Journal articles: 'Heavy Ions'

1

Fernandez Perez Tomei, Thiago Rafael. "Heavy Ions in CMS." EPJ Web of Conferences 60 (2013): 13010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20136013010.

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Kharzeev, D. "QCD and heavy ions." Nuclear Physics A 699, no. 1-2 (February 2002): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(01)01475-0.

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Fischer, B. E., and C. Mühlbauer. "Microtomography by heavy ions." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 47, no. 3 (May 1990): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(90)90757-l.

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4

Eckstein, W., and J. P. Biersack. "Reflection of heavy ions." Zeitschrift für Physik B Condensed Matter 63, no. 4 (December 1986): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01726195.

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Djunaidi, Muhammad Cholid, and Khabibi Khabibi. "Potential Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions by Eugenol Compounds and Derivatives through Ion Imprinted Polymer." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 22, no. 6 (October 21, 2019): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.6.263-268.

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Research on the potential of Ion Imprinted Polymer (IIP) selective adsorption of heavy metals using eugenol compounds and their derivatives has been carried out. Isolation and synthesis of eugenol derivatives with metal selective active groups and their use as selective metal carriers have been carried out with satisfactory results. Carrier effectiveness can still be improved by methods that focus on the target molecule recognition model. This adsorption method is called Ion Imprinted Polymer (IIP). The main components of IIP are functional monomers, crosslinkers, and target molecules. The use of acrylamide and its derivatives as functional monomers is useful with a lot of success achieved but also invites danger because it includes carcinogenic substances, a nerve poison, and so on. Moreover, the N group, which is an active acrylamide group, and its derivatives are only selective towards borderline metals (HSAB theory). Alternatives that are safe and can increase their selectivity are therefore needed. Eugenol, with its three potential functional groups, is believed to be able to replace the function of acrylamide and its derivatives that can even increase the effectiveness of IIP. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of eugenol derivatives as selective adsorbents through the IIP method. This synthesis of IIP involved the use of basic ingredients of eugenol and its derivatives (polyeugenol, EOA, polyacetate). Each base material is contacted with a metal template then crosslinked with three kinds of crosslinking agents, namely EGDMA, DVB, and bisphenol. IIP is formed after the metal template is released using acid/HCl. The outcomes obtained demonstrate that the IIP method is able to increase the metal adsorption capacity and that the IIP method for metals is largely determined by the release of metals, which will form a hole for metal entry through adsorption. Poly-Cd-DVB, Eug-Cr-DVB, Poly-Cu-bisphenol, Polyacetate -Cr-DVB are polymer materials that have the potential to make up an IIP.

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Kabana, Sonia. "Heavy ions: Report from Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider." Pramana 79, no. 4 (October 2012): 737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-012-0384-4.

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Rathore, Mukta, Ahmad Jahan Khanam, and Vikas Gupta. "Studies on Synthesis and Ion Exchange Properties of Sulfonated Polyvinyl Alcohol/Phosphomolybdic Acid Composite Cation Exchanger." Materials Science Forum 875 (October 2016): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.875.149.

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In this study, sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol/phosphomolybdic acid composite cation exchange membrane was prepared by solution casting method. Some of the ionb exchange peroperties such as ion exchange capacity for alkali and alkali metal ions, effect of temperature on ion exchange capacity, elution behavior, effect of eluent concentration, distribution coefficient were studied. On the basis of selectivity coefficient values some important binary separation of heavy metal ion pairs such as Hg (II)-Zn (II), Hg (II)-Cd (II), Hg (II)-Ni (II) and Hg (II)-Cu (II) were carried out. It was observed that elution of heavy metal ions depends upon the metal-eluting ligand stability. Mercury remained in column for a longer time than that of other heavy metal ions. The separations are fairly sharp and recovery of Hg (II) ions is quantitative and reproducible.

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8

Xu, Guangda, Peng Song, and Lixin Xia. "Examples in the detection of heavy metal ions based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy." Nanophotonics 10, no. 18 (November 8, 2021): 4419–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0363.

