conducted to examine the skidding distance of a heavy vehicle model subject to various Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) and vehicle speeds, as well as the coefficient of friction of the road under wet and dry conditions. The results suggested that the skidding distance is significantly affected by Gross Vehicle Weight, speeds, and coefficient of friction of the road. The improved non-linear regression model provides a better prediction of the skidding distance than that of the conventional approach thus suitable to be employed as an alternative model for skidding distance of heavy vehicles in accident reconstruction.
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Broaddus, Andrea, and Carsten Gertz. "Tolling Heavy Goods Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2066, no. 1 (January 2008): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2066-12.
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Choi, Haecheon, Jungil Lee, and Hyungmin Park. "Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 46, no. 1 (January 3, 2014): 441–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-011212-140616.
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Zhao, Zhi-Guo, Min Chen, Nan Chen, Yong-Bing Zhao, and Xin Chen. "Study on Pre-Warning Method of the Lateral Security of Heavy Vehicle in Deteriorative Weather." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (September 16, 2014): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01408010292.
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The lateral security of heavy vehicle in deteriorative weather is one of the main causes of accidents of vehicles on roads. Road safety has become a subject of great concern to institutions of higher education and scientific research institutions. There are important theoretical and practical significances to explore applicable and effective lateral safety warning methods of heavy vehicles. One of the purposes of this paper is to provide a good theoretical basis for the core technology of heavy vehicle safety features for our country's independent research and development. Aiming at the issue of lateral security of heavy vehicle for road conditions in deteriorative weather, this paper constructs the framework of the lateral security pre-warning system of heavy vehicles based on cooperative vehicle infrastructure. Moreover, it establishes vehicle lateral security statics model through analysis of the force of the car in the slope with section bending and states the parameters of vehicles for no rollover. The side slip is indexed to calculate critical speed of vehicles in a bend. This paper also analyzes the influence of road friction coefficient, the road gradient and the turning radius on the lateral security of the vehicle with critical speed on the asphalt pavement with surface conditions ranging from wet, dry, snowing or icy. The calculation results show that the bad weather road conditions, road friction coefficient and turning radius have obvious influence on the lateral security critical speed. Experimental results indicate that the critical speed error warning is within 4% and it meets the design requirements.
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Druzhinina, Maria, Anna Stefanopoulou, and Lasse Moklegaard. "Adaptive Continuously Variable Compression Braking Control for Heavy-Duty Vehicles." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 124, no. 3 (July 23, 2002): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1486010.
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Modern heavy-duty vehicles are equipped with compression braking mechanisms that augment their braking capability and reduce wear of the conventional friction brakes. In this paper we consider a heavy-duty vehicle equipped with a continuously variable compression braking mechanism. The variability of the compression braking torque is achieved through controlling a secondary opening of the exhaust valve of the vehicle’s turbocharged diesel engine using a variable valve timing actuator. A model reference adaptive controller is designed to ensure good vehicle speed tracking performance in brake-by-wire driving scenarios in presence of large payload and road grade variations. The adaptive controller is integrated with backstepping procedure to account for compression braking actuator dynamics, with observers for various unmeasured quantities and with compensation schemes for actuator saturation. In addition to speed tracking, the vehicle mass and road grade are simultaneously estimated if persistence of excitation-type conditions hold. The final version of the controller is successfully evaluated on a high order crank angle model of a vehicle with a six-cylinder engine.
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Fu, Qiang, and Xiao Fang Yang. "Traffic States under Influence of Different Vehicle Types on Freeway with Two Unidirectional Lanes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 1885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.1885.
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The high proportion of heavy vehicles on Chinese freeway brings important effects to the operation of freeway and makes the traffic very complex. The exhibition and mechanic of the influence between different vehicle types vary under different traffic flow and heavy vehicle proportion. In this paper, field survey was carried out and the characteristic of Chinese mixed traffic was gotten. Based on the phenomenon observed in the field survey, models were built to analysis the mechanic of the influence between different vehicle types. The influence states were divided into four aspects according to different exhibition and mechanic, that is: free flow condition, independent heavy vehicle impact, heavy vehicles and cars in different lane, drive in disorder. The influence states will transfer with the temporary variation of traffic flow composition. It is result from the self-organizing behavior of vehicles which pursue higher speed and brings dynamic change of capacity and level of service in time and space.
