Relevant bibliographies by topics / Heavy Ions

Academic literature on the topic 'Heavy Ions'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Heavy Ions"

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Fernandez Perez Tomei, Thiago Rafael. "Heavy Ions in CMS." EPJ Web of Conferences 60 (2013): 13010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20136013010.

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Kharzeev, D. "QCD and heavy ions." Nuclear Physics A 699, no. 1-2 (February 2002): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(01)01475-0.

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Fischer, B. E., and C. Mühlbauer. "Microtomography by heavy ions." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 47, no. 3 (May 1990): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(90)90757-l.

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Eckstein, W., and J. P. Biersack. "Reflection of heavy ions." Zeitschrift für Physik B Condensed Matter 63, no. 4 (December 1986): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01726195.

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Djunaidi, Muhammad Cholid, and Khabibi Khabibi. "Potential Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions by Eugenol Compounds and Derivatives through Ion Imprinted Polymer." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 22, no. 6 (October 21, 2019): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.6.263-268.

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Research on the potential of Ion Imprinted Polymer (IIP) selective adsorption of heavy metals using eugenol compounds and their derivatives has been carried out. Isolation and synthesis of eugenol derivatives with metal selective active groups and their use as selective metal carriers have been carried out with satisfactory results. Carrier effectiveness can still be improved by methods that focus on the target molecule recognition model. This adsorption method is called Ion Imprinted Polymer (IIP). The main components of IIP are functional monomers, crosslinkers, and target molecules. The use of acrylamide and its derivatives as functional monomers is useful with a lot of success achieved but also invites danger because it includes carcinogenic substances, a nerve poison, and so on. Moreover, the N group, which is an active acrylamide group, and its derivatives are only selective towards borderline metals (HSAB theory). Alternatives that are safe and can increase their selectivity are therefore needed. Eugenol, with its three potential functional groups, is believed to be able to replace the function of acrylamide and its derivatives that can even increase the effectiveness of IIP. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of eugenol derivatives as selective adsorbents through the IIP method. This synthesis of IIP involved the use of basic ingredients of eugenol and its derivatives (polyeugenol, EOA, polyacetate). Each base material is contacted with a metal template then crosslinked with three kinds of crosslinking agents, namely EGDMA, DVB, and bisphenol. IIP is formed after the metal template is released using acid/HCl. The outcomes obtained demonstrate that the IIP method is able to increase the metal adsorption capacity and that the IIP method for metals is largely determined by the release of metals, which will form a hole for metal entry through adsorption. Poly-Cd-DVB, Eug-Cr-DVB, Poly-Cu-bisphenol, Polyacetate -Cr-DVB are polymer materials that have the potential to make up an IIP.
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Kabana, Sonia. "Heavy ions: Report from Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider." Pramana 79, no. 4 (October 2012): 737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-012-0384-4.

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Rathore, Mukta, Ahmad Jahan Khanam, and Vikas Gupta. "Studies on Synthesis and Ion Exchange Properties of Sulfonated Polyvinyl Alcohol/Phosphomolybdic Acid Composite Cation Exchanger." Materials Science Forum 875 (October 2016): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.875.149.

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In this study, sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol/phosphomolybdic acid composite cation exchange membrane was prepared by solution casting method. Some of the ionb exchange peroperties such as ion exchange capacity for alkali and alkali metal ions, effect of temperature on ion exchange capacity, elution behavior, effect of eluent concentration, distribution coefficient were studied. On the basis of selectivity coefficient values some important binary separation of heavy metal ion pairs such as Hg (II)-Zn (II), Hg (II)-Cd (II), Hg (II)-Ni (II) and Hg (II)-Cu (II) were carried out. It was observed that elution of heavy metal ions depends upon the metal-eluting ligand stability. Mercury remained in column for a longer time than that of other heavy metal ions. The separations are fairly sharp and recovery of Hg (II) ions is quantitative and reproducible.
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Xu, Guangda, Peng Song, and Lixin Xia. "Examples in the detection of heavy metal ions based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy." Nanophotonics 10, no. 18 (November 8, 2021): 4419–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0363.