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Abstract Heavy metals have been widely applied in industry, agriculture, and other fields because of their outstanding physics and chemistry properties. However, heavy metal pollution is inevitable in the process of mass production and emission. Heavy metal ions will cause irreversible harm to the human body and other organisms due to their nondegradable nature even at low concentrations of exposure and ingestion. Therefore, it is of great significance for human health and ecological environment to develop high accuracy and sensitivity as well as stable techniques for detecting heavy metal ions. In recent years, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has been regarded as a promising new technique for the determination of trace heavy metal ions on account of its special fingerprint identification capability, high sensitivity, rapid detection ability, and simple operation. This review summarized in detail the basic principles and strategies for detecting mercury ions, copper ions, arsenic ions, zinc ions, cadmium ions, lead ions, and chromium (VI) ions as well as the current challenges and future trends for the determination of heavy metal ions based on SERS technology.

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Melnyk, Lyudmila, Oleksandr Bessarab, Svitlana Matko, and Myroslav Malovanyy. "Adsorption of Heavy Metals Ions from Liquid Media by Palygorskite." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht09.04.467.

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10

Ilyasova, X. N. "THE STUDY OF ION-EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIUM OF HEAVY METAL IONS Cо2+ AND Cd2+ ON THE NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC SORBENTS." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2022-4-122-127.

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These article summaries the results of studying the sorption equilibrium of ions close to their concentration in the liquid industrial waste. For experimental research, solutions with concentration of Со2+ and Cd2+ ions in the range of 1·10-3–1·10-4 N have been used. These concentrations match to ion con¬cen¬tration in industrial liquid waste with the ions mentioned. In the experiments, the Na+- modified forms of natural sorbents based on clinoptilolite from the Aydag deposit and on bentonite from the Dash-Salakhli (Azerbaijan) deposit were used. For comparison, among industrial sorbents, we used synthetic cation exchanger KU–2–8 (styrene and divinylbenzene co–poly¬mer), which we modified in H+, Na+-form. The thermodynamic constant of ion-exchange equilibrium for differently charged ions, calculated by the Gorshkov-Tolmachev formula, does not depend on the solution concentration, and to calculate this value, it is not required to determine the activity coefficient. Based on experiments to determine equilibrium concentrations, we can recommend inexpensive and available Na-clinoptilolite and Na-bentonite instead of synthetic industrial KU-2-8 for the sorption extraction of Co2+ and Cd2+ ions from wastewater

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11

Lamotte, M., G. De Izarra, and C. Jammes. "Heavy-ions induced scintillation experiments." Journal of Instrumentation 14, no. 09 (September 17, 2019): C09024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/09/c09024.

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12

Schmaus, D., S. Andriamonje, M. Chevallier, C. Cohen, N. Cue, D. Dauvergne, R. Dural, et al. "Channeling of swift heavy ions." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 126, no. 1-4 (March 1993): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159308219733.

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13

Horn, D., G. C. Ball, D. R. Bowman, W. G. Davies, D. Fox, A. Galindo-Uribarri, A. C. Hayes, et al. "Pionic Fusion of Heavy Ions." Physical Review Letters 77, no. 12 (September 16, 1996): 2408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.77.2408.

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14

Lestrat, P., C. Terrier, F. Estreme, and L. H. Rosier. "SOI 68T020 heavy ions evaluation." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 41, no. 6 (December 1994): 2240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.340569.

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15

Rothard, Hermann, Daniel Severin, and Christina Trautmann. "Swift Heavy Ions in Matter." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 365 (December 2015): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2015.11.013.

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16

DeWolfe, Oliver, Steven S. Gubser, Christopher Rosen, and Derek Teaney. "Heavy ions and string theory." Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 75 (March 2014): 86–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2013.11.001.

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Dauvergne, Denis, Emmanuel Balanzat, and Christina Trautmann. "SWIFT HEAVY IONS IN MATTER." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 267, no. 6 (March 2009): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.02.001.

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18

Denisov, V. Yu. "Interaction potential between heavy ions." Physics Letters B 526, no. 3-4 (February 2002): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(01)01513-1.

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19

Beaujean, R., S. Barz, D. Jonathal, and W. Enge. "Trapped heavy ions on LDEF." Radiation Measurements 25, no. 1-4 (January 1995): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4487(95)00105-n.