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Petrescu, Florian Ion Tiberiu, and Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu. "The structure, geometry, and kinematics of a universal joint." Independent Journal of Management & Production 10, no. 8 (November 1, 2019): 1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v10i8.923.
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The paper briefly presents the geometry, structure, and kinematics of a universal joint, very commonly used in machine building, especially today for heavy and engine-driven vehicles and transmissions located in different areas as well as for all-wheel-drive vehicles. The universal joint, or the cardan cross, conveys the rotation movement from one bridge to the other (when the rotary shaft suffers both movements, upward and downward). The kinematic scheme of a cardan transmission is composed of two cardan shafts (one input and one output), both of which are equipped with a cardan cross (universal joint or universal joint). Between the two universal couplings, a further (additional) cardan shaft (axle) is mounted. This mechanism is designed to transmit the mechanical movement (within a vehicle) from one bridge to the other. If the vehicle's motor is on the front and with on the rear axle transmission, or vice versa when the vehicle's engine is on the rear and the transmission is on the front axle, or when we have multiple (multi-axle) transmission on heavy vehicles or 4x4 cars.
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Azhar, Aziemah, Noratiqah Mohd Ariff, Mohd Aftar Abu Bakar, and Azzuhana Roslan. "Classification of Driver Injury Severity for Accidents Involving Heavy Vehicles with Decision Tree and Random Forest." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074101.
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Accidents involving heavy vehicles are of significant concern as it poses a higher risk of fatality to both heavy vehicle drivers and other road users. This study is carried out based on the heavy vehicle crash data of 2014, extracted from the MIROS Road Accident and Analysis and Database System (M-ROADS). The main objective of this study is to identify significant variables associated with categories of injury severity as well as classify and predict heavy vehicle drivers’ injury severity in Malaysia using the classification and regression tree (CART) and random forest (RF) methods. Both CART and RF found that types of collision, driver errors, number of vehicles involved, driver’s age, lighting condition and types of heavy vehicle are significant factors in predicting the severity of heavy vehicle drivers’ injuries. Both models are comparable, but the RF classifier achieved slightly better accuracy. This study implies that the variables associated with categories of injury severity can be referred by road safety practitioners to plan for the best measures needed in reducing road fatalities, especially among heavy vehicle drivers.
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Zhao, Xin Tong, H. Z. Jiang, S. T. Zheng, and Jun Wei Han. "Precision Gravity Center Position Measurement System for Heavy Vehicles." Key Engineering Materials 315-316 (July 2006): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.315-316.788.
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Knowledge of a vehicle’s inertial parameters is essential for safety research and accident reconstruction. A precision measure system is proposed to determine the weight and gravity center for heavy vehicles. Based on a static gravity measuring principle with three measuring points, a hydraulically driven 2-DOF motion platform is developed. The transfer function model is derived for the hydraulically driven system. By means of a degree-of-freedom control scheme, the platform can realize accurate positioning to construct two intersected planes and work out the three-dimensional coordinates of the vehicle gravity center. Experiments demonstrate that the system has less than 0.3% measurement error in weight, and is able to measure the gravity centre accurately with deviation ≤3mm in X and Y direction, and ≤5mm in Z direction.
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Sugari, Herlin, Andyka Kusuma, and Robby Yudo Purnomo. "Impact of Overloading Vehicle towards the Level of Service on Freeway Segment (Case Study: JORR KM 27 to KM 23)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1000, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1000/1/012019.
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Abstract The congestion problem that occurs on the road is one of the indicators to determine the level of service. Approximately 20% of all traffic congestion is due to the existence of shockwave jams or phantom jams. One of the factors causing the shock wave phenomenon is the speed differences between heavy vehicles and light vehicles (Garber & Hoel, 2009). On the other hand, the Over Dimension and Over Loading (ODOL) Vehicle worsened the situation by reducing operational speed due to the exceeding load. Indonesia Traffic Police stated that throughout 2019 there were 136.470 vehicles out of 1.376.956 offences that were ODOL vehicles. This research aims to identify the effect of overloading vehicles and the volume of heavy vehicles on creating shock wave phenomenon that led to the lower level of service. Microsimulation modelling is carried out to obtain the resulting level of service from heavy vehicles volume using the primary data from the data collection. The result shows that the large volume of heavy vehicles exacerbated by the presence of ODOL vehicles can cause a temporary change in road speed and lead to a decreased level of service.