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Abstract Heavy metals have been widely applied in industry, agriculture, and other fields because of their outstanding physics and chemistry properties. However, heavy metal pollution is inevitable in the process of mass production and emission. Heavy metal ions will cause irreversible harm to the human body and other organisms due to their nondegradable nature even at low concentrations of exposure and ingestion. Therefore, it is of great significance for human health and ecological environment to develop high accuracy and sensitivity as well as stable techniques for detecting heavy metal ions. In recent years, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has been regarded as a promising new technique for the determination of trace heavy metal ions on account of its special fingerprint identification capability, high sensitivity, rapid detection ability, and simple operation. This review summarized in detail the basic principles and strategies for detecting mercury ions, copper ions, arsenic ions, zinc ions, cadmium ions, lead ions, and chromium (VI) ions as well as the current challenges and future trends for the determination of heavy metal ions based on SERS technology.
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Melnyk, Lyudmila, Oleksandr Bessarab, Svitlana Matko, and Myroslav Malovanyy. "Adsorption of Heavy Metals Ions from Liquid Media by Palygorskite." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht09.04.467.

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Ilyasova, X. N. "THE STUDY OF ION-EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIUM OF HEAVY METAL IONS Cо2+ AND Cd2+ ON THE NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC SORBENTS." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2022-4-122-127.

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These article summaries the results of studying the sorption equilibrium of ions close to their concentration in the liquid industrial waste. For experimental research, solutions with concentration of Со2+ and Cd2+ ions in the range of 1·10-3–1·10-4 N have been used. These concentrations match to ion con¬cen¬tration in industrial liquid waste with the ions mentioned. In the experiments, the Na+- modified forms of natural sorbents based on clinoptilolite from the Aydag deposit and on bentonite from the Dash-Salakhli (Azerbaijan) deposit were used. For comparison, among industrial sorbents, we used synthetic cation exchanger KU–2–8 (styrene and divinylbenzene co–poly¬mer), which we modified in H+, Na+-form. The thermodynamic constant of ion-exchange equilibrium for differently charged ions, calculated by the Gorshkov-Tolmachev formula, does not depend on the solution concentration, and to calculate this value, it is not required to determine the activity coefficient. Based on experiments to determine equilibrium concentrations, we can recommend inexpensive and available Na-clinoptilolite and Na-bentonite instead of synthetic industrial KU-2-8 for the sorption extraction of Co2+ and Cd2+ ions from wastewater
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Heavy Ions"

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Skupinski, Marek. "Nanopatterning by Swift Heavy Ions." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Engineering Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7183.

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Today, the dominating way of patterning nanosystems is by irradiation-based lithography (e-beam, DUV, EUV, and ions). Compared to the other irradiations, ion tracks created by swift heavy ions in matter give the highest contrast, and its inelastic scattering facilitate minute widening and high aspect ratios (up to several thousands). Combining this with high resolution masks it may have potential as lithography technology for nanotechnology. Even if this ‘ion track lithography’ would not give a higher resolution than the others, it still can pattern otherwise irradiation insensitive materials, and enabling direct lithographic patterning of relevant material properties without further processing. In this thesis ion tracks in thin films of polyimide, amorphous SiO2 and crystalline TiO2 were made. Nanopores were used as templates for electrodeposition of nanowires.

In lithography patterns are defined by masks. To write a nanopattern onto masks e-beam lithography is used. It is time-consuming since the pattern is written serially, point by point. An alternative approach is to use self-assembled patterns. In these first demonstrations of ion track lithography for micro and nanopatterning, self-assembly masks of silica microspheres and porous alumina membranes (PAM) have been used.

For pattern transfer, different heavy ions were used with energies of several MeV at different fluences. The patterns were transferred to SiO2 and TiO2. From an ordered PAM with pores of 70 nm in diameter and 100 nm inter-pore distances, the transferred, ordered patterns had 355 nm deep pores of 77 nm diameter for SiO2 and 70 nm in diameter and 1,100 nm deep for TiO2. The TiO2 substrate was also irradiated through ordered silica microspheres, yielding different patterns depending on the configuration of the silica ball layers.

Finally, swift heavy ion irradiation with high fluence (above 1015/cm2) was assisting carbon nanopillars deposition in a PAM used as template.

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Skupiński, Marek. "Nanopatterning by swift heavy ions /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7183.

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Gan, Hin Hark. "Nuclear dynamics in the mean field Vlasov equation." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65536.

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Ma, Yiu Wa. "Fixed bed removal of heavy metal ions by chelating ion exchange." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491880.