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20

Chauvel, P. "Treatment planning with heavy ions." Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 34, no. 1 (March 1995): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01210546.

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21

Steck, M., G. Bisoffi, M. Blum, A. Friedrich, C. Geyer, M. Grieser, B. Holzer, et al. "Electron cooling of heavy ions." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 287, no. 1-2 (February 1990): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)91817-u.

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22

Kiefer, J., U. Stoll, and E. Schneider. "Mutation induction by heavy ions." Advances in Space Research 14, no. 10 (October 1994): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(94)90475-8.

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23

Benenson, Walter. "Making pions with heavy ions." Nuclear Physics A 482, no. 1-2 (May 1988): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(88)90606-9.

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24

Bandō, H. "Strangeness production by heavy ions." Il Nuovo Cimento A 102, no. 2 (August 1989): 627–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02734880.

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25

Mokler, P. H., D. H. H. Hoffmann, W. A. Schönfeldt, Z. Stachura, A. Warczak, H. Schmidt-Böcking, and R. Schuch. "Highly ionized, decelerated heavy ions." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 10-11 (May 1985): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(85)90203-4.

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26

Pompos, Arnold, Marco Durante, and Hak Choy. "Heavy Ions in Cancer Therapy." JAMA Oncology 2, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.2646.

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27

Wu, Jun, Li Ning Yang, Na Song, and Jian Rong Chen. "Nanometer Materials Modified Electrodes for Detection of Heavy Metal Ions by Stripping Voltammetry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.129.

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More and more heavy metal ions pollution events happen nowadays, so how to detect and remove heavy metal ions is a very important problem. Electrochemical method is relatively simple device, convenient automatic operation. Because of its high sensitivity and good selectivity, it becomes a good method to detect heavy metal ions. This paper summarized the detection of heavy metal ions by stripping voltammetry.

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Kiefer, J., and H. Straaten. "Quantitative interpretation of heavy ions effects: Models for the biological effects of heavy ions." Advances in Space Research 9, no. 10 (January 1989): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(89)90419-5.

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29

Guo, Tianze. "Application of Graphene Technology in the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions in Wastewater." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 73 (November 29, 2023): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v73i.14053.

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Nowadays, heavy metal pollution has become a serious problem. Toxic heavy metal ions can result in extreme damage to the environment and human society. Under that situation, methods that can remove the heavy metal ions in water have been required. Graphene technology can be widely applied to the removal of heavy metal ions. This article will explain the preparation of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide and the efficiency and influence factors of the method applied in water treatment. The method can remove many kinds of mainly occurring toxic heavy metal ions with very high efficiency. Also, large-scale production of graphene oxide can be achieved. The removal of heavy metal ions in water by graphene technology can be a practical method in the water treatment field.

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Celata, C. M. "Heavy Ion Fusion — Using Heavy Ions to Make Electricity." Acta Physica Hungarica A) Heavy Ion Physics 24, no. 1-4 (October 1, 2005): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aph.24.2005.1-4.46.

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Bai, Linyi, Li Juan Tou, Qiang Gao, Purnandhu Bose, and Yanli Zhao. "Remarkable colorimetric sensing of heavy metal ions based on thiol-rich nanoframes." Chemical Communications 52, no. 94 (2016): 13691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc08007c.

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Tailored dimercaptosuccinic acid based nanoframes were developed for sensing heavy metal ions, where remarkable colorimetric changes were observed in response to different heavy metal ions. The present work demonstrates a simple and effective approach for the detection of heavy metal ions.

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Faber, M., A. N. Ivanov, P. Kienle, E. L. Kryshen, M. Pitschmann, and N. I. Troitskaya. "On “GSI Oscillations” as Interference of Two Closely Spaced Ground Mass Eigenstates of H-Like Mother Ions." Research Letters in Physics 2009 (August 30, 2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/524957.

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We analyse the hypothesis that the “GSI oscillations” of the K-shell electron capture decay (EC) rates of the H-like heavy ions are caused by quantum beats from a coherent state of two closely spaced ground mass-eigenstates and of decaying H-like heavy ions. We apply this mechanism to the calculation of the -decay rates of the H-like heavy ions and discuss the dynamics of the production of the H-like heavy ions with two closely spaced ground mass-eigenstates at GSI experiments. We show that such a mechanism cannot describe simultaneously the experimental data on both the EC-decay and -decay rates of the H-like heavy ions, measured at GSI.