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Jing, Dong Zhan, and Wei Gang Zheng. "Forecasting Algorithm of Heavy Vehicle Roll over Based on Road Collaborative." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 1003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.1003.
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This works through the establishment of model of vehicle model and the road to development based on cooperative system of heavy road vehicles under the condition of the speed side prediction model,for the initiative to prevent heavy semi - trailer rollover risk, improving the reliability of prediction, forecasting, prediction of universality and stability.The driver ahead of access to information that is of potential rollover risk for heavy vehicles rollover warning time for the TTR, in turn, the driver enough time to take appropriate action to avoid a vehicle rollover accident happened.
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Patel, Parthkumar, and H. R. Varia. "EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF HEAVY VEHICLES ON TRAFFIC PARAMETERS BY USING HEAVY VEHICLE FACTOR." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i4.2018.1484.
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Safe, convenient and timely transportation of goods and passengers is necessary for development of nation. After independence road traffic is increased manifold in India. Modal share of freight transport is shifted from Railway to roadways in India. Road infrastructures continuously increased from past few decades but there is still need for new roads to be build and more than three forth of the roads having mixed traffic plying on it. The impact of freight vehicles on highway traffic is enormous as they are moving with slow speeds.
Nature of traffic flow is dependent on various traffic parameters such as speed, density, volume and travel time etc. As per ideal situation these traffic parameters should remain intact, but it is greatly affected by presence of heavy vehicle in mixed traffic due to Svehicles plying on two lane roads. Heavy vehicles affect the traffic flow because of their length and size and acceleration/deceleration characteristics. This study is aimed to analyse the impact of heavy vehicles on traffic parameters.
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Scora, George, Kanok Boriboonsomsin, Thomas D. Durbin, Kent Johnson, Seungju Yoon, John Collins, and Zhen Dai. "Variability in Real-World Activity Patterns of Heavy-Duty Vehicles by Vocation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 9 (May 3, 2019): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119844247.
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Vehicle activity is an integral component in the estimation of mobile source emissions and the study of emission inventories. In the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model and the California Air Resources Board’s (CARB’s) Emission Factor (EMFAC) model, vehicle activity is defined for source types, in which vehicles within a source type are assumed to have the same activity. In both of these models, source types for heavy-duty vehicles are limited in number and the assumption that the activity within these source types is similar may be inaccurate. The focus of this paper is to improve vehicle emission estimates by improving characterization of heavy-duty vehicle activity using vehicle vocation. This paper presents results and analysis from the collection of real-world activity data of 90 vehicles from 19 vehicle categories made up from a combination of vehicle vocation, gross vehicle weight, and geographical area— namely, line haul—out of state; line haul—in state; drayage—Northern California; drayage—Southern California; agricultural—Southern Central Valley; heavy construction; concrete mixers; food distribution; beverage distribution; local moving; airport shuttle; refuse; urban buses; express buses; freeway work; sweeping; municipal work; towing; and utility repair. Results show that real-world activity patterns of heavy-duty vehicles vary greatly by vocation and in some cases by geographic region. Vocation-specific activity information can be used to update assumptions in EPA’s MOVES model or CARB’s EMFAC model to address this variability in emission inventory development.
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Xu, Jing, R. Jiang, and Hao Zhou. "Analysis of Field Reliability of Two Models of Heavy Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 1733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.1733.
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A steel mill uses four functionally identical heavy vehicles manufactured by two different manufacturers. The information of failure time and downtime is available. This paper aims to compare the field reliability of the vehicles based on the field repair reports. A cost model is developed to comprehensively evaluate the overall performance of the vehicle. The preventive maintenance frequency of the vehicle is determined based on an empirical approach. The study is useful for the manufacturer to have a clear picture on the competability of its product and is also useful for the user to select an appropriate model of vehicles.
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Shao, Tingting, and Shaohua Liu. "Analysis of Heavy Vehicle Research Status about Knowledge Structure and Research Hotspots Based on CiteSpace." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2235, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2235/1/012083.
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Abstract Heavy vehicle is an important carrier of cargo transportation and is always the research focus of the automotive and environment field. In this paper, the scientific metrological analysis method is used to systematically summarize the research topics and current situation of heavy vehicles. From 2000 to 2019, 1047 articles and 7259 references were investigated. The subject and subject of heavy vehicle research are determined. This paper makes an in-depth study on the phenomenon of citation burst. The research results of this paper not only provide practitioners with a deeper understanding of heavy vehicles, but also help researchers carry out relevant in-depth research.