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Column runs with varied operation conditions of flowrate, feed concentration and particle size have been conducted to observe the sorption of nickel, copper and zinc by the chelating resin. They all show a typical constant-pattern, steep curve in the first part of the breakthrough curve and the slope would dramatically reduce at a breakpoint such that it would take extremely long time to reach 100% breakthrough level. ~ The Modified Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model incorporated with a timedependent bed capacity has been used together with the Empty Bed Residence Time (EBRT) model to analyze the fixed bed performance under different operating conditions. The Homogeneous Surface Diffusion Model (HSDM) and the Shrinking Core Diffusion . Model (SCDM) have been applied to- model the fixed bed performance. Due to the dramatic change in the slope, the first and second parts of the breakthrough curves need to be modeled separately. Comparing the two models, SCDM is more appropriate to explain the sorption of metal ions into the chelating resin. The research has suggested the existence of a Na-loaded outer shell and a H-loaded inner core in the chelating resin. When the moving boundary progresses from the outer shell into the inner core, there is a remarkable change in the ion exchange process, resulting in different kinetics. This explains the sharp change in the slope of the experimental breakthrough curves. A new version of SCDM has been developed to model the progression of the moving boundary inside the resin for the successive resin layers along the whole resin column so as to predict the column' s solid and liquid phase concentration profiles. The new SCDM has. the flexibility of varying the portion of the outer shell so that the behavior of resins with different resin Na contents can be predicted.
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Mayr, Torsten. "Optical sensors for the determination of heavy metal ions." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964444569.

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Evans, Philip Mark. "Fully relaxed heavy ion reactions in the mass 80 region." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3d0dc2d3-81a3-4842-a914-183c76dc4885.

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This thesis describes a set of experiments to investigate the properties of fully relaxed reactions in the mass 80 region. Symmetric and asymmetric entrance channels, leading to similar compound nuclei, have been compared in order to determine the characteristics of the reaction mechanism. The symmetric system 40Ca + 40Ca has been studied at laboratory energies of 197.3 and 230.5 MeV. The fissionlike products were detected by a series of six time of flight telescopes, placed at angles between 10° and 52.4° to the beam, and a Bragg curve spectrometer-multiwire proportional chamber telescope, situated at 30°. Data were collected in both singles and coincidence modes. To complement this measurement, fully damped yields from 28Si + 50,52,54 Cr at 130 MeV and from 28Si + 50Cr at 150 MeV were measured using an array of four avalanche counter-silicon surface barrier detector telescopes spanning the angular range between 20° and 50°. The avalanche counters used in this experiment are of a new design which was developed in Oxford. We present the features of this design and discuss the detectors' operational characteristics. Several possible interpretations of the data are considered. It is shown that diffusion models of deep-inelastic scattering tend to underpredict the measured fully relaxed cross sections. Rotating finite range model calculations of fission barriers point to the possibility of fast-fission in this mass region; a process hitherto associated with much heavier systems. Furthermore, such models also predict that these systems may fission asymmetrically. The more commonly employed rotating liquid drop model of the nucleus is unable to predict either of these effects. The data are compared with those reported in the literature for other systems in this mass region. It is argued that all these results are consistent with fast-fission and asymmetric fission, thus obviating the need for the previously proposed interpretation in terms of intermediate mechanisms.
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Lloyd, Bryony Helen. "Bacterial resistance to tellurite and other metal ions." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333673.

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Maier, Michael. "New applications for slowing down of high-energy heavy ions." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972517596.

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Gao, Kezhong. "Interaction between peat, humic acid and aqueous heavy metal ions." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337798.

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Christley, James Alan. "Fusion of heavy-ions at energies near the Coulomb barrier." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314479.

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Books on the topic "Heavy Ions"

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Heiss, W. D., ed. Hadrons and Heavy Ions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-15653-4.

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Sigmund, Peter, ed. Stopping of Heavy Ions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b98483.

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NATO Advanced Study Institute (1984 Cargèse, France). Heavy ion collisions: Cargèse 1984. New York: Plenum Press, 1986.

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P, Csernai L., and Strottman D, eds. Relativistic heavy ion physics. Singapore: World Scientific, 1991.

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1988), Mikołajki Summer School of Nuclear Physics (20th. Heavy ions in nuclear and atomic physics: Proceedings of the 20th Mikołajki Summer School on Nuclear Physics held in Mikołajki, Poland September 1-11, 1988. Bristol and Philadelphia: Adam Hilger, 1989.

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1984), Mikolajki Summer School of Nuclear Physics (16th. Heavy ions in nuclear physics: Proceedings of the XVI Mikolajki Summer School of Nuclear Physics held in Mikolajki, Poland, August 27-September 7, 1984. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic, 1986.