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Weißpflog, Janek, Alexander Gündel, David Vehlow, Christine Steinbach, Martin Müller, Regine Boldt, Simona Schwarz, and Dana Schwarz. "Solubility and Selectivity Effects of the Anion on the Adsorption of Different Heavy Metal Ions onto Chitosan." Molecules 25, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 2482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112482.

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The biopolymer chitosan is a very efficient adsorber material for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Due to the solubility properties of chitosan it can be used as both a liquid adsorber and a solid flocculant for water treatment reaching outstanding adsorption capacities for a number of heavy metal ions. However, the type of anion corresponding to the investigated heavy metal ions has a strong influence on the adsorption capacity and sorption mechanism on chitosan. In this work, the adsorption capacity of the heavy metal ions manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc were investigated in dependence on their corresponding anions sulfate, chloride, and nitrate by batch experiments. The selectivity of the different heavy metal ions was analyzed by column experiments.

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Naseem, Khalida, Zahoor H. Farooqi, Muhammad Z. Ur Rehman, Muhammad A. Ur Rehman, Robina Begum, Rahila Huma, Aiman Shahbaz, Jawayria Najeeb, and Ahmad Irfan. "A systematic study for removal of heavy metals from aqueous media using Sorghum bicolor: an efficient biosorbent." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 10 (April 26, 2018): 2355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.190.

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Abstract This review is based on the adsorption characteristics of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) for removal of heavy metals from aqueous media. Different parameters like pH, temperature of the medium, sorghum concentration, sorghum particle size, contact time, stirring speed and heavy metal concentration control the adsorption efficiency of sorghum biomass for heavy metal ions. Sorghum biomass showed maximum efficiency for removal of heavy metal ions in the pH range of 5 to 6. It is an agricultural waste and is regarded as the cheapest biosorbent, having high adsorption capacity for heavy metals as compared to other reported adsorbents, for the treatment of heavy metal polluted wastewater. Adsorption of heavy metal ions onto sorghum biomass follows pseudo second order kinetics. Best fitted adsorption isotherm models for removal of heavy metal ions on sorghum biomass are Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Thermodynamic aspects of heavy metal ions adsorption onto sorghum biomass have also been elaborated in this review article. How adsorption efficiency of sorghum biomass can be improved by different physical and chemical treatments in future has also been elaborated. This review article will be highly useful for researchers working in the field of water treatment via biosorption processing. The quantitative demonstrated efficiency of sorghum biomass for various heavy metal ions has also been highlighted in different sections of this review article.

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Babazhanova, Sevara, and Raushan Nurdillayeva. "Wastewater treatment from ions of heavy and non-ferrous metals by ion-exchange adsorption." Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2016): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/cb689.

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This article presents the results of experimental research on wastewater treatment from ions of heavy and non-ferrous metals by ion exchange adsorption. The object of investigation was a model solution containing ions of heavy and non-ferrous metals and prepared of wastewater from Turkestan locomotive depot. As a sorbent, phosphorus–acidic cationite KRF-10P was used. The impact of the cation exchanger mass, reaction time of cationite and temperature of the solution on the degree of wastewater treatment from ions of heavy and non-ferrous metals (Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+) were studied. On the basis of experiments, optimal conditions of wastewater treatment from ions of heavy and non-ferrous metals were established: mKRF-10P = 2.0 g, t = 1.0 h, T = 55°C. At the optimized conditions, the degree of wastewater treatment from zinc ions reached 96.1%, the degree of removal of lead ions reached 89%, the degree of removal of cadmium ions reached 95%. Experimental results showed the possibility of wastewater treatment from ions of heavy and nonferrous metals by ion exchange adsorption using phosphorus–acidic cationite KRF-10P.

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Trus, I. M., M. D. Gomelia, T. V. Krysenko, and Ye S. Bulhakov. "STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF WATER PURIFICATION FROM HEAVY METAL IONS WITH MAGNETITE SORBENTS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2020.6.