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Kong, Dewen, Xiucheng Guo, and Dingxin Wu. "The influence of heavy vehicles on traffic dynamics around on-ramp system: Cellular automata approach." International Journal of Modern Physics C 28, no. 06 (May 7, 2017): 1750083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183117500838.
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Although the on-ramp system has been widely studied, the influence of heavy vehicles is unknown because researchers only investigate the traffic dynamics around on-ramp system under homogeneous traffic conditions, which is different in real-world settings. This paper uses an improved cellular automaton model to study the heterogeneous traffic around on-ramp system. The forward motion rules are improved by considering the differences of driving behavior in different vehicle combinations. The lane change rules are improved by reflecting the aggressive behavior in mandatory lane changes. The phase diagram, traffic flow, capacity and spatial-temporal diagram are analyzed under the influences of heavy vehicles. The results show that by increasing the percentage of heavy vehicles, there will be more severe traffic congestion around on-ramp system, lower saturated flow and capacity. Also, the interactions between main road and on-ramp have been investigated. Increasing the percentage of heavy vehicles at the upstream of the conflict area on the main road or restricting heavy vehicles on the outside lane of the main road will deteriorate the performance of on-ramp. While the main road will have better performance as the percentage of heavy vehicles on the on-ramp increases when the on-ramp inflow rate is not low.
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Soong, Ming Foong, Rahizar Ramli, Ahmad Abdullah Saifizul, Kah Yin Goh, and Su Xian Long. "Investigation of inerter-based suspension systems for heavy vehicles." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): e0280290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280290.
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The inerter is a two-terminal component that can be added to the spring-and-damper configuration of a suspension system. It has the property that the force exerted is proportional to the relative acceleration at its terminals. Studies have demonstrated the inerter’s benefit of providing superior vibration isolation when it is used in the vehicle suspension of passenger cars. However, similar benefit on another common vehicle class on the roads, namely heavy vehicles, remain to be shown, as these vehicles have vastly different parameter values than passenger cars. This study is an investigation on the performance improvement brought by an inerter in the suspension of common heavy vehicles. In the study, the parameter values of a truck and a bus were adopted in the quarter vehicle model with two different spring-damper-inerter configurations (parallel and serial inerter), and the improvements in vibration isolation and road holding capability were determined by optimization of inertance. Results show that the inerter is similarly effective in providing the said improvements when implemented on heavy vehicles instead of on passenger cars, judging from reductions in sprung mass acceleration and dynamic tire load. It is also observed that the performance benefit is associated with larger optimum inertance than that for passenger cars. Overall, the inerter has been shown to be beneficial in the parallel and serial configurations, both of which are common and can be practically implemented in the suspension of heavy vehicles.
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Hanowski, Richard J., Robert J. Carroll, Walter W. Wierwille, and Rebecca L. Olson. "Light Vehicle-Heavy Vehicle Interactions: A Preliminary Assessment Using Critical Incident Analysis." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 22 (September 2002): 1844–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602214.
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Two recently completed on-road in situ data collection efforts, one involving local/short haul trucking and the other long-haul trucking, provided a large data set in which to conduct an examination of critical incidents (crashes and near-crashes) that occurred between light vehicles and heavy vehicles. Video and non-video data collected during the two studies were used to characterize critical incidents that were recorded between light vehicle and heavy vehicle drivers. Across both studies, 210 light vehicle-heavy vehicle (LV-HV) critical incidents were recorded. Of these, 78 percent were initiated by the light vehicle driver. Aggressive driving on the part of the light vehicle driver was found to be the primary contributing factor for light vehicle driver initiated incidents. For heavy vehicle driver initiated incidents, the primary contributing factor was poor driving technique. The results suggest that efforts at addressing LV-HV interaction incidents should focus on light vehicle drivers who drive aggressively. Additionally, it is recommended that heavy vehicle drivers might benefit from improved driver training that includes instruction on defensive driving.
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De Almeida, Junizia Elsa, and Koespiadi. "ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF MAXIMUM VEHICLE LOAD AT THE AGE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (CASE STUDY OF THE ROAD SECTION OF HERA DILI TIMOR-LESTE." Neutron 19, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/neutron.v19i2.36.