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M, Di Toro, Migneco E, and Società italiana di fisica, eds. Perspectives in heavy ion physics: 1st joint Italian-Japanese meeting within the INFN-RIKEN Agreement, Catania, 29 September-3 October 1992. Bologna, Italy: Italian Physical Society, 1993.

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Busshitsu Kagaku Shinpojūmu "Tandemu Ryōiki no Jū-ion Kagaku" Kenkyūkai (2003 Nihon Genshiryoku Kenkyūjo Tōkai Kenkyūjo). Busshitsu Kagaku Shinpojūmu "Tandemu Ryōiki no Jū-ion Kagaku" Kenkyūkai: 2003-nen 1-gatsu 8-nichi--1-gatsu 9-nichi, Nihon Genshiryoku Kenkyūjo Tōkai Kenkyūjo. Ibaraki-ken Naka-gun Tōkai-mura: Nihon Genshiryoku Kenkyūjo, 2003.

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G, Nebbia, Namboodiri M. N, American Chemical Society Meeting, American Chemical Society. Division of Nuclear Chemistry & Technology., and ACS Nuclear Chemistry Award Symposium (1995 : Anaheim, Calif.), eds. Heavy-ion dynamics and hot nuclei, Anaheim, California, USA, 2-4 April, 1995: Proceedings of the 1995 ACS Nuclear Chemistry Award Symposium. Singapore: World Scientific, 1995.

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Beyer, Heinrich F., and Viatcheslav P. Shevelko, eds. Atomic Physics with Heavy Ions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58580-7.

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Book chapters on the topic "Heavy Ions"

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Kluberg, L. "Heavy Ions Collisions." In XXIV International Conference on High Energy Physics, 250–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74136-4_13.

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Arvieux, Jacques. "Heavy Ions at Saturne." In NATO ASI Series, 443–46. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5715-5_18.

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Durante, Marco. "Biophysics of Heavy Ions." In Radiobiology and Environmental Security, 365–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1939-2_30.

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Lanford, William A. "Analysis with Heavy Ions." In Treatise on Heavy-Ion Science, 361–91. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8103-1_9.

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Jensen, A. D., and P. Fossati. "Protons and Heavy Ions." In Salivary Gland Cancer, 195–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02958-6_12.

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Andraos, John, and Albert S. Matlack. "Toxic Heavy Metal Ions." In Introduction to Green Chemistry, 81–114. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003033615-4.

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Koonin, Steven E. "Mean-field approximations in heavy-ion collisions." In Hadrons and Heavy Ions, 1–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-15653-4_1.

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Wolf, Andreas. "Heavy-Ion Storage Rings." In Atomic Physics with Heavy Ions, 3–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58580-7_1.

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Oganessian, Yuri Ts, and Yuri A. Lazarev. "Heavy Ions and Nuclear Fission." In Treatise on Heavy-Ion Science, 1–251. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8097-3_1.

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Van Bibber, Karl, and Andres Sandoval. "Streamer Chambers for Heavy Ions." In Treatise on Heavy-Ion Science, 331–400. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8106-2_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Heavy Ions"

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Wiedemann, Urs, and Nicolas Borghini. "Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ions." In European Physical Society Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.084.0026.

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Van Leeuwen, Marco. "Heavy Ions Overview." In 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.282.0031.

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SALGADO, Carlos. "Heavy Ions: theory." In XXIst International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.134.0010.

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Pachmayer, Yvonne. "Heavy Ions, Experimental Overview." In 40th International Conference on High Energy physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.390.0033.

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Uras, Antonio. "Heavy ions at HL-LHC." In Fourth Annual Large Hadron Collider Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.276.0177.

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Giubellino, Paolo. "Physics of Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ions." In Workshops on particles and fields and phenomenology of fundamental interactions. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.49741.

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Veres, Gabor. "Heavy ions: jets and correlations." In The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.180.0143.

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ZWICKNAGEL, GÜNTER. "HEAVY IONS STOPPING IN PLASMAS." In Proceedings of the International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812810175_0015.

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Bruno, Giuseppe Eugenio. "Heavy flavour physics in heavy ions collisions at LHC." In The International Conference on B-Physics at Frontier Machines. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.326.0014.

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Yusubov, Fakhraddin, Miryusif Mirbabayev, Gulahmad Talibov, Ilham Aliyev, and Govhar Valiyeva. "The Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions." In 2nd International Scientific-Practical Conference "Machine Building and Energy: New Concepts and Technologies". Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-9xbojo.