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The process of water treatment from heavy metal ions on sorbents with magnetic properties was investigated. Samples of magnetite obtained at a ratio of the concentrations of iron (II) ions and iron (III) 1 : 2; 1 : 1 and 2 : 1, and samples modified with sodium sulfide were used. The effect of pH on the sorption efficiency of heavy metal ions on magnetite was studied. It was shown that the sorption capacity of magnetite towards heavy metal ions, as well as the efficiency of water treatment from these compounds, increases with an increase of the [Fe2+]/[Fe3+] ratio from 1 : 2 to 2 : 1. Sorption capacity of magnetite increases with increasing pH due to partial hydrolysis of heavy metal ions. Also sorption capacity of magnetite increases significantly if modified it with guanidine, thiosemicarbazide, and sodium sulfide. At the same time, the sorbent provides a high degree of water purification from heavy metal ions while reducing the metal concentrations to several µg/dm3. Ref. 12, Fig. 5, Tab. 1.

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Si, Rongrong, Junwen Pu, Honggang Luo, Chaojun Wu, and Gaigai Duan. "Nanocellulose-Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Ion." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 5479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245479.

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Heavy metal ions in industrial sewage constitute a serious threat to human health. Nanocellulose-based adsorbents are emerging as an environmentally friendly material platform for heavy metal ion removal based on their unique properties, which include high specific surface area, excellent mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. In this review, we cover the most recent works on nanocellulose-based adsorbents for heavy metal ion removal and present an in-depth discussion of the modification technologies for nanocellulose in the process of assembling high-performance heavy ion adsorbents. By introducing functional groups, such as amino, carboxyl, aldehyde, and thiol, the assembled nanocellulose-based adsorbents both remove single heavy metal ions and can selectively adsorb multiple heavy ions in water. Finally, the remaining challenges of nanocellulose-based adsorbents are pointed out. We anticipate that this review will provide indispensable guidance on the application of nanocellulose-based adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions.

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Dai, Shu Juan, Shu Yong Yang, and Dong Qin Zhou. "The Influence of Coexisting Ions on Adsorption-Flotation of Pb2+ in Water by Gordona Amarae." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.183.

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Processing waste water of heavy metals by biosorption-flotation was effected by many factors. Existing coexisting ions in waste water is a important factor. The influence of coexisting alkaline-earth metals ions and heavy metals ions of Cd 2+, Cu 2+, Hg 2+, Zn 2+, As 3+, on results of adsorbing and floating Pb2+ in waste water was examined by using Gordona amarae as adsorbent and laurylamine as collector. The results showed that different sort of heavy metals ions and alkaline-earth metals ions have different influences on biosorption-flotation. The influences on biosorption-flotation by coexisting ions showed that ions exchange mechanism, surface complexation mechanism, oxidation-deoxidize and inorganic micro precipitation mechanism exist probably

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Kurshanov, Danil, Pavel Khavlyuk, Mihail Baranov, Aliaksei Dubavik, Andrei Rybin, Anatoly Fedorov, and Alexander Baranov. "Magneto-Fluorescent Hybrid Sensor CaCO3-Fe3O4-AgInS2/ZnS for the Detection of Heavy Metal Ions in Aqueous Media." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 4373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194373.

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Heavy metal ions are not subject to biodegradation and could cause the environmental pollution of natural resources and water. Many of the heavy metals are highly toxic and dangerous to human health, even at a minimum amount. This work considered an optical method for detecting heavy metal ions using colloidal luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Over the past decade, QDs have been used in the development of sensitive fluorescence sensors for ions of heavy metal. In this work, we combined the fluorescent properties of AgInS2/ZnS ternary QDs and the magnetism of superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in a matrix of porous calcium carbonate microspheres for the detection of toxic ions of heavy metal: Co2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+. We demonstrate a relationship between the level of quenching of the photoluminescence of sensors under exposure to the heavy metal ions and the concentration of these ions, allowing their detection in aqueous solutions at concentrations of Co2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+ as low as ≈0.01 ppm, ≈0.1 ppm, and ≈0.01 ppm, respectively. It also has importance for application of the ability to concentrate and extract the sensor with analytes from the solution using a magnetic field.