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The road network is a land transportation infrastructure that plays an important role in the transportation sector, especially for the balance of the distribution of goods and services, both from other regions. In this study, an analysis was conducted to find out how the influence of heavy vehicle volume increase on the service life of the road, while the method used was Bina Marga, the study was conducted by taking a case study on the Hera road section until Dili. This research is expected to find out how the service life of the road if the volume of heavy vehicles continues to increase. If the% of heavy vehicles increases, the thickness of the required surface layer will also be even greater. When% of vehicles or carrying heavy traffic loads are increased, the thickness of the existing layer cannot meet, because the calculation results with% of heavy vehicles increase by 10%, surface thickness 17.2 cm / This will cause the service life of the road to decrease because it is confirmed that the road will be damaged before the service period ends due to excessive load increase in heavy vehicles.
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Hou, You Shan, Hui Xin Song, and Chao Wang. "The Mechanical Characteristics Study on an Interconnected Anti-Rolling Suspension System." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.676.
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The heavy-duty special vehicles easily roll during steering, anti-rolling technology becomes a critical technology to the heavy-duty vehicles. Aiming at the rolling problem of a full load heavy vehicle in the process of steering, an interconnected anti-rolling suspension system with adjustable damping was designed, the nonlinear mathematical models of both hydro-pneumatic independent suspension and interconnected anti-rolling suspension system were established. The mechanical characteristics of two kind of suspension were studied through digital simulation method, discussing the system parameter changes affection on the performance of interconnected anti-rolling suspension system. The study results indicate that the interconnected anti-rolling suspension system bitterly improves vehicles rolling resistance in contrast to the oil-gas mixed independent suspension, the study results provide theoretical basis for the anti-rolling s design of heavy-duty vehicles.
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Wang, Xiaowei, Tao Gao, Min Guan, Xiaojun Jing, and Tengteng Li. "Effects of driving cycle on CO2 emission of heavy-duty commercial vehicles based on VECTO simulation." E3S Web of Conferences 352 (2022): 03033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235203033.
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European has adopted Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool (VECTO) to calculate the fuel consumption of heavy-duty commercial vehicles for fulfill the carbon-neutral requirement. In this paper, VECTO was used to evaluate the CO2 emission for four types of vehicles including city bus, coach, heavy truck and trailer tractor. China Version World Transient Vehicle Cycle (C-WTVC) and China Heavy-duty Commercial Vehicle Test Cycle (CHTC) were used as simulation cycles. The CO2 emission characteristics and cycle differences of both cycles were compared and analyzed. The results show that CO2 emissions of CHTC are higher than that of C-WTVC for these four types of vehicles with increase percentages ranging from 1.5% to 19%. Cycle average acceleration difference is the most predominant factor. Driving strategy changes due to the cycle difference also lead to the CO2 emission difference because the engine operation points has changed to some extent.
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Ary Andreo Siregar and Lola Cassiophea. "THE EFFECT OF VEHICLE VOLUME ON DAMAGE TO PINE ROAD IN PALANGKA RAYA CITY." PARENTAS: Jurnal Mahasiswa Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37304/parentas.v8i1.4364.
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Along with the level of traffic density that crosses the Pinus road, there are several obstacles that cause damage, one of which is the damage that occurs in the road construction section, which is caused by the load of vehicles with excessive loads such as trucks, which further causes damage to the road, namely an increase in volume. heavy traffic every day. Asphalt pavement is generally used on roads that have a fairly dense traffic volume, with the increase in the number of vehicles resulting in damage in a relatively short time than planned. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the volume of vehicle types on road damage on asphalt pavement, it can be predicted earlier the value of road damage that will occur, the method used in this study is the method of analyzing vehicle volume on road damage with the regression method. Used to obtain the relationship function with the value of R² (coefficient of determination) which shows the magnitude of the effect of changes in the volume of vehicle types on changes in the value of road damage, this study was carried out on the Pinus road, Palangka Raya City. There is a relationship between the volume of vehicle types and the value of road damage, the results obtained are R² = 0.744 which shows that road damage is influenced by the volume of heavy vehicles, light vehicles and motorcycles with a percentage value of 74.4%. From the results of the equation between heavy vehicles (X1), light vehicles (X2), motorcycles (X3), and the value of road damage Y = 0.159 X1 + 0.034 X2 + 0.017 X3 + 14,189. From these equations it can be described as follows, the regression coefficient (X1) (a) = 0.159 means that a heavy vehicle of 100 vehicles/day will increase the level of road damage by 5.9, the regression coefficient (X2) (b) = 0.034 means a light vehicle of 100 vehicles/day will increase the level of road damage by 3.4, Regression coefficient (X3) (c) = 0.017 means that 100 motorbikes/day will increase the level of damage by 1.7, constant (c) = if there are no vehicles driving passing a road segment, the road will experience road damage of 14,189.