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The aim of the study is to research of the adsorption properties of heavy metal ions Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ from industrial wastewater. For the adsorption of heavy metal ions, natural clinoptilolite was used, which belongs to the Ai-Dag deposit of the Tovuz-Kazakh region of Azerbaijan. Isotherms and kinetic curves of adsorption of heavy metal ions Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ were determined. The dependence of the adsorption of heavy metal ions on the pH value is also shown. It was revealed that the separation process proceeds more intensively at pH values ​​of 5-6. It has been established that the maximum adsorption capacity of the clinoptilolite adsorbent for adsorption of Pb2+, Cd 2+ and Ni2+ ions is 7.5, 6.7 and 5.9 mmol/g, respectively.
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Reports on the topic "Heavy Ions"

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Fung, Sun-yiu. Central collisions of heavy ions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7119246.

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Kaplan, M. Nuclear research with heavy ions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5006074.

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Fung, Sun-yiu. Central collisions of heavy ions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5936895.

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Ruggiero, A. G., and G. Young. Booster RF Program for Heavy Ions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1119036.

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Cottingham J. G. Capture and acceleration on heavy ions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150437.

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Engelage, J., H. J. Crawford, L. Greiner, and C. Kuo. A heavy ion spectrometer system for the measurement of projectile fragmentation of relativistic heavy ions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/374436.

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Leung, Ka-Ngo. CRADA Final Report: Development of Negative Heavy Ions for Ion Implantation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1157028.

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Yermiyahu, Uri, Thomas Kinraide, and Uri Mingelgrin. Role of Binding to the Root Surface and Electrostatic Attraction in the Uptake of Heavy Metal by Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7586482.bard.

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The principal accomplishment of the research supported by BARD was progress toward a comprehensive view of cell-surface electrical effects (both in cell walls [CWs] and at plasma membrane [PM] surfaces) upon ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration. The research confirmed that electrostatic models (e.g., Gouy-Chapman-Stern [G-C-S]), with parameter values contributed by us, successfully predict ion behavior at cell surfaces. Specific research objectives 1. To characterize the sorption of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) to the root PM in the presence of other cations and organic ligands (citric and humic acids). 2. To compute the parameters of a G-C-S model for heavy-metal sorption to the root PM. 3. To characterize the accumulation of selected heavy metals in various plant parts. 4. To determine whether model-computed ion binding or ion activities at root PM surfaces predict heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 5. To determine whether measured ion binding by protoplast-free roots (i.e., root CWs) predicts heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 6. To correlate growth inhibition, and other toxic responses, with the measured and computed factors mentioned above. 7. To determine whether genotypic differences in heavy-metal accumulation and toxic responses correlate with genotypic differences in parameters of the G-C-S model. Of the original objectives, all except for objective 7 were met. Work performed to meet the other objectives, and necessitated on the basis of experimental findings, took the time that would have been required to meet objective 7. In addition, work with Pb was unsuccessful due to experimental complications and work on Cd is still in progress. On the other hand, the uptake and toxicity of the anion, selenate was characterized with respect to electrostatic effects and the influences of metal cations. In addition, the project included more theoretical work, supported by experimentation, than was originally planned. This included transmembrane ion fluxes considered in terms of PM-surface electrical potentials and the influence of CWs upon ion concentrations at PM surfaces. A important feature of the biogeochemistry of trace elements in the rhizosphere is the interaction between plant-root surfaces and the ions present in the soil solution. The ions, especially the cations, of the soil solution may be accumulated in the aqueous phases of cell surfaces external to the PMs, sometimes referred to as the "water free space" and the "Donnan free space". In addition, ions may bind to the CW components or to the PM surface with variable binding strength. Accumulation at the cell surface often leads to accumulation in other plant parts with implications for the safety and quality of foods. A G-C-S model for PMs and a Donnan-plus-binding model for CWs were used successfully to compute electrical potentials, ion binding, and ion concentration at root-cell surfaces. With these electrical potentials, corresponding values for ion activities may be computed that are at least proportional to actual values also. The computed cell-surface ion activities predict and explain ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration of intoxication much more accurately than ion activities in the bulk-phase rooting medium.
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Kamperschroer, J. H., T. N. Stevenson, K. E. Wright, L. E. Dudek, L. R. Grisham, R. A. Newman, T. E. O'Connor, M. E. Oldaker, A. von Halle, and M. D. Williams. Operation of TFTR neutral beams with heavy ions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5455855.

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10

Gardner C. J. MULTITURN INJECTION OF HEAVY IONS INTO THE BOOSTER. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150575.

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