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Rofikoh, Vina, Badrus Zaman, and Budi Prasetyo Samadikun. "The Potential of Commercial Biomass-Based Activated Carbon to Remove Heavy Metals in Wastewater – A Review." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 22, no. 1 (September 21, 2023): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.22.1.132-141.

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Commercial activated carbon is a type of adsorbent commonly used in adsorption processes. However, the use of commercial carbon in wastewater treatment is still limited, due to the scarce availability of precursors and their high cost. Biomass as an activated carbon precursor has been reported to have high efficiency in removing various heavy metals in wastewater. This study aims to review the potential of biomass-based activated carbon to adsorb heavy metals in terms of biomass constituent components, heavy metal removal, and future prospects. The method in this study is a systematic literature review, or SLR, to collect data from online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The results show that biomass-based activated carbon is effective in the removal of heavy metals in various types of wastewater. The removal effectiveness for different types of biomass ranged from 84–99% for Pb2+ ions, 55–92% for Cd2+ ions, 84–99% for Pb2+ ions, 96% for As2+ ions, 80–100% for Cr2+ ions, 25–97% for Fe2+ ions, 50–99% for Ni2+ ions, and 62–98% for Cu2+ ions, and 98% for Ti ions. These results show that heavy metals have different affinities to activated carbon from biomass, from all heavy metals, Fe2+ and Cd2+ ions have the lowest affinity, so the activated carbon used to remove Fe2+ and Cd2+ metals needs to be produced with higher porosity and surface area. The removal of heavy metals using activated carbon from biomass is limited by adsorbent dosage, contact time, solution pH, temperature, initial adsorbate concentration, particle size, and stirring speed. In future research, it is expected that activated carbon from biomass has a high adsorption capacity, is economical cost, is environmentally friendly and can be used on a larger scale.

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Adams, J. H., L. P. Beahm, P. R. Boberg, and A. J. Tylka. "Below-cutoff ions in the heavy ions in space experiment." Advances in Space Research 15, no. 1 (January 1995): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(99)80126-4.

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42

Wang, Guo Zhen, Tao Chen, Jie Gao, Jing Yin, Rui Ma, and Chun Jie Yan. "The Synthesis and Characterization of the Graphene Oxide-Polyamine Composites Using for the Recovery of Heavy Metal Ions." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2935–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2935.

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Graphene oxide–polyamine composites have been synthesized which have metal ion capacities as high as 97.94% for cadmium ions removed from aqueous solutions. The chemical structure of obtained graphene oxide–polyamine composites was confirmed by FT-IR, XRD and SEM. The results revealed that these composites can effectively extract heavy metal ions from waste water. Using these composites the concentration of heavy metal ions is reduced to below allowable discharge limits and the recovery of heavy metal ions from waste water was realized.

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Gladkih, S. N., and N. N. Semchuk. "Wastewater Treatment from Heavy Metal Ions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 852, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/852/1/012033.

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Amos, K., L. Berge, H. Fiedeldey, I. Morrison, and L. J. Allen. "Algebraic scattering theory for heavy ions." Physical Review Letters 64, no. 6 (February 5, 1990): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.64.625.

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Bollinger, L. M. "Superconducting Linear Accelerators for Heavy Ions." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 36, no. 1 (December 1986): 475–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ns.36.120186.002355.

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46

Myers, Frederick Shaw. "Medical Physics: Heavy ions attack cancer." Physics World 6, no. 10 (October 1993): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/6/10/7.

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Katz, Robert. "Detector response to swift heavy ions." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 110, no. 1-2 (October 1989): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420158908214191.

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Llope, W. J., and P. Braun-Munzinger. "Electromagnetic dissociation of relativistic heavy ions." Physical Review C 41, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 2644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.41.2644.

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Goddard, Alison. "Heavy ions split US and Europe." Physics World 10, no. 10 (October 1997): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/10/10/2.

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Grzedzielski, S., P. Swaczyna, and M. Bzowski. "Heavy coronal ions in the heliosphere." Astronomy & Astrophysics 549 (December 21, 2012): A76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220104.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Heavy Ions'

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