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Jia, Yanbo, and David Cebon. "A strategy for avoiding collisions between heavy goods vehicles and cyclists." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 6 (July 5, 2018): 1367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018781671.
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Heavy goods vehicles turning left across the path of a cyclist cause approximately 40% of the most serious injuries and fatalities to cyclists. A collision avoidance strategy is proposed in this study. Based on measurement of the current position and motion of the cyclist relative to the heavy goods vehicle, the future position of the cyclist after a short period is predicted by assuming constant acceleration and constant yaw rate. The brakes on the heavy goods vehicle are applied if the predicted future cyclist position overlaps the future envelope of the heavy goods vehicle. A parametric study shows that a high portion of potential collisions could be prevented in this way. Nineteen fatal accidents involving left-turning heavy goods vehicles and cyclists are reconstructed in simulation from police report files and the collision avoidance system is simulated. It is concluded that the introduction of the proposed collision avoidance strategy could possibly have prevented up to 18 of the 19 deaths in these accidents.
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Hashim, Wardati, Ahmad Kamil Arshad, Masria Mustafa, and Noor Azreena Kamaluddin. "Time Gap Evaluation due to the Existence of Heavy Vehicles on Urban Expressways." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.375.
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Time gap is important for road user to make decision relative to the lad vehicle at a roadway segment. Theoretically, if the gap is larger than reaction time, drivers would maintain the safe following distance from the vehicle in front or else the probability of vehicle collusion is considerably high. In expressways, gap is important for the purpose of lane changing and overtaking. Due to high allowable speed on expressways, time gap might be affected, especially with the consideration of heavy vehicle existence. This paper attempts to statistically justify any significance correlation between speed and time gap in relative to critical gap acceptance pertaining to the heavy vehicles and cars interaction on urban expressways. Extensive data was collected through video recording before being abstracted and processed by utilizing the TRAIS software. Then, statistical analysis in relative to the speed and time gap for various vehicles interactions are presented. The results showed there is a significant correlation between speed and time gap for all vehicles interaction. When cars following other cars at allowable average speed, the time gap is relatively low leading to a lower critical gap acceptance as compared to the situation with the existence of heavy vehicles.
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Kasper-Eulaers, Margrit, Nico Hahn, Stian Berger, Tom Sebulonsen, Øystein Myrland, and Per Egil Kummervold. "Short Communication: Detecting Heavy Goods Vehicles in Rest Areas in Winter Conditions Using YOLOv5." Algorithms 14, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a14040114.
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The proper planning of rest periods in response to the availability of parking spaces at rest areas is an important issue for haulage companies as well as traffic and road administrations. We present a case study of how You Only Look Once (YOLO)v5 can be implemented to detect heavy goods vehicles at rest areas during winter to allow for the real-time prediction of parking spot occupancy. Snowy conditions and the polar night in winter typically pose some challenges for image recognition, hence we use thermal network cameras. As these images typically have a high number of overlaps and cut-offs of vehicles, we applied transfer learning to YOLOv5 to investigate whether the front cabin and the rear are suitable features for heavy goods vehicle recognition. Our results show that the trained algorithm can detect the front cabin of heavy goods vehicles with high confidence, while detecting the rear seems more difficult, especially when located far away from the camera. In conclusion, we firstly show an improvement in detecting heavy goods vehicles using their front and rear instead of the whole vehicle, when winter conditions result in challenging images with a high number of overlaps and cut-offs, and secondly, we show thermal network imaging to be promising in vehicle detection.
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Robinson, D. G., S. H. Martin, G. Roddan, G. H. Gibbs, and J. Dutnall. "The Application of Vibration Assessment in Mining Vehicles to Return-to-Work Protocols." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 16, no. 2 (June 1997): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309239701600201.
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Whole body vibration assessment was performed for 11 mining vehicles during regular operations at Suncor Oil Sands near Ft. McMurray, Canada. Vehicles included heavy haulage trucks, light trucks and earth moving machines (dozers, a grader and a bucket loader). Vibration severity and shock severity were assessed according to ISO 2631 using the root mean square (RMS) and crest factor methods. The BS 6841 vibration dose value (VDV) accumulated over a single 12-hour shift was estimated for an exposure duration of 6 hours and for the maximum anticipated duration of vehicle operation during a shift. Severe mechanical shocks with crest factors greater than 10 were observed for all vehicles except the supervisor's light truck. Motion profiles contained peak-to-peak shock amplitudes as large as 38 m·s−-2 in some vehicles. Vibration levels (RMS) exceeded the ISO 2631/1 guidelines for all vehicles except a new D10 dozer and the 789 heavy hauler. The recommended daily VDV was exceeded by all vehicles except the 789 hauler. Vehicles were ranked for relative severity of motion exposure to provide guidance in the planned integration of injured workers back into daily mine operations. Within each vehicle classification, the most favourable motion profiles were observed for the 789 heavy hauler, the new D10 dozer and the supervisor's light truck.
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Morrison, Graeme, Richard L. Roebuck, and David Cebon. "Effects of longer heavy vehicles on traffic congestion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 6 (August 1, 2013): 970–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213493384.
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Two-lane, “microscopic” (vehicle-by-vehicle) simulations of motorway traffic are developed using existing models and validated using measured data from the M25 motorway. An energy consumption model is also built in, which takes the logged trajectories of simulated vehicles as drive-cycles. The simulations are used to investigate the effects on motorway congestion and fuel consumption if “longer and/or heavier vehicles” (LHVs) were to be permitted in the UK. Baseline scenarios are simulated with traffic composed of cars, light goods vehicles and standard heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). A proportion of conventional articulated HGVs is then replaced by a smaller number of LHVs carrying the same total payload mass and volume. Four LHV configurations are investigated: an 18.75 m, 46 t longer semi-trailer (LST); 25.25 m, 50 t and 60 t B-doubles and a 34 m, 82 t A-double. Metrics for congestion, freight fleet energy consumption and car energy consumption are defined for comparing the scenarios. Finally, variation of take-up level and LHV engine power for the LST and A-double are investigated. It is concluded that: (a) LHVs should reduce congestion particularly in dense traffic, however, a low mean proportion of freight traffic on UK roads and low take-up levels will limit this effect to be almost negligible; (b) LHVs can significantly improve the energy efficiency of freight fleets, giving up to a 23% reduction in fleet energy consumption at high take-up levels; (c) the small reduction in congestion caused by LHVs could improve the fuel consumption of other road users by up to 3% in dense traffic, however in free-flowing traffic an opposite effect occurs due to higher vehicle speeds and aerodynamic losses; and (d) underpowered LHVs have potential to generate severe congestion, however current manufacturers’ recommendations appear suitable.
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Zhen, Kai, Gang Li, Zhe Ji, Baoxian Liu, Yanyan Yang, Kongjian Qin, and Kuiyuan Guo. "Study on applicability of data collection frequency for heavy-duty vehicles based on remote monitoring." E3S Web of Conferences 360 (2022): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236001005.
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The remote online system of heavy-duty vehicles is composed of vehicle terminal and monitoring platform based on the specified communication protocol, data format and data transmission frequency, which is an important embodiment of heavy-duty vehicle pollution control in the application for Internet of Vehicles. The influence of different collection frequencies and compute cycles on vehicle energy consumption and emission calculation is studied in this paper. The calculation errors of mileage, vehicle fuel consumption per 100 kilometers and emission factors of 14 collection frequencies and 7 compute cycles were calculated by continuously monitoring the emission and energy consumption data for 10 heavy-duty vehicles uploaded in 1 month. The result shows that decreasing the data collection frequency will lead to the increase of error and the decrease of correlation, while increasing the computing cycle can reduce the error. When the calculation error is 1%, 5% and 10%, the collection frequency shall be at least 0.5Hz, 0.2Hz and 0.1Hz, and the computing cycle shall be greater than 1800 seconds, 3600 seconds and 7200 seconds. The study content of this paper provides the theoretical foundation for the application and storage of remote monitoring data of heavy-duty vehicles, and provides a solution to the waste of data storage space caused by the problem of remote monitoring big data set.
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Nguyen, The M., and Mohammad H. Elahinia. "Vibration Isolation for Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles." Shock and Vibration 15, no. 2 (2008): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/658984.
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In recent decades, several types of hybrid vehicles have been developed in order to improve the fuel economy and to reduce the pollution. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) have shown a significant improvement in fuel efficiency for small and medium-sized passenger vehicles and SUVs. HEV has several limitations when applied to heavy vehicles; one is that larger vehicles demand more power, which requires significantly larger battery capacities. As an alternative solution, hydraulic hybrid technology has been found effective for heavy duty vehicle because of its high power density. The mechanical batteries used in hydraulic hybrid vehicles (HHV) can be charged and discharged remarkably faster than chemical batteries. This feature is essential for heavy vehicle hybridization. One of the main problems that should be solved for the successful commercialization of HHV is the excessive noise and vibration involving with the hydraulic systems. This study focuses on using magnetorheological (MR) technology to reduce the noise and vibration transmissibility from the hydraulic system to the vehicle body. In order to study the noise and vibration of HHV, a hydraulic hybrid subsystem in parallel design is analyzed. This research shows that the MR elements play an important role in reducing the transmitted noise and vibration to the vehicle body. Additionally, locations and orientations of the isolation system also affect the efficiency of the noise and vibration mitigation. In simulations, a skyhook control algorithm is used to achieve the highest possible effectiveness of the MR isolation system.
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Contreras-Jara, Manuel, Tomás Echaveguren, José Vargas Baecheler, Alondra Chamorro Giné, and Hernán de Solminihac Tampier. "Reliability-Based Estimation of Traffic Interruption Probability due to Road Waterlogging." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (July 29, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2850546.
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Floods affect road infrastructure physically and operationally, increase road user costs and road agencies cost, and eventually isolate communities. The research of the effect of floods on vehicular circulation is mainly focused on the stability of vehicles. There are few studies related to the regime of still water in the trafficability. In still water, the speed flow is low and does not compromise the vehicle stability. In this case, the vehicle’s wading height becomes relevant. This article proposes a procedure to estimate the traffic interruption probability caused by floods in roads, considering the still water regime. The procedure uses the first-order reliability method to estimate traffic interruption probabilities, based on the difference between the probability density functions (PDF) of still water depth (or waterlogging depth) and vehicle wading height. A specific procedure to estimate the PDF of wading height based in the geometric characteristics of light and heavy vehicles was developed. The PDF for water depth was estimated using water level profile simulation software. The procedure was applied in the south of Chile. The PDF of wading height was obtained from a record of 166,155 vehicles tagged in open road tolls. The PDF of waterlogging depth was obtained from discharge records of 10 fluviometric stations. 42 probability curves were obtained for six vehicle classes and return periods between 4 and 500 years. The still water depth obtained for traffic interruption probability of 1,0 varied between 70 and 90 cm for light vehicles and between 110 and 150 cm for heavy vehicles.
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Budihardjo, Mochamad Arief, Isaaf Fadhilah, Natasya Ghinna Humaira, Mochtar Hadiwidodo, Irawan Wisnu Wardhana, and Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan. "Forecasting Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Heavy Vehicles: A Case study of Semarang City." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 18, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v18i2.254-260.
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In Indonesia, transportation sector, specifically road transport consumed most energy compared to other sectors. Eventually, the energy consumption will increase due to the growth of vehicle number that also escalate emission. Vehicle emissions had been recognized as a significant contributor to atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution. Heavy-duty vehicles are considered as main sources of vehicular emissions in most cities. Therefore, it is crucial to take into account heavy-duty vehicle emission projections in order to support policymakers to identify vehicle emissions and develop pollution control strategies. The aim of this study is to forecast heavy-duty vehicle population, vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT), fuel consumption, and heavy-duty vehicle emissions using data of Semarang City to illustrate greenhouse gas emission of big cities in Indonesia. Business as Usual (BAU) and The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method were incorporated to determine vehicle emission projection. Heavy-duty vehicle emissions increase from 2021 to 2030 by 12.317 to 22.865 Gg CO2/year with amount trucks and buses emissions of 21.981,5 Gg CO2/year and 884,2 Gg CO2/year, respectively.